msoflio istoriaSi albaT Znelad moiZebneba pirovneba, romelmac ise radi­

kalurad Secvala sakuTari qveynis gezi, rogorc es aTaTurqma moaxerxa.

aTaTurqs im periodSi mouwia cxovreba da moRvaweoba, romelsac Tavisuflad

SeiZleba ewodos `beladebis epoqa~. im dros swored erTeulebi wyvetdnen erebis,

saxelmwifoebisa da mTeli msoflios beds.

TurqeTisTvis sabednierod qveyanas erT­erT yvelaze gadamwyvet momentSi

saTa veSi Caudga udidesi Sinagani Zalisa da SemarTebis progresulad moazrovne

adamiani, romelmac revolucia moaxdina TurqTa TviTSegnebaSi. swored amitom

iTvleba aTaTurqi ara marto Tanamedrove TurqeTis respublikis damaarseblad

da pirvel prezidentad, aramed eris mxsnelad da mamad.1

aTaTurqis fenomeni imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi erTdroulad iyo saxelmwifo

moRvawec, samxedroc da revolucioneric. es sami saqme erTmaneTs xels ar uSlida,

piriqiT, im droindeli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, warmatebis erT­erT ZiriTad

mizezad swored maTi erT pirovnebaSi SeTavseba unda miviCnioT.

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

zurab batiaSvili

gamoCenili adamianebi

! mogvianebiT, rodesac TurqeTis parlamentma miiRo kanoni gvarebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, mustafa qemals mieniWa gvari aTaTurqi, rac TurqTa mamas niSnavs. amasTan, aikrZala sxva moqalaqeebisTvis am gvaris miniWeba.

18

axalgazrdoba

mustafa daibada 1881 wels (misi dabadebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. mogvianebiT,

rodesac aTaTurqs dabadebis TariRi hkiTxes, man upasuxa, rom daibada 19 maiss

– dRes, rodesac aTaTurqma wamoiwyo erovnul­ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola.) q.

salonikSi (dRevandel saberZneTSi), romelic maSin osmaleTis imperiis Semadgen­

lobaSi Sedioda.

mamamisi, ali riza efendi, adgilobrivi saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli iyo. imave

klass ekuTvnoda dedamisic – zubeide hanimi. mSoblebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvao­

ba iyo vaJis momavali profesiis Taobaze. dedas surda, rom misi Svili sasuliero

piri gamxdariyo, mama ki ufro Tanamedrove ganaTlebis miRebas emxroboda. mus­

tafa salonikSi im droisTvis yvelaze prestiJul `Semsi efendis skolaSi~ Sevida,

mag ram mamamisi maleve gardaicvala da ojaxs materialurad Zalian gauWirda.

mustafam 1893 wels swavla ganagrZo salonikis samxedro saswavlebelSi, sadac

maTematikuri niWi gamoamJRavna. swored maTematikis maswavlebelma Searqva mas

meore saxelad qemali, ris Semdegac is ukve mustafa qemalad iwodeboda.

ori wlis Semdeg mustafa qemali swavlas agrZelebs bitolas (dRevandel make­doniaSia) kadetTa korpusSi, sadac interesdeba literaturiTa da oratoruli xe­

lovnebiT. mustafa qemali 1905 wels Stabis kapitnis CiniT asrulebs swavlas stam­

bolis generaluri Stabis akademiaSi. umaRles samxedro saswavlebelSi swavlisas

zurab batiaSvili

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

19

gaitaca TanzimaTis (1834­1876 ww. – osmaloTa imperiaSi zomieri progresuli re­

formebis) periodis Turq nacionalistTa ideebma da paralelurad daukavSirda

sulTan abdulhamid II­is mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobil oficrebs.

akademiis damTavrebis Semdeg mustafa qemalma 1906 wels q. damaskoSi, Semdeg ki

sxva qalaqebSic TanamoazrovneebTan erTad daaarsa gasaidumloebuli revolu­

ciuri organizacia `samSoblosa da Tavisuflebis sazogadoeba~, romelic Semdeg

SeuerTda `erTianobisa da progresis komitets~. mogvianebiT aTaTurqi monawi­

leobda italia­osmaleTis (1911­1912) da balkaneTis meore (1912­1913) omebSi.

warmatebulad dawyebuli samxedro karieris gamo igi 1913 wels daniSnes osmale­

Tis samxedro ataSed bulgareTSi (q. sofia), saidanac 2 weliwadSi isev moqmed armi­

aSi gadaiyvanes.

Turqebi balkaneTis meore omSi (1912­1913)

pirveli msoflio omi, kavkasiis fronti

gamoCenili adamianebi

20

I msoflio omi

I msoflio omi didi gamocda iyo osmaleTis imperiis­

Tvis. mustafa qemali, romelsac am droisaTvis ukve se­

riozuli samxedro gamocdileba hqonda, xvdeboda, rom

germania da misi mokavSireebi am omSi damarcxdebodnen.

amitom igi neitralitetis momxre iyo. Tumca mis azrs im

momentisTvis jer kidev ar hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvne­

loba da xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebebs emorCile­

boda. igi I msoflio omSi sxvadasxva frontze ibrZoda,

yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki aRmoCnda dardanelis brZole­

bi, romlis drosac britaneTis imperia da misi mokav­

Sireebi cdilobdnen sruteebisa da q. stambolis aRebas,

riTac surdaT osmaleTis gamoTiSva I msoflio omidan.

brZolebi TiTqmis 300 dRe gagrZelda da istoriaSi Se­

vida, rogorc erT­erTi yvelaze sisxliani furceli

– orive mxridan operaciebSi monawileobda TiTqmis

1 mili oni jariskaci, maTgan naxevarze meti brZolis

velze daeca. sabolood gamarjveba osmalebs darCaT

da amaSi didi iyo mustafa qemalis damsaxureba. swored

dardanelis brZolebisas warmoTqva man Tavisi cnobili

sityvebi Turqi samxedroebis mimarT – `me Tqven gibrZanebT sikvdils!~

am warmatebis miuxedavad, antanteli mokavSireebi swrafad miiwevdnen win samx­

reTisa da aRmosavleTis (kavkasiis) frontebze, rasac SesaZloa osmaleTis impe­

riis aRsasruli gamoewvia. amitom ukve faSas, anu generlis Cins miRweuli mustafa

qemali sulTan mehmed VI­isgan (vahidedini) daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom am ukanask­

nels igi Tavdacvis ministrad daeniSna. generlis es survili ar dakmayofilda.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola

mZime mdgomareobaSi myofma sulTanma mustafa qemals sxva davaleba misca – igi

anatoliaSi jer me­9, Semdeg ki me­3 armiis inspeqtorad dainiSna. brZanebis Sesabami­

sad, igi 1919 wlis 19 maiss q. samsunSi ki Cavida, magram maleve gamovida sulTnis

daqvemdebarebidan da ukve damoukideblad daiwyo moqmedeba.

man saswrafod moiwvia kongresebi sivassa da rusebisgan ukve daclil arzrum­

Si, sadac igi warmomadgenlobiTi organos Tavmjdomared airCies. anatolieli

TurqebisaTvis mustafa qemali erovnul­ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis liderad,

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

mustafa qemal faSa samxedro formaSi,1918

21

stambolis mTavrobisTvis ki ajanyebul samxedrod iqca. misustebul centralur

xelisuflebas misi dapatimreba ukve aRar SeeZlo da qemalis moZraoba anatoliaSi

dRiTidRe Zlierdeboda.

aTaTurqi xedavda, rom swrafad unda emoqmeda da Zalian mokle periodSi SeZlo

brZolisunariani armiis Camoyalibeba. Tu 1921 wlis dasawyisSi TurqeTis jaris

raodenoba 20 000 iyo, erTi wlis Semdeg mas ukve 186 000 jariskaci hyavda. swored

swrafi moqmedebebiT SeZlo aTaTurqma daemarcxebina da gaeZevebina qveynis siRr­

meSi SemoWrili mowinaaRmdegeTa (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, saberZneTi da somxeTi) Zalebi.

bevrma ar icis, rom aTaTurqis yvelaze didi mokavSire lenini iyo. sabWoTa

ruseTma, romelsac Tavad Zalian uWirda, gadamwyvet momentSi, 1920 wels, TurqeTs

gaugzavna 6 000 Tofi, daaxloebiT 5 milioni vazna, 17 600 Wurvi da 200 kg oqros zo­

debi da es raodenoba 2 wlis Semdeg kidev gazarda. sabWoTa ruseTi aseve iyo pirve­

li qveyana, romelmac xelSekruleba dado qemalistur TurqeTTan, rac am ukanask­

nelisaTvis diplomatiur garRvevas warmoadgenda. sabWoTa ruseTisa da TurqeTis

mokavSireobas ganapirobebda saerTo interesebi – erToblivi brZola didi brita­

neTisa da misi momxreebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, rogorc SemdgomSi urTierTobebis

gacivebamac aCvena, es mokavSireoba ufro taqtikuri xasiaTis iyo, vidre strate­

giuli.

mas Semdeg, rac ingliselebma deputatTa palata stambolSi garekes, mustafa

qemalma 1920 wlis 23 aprils didi erovnuli kreba (parlamenti) ankaraSi moiwvia,

gamoCenili adamianebi

22

romelmac igi airCia parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis Tavmjdomared (am or

Tanamdebobas igi TiTqmis 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi iTavsebda).

1921 wlis agvistoSi TurqeTisTvis gadamwyveti momenti dadga. Turqebma mus­

tafa qemalis sardlobiT md. saqariasTan ramdenimekviriani brZolebis Sedegad

daamarcxes dasavleT anatoliaSi SeWrili saberZneTis armia, ris gamoc TurqeTis

didma erovnulma krebam mas marSlis wodeba mianiWa. iqidan moyolebuli, TurqeTi

yoveli wlis 30 agvistos (saberZneTis armiaze gadamwyveti upiratesobis mopove­bis TariRi) aRniSnavs gamarjvebis dResaswauls.

1922 wels interventebze saboloo gamarjvebis

Semdeg mTeli realuri Zalaufleba aTaTurqis

xel Si aRmoCnda da am ukanasknelma SeZlo Zireu­

lad Seecvala saxelmwifo sistema, rac istoriaSi

qemalisturi revoluciis saxeliT Sevida.

aTaTurqi TurqeTisTvis ara marto guSindeli

dRea. am pirovnebam mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra

qveynis dRevandeli da xvalindeli dRec. mis mier

Camoyalibebuli principebi, romelic qemalizmis

saxeliTaa cnobili, safuZvlad udevs TurqeTis

saxelmwifoebriobas.2

qemalizmi

qemalizmis principebia: respublikuroba, nacionalizmi, xalxuroba, eta­

tizmi, laicizmi da revoluciuroba.

respublikuroba. 1924, 1961 da 1982 wlebis konstituciebis mixedviT, TurqeT­

Si respublikuri mmarTvelobis formaa. kanoniT dauSvebelia misi Secvla an am

sakiTxis gansaxilvelad dayenebac ki. aTaTurqi qveynis marTvis yvelaze misaReb

da mosaxerxebel modelad respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas miiCnevda. swored

amis gamo gaaZeves qveynidan osmaleTis ukanaskneli sulTnis ojaxis wevrebi, rom­

lebsac bolo dromde ekrZalebodaT TurqeTSi dabruneba.

nacionalizmi. aTaTurqi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am princips, radgan misi

saSualebiT xdeba Turqi eris erTianobis dacva. igi ambobda: `Cveni nacionalizmi

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris egoisturi da ampartavnuli nacionalizmi~. amasTan,

mkveTrad asxvavebda erTmaneTisgan nacionalizmsa da nacizms. Tanaxmad aTaTur­

qis ganmartebisa, bunebrivi da istoriuli faqtorebi, romlebic qmnis ers, es aris:

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

2 igi aseve cnobilia `eqvsi isris~ principis saxeliTac, romelic aris aTaTurqis mier daarsebuli `sa­xalxo­respublikuri partiis~ (CHP) ideologia. es partia dRes TurqeTis yvelaze didi politikuri opoziciuri gaerTianebaa.

aTaTurqi saberZneTTan gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1921

23

saerTo ena, saerTo samSoblo, saerTo warmoSoba da rasobrivi erTianoba, istori­

uli erTianoba, zneobrivi safuZvlebis erTianoba. amasTan, aTaTurqma daamkvidra

cnobili fraza, romelic didi asoebiT weria TurqeTis nebismieri skolis kedleb­

ze: `ra bednieria is, vinc ambobs, rom Turqia~.3

xalxosnoba. aTaTurqis mixedviT, xalxosnoba demokratiulobaa, ar cnobs

pirovnebebs Soris privilegiebs da ar eTanxmeba klasobriv brZolas.

etatizmi (warmodgeba franguli sityvidan “État” – saxelmwifo). am princips ori

ganmarteba aqvs. farTo gagebiT igi niSnavs ekonomikisa da socialur­kulturuli

aRorZinebis politikis gatarebas, viwro gagebiT ki – saxelmwifos warmmarTvel

rols ekonomikaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom yvelafers saxelmwifo awarmoebs.

laicizmi (warmodgeba franguli sityvidan “Laïcite”, rac saero xasiaTs niSnavs). igi gulisxmobs religiis gamoyofas saxelmwifosgan, rac TurqeTs aTwleulebis

ganmavlobaSi aniWebda modelis statuss regionSi. aTaTurqi ambobda: `Cven pativs

vcemT religias. ar vewinaaRmdegebiT aravis azrebs da azrovnebis wess. Cven mxo­

lod vcdilobT, rom religiuri da saxelmwifo saqmeebi ar airios erTmaneTSi~.

3 daakvirdiT formulirebas: `vinc ambobs, rom Turqia~ da ara `vinc Turqia~, rac eris erTad SekvrisTvis metad efeqturi debuleba gamodga.

aTaTurqi q. bursaSi sityviT gamosvlisas, 1924 w.

gamoCenili adamianebi

24

revoluciuroba. igi, erTi mxriv, gulisx­

mobs sazogadoebis mudmiv ganviTarebas da meo­

re mxriv, qemalisturi revoluciis saxeliT

aerTianebs yvela zemoxsenebul princips.

qemalizmis eqvsive debuleba mWidrod aris

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTidan

gamomdinareobs. magram amis miuxedavad, zogi­

erTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom qemalizmi ar aris

mwyobri Teoriuli sistema da warmoadgens

sxvadasxva evropuli ideebis jams. amasTan,

TurqeTSi ar iyo aseTi Tanmimdevroba – jer

revoluciuri Teoria, Semdeg – revolucia.

TurqeTSi moxda piriqiT: jer revolucia da

mxolod amis Semdeg, ukve revoluciis msvle­

lobisas Seiqmna qemalizmi.

revoluciuri reformebi

gamarjvebulma aTaTurqma swrafi tempiT ganaxorciela revoluciuri xasiaTis

cvlilebebi:

­ gaauqma sasulTno da saxalifo;

­ Camoayaliba didi erovnuli kreba (parlamenti);

­ TurqeTisTvis damamcirebeli sevris xelSekruleba, romelic gulisxmobda

teritoriebis katastroful dakargvas, Secvala lozanis xelSekrulebiT, ri­

Tac ganisazRvra Tanamedrove TurqeTis sazRvrebi;

­ samxedro mosazrebebis gamo dedaqalaqi stambolidan ankaraSi gadaitana;

­ Seqmna memarcxene­centristuli mimarTulebis `saxalxo­respublikuri partia~ (CHP), xeli Seuwyo opoziciuri partiebis Camoyalibebas;4

­ 1923 wlis 29 oqtombers gamoacxada respublika da es dRe iqca mTavar erovnul

dRed;

­ SemoiRo gvarebi, rac manamde ucxo iyo muslimuri TemebisTvis. amasTan, akrZala

iseTi mimarTvis formebi, rogorebicaa `efendi~, `xoja~, `xaji~, `beiefendi~ da

a.S.

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

4 im periodisTvis opoziciuri partiebis waxalisebis ideam ar gaamarTla, radgan isini konserva­tiuli Zalebis TavSesafrad iqca. es partiebi maleve aikrZala da aTaTurqis sicocxlis bolomde erTpartiuli sistema SenarCunda. 25

­ religia gamoyo saxelmwifosgan; gaauqma sakonstitucio debuleba, romlis

mixedviTac saxelmwifo religia islami iyo;

­ miiRo kanoni tanisamosis Sesaxeb, riTac tradiciuli aRmosavluri Cacmuloba

evropuli tansacmliT Canacvlda;

­ hijris kalendari Secvala grigorianuliT, Secvala Tveebis dasaxeleba. tradi­

ciuli muslimuri paraskevis nacvlad dasvenebis dReebad gamoacxada SabaTi da

kvira. daamkvidra evropaSi arsebuli zomisa da wonis erTeulebi;

­ gaauqma Teqeebi (derviSTa TavSeyris adgilebi) da aSari (islamuri gadasaxadis saxeoba – meaTedi);

­ gaauqma SariaTis kanonebi da Sveicariis magaliTze SemoiRo axali samoqalaqo da

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. qalebs mianiWa saarCevno uflebebi;

­ arabuli anbani laTinuriT Secvala, ris gamoc qveyanaSi swrafad gaizarda

wera­kiTxvis mcodneTa raodenoba;

­ daaarsa TurqeTis istoriisa da Turquli enis sabWoebi (institutebi).

gamoCenili adamianebi

26

ukanaskneli wlebi

aTaTurqma gatarebuli reformebis gamo bevri mo­

sisxle mteri gaiCina. konservatiuli Zalebi politi­

kuri saSualebebiT araerTxel Seecadnen xelisuf­

lebidan mis CamoSorebas, Tumca warumateblad. mas

bevrjer SeTqmulebac mouwyves, magram aTaTurqi

yovel Tvis gamarjvebuli gamodioda.

mustafa qemal aTaTurqs seriozuli avadmyofobis

niSnebi 1937 wels aRmoaCnda. Turqma eqimebma mas RviZ­

lis cirozis diagnozi dausves. eqimebma misi sicocx­

lis gadarCena ver SeZles da igi 1938 wlis 10 noembers

57 wlis asakSi gardaicvala q. stambolSi. am droidan

moyolebuli yoveli wlis 10 noembers didi mowiwebiTa

da pativiscemiT aRiniSneba aTaTurqis xsovnis dRe. igi

dakrZalulia q. ankaraSi specialurad misTvis agebul

mavzoleumSi.

aTaTurqis sikvdilis Semdeg misma memkvidreebma

Seasrules mustafa qemalis anderZi – `mSvidoba qveya­

naSi, mSvidoba msoflioSi~ da ar CaerTnen II msoflio

omSi, riTac qveyana didi gansacdelisgan ixsnes.

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

aTAYaTurqi meuRlesTan erTad

27

ojaxi da piradi cxovreba

mustafa qemal aTaTurqi erTxel iyo daqor­

winebuli. 1923 wels man colad SeirTo izmire­

li gemTflobeli magnatis muamer uSiqizades

(uSiqligili) qaliSvili latife, romelsac

ganaTleba sorbonis universitetSi hqonda

miRebuli. latife, rogorc im drois erT­er­

Ti yvelaze progresuli pirovneba, flobda

ucxo enebs da sakmaod emansipirebuli qalic

iyo. mas bevr sakiTxze hqonda sakuTari azri,

rac SesaZloa gaxda kidec wyvilis uTanxmoebi­

sa da ganqorwinebis (1925 wels) mizezic. sain­

teresoa, rom sasamarTlom akrZala latifes

dRiurebis gamoqveyneba.

aTaTurqs am qorwinebidan Svili ar hyolia.

man cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi iSvila erTi vaJi

aTaTurqi SvilobilTan erTad

aTaTurqis bebia­babuis saxli sofel koZaZikSi, makedonia

gamoCenili adamianebi

28

da Tormeti gogona. maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia sabiha goq­

Ceni 5, romelic gaxda pirveli Turqi mfrinavi qali.

aTaTurqs uyvarda kiTxva, jiriTi, Wadraki, cekva da

curva. flobda frangul da germanul enebs. miRebuli aqvs

mravali jildo. Seagrova mdidari piradi biblioTeka.

aTaTurqi TviTonac werda. misi avtorobiTa da redaqtoro­

biT gamocemulia 9 wigni. maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia misi

gamosvlebis krebuli (“Nutuk”).

mustafa qemali gemovnebianadac icvamda. misi piradi

nivTebi da wignebi gamofenilia q. ankaraSi aTaTurqis mavzo­

leumis muzeumSi.

uprecedento SemTxveva diplomatiis istoriaSi

qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebu­li uprecedento SemTxveva diplomatiis istoriaSi, rome­lic 1921 wels moxda TurqeTSi. ori RviZli Zma – simon da budu mdivnebi erTdroulad iyvnen ori sxvadasxva qveynis (Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruse­Tis) elCebi erT qveyanaSi (Tur­qeTSi).

marTalia, Zmebi erTmaneTs ar elaparakebodnen da saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis dakargvis gamo simon mdivnis elCobac q. an­karaSi xanmokle aRmoCnda, magram Tavad faqti faqtad rCeba – am maCveneblis araTu gaumjobeseba, gameorebac ki veravin SeZlo.

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

5 misi saxeli miniWebuli aqvs stam­bolis sididiT meore aeroports.

aTaTurqi qandakeba q. izmirSi, avtori italieli moqandake pietro kanonika, 1932

e s s a i n t e r e s o a

29