kahn - machiavelli imitation

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Kahn - Machiavelli Imitation

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    .JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

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    University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access toRepresentations.

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