kansas ipm education october 2005 termite colony development and ecology dr. richard houseman...
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Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Termite Colony Termite Colony Development and EcologyDevelopment and Ecology
Dr. Richard HousemanDr. Richard Houseman
Assistant Professor of EntomologyAssistant Professor of EntomologyDivision of Plant SciencesDivision of Plant Sciences
University of MissouriUniversity of Missouri
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Successful Termite Treatments
• Know something about:– Termite Colonies
• Distribution• Capabilities
– Control Tactics• Methods
– Benefits and Limitations
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Termite Colonies
• Colony development– Simple families grow to become large
networks.• 30-50 first year• 387 ± 226 by second year (55 lab colonies)• 50,000 to >1,000,000 individuals at maturity
– Slow growth rate while young– Rarity of primary queens when large
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Termite Colonies
• Become large, interconnected networks– Population centers of various sizes
• Located in/around food resources
– Connected by a system of ‘roads’• Varying levels of activity in different galleries
• Colony has a home range• Home ranges have been estimated using mark-
release methods
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Termite Colonies
• Area• R.flavipes: 18m² (4x4m) to 2400m² (50x50m)
• R.hageni: 2m² (1x2m) to 20m² (4x5m)
• R.virginicus: 1m² (1x1m) to 8m² (3x3m)
• Linear distances• R.flavipes: 8m to 79m• R.hageni: 12m• R.virginicus: 5m
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Termite Colonies
• In Florida • Ranged from <30m² to 230m²• Most less than 30m² (5x6m)
• How many colonies around a typical home?
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Termite Colonies
• Colonies are ‘mobile’ within home range– Headquarters not stationary– Explore, occupy, and then leave resources – Distribution changes over time
• Changes in resource, environment
– Risk of certain population centers becoming isolated
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Budding
• Division of Existing Nest• Gradual and passive • Sudden and accidental
• Formation of secondary reproductives• Two weeks to four months’ time• Unique reproductive stage for Reticulitermes
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Budding
• Secondary reproductives– Lower individual fecundity than primaries
• Egg production correlated with abdomen size
– Higher numbers • 100’s or 1000’s clustered in nest with sex ratio
heavily skewed toward females.
– Greater total reproductive output
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Termite Populations
• Multiple colonies interacting• Encounter one another in home ranges• Antagonistic responses
• Between species• Between colonies of the same species• Between established and incipient colonies
• High aggression seems absent/rare for R.flavipes colonies
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Changes in Home Range
• Variation seasonally– Three dimensional
• Up-down (Houseman and Gold 2000)
• Side-to-side (Houseman and Gold 2002)
– Influenced by • Food Resources• Soil temperature • moisture
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Mean depth of R. flavipes during each month of the year in
College Station, TX. (Houseman 2000)
M A M J J A S O N D J F
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Relationship between R. flavipes mean depth and mean maximum soil temperature during each month of the year. (Houseman 2000)
Soil Temperature
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
cm
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1f x x x x x x x x x x h
o o o o o o2 x x f x x x x x x x h h
3 x x f f x x h x x h x x
o o o o o o4 x x f f f x h x x x x x
5 x x f f x x h h x h h h
o o o o o o6 x x x h h h x f h h h x
7 x x x x x h h f h h h x
o o o o o o8 x x x x h h h f R R h h
9 x x x x R h h f x x f h
o o o o o o10 x x x x x x x x f f f h
11 f x x x x x x x f x h h
o o o o o o12 x x x x x x x f x f x f
R.hageni
R.flavipes
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
The cumulative number of monitoring stations located and the number of stations occupied by R. hageni at successive sampling intervals.
Date
Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan
Num
ber
of S
tati
ons
0
10
20
30
40
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
The cumulative number of monitoring stations located and the number of stations occupied by R. flavipes at successive sampling intervals.
Date
Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan
Num
ber
of S
tati
ons
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
2.5 m 28 July 1997
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Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
2.5 m 3 November 1997
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Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
2.5 m 11 February 1998
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Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
2.5 m 19 May 1998
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Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
2.5 m 28 July 1998
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Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
2.5 m
27 October 1998
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Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
2.5 m
2 February 1999 x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
2.5 m
25 May 1999 x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x o o o o o o x x x x x x x x x x x x
Kansas IPM EducationOctober 2005
Seasonal changes in the spatial pattern of monitoring stations occupied by R. hageni and R. flavipes as measured by the lacunarity index with a moving box size of four.
Date
Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan
Lac
unar
ity
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
R.hageni R.flavipes