kant, the perpetual peace

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PERPETUAL PEACE

Immanuel Kant

What does "Perpetual Peace" mean?

Why did he write it?

In 1795 Immanuel Kant wrote it inspired by the Peace between Prussia and French. Kant thought to state a set of principles that could provide a stable and lasting peace.

In his book Kant asserts a series of preliminary articles, written in negative form, and of definitive articles, written in positive form, in order to propose a peace program to all governments.

Preliminary articles

Preliminary articles

All the preliminary articles are designed, in Kants view, to make war less likely and future peace more likelyTheir specific content is based on Kants historical experience

Definitive articles

A Republican Constitution

A constitution where the people are only subject to laws it gives itselfBut the executive and legislative power are separateNote that in Kants time such constitutions hardly existedWhen a people (through its representatives) has to decide on whether or not to go to war, it will weigh its costs much more carefully than when a despotic ruler decides the question

What is a "Federation of free states"?

It is not a world state or a superstateIt is concerned only with regulating international disputes among its membersA powerful free people may serve as the nucleus of a federation, which might then growOr several regional federations might grow over time

What is the right of ospitality?

The right to visit and trade (not necessarily to live)

How does it lead to peace?

Trade is ultimately incompatible with warIt counteracts our natural separating tendencies (via language, culture, etc.) and creates mutual understandingKant argues against conquest in the name of trade

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kant, the perpetual peace

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