karez an indigenous system for water cooperation and management in pakistan.pptx

7/28/2019 Karez An Indigenous system for Water Cooperation and Management in Pakistan.pptx

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INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE

Karez: An indigenous system for Water

Cooperation and Management


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Messages

Water cooperation is key to socioeconomic

development, poverty eradication, social equity,

gender equality and environmental sustainability.

Water cooperation creates tangible economic

benefits.

Water cooperation is crucial to preserve waterresources, ensure their sustainability and protect

the environment


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Facts and Figures ( World)

Increasing Demand:

i. 85% of the population lives in driest part.

ii. 783 million people with access to WASH.

iii. Increase in food demand of 70% by 2050.iv. Water Demand for Agriculture increase

~19% by 2050.

v. Agriculture Water consumption already 70-

90%.


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Land use in Pakistan

ARABIAN SEA

DISPUTED

TERRITORY

LEGEND

MOUNTAINS

DESERTS

AREA UNDER

IRRIGATION

AREA THATCAN BE BROUGHTUNDER IRRIGATION

SOURCE: AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN 2007-08

20.1ADDITIONAL AREA THAT CAN BE BROUGHT

UNDER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

47.0AREA UNDER IRRIGATION

(BY ALL SOURCES)

54.5CULTIVATED AREA(IRRIGATED + BARANI)

74.6AREA SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE

196.7GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

AREA (MA)CATEGORY

Sindh 3.4 MA

Punjab 3.8 MA

KPK 3.0 MA

Baloch. 9.9 MA

TOTAL 20.1 MA


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Water availability in Pakistan

Surface Water 154.88 MAF Ground Water:

Total Area 39.5 Million Acres

Saline 24.7 Million Acres

Fresh Water 14.8 Million Acres

Total Quantity Available 59 MAF

Present Extraction 50 MAF

Balance 9 MAF (economic limit

For better water management, 40% of total wateravailability is required for storage, Pakistans storagecapacity is only about 7% of total available water.


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Water potential & requirments Water Availability (Avg 1976-2009) 138.70 MAF

Water Requirement for the Country with reference to Accord 1991 (117 MAF)

Average Water Availability 2000 2010 105 MAF

(Currently Pakistan is suffering from water shortage cycle)


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Water situation in Pakistan

Water Availability in 19580s was 5260 Cum

In 2010 this has plummeted by 406% to 1038 Cum

Projected Decline 877 Cum by 2020 well below WHO

threshold of 1000 Cum

Water Use Efficiency is only 30-35%

In Pakistan 90% water is used for Irrigation.


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Balochistan


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Water resources of the province


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Ground water situationS.

No. River Basin Available Water (MCM) Extracted (MCM)

Balance Available

(MCM)

1 Hamun-e-Lora 33.9 16.84 17.06

2 Kachhi 37.8 11.9 25.9

3 Nari 25.6 25.6 0

4 Pishin Lora 129.6 129.6 0

5 Porali 149.1 74.6 74.5

6 Hab 119.4 59.6 59.8

7 Windar Nai 10.9 5.2 5.7

8 Zhob 111.7 102.4 9.3

9 Dasht 45.5 8.9 36.6

10 Rakhshan 24 4.4 19.6

11 Hamun-e-Mashkhel 61 4.7 56.3

12 Hingol 265 132.7 132.3

13 Gaj 34 18 16

14 Mula 23 9 14

Total 1070.5 603.44 467.06


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Karez Irrigation System

Watershed Atlas of Afghanistan UNFAO-2004


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Definitions of Karez

A Karez is a horizontal tunnel that taps underground

water in an Alluvial Fan without pumps or equipment,

and brings it to surface so that the water can be used (

National Academy of Sciences 1974 Germany) A form for subterranean aqueduct-or subsurface canal

engineered to collect ground water and direct it through

a gently sloping underground conduit to surface canalswhich provide water to agricultural fields. ( Lightfoot

1996. UNESCO).


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History of Qanat/Karez

According to French Sociologist Goblot Edmond theinnovation of Qanats ( Karez) took place in the westernnorth of the present Iran and then was introduced to the

neighboring area that was Zagros Mountains. ( Netsources) Sargon II the King of Assyria (714 BEC) invaded

Armenia, he saw an irrigation system not yet known in

Bet-Nahrain, called by its Arabic name qanat or theFarsi Karez. He brought the secret back to Assyria.(Internet Sources)


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Global distribution

Asia Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Pakistan,Afghanistan, UAE, Bahrain,Turkey, China, Syria,

Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan,

Saudi Arabia, Oman, Palestine,

Cambodia, India and Yemen.

Europe & Africa Algeria, Tunisia, Sahara, Libya,Morocco, Egypt, Germany,

England, Spain, Czech Republic,

Cyprus and France.

Americas Peru, Chile, Mexico

UNESCO


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Structural types of karez

From Structural Point of View Karezs can be dividedinto three main types:

1- Mountain Type: These are simple Karezs that uses

water resources from mountainous regions ( Mountain-front, gorges, proximal-fan Karez)

2- Plain Type-A: These karezs branch out from side ofrivers and draw sub-soil waters.

3- Plain Type-B These karezs use water recourses fromalluvial megafans ( Medial to Distal-Fan Karezs);constructed in alluvial mega fans.


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Water source typology

Accordingly to water source the karezs can be

categorized into 4 types.

1. Alluvial Fan-Piedmont Karez

2. Infiltration gallery karez

3. Rain-fed Karez

4. Spring Karez.


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Advantages of Karezs

1. Require no power source other than gravity to maintainflow.

2. Water can be moved substantial distances in these

subterranean conduits with minimal evaporation losses andlittle danger of pollution.

3.the flow of water in Karez is proportionate to the availablesupply in the aquifer, and, if properly maintained, these

infiltration channels provide a dependable supply of water forcenturies. ( Karez provide water proportionally to the specificyield of aquifer)


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Challenges

Require regular maintenance and heavy cost of

maintenance, ( Karez Kash)

Discharge is fluctuating, easily effected by climate

change.

The command area cannot increase due to social and

technical limitations.

Heavy Water losses in the Karez tunnel.


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Sustainability of Karez/Qanat

Long-term maintenance of a viable water management

system which depends on eliminating, activities that

harm the ecological integrity of the system and the

catchment area; as well as the viability of socialmechanisms that allows the system to function, without

compromising the prominent historical and cultural

values of the system. (UNESCO-UNEP)


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Karezs are means of sustainability

Technically Environmentally

Institutionally/legally

Socio-economically

Economy

Ecology Society

Quality

of Life

UNESCO


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Current state of karezs in Pakistan

Generally, Karez are being abandoned and/or dried up.

IN Balochistan there were more than 3000 Karez, however, data for

only 1167 app: karezs is available, most of which are abandoned

now or at the verge of drying up.


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S.No Districts No of Kareezs Total Discharge Total Command Area

1 Kachhi 17 30.75 3360

2 Khuzdar 18 85.70 79363 Loralai 50 98.00 9,420.00

4 Ziarat 67 42.85 19063

5 Awaran 30

6 Quetta 15 9.70 600

7 Turbat 138 252.00 26485

8 Zob 70 62.90 6895

9 Pashin 123 58.29 8125

10 Qila Abdullah 243 106.56 8912

11 Qila Saifullah 122 88.85 23039

12 Chagi 56 19.50 2210

13 Panjgoor 188 339.20 35182

14 Mastung 15 13.13 388

15 Kohlu 9 8.50 637

16 Kalat 2 1.00 530

17 Kharan 13 7.50 611

Total 1176 1,224.43 113,614.00

Karezs database

I&P Department Balochistan


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Reasons for abandonment/decline

Environmental Human Induced

Drought Installation of Tube-wells and over-

pumping of the aquifer

Groundwater Recession Population growth

Floods; ( deforestation, overgrazing) Migration, abandonmentGeological anomaly Lack of Traditional knowledge

Earthquakes Lack of Technology

Un-planned infrastructure Development

War


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Restoring Karezs: What are we

Sustaining?.

A traditional-historical ingenious technological heritage Agrarian productivity.

A dependable water delivery system.

A decent life for the people who depend on Karezs that allows

them to prosper and meet their aspiration The ability of local people to overcome droughts and economic

stress and to pursue and fulfill their human potential.

Ground Water Management of a region as a part of national

development goal. Power saving.

The best Example of Water Cooperation reached at aftergenerations of evolution.


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Rehabilitation of Iskan Khan Karez

Rehabilitation of Main Channel

Cleaning of Mother Wells/ Infiltration Galleries

Construction of Water Storage Tanks

Construction of Eye-brows for soil and water

conservation.

Establishment of nursery

Etc.


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Returns of QIK Project

Crops cultivatedQuantity produced in kgs Rate per Kg Total Income

2010 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011

Wheat 23,000 145,220 79,400 28 28 4,066,160 2,223,200

Tomatoes Nil 206,010 71,300 30 30 6,180,300 2,139,000

Green Pepper Nil 24,000 40,600 33 50 792,000 2,030,000

Brinjal Nil 67,500 53,500 30 35 2,025,000 1,872,500

Lady Finger Nil 5,320 18,100 70 60 372,400 1,086,000

Grapes 40,000 55,000 65,000 55 55 3,025,000 3,575,000

Apple NIL 18,400 - 40 - 736,000 -

Apricot NIL 4,320 - 30 - 129,600 -

Carrot NIL 74,000 60,000 20 1,480,000 1,200,000

Onion NIL 22,000 6,770 30 660,000 203,100

Turnip NIL 2,700 - 30 81,000 -

TOTAL 63,000 485,770 394,670 19,547,460 14,328,800


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Rehabilitation of Saro Karez, Tangian

Ziarat.

Plan Duration = 4 months.

Total Budget = Rs. 6.2 Million including Rs.1.4

Million Community Share.

Project Financing = WANI and BPSD ( BalochistanProgram for Sustainable Development)


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Returns Saro Karez

Crops Cultivated Quantity Produced in Kgs Rate per Kg Total Income (PKR) Production before intervention

Apple 360,000 50 18,000,000 276800Tomato 86,400 30 2,592,000 45000

Potato 94,500 25 3,500,000 48000

Pea 21,750 70 2,362,500 Nil

Apricot 5,000 30 150,000 2800

Onion 50,000 30 1,500,000 Nil

Total 617,650 28,104,500


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Mother well at Saro Karez


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Shaft (Saro Karez)


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PVC Pipe being installed in Karez Adit/Tunnel


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PVC pipe installed in Karez Adit/Tunnel


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PVC pipe Installed in Adit

( Saro Karez Shaft)


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PVC pipe Installed in Adit

( Saro Karez Shaft)


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Daylight point (Saro Karez)


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Rehmatullah Karez


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Karez Adit/Tunnel ( Rehmatullah Karez)

K Adit/T l ( R h t ll h K )


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Karez Adit/Tunnel ( Rehmatullah Karez)


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PVC line Rehmatullah Karez


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h k


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Thank You

karez an indigenous system for water cooperation and management in pakistan.pptx

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