karin rice page museum - la brea tar pits · earth’s tectonic plates. structure of the earth ....
TRANSCRIPT
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Karin Rice Page Museum
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Where we’re going:
Tectonics Rocks Oil Water
Fossils
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First, a little exercise… Don’t think of an elephant.
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Not so easy, right? (It’s a mammoth but close enough.)
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Okay, next…
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You’re not alone if this is what you think of when you hear Tar Pits.
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The name implies a certain scenario, right?
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The reality may have been more seep than pit. McKittrick oil field seep.
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Simi Valley seep
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Seeps around Santa Paula and Sylmar
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Tectonics makes it sticky.
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Earth’s tectonic plates
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Structure of the Earth
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Three main types of plate boundaries/plate interactions
Divergent
Transform
Convergent (oceanic-continental)
Convergent (continental-continental)
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Spreading ridge creating new oceanic crust.
Oceanic crust subducting beneath continental crust.
Tectonic plate interactions along west coast of N. America before San Andreas Fault
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Tanya Atwater: http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/1_DownloadPage/Download_Page.html
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Evolution of San Andreas Fault
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Tanya Atwater: http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/1_DownloadPage/Download_Page.html
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Los Angeles was under water – part of the Pacific Ocean – for millions of years. Upper Miocene marine rocks in the Los Angeles basin (marine sediment filling the basin about 11.6 million to 5.3 million years before present).
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Southern California Earthquake Center http://www.scec.info/phase3/basinmap.html
Los Angeles structural basin up to 6 miles deep filled with marine sediment
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Diatoms – microscopic marine algae – made up much of the organic matter trapped in The sediments of the Miocene Monterey, Modelo, and Puente Formations.
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What’s a formation?! A geologic formation is a body of rock that: 1. has a distinctive lithic characteristic (made up of particular types of rock). 2. is mappable on earth’s surface or traceable below the surface with a distinct upper and lower boundary.
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Rumelhart & Ingersoll, 1997
Geologic formations in the Los Angeles Basin. Puente Formation in Mustard.
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Cross section of Los Angeles basin. Late Miocene Puente Formation in mustard. Bilodeau, Bilodeau, Gath, Oborne, and Proctor , 2007
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California Department of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal, TR 52
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Seeing the oil in the rocks
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Onshore oil and gas seeps in California
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Coastal and offshore seeps in California
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Tar Pits Park in Carpinteria
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Asphalt seeps flowing onto the beach at Carpinteria
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Interface between oil-bearing Monterey Formation and nearshore sands at Carpinteria
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Asphalt seeps up along tilted and nearly vertical Monterey Formation shale beds
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Salt Lake and South Salt Lake Oil Fields
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Oil and gas seeps around Hancock Park
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Los Angeles Methane Zones
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Bilodeau, Bilodeau, Gath, Oborne, and Proctor , 2007
Faulting as pathway to surface
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Tilted bedding as pathway to surface
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Seeing the water in the rocks
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Alluvial river
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Westwood with natural drainages , 1922
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Westwood, 1922
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Hancock Park and Salt Lake oilfield, 1922
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Los Angeles and unchannelized LA River, 1887
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Meandering floodplain
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Sediment grains transported along the bottom in bed load or in suspended load
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Seeing the geology in the fossils
(It’s a very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very lucky organism
that gets fossilized)
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The study of all the processes that occur between the death of an organism and its final state in the rock. (Benton, 2005, Vertebrate Paleontology)
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Possible taphonomic processes acting on fossils can include:
• decay
• scavenging
• disarticulation
• surface weathering
• water transport
• abrasion
• rapid or slow burial
• mineralization and diagenesis
• erosion/exhumation and secondary transport
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A few things to keep in mind:
• Geologists tend to see fossils as sedimentary clasts or particles - bioclasts
• Fossils need context to be scientifically valuable
• How and where an organism died may not be related to the accumulation and preservation of its remains
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Horse teeth, Pleistocene marine terrace sand, Newport Beach
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Bison tooth, San Clemente
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Mammoth tooth, San Clemente
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Mastodon tooth, San Clemente
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Giant sloth pelvis, San Clemente
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Still more Proboscidean bones, San Clemente
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Mastodon jaw in Simi Valley
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Pit 3/4 Old Faithful gas seep
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Hancock Park, 1911 Asphalt seep in stream bed
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Woodard & Marcus, 1973
Submember b: The characteristic lithology is highly bituminous, medium-grained quartz sand enclosing pockets of liquid oil, hardened asphaltum lenses, cobble conglomerate and gravel beds, and occasional stringers of dark silty clay.
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Pit excavation contours. Asphalt-filled pits in the park are artifacts of the old excavations.
Woodard & Marcus, 1973
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Pathways for concentration of bonebeds
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Pathways for concentration of bonebeds
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Pathways for concentration of bonebeds
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Pathways for concentration of bonebeds
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Horse pelvis in very coarse asphaltic sand
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Coarse sandy matrix in Box 1 or 14
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Box 5B stratification
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Box 5 stratigraphy
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Box 7A cross-bedding in sandy stream deposits
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Coarse to gravelly sand with worn and tumbled bones in Box 13
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• Fossils are hard to make!
• This site, with its particular geologic history, made lots.
• San Andreas Fault tectonics set the stage, and continues to act on California.
• Marine algae (diatoms) deposited 5 to 15 million years ago reached across those millions of years to trap, kill, and preserve Pleistocene Ice Age animals and plants.
• We can see the water in the rocks – the streams and rivers that flowed across the alluvial plain from the mountains.
• Animals didn’t die in TAR PITS but were entrapped in asphalt
seeps.
• We’re not done! We don’t have all the answers. And that’s what keeps us thinking and working every day.
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In other words…
+
Diatoms Kennett, 1982
Tectonics
=
La Brea Fossils Heyer Meldahl, 2011
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In even other words…
+
Miocene Diatoms
Kennett, 1982
Oligocene thru Pleistocene Tectonics
=
Pleistocene La Brea Fossils
Heyer Meldahl, 2011
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In still other words…
+
Kennett, 1982
=
Heyer Meldahl, 2011
The Miocene killed and preserved the Pleistocene. And Rancho La Brea is the scene of the crime.
The Zombie Killers The Victims The Mastermind