karya tulis ilmiah pengaruh gel ekstrak daun...
TRANSCRIPT
-
i
KARYA TULIS ILMIAH
PENGARUH GEL EKSTRAK DAUN KENIKIR (COSMOS CAUDATUS
H.B.K) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA EKSISI TIKUS PUTIH
JANTAN (RATTUS NOVERGICUS STRAIN WISTAR)
Oleh:
MONICA ROSELLINI
201310330311162
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2017
-
ii
PENGARUH GEL EKSTRAK DAUN KENIKIR (COSMOS CAUDATUS
H.B.K) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA EKSISI TIKUS PUTIH
JANTAN (RATTUS NOVERGICUS STRAIN WISTAR)
KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Diajukan kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan
dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh:
Monica Rosellini
201310330311162
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2017
-
iii
-
iv
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Karya tulis akhir ini adalah karya saya sendiri, dan semua sumber baik yang
dikutip maupun dirujuk telah saya nyatakan dengan benar.
Nama : Monica Rosellini
NIM : 201310330311162
Malang, 27 Juli 2017
Penulis
-
v
-
vi
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT Yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha
Penyayang dan atas karunia-Nya, penulisan tugas akhir ini dapat selesai dengan
baik. Shalawat serta salam selalu tercurahkan kepada Rasulullah Muhammad
shalallahu alaihi wasallam, keluarganya dan para sahabatnya yang telah berjasa
membawa syiar dakwah Islam ke seluruh dunia.
Penelitian tugas akhir ini berjudul “PENGARUH GEL EKSTRAK DAUN
KENIKIR (COSMOS CAUDATUS H.B.K) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN
LUKA EKSISI TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (RATTUS NOVERGICUS STRAIN
WISTAR)”. Tugas akhir ini diajukan untuk memenuhi persyaratan Pendidikan
Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Penulis menyadari tugas akhir ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna, oleh
karena itu, penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan masukan yang membangun.
Semoga karya tulis ini dapat menambah wawasan keilmuan dan bermanfaat bagi
semua pihak.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh
Malang, 22 Mei 2017
Penulis
-
vii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat, karunia, kesehatan, dan
lindungan sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas ilmu dan bimbingannya selama di
Fakultas Kedokteran UMM.
dr. Moch. Ma’roef, Sp.OG, selaku Pembantu Dekan I Fakultas
Kedokteran UMM atas kesediaan waktu, kesabaran dalam membimbing,
dan penyampaian ilmu yang sangat bermanfaat bagi masa depan para
mahasiswa FK UMM.
dr. Rahayu, Sp.S, selaku Pembantu dekan II Fakultas Kedokteran
UMM yang senantiasa bersabar dalam membimbing dan mengajarkan
ilmunya kepada kami.
dr. Iwan Sys Indrawanto, Sp.KJ, selaku Pembantu Dekan III, yang
penuh semangat dalam menyampaikan ilmu dan motivasi yang membangun
semangat kami selama menjalani pendidikan di Fakultas Kedokteran.
dr. Moch. Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FinaCS selaku pembimbing 1,
atas kesabaran, kebaikan hati, serta kesediaan dalam meluangkan waktu
dalam membimbing hingga dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini dengan baik.
dr. Thontowi Djauhari N.S, M. Kes, selaku pembimbing 2, atas
kesabaran, kebaikan hati, serta kesediaan dalam meluangkan waktu dalam
membimbing penulis hingga dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini dengan
baik.
-
viii
dr. Annisa’ Hasanah, M.Si., selaku penguji tugas akhir ini, atas segala
nasihat, masukan, dan arahan yang sangat bermanfaat dalam proses
penyelesaian tugas akhir ini dan kesediaan waktu beliau, sehingga tugas
akhir ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik.
Kedua orang tua saya, yang tidak pernah lelah mendoakan, berikhtiar
dalam tirakatnya untuk saya, memberikan dukungan moril dan materiil, dan
senantiasa hadir dalam setiap detik perjuangan hidup saya.
Kakak saya, dr. Syailendra Fii Sulaiman, dan seluruh keluarga yang
senantiasa memberikan dukungan tak terputus kepada saya.
Sahabat-sahabat tercinta, Inas Khoirunnisa, Nungki Samahah, Amirah
Muhammad Abdullah, Elda Cintya, Mira Wiji Lestari, Galih Bayu Prakoso,
Umar Thalib, dan Azmiyah Febri yang telah sangat banyak membantu
proses penyelesaian tugas akhir ini hingga tidak dapat dijelaskan satu per
satu.
Seluruh staf TU dan laboran, Pak Yono, Bu Endah, Mba Citra, Mba
Nuke, Mas Miftah, Mas Nyono dan Pak Joko yang bersedia membantu
setiap tahapan proses penelitian hingga penyelesaian tugas akhir ini.
Sejawat FK UMM angkatan 2013, Gluteus Maximus, bantuan dan
kerjasamanya. Semoga kelak dapat menjadi dokter-dokter profesional yang
barokah, sukses dunia akhirat, dan senantiasa dalam ketaatan kepada Allah
SWT.
Semua pihak yang terlibat secara langsung maupun tidak langsung,
terima kasih atas bantuan dan dukungannya.
-
ix
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................... i
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ ii
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .............................................................................. iii
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ ix
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ x
DAFTAR TABEL.............................................................................................. xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN .................................................................................. xiv
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................. 3 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................ 3
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ........................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus .......................................................................... 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................................. 3
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik .................................................................... 3
1.4.2 Manfaat Klinis ........................................................................... 3
1.4.3 Manfaat Masyarakat .................................................................. 4
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .......................................................................... 5
2.1 Kulit.................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Anatomi Kulit Manusia ............................................................. 5 2.1.1.1 Epidermis ...................................................................... 5
2.1.1.2 Dermis ........................................................................... 7
2.1.1.3 Hipodermis atau Subkutis .............................................. 7
2.1.2 Fungsi Kulit ............................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Anatomi Kulit Tikus ............................................................... 11
2.2 Luka.................................................................................................. 13
2.2.1 Pembagian Jenis Luka ............................................................. 13
2.2.2 Penyembuhan Luka ................................................................. 15
2.2.3 Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penyembuhan Luka .................. 18
2.3 Kenikir.............................................................................................. 19
2.3.1 Klasifikasi Kenikir .................................................................. 19
2.3.2 Morfologi Kenikir ................................................................... 20
2.3.3 Kandungan Daun Kenikir ....................................................... 21
2.3.4 Quercetin dalam Kenikir ......................................................... 21
2.3.4.1 Pengaruh Quercetin Sebagai Antioksidan .................. 22
2.3.4.2 Pengaruh Quercetin Terhadap Penyembuhan Luka .... 23
2.4 Sediaan Gel ...................................................................................... 24
2.4.1 HPMC ..................................................................................... 25
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN .. 26
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian ...................................................... 26
3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian .......................................................................... 27
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN ..................................................................... 28
-
x
4.1 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ....................................................... 28
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................... 28
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ........................................................................ 28
4.3.1 Populasi ................................................................................... 28
4.3.2 Sampel ..................................................................................... 28
4.3.3 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ................................................... 28
4.3.4 Estimasi Besar Sampel ............................................................ 28
4.4 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian ........................................................ 30
4.5 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................ 30
4.6 Definisi Operasional .......................................................................... 31
4.7 Alat dan Bahan penelitian ................................................................. 32
4.7.1 Alat ........................................................................................... 32
4.7.2 Bahan ........................................................................................ 34
4.8 Prosedur Penelitian............................................................................ 35
4.9 Alur Penelitian .................................................................................. 41
4.10 Analisis Data ................................................................................... 41
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ................................ 43
5.1 Hasil Penelitian ................................................................................ 43
5.2 Analisis Data .................................................................................... 45
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN .................................................................................... 47
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................. 53
7.1 Kesimpulan ...................................................................................... 53
7.2 Saran ................................................................................................. 53
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 54
LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................... 57
-
xi
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
2.1 Perbandingan Anatomi Kulit Tikus dan
Manusia.……...……….…………….11
2.2 Perbandingan Kandungan Tumbuhan
Kenikir….……………….…………….20
4.1 Formulasi
Gel.....................................................................................................37
4.2 Formulasi Basis Gel
..........................................................................................38
5.1 Data Luas Luka Eksisi Pada Tikus
Putih...........................................................43
5.2 Uji Normalitas Shapiro-
Wilk…………..............................................................46
5.3 Uji
Homogenitas.................................................................................................46
5.3 Uji Analisis Statistik
ANOVA...........................................................................47
5.3 Uji Post Hoc
Bonferroni.....................................................................................47
-
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
2.1 Anatomi Kulit
Manusia………………………………………………………..….8
2.2 Histologi Kulit
Tikus………………………………...……………….……....….12
2.3 Jenis
Luka……………………...…………………………………………......….14
2.4 Mekanisme Penyembuhan
Luka........................................................................... 18
2.5 Daun Kenikir (Cosmos Caudatus
H.B.K).............................................................20
2.5 Struktur
Quercetin.................................................................................................22
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Peneliti..............................................................................
26
4.1 Biopsy Punch Medax Epitheasy diameter 5
mm...................................................33
4.2 Transparent Dressing
Tegaderm...........................................................................34
4.3 Alur
Penelitian.......................................................................................................41
-
xiii
5.1 Luas Luka Eksisi Tikus Putih Jantan hari ke
3......................................................44
5.2 Luas Luka Eksisi Tikus Putih Jantan hari ke
6......................................................44
5.3 Luas Luka Eksisi Tikus Putih Jantan hari ke
9......................................................44
5.4 Luas Luka Eksisi Tikus Putih Jantan hari ke
12....................................................45
5.5 Luas Luka Eksisi Tikus Putih Jantan hari ke
15....................................................45
5.6 Luas Luka Eksisi Tikus Putih Jantan hari ke
18....................................................45
5.7 Luas Luka Eksisi Tikus Putih Jantan hari ke
21....................................................45
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
CMC : Carboxymethyl cellulose
COX : Cyclooxigenase
EGF : Epidermal Growth Factor
HPMC : Hydroxypropil Methylcellulose
-
xiv
IGF : Insulin-like Growth Factor
LOX : Lypooxigenase
MMPs : Matrix Metalloproteinases
PDGF : Plateled-derived Growth Factor
PMN : Polymorphonuclear
ROS : Reactive Oxygen Species
TGF-β : Transforming Growth Factor Beta
TGF-β1 : Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1
VEGF : Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor
-
xv
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Allen, L.V., Ansel, H., 2014, Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug
Delivery Systems, Chapter 10, pp.316-324, Wolters Kluwer, Georgia.
Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, 2010, keys.trin.org.au [homepage on the Internet]
[online], (diunduh 31 Juli 2017), tersedia dari: http://keys.trin.org.au/key-
server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004
060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Cosmos_caudatus.htm
Bunawan, H, Baharum, S, N. & Bunawan S, N, et. al, 2014, ‘Cosmos caudatus
kunth: a traditional medicinal herb’, J. Pharmacol, 8(3): pp. 420-426
[online], (diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
https://idosi.org/gjp/8(3)14/17.pdf
Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG) phyknome.htm [homepage on the
Internet] Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2013, [online], (diunduh 27
Oktober 2016), tersedia dari:
http://mapping.fbb.utm.my/phyknome/taxonomy/term/7258
Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center UGM, 2010, CCRC, Jogjakarta,
[online], (diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
http://ccrc.farmasi.ugm.ac.id/en/?page_id=101
Cheng, S.H., Barakatun-Nisak, M. Y. & Anthony, J., et. al, 2015, ‘Potential
medicinal benefits of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja): A scoping review’,
Journal of Research Medical Science, pp 1000-1006 [online], (diunduh
24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4746859/
Chotiah, S, DK Trisharyanti, I & Munawaroh, R, 2015, Ekstrak Etanol Daun
Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus. (L.) H.B.K. (L.) H.B.K) Sebagai Antibakteri
Terhadap Streptococcus mutans dan Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Naskah Publikasi UMS, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta,
Surakarta [online], (diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
eprints.ums.ac.id/36347/1/NASKAH%20PUBLIKASI.pdf
Dabiri, G., Damstetter, E., Philips, T., 2016, ‘Choosing a Wound Dressing Based
on Common Wound Characteristics’, Advances in Wound Care, vol. 5,
http://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004%20060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Cosmos_caudatus.htmhttp://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004%20060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Cosmos_caudatus.htmhttp://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004%20060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Cosmos_caudatus.htmhttps://idosi.org/gjp/8(3)14/17.pdfhttp://mapping.fbb.utm.my/phyknome/taxonomy/term/7258http://ccrc.farmasi.ugm.ac.id/en/?page_id=101https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4746859/
-
xvi
no.1 [online], (diunduh 5 mei 2017), tersedia dari:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717498/
David, Arkeman, H., 2008, ‘Evaluation Of The Oral Toxicity Of Formaldehyde In
Rats’, Universa Medicina, Vol 27, pp 107, [online], (diunduh 5 mei
2017), tersedia dari: www.univmed.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/02/david1.pdf
Dimaio, V., & Dana, S., 2006. Handbook of Forensic Pathology, chapter 7, pp.
116-117, CRC press, Florida.
Dorsett-Martin, W., 2004, ‘Rat Models of Skin Wound Healing’, wound repair
and regeneration : The International Journal of Tissue Repair and
Regeneration, Volume 12, Issue 6, November 2004, Pages 591–599,
[online], (diunduh 5 mei 2017), tersedia dari:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1067-
1927.2004.12601.x/abstract;jsessionid=D9CCF579BD1FF713C87FC96
4DA297EFB.f04t03
Dragicevic, N. & Maibach, H.L., 2015, Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers
Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement, chapter 11, pp. 154-
155, Springer, Berlin.
Eroschenko, V.P. 2012, Atlas Histologi diFiore ed. 11, chapter 10, pp. 223-227,
EGC, Jakarta.
Fiorani M, Guidarelli A. & Blasa M, et. al, 2009, ‘Mitochondria accumulate large
amounts of quercetin: prevention of mitochondrial damage and release
upon oxidation of the extramitochondrial fraction of the flavonoid’,
Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. pp. 397-404, [online], (diunduh 24
Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19278846
Gopalakrishnan A, Ram M. & Kumawat S, et. al, 2015, ‘Quercetin Accelerated
Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rats by Increasing Levels of VEGF and
TGF-β1’, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 54, pp 187-195,
[online], (diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27145632
Goweini, M.F., & El Din, N.M., 2005, ‘Effect of Quercetin n Excessive Dermal
Scarring’, Egyptian Dermatology Online Journal, vol.1, no.1, [online],
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717498/http://www.univmed.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/david1.pdfhttp://www.univmed.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/david1.pdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.12601.x/abstract;jsessionid=D9CCF579BD1FF713C87FC964DA297EFB.f04t03http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.12601.x/abstract;jsessionid=D9CCF579BD1FF713C87FC964DA297EFB.f04t03http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.12601.x/abstract;jsessionid=D9CCF579BD1FF713C87FC964DA297EFB.f04t03https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19278846https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27145632
-
xvii
(diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
http://www.edoj.org.eg/vol001/00101/05/5.html
Hanani, E., 2015, Analisis Fitokimia, Bab 2, halaman 10-16, EGC, Jakarta.
Havill, Sonya., 2001, ‘Excision of Biopsy Skin Lesion’, Dermnet New Zealand,
[online], (diunduh 31 Juli 2017), tersedia dari:
https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/excision-of-skin-lesions/
Hutchinson, J., 2014, ‘Phases of Wound Healing’, Wound Essentials Clinimed,
[online], (diunduh 31 Juli 2017), tersedia dari:
http://www.clinimed.co.uk/Wound-Care/Education/Wound-
Essentials/Phases-of-Wound-Healing.aspx
Jones, J, 2013, ‘Winter’s concept of moist wound healing: a review of the
evidence and impact on clinical practice’, Journal of Wound Care, vol.
14, no.4, pp. 273-276, [online], (diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
http://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/jowc.2005.14.6.267
94
Kampfer, H. & Frank, S., 2008, ‘Excisional Wound Healing’, Wound Healing :
Methods and Protocol, vol. 78, pp 3-15, [online], (diunduh 3 Mei 2017),
tersedia dari: http://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1385%2F1-59259-
332-1%3A003
Kelly, G.S. 2013, ‘Quercetin’, Alternative Medicine Review, vol.16, no.2,
[online], (diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
www.altmedrev.com/publications/16/2/172.pdf
Khan, A.W., Kotta, S. & Ansari, S.H., et. al, 2013, 'Formation developement,
optimization and evaluation of aloe vera gel for wound healing',
Pharmacogn Mag, ed.9, [online], (diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia
dari: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798142/
Krinke, G.J., 2000, The Laboratory Rat, Part 5, Chapter 15, halaman 308,
Elsevier, London.
Liliwirianis, N., Musa, N.L. & Zain, W.Z., et. al, 2011, ‘Preliminary Studies on
Phytochemical Screening of Ulam and Fruit from Malaysia’, E-Journal
of Chemistry, [online], (diunduh 3 Mei 2017), tersedia dari:
http://www.edoj.org.eg/vol001/00101/05/5.htmlhttp://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/jowc.2005.14.6.26794http://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/jowc.2005.14.6.26794http://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1385%2F1-59259-332-1%3A003http://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1385%2F1-59259-332-1%3A003http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/16/2/172.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798142/
-
xviii
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258379531_Premilinary_Studi
es_on_Phytochemical_Screening_of_Ulam_and_Fruit_from_Malaysia
Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2009, Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia Nomor. 261/MENKES/SK/IV/2009 tentang
Farmakope Herbal Indonesia, [online], (diunduh 24 Januari 2017),
tersedia dari:
http://perpustakaan.depkes.go.id:8180/handle/123456789/3270
Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2013, Farmakope Indonesia V, Bab 8,
halaman 42, Kemenkes, Jakarta.
Madiyono, B, Moeslichan Mz, S. & Sastroasmoro, S, et. al, 2014, Dasar-dasar
Metodologi Penelitian Klinis, Edisi 5, bab 5, halaman 352-386, Sagung
Seto, Jakarta,
Martin, W.A., & Wysocki, A.B., 2008, ‘Rat Models of Skin Wound Healing’,
Sourcebook of Models for Biomedical Research, pp. 631-638, [online],
(diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-59745-285-4_65
Medscape. com [homepage on the internet ] WebMD LLC, 2001 [cited 27
October 2016], tersedia dari:
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/407568_2
National Health Care Statistics, 2008, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical
Care Survey: 2006 emergency department summary, [online], (diunduh
4 Mei 2017), tersedia dari:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18958996
Perdanakusuma, D.S. 2007, ‘Anatomi dan Fisiologi Kulit dan Penyembuhan
Luka’, From Caring to Curing, Pause Before You Use Gauze, [online],
(diunduh 24 Januari 2017), tersedia dari:
https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=RdDXiPEAAAAJ&hl=en
Quinn, M., Sheskey, P.J. & Rowe, R.C., 2009, Handbook of Pharmaceutical
Excipients, 6th
Edition, pp. 326-329, RPS Publishing, Washington.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258379531_Premilinary_Studies_on_Phytochemical_Screening_of_Ulam_and_Fruit_from_Malaysiahttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/258379531_Premilinary_Studies_on_Phytochemical_Screening_of_Ulam_and_Fruit_from_Malaysiahttp://perpustakaan.depkes.go.id:8180/handle/123456789/3270http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-59745-285-4_65http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/407568_2https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18958996https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=RdDXiPEAAAAJ&hl=en
-
xix
Rutgers.edu [homepage on the internet] Rutgers The State University of New
Jersey, 2017 [cited 6 Februari 2017] , tersedia dari:
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/APFallLect7.html
Sen, C.K., Gordillo, G.M. & Roy, S., et. al, 2009, ‘Human Skin Wounds : A major
and snowballing Threat to Public Health and the Economy’, Wound
Repair Regen, [online], (diunduh 3 Mei 2017), tersedia dari:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810192/
Suriadi, 2004, Penyembuhan Luka edisi 1, Bab 5, halaman 89-90, Sagung Seto,
Jakarta.
Sundberg, J.P., Nanney, L.B. & Fleckman, et. al, 2013, ‘Skin and Adnexa’,
Comparative Anatomy & Histology of Human & Rats, chapter 23, pp
433-448, [online], (diunduh 3 Mei 2017), tersedia dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123813619
Suryo, J., 2009. Rahasia Herbal, Bab 1, halaman 15-18, Mizan, Jakarta.
Srinivas, C. & Sekar, C. 2012. Textbook on Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery,
chapter 5, pp.62-66, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher, London.
Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B.H. 2009, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 12th
ed, chapter 5, pp. 148-153, John Wiley & Sons, Asia.
Waji, R.A. & Sugrani, A, 2009, Flavonoid (Quercetin), Msi, Universitas
Hasanuddin, Makassar, [online], (diunduh 3 Mei 2017), tersedia dari :
https://pasche08.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/copy-of-copy-of-makalah-
quercetin-2003.pdf
Wang, X., Ge, J. & Tredget, E.E., et. al, 2013, ‘The Mouse Excisional Wound
Splinting Model, Including Application for Stem Cell Transplantation’,
Nature Protocols, vol.8, no.2, pp.302-309, [online], (diunduh 13 Januari
2017), tersedia dari: http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v8/n2/full/nprot.2013.002.html
Weller, R., Hunter, H. & Mann, M. 2015, Clinical Dermatology 5th
ed., chapter 2,
pp. 7-17, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex.
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/APFallLect7.htmlhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123813619https://pasche08.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/copy-of-copy-of-makalah-quercetin-2003.pdfhttps://pasche08.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/copy-of-copy-of-makalah-quercetin-2003.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v8/n2/full/nprot.2013.002.html
-
xx
World Alliance for Wound and Lymphedema Care, 2013, ‘Chronic Wounds and
Lymphoedema: Neglected areas of public health’, [online], (diunduh 3 Mei 2017),
tersedia dari: http://wawlc.org/about-wawlc/background.html