karyakram sanchalan nirdeshika 2058

8/16/2019 Karyakram Sanchalan Nirdeshika 2058

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kl/R5]b–!tfnd cjZost cWoog

!=! e'lds M

n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; la:tf/ / k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] ljlegla!fosf ;"k ljsf;, pBdl#ntf ljsf;, pBf]u $oj:yfkg ;%al&tnd (j) pBf]u k|j4{gf*ds ;]jf+? k|fg u-{ cf(sf] . o; k|sf/sf sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ cuf" ;f] sf] cfjZostf,pkof]lutf,pBf]usf] ;)ef$otf / /f]uf/"sf cj;/+?sf] kl+fgug'{ ?/" +'g] e(sf]n] tnd sfo{01d ;)fngug'{ cl3 :ygo dfu, cfjZostf,pko'51tf / ;)ef$otfsf]af/]df ;)l6f7tdf c8oog ul/ k|efjsf/" ?kdf sfo{01dsfof{jog ug'{ k{.

!=@ p2]Zo M99 :ygo cfjZostf, dfu / ;)ef ug]{ 9 tndsf] ;'kof]u (j) tnd sfo{01d ;)fngdf cfjZos ;+of]u (j)

;djo +'g] k|sf/n] k|l#6ff :yn .gf-> ug]{

!=# cWoog÷e]"s lj$o %&t' Mc8oog@;e]{6ffsf] nu lg%g la!fo a:t'+? 8ofgdf /fAg'

cfjZos +'.

!=#=! d e(s tfnd M–:ygo ;)3 ;):yf+?, pBd",


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c8oog ug'{ cfjZos +'. o; ;e{df :ygo :j]#"sDf kfy{sf] k|of]u cl&std ?kdf kl/fng +'g;+of]u k'Gg] :ygo k/%k/fut ;"ksf] ;)/6ff / ljsf;df ;+of]u +'g], fn' tyf ;%ef$o pBf]usf] ;)fng / la:tf/sfo{df ;+of]u k'Gg] ;fy- /f]uf/" k|j4{gdf ;3fp k'Gg]tndsf] kl+fg u/" sfo{01d sfof{jog ug]{ sfo{nfH{cl&s k|fyldstf k|fg ug'{ k{.

!= tfnd cjZost cWoog b d]l0g' kg] lj$o1*M

!==! &)fgo sR kb) M–lCnf le0 pkn$& +'g] If]t+? :t- afJ;, sfK, nf]51f,

pg, k1nk1=n, cg LfB ;fdfu|"M, cCnf], s]t's", s]/f,ledn :tf /]#fo'51 ag:klt+? / "a'>", co k|#f]&g tyf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] sDf kfy{+?sf ;%j&df c8ooguf{ cl&std ;'kof]u tyf d=Co clejNl4 +'g] fnsf sDf kfy{nfH{ k|fyldstf lg' k{.

!==@ &)fgo k/3k/t 4k M–k/fk=j{sfn]l ckgfp- cfH{/+]sf] ;'t" tyf Ofsf

a'gfH{, /f"kf", s%an a'gfH{, pg" &fuf] stfH{, f]sf,fnf, esf/", df|f] a'gfH{, snf*ds a:t'+?, effs')f,cf-f/, sNl!f ;fdu|", cf" :tf k/f%k/fut ;"knfH{ cfjZostf cg';f/ cf&'lgs/f / af/of]Go ;fdfg p*kfg ug{ ;+of]uk'Gg] fnsf tnd+?nfH{ ;)ef


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tnd ;)fng ug]{ :yfg+?df ;djof*ds tj/n] p*kfgd=ns()j ;]jfd=ns $oj;fo nfpg ;+of]u k'Gg] jftfj/f cfjZos kg]{ +'gfn] ;f] 6f]0df e(sf ;):yfut k=jf{&f/+? :tf] lCnf ljsf;;ldlt,ufJp ljsf; ;ldlt@gu/knsf, a-)s tyf lal5o ;):yf+?,dl+nf ljsf; #ff, ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; cfof]gf, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]u d+f;)3, g]kfn pBf]u jfQo d+f;)3 (j) pBf]u$oj;fo k|j4{gnfH{ ;+of]u ug]{ /!>Ro,ct/f{l!>Rou-+| ;/sf/" ;):yf+? :tf lgsfo+?;)u ;%ks{ ul/ cfjZos

fgsf/", ;=gf / ljj/f+? ;)sng ug'{ cfjZos +'.

!==8 cg'dg k.ltj]bg M– ;ldltjf> ljutdf ;)fng e(sf sfo{s|d+?sf] cg'udg k|

ltj]g+?sf] c8oog tyf ljZn]!ff ul/ ;f] jf> k|f7t kl/SdnfH{

;d]t cf&f/ dfg" tndsf] c8oog ug'{ kg]{.

!=8 cWoog k.s9o tnd cfjZostf c8oog uf{ tkl;n adf]ldsf k|sNof cjn%jg

ug'{ kg]{ +'.

!=8=! lCnf l:yt ljl5o ;):yf+?, lCnf ljsf; ;ldlt, g]kfn3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3, g]kfn pBf]u jfQo

d+f;)3, dl+nf ljsf; #ff, a-s, :ygo ufpJ ljsf;;ldlt@gu/knsf, u-+| ;/sf/" ;):yf+? nufot $ol51 lj#]!faf>

dfu (j) l;k1/; e(sf tndsf lj!fo+?sf] nut /fAg]

!=8=@ dy L9T9M df pCn]lt lgsfo+? d8o] jf $ol51 lj#]!faf> l;k1/; jf dfu k|f7t ge(sf] cj:yfdf dy 9U cg';f/sf] lj!fo a:t' ctu{t ljlgof]lt a]>;d]tnfH{ N!>"ut ul/ tndsf lj!fo ls>fg" ug'{ kg]{.

:ynut c8oog uf{ cg';=" 9 / cg';=" k|of]uug'{ kg]{.

!=8=# dy 9U LsM ctu{tsf lj!fout tndsf] dfu jf l;k1/; aO" +'g cf(df cyjf lg&f{l/t n6f ef sd e(sf]cj:yfdf ;%ef$otf / k|fyldstfsf] cf&f/df pCn]lt 9V sf cf&f/df tnd sfo{01d to ug'{ kg]{.

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!=8= cy{s j!f{sf] f-d;s ljefg cg';f/ lg&f{l/t tndsfo{01d ;%kg ug'{ kg]{ e(sf]n]c8oognfH{ 01da4 ug'{ kg]{. / k|fyldstfsf] cf&f/df p51cy{s j!f{df k|f7t dfu jf l;k1/;nfH{ cfufd" cy{s

j!f{sf sfo{01ddf ;dfj]# ug{ ;lsg].

!=8=8 :ynut c8oog sfo{ ;%kg e(kl. ;f] sf] .f]>s/"k|ltj]g tof/ ugN'{ clgjfo{ +'g]. o;/" tof/ ul/(sf]k|ltj]gnfH{ ;%al&t sfo{fnon] sfo{fjog u/" cg'udg

/ d'Cof)sg ug{sf] nu ;d]t o;nfH{ cf&f/l#nfsf] ?kdf lng'kg]{.

c8oog k|ltj]gdf lg%gfg';f/sf s'/f+? ;dfj]# e(sf] +'g'

kg]{.

9 :yfg kl/o

tnd lj!fosf] dfu / cfjZostf ljj/f Ldfusf] kN!Ke=d"

;d]tM

U :ygo sDf kfy{sf] pkn$&tf, ;%ef$otf / pkof]usf]

ljj/f V ;)nt pBf]u+?sf] ;)Aof, p*kfg l:ylt tyf yk sfdf/

jf aO" ;"ko'51 sfdf/sf] dfu / ;%efjgf e(sf] jf

ge(sf]

T ;):yfut ultljl&sf] ljj/f, pBd@$oj;fo k|j4{gdf

k'Wof(sf] jf k'Wofpg ;Xg] of]ufg

Y ;%ejt af/sf] =/", af/sf] cfsf/, pkef]51fsf] :t/ /

a-slCks af/ $oj:yf

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aO" pknl$&d=ns, k|efjsf/" ()j gd'" agfp-sfo{01d sfof{jogdf ldtRo tyf ct/f{l!>Ro af/sf] dfu cg'?ksf] ;"kk|fg u/" /f]uf/"sf] nu

;6fd g#l51 tof/ ug]{

U :yfg"o :t/df ljBdfg k/%k/fut ;"ksf] ;%a4{g,ljsf; tyf cleaNl4 ug]{

V :yfg"o :t/df pkn$& sDf kfy{sf] ;'kof]u ul/d=Co cleaNl4 ug{ ;3fpk'Wofpg]

T n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf :t/sf pBf]u $oj;fo+? ;)fngug{ pBdl#ntf ()j $oj:yfkg lj!fosf tndsf] df8odaf>;+of]u k'Wofpg]

Y ;ldltaf> tnd k|f7t k|l#6y{+?nfH{ ;/ntyf ;'netfsf ;fy sf{ pkn$& u/fH{ pBf]u $oj;fo :yfkgf ug{ d2t ug]{

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tnd k|f7t u/" pBf]u $oj;fo ;)fng ug{] k|l#6y{+?af> p*kt a:t'+?sf] a/s/fsf nucfjZos ;/ ;Cnf+ tyf ;+of]u k|fg ug]{

@=# nl"t neU9 cy{s tyf ;fds ?kdf lk.l(sf dl+nf , lnt,

caf;", gft", d&];", #/l/s ?kdf c#51 Lckf^M cf" ju{ / ;d'fo+? pBf]u $oj;fodf ;)nGg eH{

cy{s ?kdf ;jn +'g] .g\

U lg]{l#t kfK\o01ddf pCn] e(

adf]ld ;-4ts tyf $oj+/s ljl& ckgfH{ k|l#6ff k|fg ul/g] e(sf]n] k|l#6y{+? p2]Zo cg'?k sfo{ ug{;6fd +'g] .g\

UU :ygo cfjZostf, dfu, If]t / ;f&gsf] pkn$&tf cg';f/ tnd ;)fng ul/g]

+'Jf :ygo :t/df p*kfg ()j /f]uf/"sf] cj;/ aO\gfg].

UV lal5o ;):yf+?af> _f ;+of]u pkn$& u/fpg;+of]u ul/ tnddf ;l/s +'g]

k|l#6y{+?nfH cyf]{kf{g ;)al& l01ofsnfkdf ;)nGg u/fpg ;+of]u k'Gg].

@= nl"t d'1tnd sfo{01dsf] nu 9Y j!f{ pd]/ k'u]sf lg%gfg';f/sf

g]kfn" gful/s+? nl6ft ;d=+ le0 k{.g V9 cy{s tyf ;fds ?kdf lkl.l(sf dl+nf, lnt,

caf;", gft", d&];", #/l/s ?kn] c#51 Lckf^M,4 lklt cf" ju{ / ;d'fosf $ol51+?

V :yfg"o a-s tyf ljl5o ;):yf+?, u-+| ;/sf/" ;)3 ;):yf+? (j) ljsf; sfo{df ;)nGg lgsfo+?af> tnd

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kZft :jPcf{g tyf /f]uf/"df ;+of]u k|fg ug]{ u/"l;k1/; e(sf $ol51+?

VU tnd kZft cf`gf] pBf]udf /f]uf/" lg] k|ltj4tf ;fy k|l#6ffsf] nu :ygo pBf]u@pBd"af>l;k1/; e(sf $ol51+?

VV pBf]u $oj;fodf ;l/s +'g H{D.'s e(tf klg ;"ksf]cefjn] uf{ ;l/s +'g g;s]sf] $ol51+?

@=8 ldlt%0 +ng l/g] ljle;g tfnd so67d1*3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf sfo{fno+?4f/f lg%gfg';f/

tnd sfo{01d+? ;)fng u/"g] .g\

@=8=! 4k ljs t) "dt cle%9l k.l?" so67d

@=8=!=! 4k ljs tfnd ;%al&t lCnfsf] l:jsNt j!f{s sfo{01d cg';f/ lCnf l:yt3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf sfo{fno+?4f/f ;)fngul/g] tnd sfo{01dnfH{ lgoldt sfo{01d ctu{t/(sf] . o; tnd sfo{01ddf dfy" pCn] e( cg';f/sf nl6ft ;d'+af> kl/D.] 99 sf] k|sNof k=/f u/" k|l#6Sy"{+?.gf-> ul/ tf]ls( adf]ldsf] tnd sfo{01ddf ;+efu"u/fpg' kg]{.

@=8=!=@ ljlj< tfnd;%jl&t lCnfsf] :j"sNt j!f{s a]> tyf sfo{01daf>tndsf] dfu k'/f +'g g;s]df lCnfsf] ;%ef$otf,cfjZostf, :ygo f+gf tyf tnddf e(sf] fksf] cf&f/df la#]!f tnd sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ kg]{ +'. o; k|

sf/sf] tnd ;)fng ug{sf] nu ;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{{nodf a]> $oj:yf +'g] +'Jf lCnf l:yt sfo{fno+?n]sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ ef cuf" lg%g s'/f+?nfH{ 8ofgdf /f" sfo{01d l:jsNltsf] nu k|&fgsfo{fnodf kKfpg' kg]{.

sM tnd cfjZos kgf{sf] sf/f


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M sfo{01ddf ;+efu" u/fH{g] k|l#6Sy"{+?sf] ljj/f Ls'g

s'g uflj;@gkf af> sltPslt gf k|

l#6Sy"{ nfejt +'g ;X.g\ ;f] sf] ljj/f M

uM sfo{01dn] :ygo ?kdf kfg]{ k|efj 3M sfo{01d kZft pBf]u@$oj;fodf ;)nGg +'g] k|ltj4 k|

l#6Sy"{ ;)Aof

M sfo{01d ;)fngdf +'g] {sf] ljj/f

M sfo{01dsf] nu cfjZos k|l#6fssf] ;)Aof /

cfk=lt{ $oj:yf

;se/ cf`gf] lCnfdf lgoldt tnd sfo{01ddf gk/]sf]lj!fodf df0 sfo{01d dfu ug'{ kg]{. nfdf] cjl& L(sdl+gf ef aO"M sf] tndsf] nu k1fu'f d;ft le0 /.f]>f] cjl& L9 dl+gf ef sdM sf] tnd e( a-#f d;ftle0df k|&fg sfo{fnoaf> l:jsNt" lnH{ ;dod- sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

@=8=!=# k-gtA4 tfnd;ldltn] ;)fng ug]{ laleg tnd d8o] k'gtf{u" tnd

klg (s +f] of] tnd lj!fo a:t'sf] cf&f/df aO"df L'H{M dl+gf ;%dsf] +'g]. ;f] ef aO"

cjl&sf] tnd ;)fng ug'{ kg]{ e(df ;ldltsf] k|&fgsfo{fnosf] k=j{ l:jsNt" lnH{

;)fng ug'{ kg]{. of] tnd ;)fngsf] 01ddf k|l#6Sy"{ .gf-> uf{ lg%g

s'/f+?nfH{ 8ofg lg' kg]{ +'. LsM ;ldlt@ljefuaf> tnd k|f7t ul/ pBf]u@$oj;fodf ;)nGg

$ol51+?

LM pBf]u@$oj;fodf ;)nGg t/ ;"ksf] k=f{ 6ftfdf sld e-o:f lsl;dsf] tnd k|f7t u/]kl. ce1 ;k1ntf /lgk=f{tfk=j{s pBf]u@$oj;fo ;)fng ug{ ;Xg] k|jn

clenbS ()j f+gf e(sf $ol51+?

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LuM co lgsfoaf> tnd k|f7t ul/ pBf]u@$oj;fodf ;)nGg$ol51+?

L3M k/%k/fut ;"ksf cf&f/df pBf]u@$oj;fo ;)fng ul/ /+]sf $ol51+?

@=8=!= cg b A% tfnd pBf]u@$oj;fo ;)fng, k|j4{g (jd\ ljlj&"s/f ug{ H{D.f e(sf t/ cfjZos ;"k, Ffg ge(sf sf/fn] s]+" ug{ g;s]sf $ol51 jf ;d'+nfH{ 'g lj!fosf] $oj;fo ;)fng ug{ H{D.f u/]sf] +f], ;f]+" lj!fosf] pBf]u jf ;%al&tsfo{#fnfdf ;-4ts ()j $oj+f/"s Ffgsf] ;fy- pBf]u ;)fngsf] ljlj& k6fsf] af/]df ;d]t :ynut cjnf]sg tyf tnd k|fg u/" pBf]u $oj;fo ;)fng ug{ ;6fd agfpgsf nu cg a tnd ;)fng ul/g].

LsM of] tnd ;%al&t pBf]u / sfo{#fnfdf g- ul/g]e(sf]n] tnd k|f7t $ol51+? l.>- cf`gf] pBf]uf]Cg / :j/f]uf/"sf] cj;/ k|f7t ug{ ;6fd +'g] .g

LM pBd"n] H{D.f u/] cg';f/sf ;%ef$o lj!fodf lg / lgsf

sfdf/nfH{ of] tnd k|fg ug{ ;lsg]. LuM o; lsl;dsf] tndaf> pBf]u ;)fngsf ljlj& k|sNof+?sf]

af/]df pBd"nfH{ fgsf/" +'g] +'Jf ck]6SsNt sdk=J"af> pBf]u $oj;fo ;)fng ug{ ;+of]u k'Gg].

@=8=!==! cg b A% tfnd +ng k.s9o

)))))))))))))) LsM of] tnd $ol51 jf ;d'+sf]

cfjZostf jf dfu +]/" tndsf] pko'51tf / :ynut ;)efjgf af/] ljZn]!ffsf] cf&f/df ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

LM sfo{fnon] lgoldt ;'kl/j]6ff ug{ ;Xg] KfpJ +]/"pko'51 cg'ej / ;'lj&f e(sf] pBf]u k|lt!Kfgdf tnd ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

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LuM ;ldltsf] d'Ao #ff@#ff sfo{fno+?af> of] sfo{01d ;)fng uf{ k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ e5f tyf ;'lj&f+? pkn$&u/fpg' kf{ cg';=" df e(sf] $oj:yf cg';f/ pkn$&u/fpg' kg]{ .

@=8=!==@ k.l?"B)4 5gC0pBf]u@$oj;fodf ;)nGg +'g] $ol51 df0 o; tnddf ;)nGg u/fH{g] e(sf]n] k|l#6Sy"{ .gf->uf{ cfjZostf / ;)ef$otfsf] cf&f/df .gf-> ug'{ kg]{. (sef aO" $ol51n] (p>- KfpJdf (s ef aO"pBf]u $oj;fo ;)fng uf{ *o;sf] af/ k6f,sDfdfn

cf"df kg{{fg] k|efj ;d]tnfH{ ljf/ ul/ ;se/ ;%ef$o af/6f]0 gls e(sf uflj;@gkf af> (s gf kg]{ ul/

k|l#6Sy"{ .gf-> ug{ pko'51 +'g] +'Jf k|l#6Sy"{.gf-> uf{ lg%g $ol51+?nfH{ k|fyldstf lH{ .gf->ug'{ kg{].

LsM pBf]u@$oj;fodf ;)nGg jf pBf]u@$oj;fo"n] l;k1/;

u/]sf $ol51+?

LM tnd kZft pBf]u@$oj;fo ug{ k|ltj4 e(sf

$ol51+?

LuM ljl5o ;):yf+?af> _f nufg"sf] k|sNofdf k/]sf

$ol51+?

L3M :yfg"o pBf]u jfQo ;)3 jf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;

)3af> pBf]u@$oj;fo ;)fng ug]{ eg" k|ltj4tf

#f{H{ l;k1/; ul/(sf $ol51+?

LM :ygo ?kdf k|efjsf/" tj/n] sfo{/t /+]sf ;/sf/" tyf u-+| ;/sf/" ;)3 ;):yf+?af> pBf]u@$oj;fodf ;

)nGg +'g] elg l;k1/; ul/(sf $ol51+?

@=8=!=8 tDsn 4k ljs tfnd

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k/%k/fut jf gljg ;"ksf] k|of]u u/" pBf]u dfu e-cf(sf] tnd k|fg uf{ pkn$& ef-lts ;f&g / k|efjsf/"tfsf] cf&f/df ;f]+" lCnf jf co0 lCnfdf sfo{01d ;)fng ul/g]. lCnfdf ;)fng ug{ ;)ejg]l(df sfKdff-)df sfo{01d ;)fng ug{ ;lsg] . tndsf] cjl& la!fo cg';f/ lg&f{/f ul/g].

@=8=!=8=! k.l?"s j tfnd +ng g] +&)s] 5gC0 M

k|of7t k|l#6Sy"{+?af> tnd dfu e(sf] cj:yfdf ;)eje( ;%d :ygo k|l#6fs, lgo'51" u/" ;)fng ug]{ tndsf] fk / cfjZostf cg';f/ tnd ;)fng ug]{ ;):yfaf> ;ldltsf] l;k1/;df k|l#6Sy"{nfH{ tnd k|

fg ug{ kg]{ . @=8=!=8=@ k.l?"B)4nG 'lj


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sM ljleg cg';&fgf*ds sfo{+? lgoldt / lg/t/ ?kdf ;)fng u/" jf/ of]Go j:t'+?sf] gd=gf p*kfgug]{

M pBf]u


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@=8=@ ,ojo &)kg t) +ngs] nf e7]b/4

ljs so67d

o; sfo{01d ;%j&"


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;dfj]# u/" ;)fng ug{ ;lsg]. o:tf tnd+? lCnfsf];/d'sfddf df0

;)fng ug{' kg]{. ;/d'sfd ef a+/ ;)fngug'{ kf{ k|&fg sfo{fnosf]

l:jsNt" ln(/ df0 ug'{ kg]{. o; ct/ut lg%g lj!fosf $oj:yfkg tnd+?;)fng ul/g].g s M af/ $oj:yfkg tnd

H M pBf]u $oj:yfkg tnd

M n]f $oj:yfkg tnd

I M +f]>n $oj:yfkg tnd

J M $oj:yfkg ;%al& co tnd+?

F.


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@=: tfnd +ng soljl<

@=:=! k.l?"B)4 +Ko lg"df 9 gf k|l#6Sy"{+? ;l%dlnt ug'{ kg]{. tndsf] lj!fo a:t', d]l#gcf-f/sf] pkn$&tf, tnd k|ltsf] f+gf, a]>sf] pkn$&tf,k|l#6fs ;)Aof c k6f+? ljf/ ul/ k|l#6Sy"{ ;)Aof 3>aOug{ ;lsg]. s'g- klg tndsf nu k|l#6Sy"{ ;)Aof lg&f{/f uf{ tndsf] pkof]lutfdf k|lts'n c;/kg{ glg] ul/ fk / dfunfH{ ljf/ ul/ nl6ft ;)Aofdf

k|lt#t k|l#6Sy"{ yk3> ul/ /fAg ;lsg]. ef 3l>alO ug'{ k/]df k|sfsf] k=j{ l:jsNt" clgjfo{ lng' kg]{.

pBdl#ntf ljsf; tndsf] nu k|l#6Sy"{ ;)Aof ;f&f/ftof gf +'g'kg]{ .

@=:=@ k.l?"s Loj&) # gf k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ (s gf k|l#6fs pkn$& +'g] ul/ k|l#6fs / k|l#6Sy"{ ljsf] cg'kft sfod ug'{ kg]{. (s ef aO" k|l#6fssf] $oj:yf uf{ cg'ej / 6ftfsf] cf&f/df (sgfnfH{ k|d' k|l#6fssf] ?kdf tf]Xg' kg]{. k|l#6fs

lgo'51" uf{ tnd #'? ug'{ cuf" kfK\o01d cg';f/sf];fdfu|" / d]l#g cf-f/sf] $oj:yfsf ;fy- tnd kZftd'Cof)sg, ;dfkg k|ltj]g, l;" tyf n]f a/a'e1f/y ug]{:tf sfdsf] nlfu ;d]t u/" a]> / cf-l*otfsf] cf&f/df aO"df %df 9T lg ;%d tndsf] cjl&df yk ul/ k|l#6fs lgo'51ug{ ;lsg]. .f]>f] cjl&sf] tndsf] nu eg] of] cjl& lgsf] ef aO" yk ug{ ;lsg] .-g tndsf] nu k|l#6fssf] $oj:yf uf{ ;%al&t lgsfosf] l:jsNt" lng' kg]{df

l:jsNt" lnH{ codf cg';=" 9 sf] k1f 9 cg';f/sf]of]Gotf adf]ld k/Ilds ;'lj&f k|fg u/" lgo'l51ug'{ k{. k|l#6fs lgo'l51 uf{ lg%g k|s/f+? k=/f ug'{ kg]{.

sM tnd ;)fngsf] nu cfjZos kg]{ k|l#6fs+? pkn$&e(;%d sfo{fnodf sfo{/t k|l#6fs+?nfH{ g- pkof]uug'{ kg]{. lj!fo a:t' gldCg] tyf cfjZos ;)Aofdf

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sfo{fnodf ;%al&t k|l#6fs ge(sf] cj:yfdf k|l#6fssf]$oj:yf ug'{ k/]df #ffn] d'Ao #ffdf / d'Ao #ffn];ldltsf] k|&fg sfo{fnodf ;djo /f" ;ldltsf co #ff jf k|&fg sfo{fnodf sfo{/t k|l#6fs d8o]af> $oj:yf ldnfpg] k|of; ug'{ kg]{.

M dfy" k|s/f LsM df pCn] e( cg';f/ k|l#6fssf] $oj:yf +'gg;s]df cg';=" Y adf]ldsf] s/f/df ;)e1f-tf ul/ k|l#6fslgo=51" ul/ k|l#6ff lg] $oj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{.

uM pD ;"k (jd 6ftf cfjZos kg]{ tnd+? :t- /]lof],l>le 3" lk|1, k1f]>f]

sk" d]l#g c dd{t, g/n H{n]X>R"s, +fp; jfol/^,7n%a"^ cf" ;%al& tnd ;

)fngsf] nu aO" of]Gotf e(sf laF+?sf] cfjZostf e(df k/fd#{ ;]jf #'Cs

ltg]{ ul/ *o:tf laF+?sf] ;]jf k|f7t ug{ ;lsg]. o; k|sf/sf]k/fd#{ ;]jf k|f7t

ug{sf] nu ;%jl&t la!fodf cf-k/s lu|" jf l7nf]df +;n u/]sf] $ol51 / ;f]

pkn$& +'g g;s]df dfotf k|f7t s'g- ;):yfaf> Y dl+g]

tnd k|f7t ul/ sl%tdf Udl+gf cjl&sf] k|l#6ff sfo{sf cg'ej +;n u/]sf $ol51+?

nfH{ k|&fg sfof{nosf]l:jsNt" lnH{ a]>sf] kl/l& le0 /l+ dfy" pCn]lt k|s/f Y sf] l;df le0 /+" k|l#6fs lgo'51" ug{ ;lsg] .

3M ;]jfd=ns tnd+? :t- /]lof], l>ledd{t, df]>/;fH{sn dd{t, ;fH{gaf]{ k]l>^,

H{n]X>R"sn js{;k, cf" lj!fodf tnd k|fg ug{sf]nu :ygo k|l#6ff s]| jfdd{t sfo{#fnf LWorkshop M df tnd ;)fng ug'{k.{

tndsf] k|sNlt +]/" .n Pk1nsf] cf&f/df e5f af+]ssf] ;%k=f{ { ;]jf #'Cs jfkta]>sf] k/l&le0 /+" k|lt k|l#6Sy"{ k|lt dl+gf ? 9 L(s +f/M ;%d #ff tyf d'Ao #ff

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sfo{fno:t/af>- ;%e1f-tf ul/ sfo{ ug{ u/fpg ;lsg]. ;f] ef

aO" k|l#6ff #'Cs ltg'{ kg]{e(df k'!>\ofH{ ;l+t l:jsNt"sf nu k|&fg sfo{fnodf kKfpg'

kg]{.

M aO"df 'H{ +7tf ;%dsf] tnd ;)fng uf{ tnd lg]pBf]u, ;):yf jf $ol51sf] ;%k=f{ ef-lts ;'lj&f, p51pBf]u ,;):yf jf $ol51 dfk1{t $o+f]/" tndsf] lj!fo /cjl& cf" ljf/ u/" cf-l*otfsf] cf&f/df lCnf l:yt #ff jf d'Ao #ff sfo{no+?n] k|lt k|l#6Sy"{ aO"df ? PL;ft;oM ;%d e'51fg" lg] ul/ ;)fng ug{ ;lsg]. ;f] ef aO" ;]jf #'Cs lH{ tnd ;)fng ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf e(df k|

&fg sfo{fnosf] l:jsNt" lnH{ ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

@=:=# d]l?g cCA/ ÷ sR kb) Lo%&) @=:=#=! d]l?g cCA/ Loj&)

tnd ;)fngdf cfjZos kl/dffdf d]l#g cf-f/ pkn$&+'g' kg]{. ;fdfotof gf k|l#6Sy"{+?sf] nus%t"df (p>f d]l#g $oj:yf ug'{ kg]{. o:tf] $oj:yfuf{ e( ;%d sfo{fnodf df-Qft d]l#g cf-f/+? k|of]u ug'{

kg]{.

@=:=#=@ sR kb) Loj&) tnd ;)fngsf] nu k|of7t kl/dffdf cfjZos sDf kfy{ pkn$& +'g' kg]{. sDf kfy{sf] p*kfg ul/g] kl/dff / u'f:t/nfH{ ;d]t 8ofgdf /fAg' k{. k|l#6fssf] { / k|l#6Sy"{ e5f af+]ssfo{01d {sf] s%t"df [ k|lt#t ;%d sDf kfy{ l/df

{ u/" tnd cjl& e/df kt u/" tnd ;)fng ug{' kg]{. tndsf] nu sDf kfy{ l/ ug'{ kf{ a]>sf]kl/l&le0 /+" tndnfH{ :tl/o agfpg] u/" pD u'f:t/sf]sDf kfy{ l/ ug'{ kg]{. s'g- sf/fa; sDf kfy{ aO" +'g u(df tnd ;df7t e(sf] lg le0df sfo{fnodf l;" nf u/fH{ ;Xg'kg]{.

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19/208

aO" +'g u(sf] sDfdfn pBd"n] /" ug{ f+]df pBd"nfH{ l/ ug{ lg] / o;f]

uf{ klg aO" +'g u(sf csf]{ tnddf k'g k|of]u ug{'kg]{. s'g- s'g- pBf]u cyjf

tnd s]|df sDfdfn ;ldltsf] tk1{af> $o+f]/" tnd ;)fng e(sf] cj:yfdf

p*kt ;fdfg ;ldltdf cf%fg" af8g' kg]{.

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@=:= tfnds] nf k.l?"B)4d 1'g' kg] o]ot ;fdfotof n]kO;%d ug{ ;Xg] $ol51nfH{ tnddf ;dfj]# ug'{ kg]{. tndsf] lj!fo +]/" lg%gfg';f/ of]Gotf e(sf $ol51 ;dfj]# ug'{ kg]{.

9l;nfH{, skf a'gfH{ / :j]>/ a'gfH{ :tf tndsf] nun]kO ug{ fg] / ;dfo +/ l+;fa ug{ ;Xg]

+fp; jfol/^, d]>n k1]lj|s]#g, g/n H{n]X>R"sn,df]>/ ;fH{sn dd{t, l>le tyf /]lof] dd{t :tf k|ljl&o'51 tndsf] nu sl%tdf 9 s6S ;%d c8oog u/]sf]

U.f]>f] cjl&sf] tnd :t- s'f] agfpg], d-ga5"agfpg], cfn'l7; agfpg] :tf lj!fodf n]kO ug{ fg'

g- kg]{ jf8otf ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf eg] .-g @=:=8 k./ k./9 tnd ;)fng ug'{ cl3 oy]!> ?kdf k|f/ k|;f/

ug'{ k.{

tnd sfo{01d ;)fng uf{ ;)nt tndsf] gfdcjl& / :yfg :k!> e1Csg] u/" t'ndf n]" ;a-n]]Ag] KfJpdf e'1ofpg' k{. k|f/ k|;f/sf] nu tnd

p\3f>g ;dfkg / n6o k|ultsf] ljj/f ;l+t /f;;tyf co

kl0sfdf j/ k|sf#gsf ;fy- k1f]>f] ;l+tsf] ljj/f k|sf#gsf] nu ;dltsf] of]gf ljefudf kKfpg' kg]{.

@=:=: k.l?"B)4 5gC0 k.s9o ;ldltaf> ;)fng ul/g] tnd sfo{01d+?sf] nu kl/D.] 99df e(sf] k|sNof k=/f u/" k|l#6Sy"{ .gf-> ug'{ kg]{. t/ ;f] adf]ldsf] k|l01ofaf> k|l#6Sy"{ .gf-> +'g g;Xg]cj:yf e(df lg%g k|l01ofg';f/ .gf-> ug'{ k{. tnd sfo{01dsf] p2]Zo / nl6ft ;d'+nfH{ ;d]>\g] ul/kf/#"{tfsf cf&f/dfk|l#6Sy"{+? .gf-> ug'{ kg]{. k|l#6Sy"{ .gf-> uf{Lcg';=" PU / VM df pCn]lt cfj]g k1f/fdsf] cf&f/df lH{g] c)s / ct/jftf{sf] cf&f/df lH{g]cs)nfH{ ]+fo jdf]ld ljefg ul/ ;f]+" cg';f/ d'Cof)sgug'{ kg]{. k1f/ddf pCn] e( adf]ld k|f7t fgsf/"

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tyf ct/jftf{sf] cf&f/df k|l#6Sy"{ .gf-> d'Cof)sgk1f/d Lcg';="PVM el/ lgj]s+? d8o]af> pD c)s k|f7tug{] k|l#6Sy"{ .gf-> ug'{ kg]{.

sN cj]bg k7/dd pOn]lHt Ags/4s] csf] nu ckgfpg'kg]{ d'Cof)sg ljl& cg';=" T df lH{(sf] .

@=Q k.l?" +ng ljl< t) so tn4s

k|l#6ffsf] l;nl;nfdf lg&f{l/t kfK\o01d cg'#/f ul/tndsf] ;dofjl& cg';f/ ;-4ts / $oj+/s Ffg lg] $oj:yf ldnfpg'sf ;fy- lg%g cf&f/df /l+ tnd ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

sN tnddf ;+efu" +'g] k|l#6Sy"{+? tnd cjl&sf] o=gtd[ ?' +/ +'g' kg]{.

;f] cg';f/ +/" gk'Gg] k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ tndaf>+>fH{g] . / k|dff k0 ;d]t

k|fg ul/g] .-g

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HN tnd -lgs Y 3>f L;fj{lgs ljf af+]sM ;)fngug'{ kg]{.

N tnd :tl/o / pkn$&"d=ns agfpg k|l#6fs / k|l#6Sy"{+?sf] d'Cofg ug'{ kg]{.

@= tfndd'Oo+sg

tnd ;)fngsf] 01ddf k|l#6Sy"{+?n] s] slt ;"k l;Xg;k1n e(sf .g ;f] sf]

d'Cof)sg ug{ ?/" +'. nfdf] cjl&sf] tnd e( +/]sdl+gfsf] c*odf / .f]>f] cjl&sf]tnd e( tndsf] cjl&e/df (s k>s d'Cofg ug'{ kg]{ +'.

o;/" ul/g]d'Cof)sgdf cltd kl/6S h k'S{sf] +'g]. 9 k'S{kl+n]sf kl/6Ssf] nu +'g'k{. d'Cof)sg k1f/d cg';="P[ df pCn] e( adf]ld+'g].

pf+/f U dl+gf cjl&sf] ;"k ljsf; tndsf k|l#6Sy"{+?sf] kl+nf] / f]If]

dl+gfsf] d;s kl/6Sdf dfgf- (s k|l#6Sy"{n] 9 k'S{df 01d# VT / U c)s k|f7tu/]sf] . eg] p;sf] cf-;t VTi U [ ÷ Lkl/6ff k>sM V9 g%a/ p;n]cltd kl/6Sdf h k'S{df kf(sf] dfgf- n$&f f]" s'n k|f7tfs) V9 sfod+'g].

cltd kl/6Sdf k=j{ kl/6S+?sf] cf-;t c f]" s\=n k|f7tfsf] l+;fa ug'{ k{.

@=S tfnd%0 pDkfbt dgs] d'Oo+sgtndaf> p*kt ;fdfg+?sf] d'Cof)sg ug{sf] nu

lCnf :t/df ]+fo adf]ldsf]d'Cof)sg ;ldlt /+g]. tnddf kt e(sf] sDf kfy{ /

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;+fos sDf kfy{sf] cf&f/df p*kt ;fdfg+?sf] d'Cof)sg ug'{ kg]{. d'Cof)sg k|of]gsf] nu cg';=" P

h adf]ldsf] k1f/d k|of]u ug'{ kg]{. o;/" ul/g]d'Cof)sgsf] k/n d'Codf tnddf k|of]uuf{ e(sf] lt{ / ;f] jfktsf] /sd ;d]t ;dfj]# ug'{ kg]{.

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d'Oo+sg ldlt TlAOn&t/N

9 d'Ao #ff @#ff sfo{fno k|d' ;

)of]s

l;" +]g]{ sd{f/"@n]fkfn ;:o

U ;%al&t k|jl&s sd{f/" ;:o

pk/f]51 cg';f/sf] ;ldltn] tndsf] cjl&df p*kt k|*o]sa:t' LItem M sf] p*kfg k|sNof k'/f +'gf;fy d'Cof)sg ul/ lj01" ug]{ k|of; ug'{ kg{].

s]|sf] sfo{01d lCnfdf ;)fng uf{ klg

pk/]f51fg';f/ g- p*kt ;fdfgsf] d'Cof)sg ug'{ kg]{. s]l|o :t/sf] sfo{01dsf] +sdf lg%gfg';f/sf]d'Cofg ;ldltn] d'Cofg ug]{.

9 k|l#6ff ljefusf lg]{#s@pk lg]{#s ;

)of]s

;)al&t sfo{01d +]g]{ cl&sNt ;:o

U ;%al&t k|l#6fs ;:o

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25/208

Llt{ ;d]tM sf] d'Co ;dfj]#ul/ p*kt a:t'sf] d'Cof)sg ug'{ kg]{ +'.

@=!P=!p*kt a:t'+?sf] d'Co lg&f{/f uf{ ;fdfotofaO"df lg%gfg';f/ lt{ sfodug]{ $oj:yf ul/(sf] .

TsN sR p7gnG k.?] ag]sf] &fuf] 9

Vun-fdf k|of]u +'g] df]>f] ;'lt &fuf] 9

T skf a'gfH{ tnddf k|of]u +'g] ;'lt &fuf] U

Y l;> d]>n jX;{ T

d]>n jX;{ U

TN k7nk7-n k.?]


26/208

tnd cjl&df k|of]u ul/g] sDf dfndf alOdf T k|lt#t

3>fH{ afJs"sf]

d'Cof)sg ug]{

IN 1p jol/ af]{ jfol/^ k|l01of ckgfH{ ug'{ kg]{ of] tnddf k|of]u +'g] sDf kfy{+? d8o] sltko ;fdfg+? k=g k|of]u+'g ;Xg] e(sf]n] tnd kl. lg%g k|l01of ckgfH{ k|of]udf cfpg g;Xg] ;fdfg+?sf] { ]fH{ l;"af> nutsf ug{ ;lsg].

9H{;'n];g >]k, ln!>", lXnk, k] lsnf, sfKsf jf]{+?,

ld, ls>s>, fX;" :tf;fdfg+? k'g k|of]udf cfpg g;Xg] +'gfn] { s>fpg]

ef]C> ld>/, (%k"(/ ld>/, H{g"{ ld>/, d]g :j"LcfH{;":j"M, ldlg(/ ;ls{> a|]s/ L(dl;ljM, >\o'jnfH{> ;]> L>\o'j af+]sM :tf ;fdfg+? tnd kl. k'g cotnddf k|of]u ug'{ kg]{. ef/f e-/+]sf] cj:yfdf lal01 +'g ;Xg] ;%efjgf ]l(df T k|lt#t .'> u/" k|

l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ k|fyldstf lH{ lal01 ug{ ;lsg]. Utnddf k|of]u e(sf afJs" co ;fdfg+? k'g tnddf

k|of]u ug'{ kg]{. tnddf k|of]u +'g g;Xg] e(df ;fdfgsf] cj:yf gfH{ l;" nf u/"/fAg' kg]{. af]{

jfol/^ af+]s afo k|l#6ffsf] nu sfo{fno kl/;/ le0sf ejg+?df +fp; jfol/^

ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos ]l(sf] . eg] ;f]sf] nut H{l!>d]> k|&fg sfo{fnodf k]# u/" k=j{

l:jsNt" ln(/ df0 ug'{ kg]{. o;/" sfo{fnosf ejgdf jfol/^u/fpJf eg] {

e(sf] sDf kfy{ lt +f] ;f] sf] { s>fpg ;lsg]. ;ldltsf]sfo{fno af+]ssf

sfo{fno jf $ol51 lj#]!fsf] 3/df jfo k|l#6ff u/fpg'kf{ ;%al&t sfo{fno jf

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g- +fp; jfol/^df { +'g];%k=f{ sDf kfy{ $o+f]g{

nufpg' k{.

JNXnl3% (V &ofg0]?g lk7l0kfH{k n] Pcfp> fou|fd af]{ jfol/^ jf ;%d ldn]sf]

KfpJdf ug'{ kg]{ of] tnddfklg k'g k|of]u +'g ;Xg] / g;Xg] sDf kfy{+? +'g]

e(sf]n] tnd kl. lg%g k|l01of ckgfH{ l;" $ojl:yt ug'{ kg]{.

9l;d]>, H{>f, afn'jf, tf]l/sf] t]n, lkle;" kfH{k /lk1l>^, lns l;ln >]k :tf

sDf kfy{+? k'g tnddf k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] e(sf]n]{ s>fpg]

tnddf k|of]u eH{ afJs" /+]sf sDf kfy{+? k'g tnddf k|of]u ug'{ kg]{. ef/fdf e- /+]sf] cj:yfdf lal01 +'g] ;%efjgf ]l(df T k|lt#t .'> u/" k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ k|fyldstf lH{ la01" ug{ ;lsg]. co$oj:yf +fp; jfol/^ tnd ;/+ g- ug{' k{.

N Gg %]V k]l;0;fH{g af]{ k|1]d+?df / t'n $ofg/+?df k]l>^ u/" ul/g]

of] tnd ;)fng uf{ ;se/ sfo{fnosf] k|of]udf cfpg ;Xg] lsl;dn] ug'{ kg]{. tnddf e(sf co;fdfgsf]

{ s>fH{ afJs" /+]sf ;fH{g af]{+? k'g tnddf k|

of]udf cfpg ;Xg] +'gfn] l;" nf ug'{ kg]{. tnddf k|of]u e(sf ;fH{gaf]{+?sf] { s>fpg] /lal01 ug]{ ;%a&df +fp;

jfol/^ tnddf pCn] e( adf]ld ug'{ kg]{. tnd cjl& e/df k|l#6Sy"{+?n] l;Xg] 01ddf /)u /f]ug u/]sf]

6f]0k1nsf] ;%k=f{ ljj/f 'nfH{ ;dfkg k|ltj]gdf pCn] u/" k|&fg sfo{fnodf kKfpg' kg]{.

2K


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5N 1p k]l;0/)ufpg' kg]{ ;t+sf] 6f]0k1n 'nfH{ ;)fng ug'{ kg]

{ of] tnd ;se/ sfof{nosf ejg+?df /)u/f]ug ug]{ ul/ ;)fng ul/g] e(sf]n] klg /)u /f]ug ul/g]KfpJsf] 6f]0k1n :k!>'nfH{ ug'{ kg]{. a+/sf co $ol51 jf sfof{nosf]ejgdf /)u /f]ug u/fpg'

kf{ s'g- klg cj:yfdf sDf kfy{df { ug{ kfH{g].-g tnd cjl& e/df k|l#6Sy"{+?n]l;Xg] 01ddf /)u /f]ug u/]sf] 6f]0k1nsf] ;%k=f{ ljj/f 'nfH{ ;dfkg k|ltj]gdf pCn] ul/ k|&fg sfof{nodf kKfpg' kg]{.

AN co lj!fosf tndsf af/]df ;ldltn] ;do ;dodf tf]s] cg';f/+'g].

@=!! tfnd%0 pDkfbt dgs] l%l67 ,oj&) tnd sfo{01daf> p*kt a:t'+?sf] u'f:t/ sfod u/fpg]

tk1{ sfo{fno k|d' (jd ;%al&t k|l#6fsn] lj#]!f 8ofglg' k.{ / *o:tf p*kfg+? k|l#6ff cjl& d- ljl01 u/fpg]

k|o*g ug'{ kg]{. ljl01 ge(sf p*kt ;fdfg+? tnd;dfkg e(sf] lg le0 :>f]/ nf ug'{ kg]{. p*kfgnfut tyf a]nfa]nfdf e(sf] lg]{#g cg';f/ ljl01 d'Colg&f{/f ul/ *o:tf ;fdfgsf] lal01 ug]{ u/fpg] l%df sfo{fno k|d'sf] +'g]. lj#]!f sf/fj; p*kfgsf] u'f:t/ sde- jf p*kfg nfut aO" +'gu- nfut d'Codf ljl01ug{ slKgfH{ d+#'; e(df lg%gfg';f/sf] pk;ldltsf] lgf{ocg';f/ ljl01 ljt/f ug'{ kg]{.

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@=!!=! pDkfbt dg ljl67 pkldlt

sM sfo{fno k|d' ;)of]s

M l;" @n]f +]g]{ sd{f/" ;:o

uM k|jl&s sd{f/" ;:o

@=!!=@ pDkfbt dg ljl67 pkldltn] g Yg]so1*

TsN tnd ;)fng e-/+]sf] ;dodf k|l#6Sy"{ jf :ygo$ol51n] p*kt a:t' l/

ug{ f+]df p*kt ;fdfgsf] d'Codf k|lt#t ;%d sd ul/

ljl01 ug{ ;Xg]

THN k1nk1=n tyf fB k|#f]&g tndaf> p*kt ;fdfg+?tnd l#lj/df k|lt#t 3>fpf klg ljl01 ge(df tndkl. l;" nf +'gf;fy k/n d'Codf T k|lt#t sd u/"d'Ao #ff sfo{fnon] ljl01 ug{ ;Xg] / dft+tsf #ff sfo{fno+?n] d'Ao #ff sfo{fnosf] l:jsNt" lnH{ ljl01ug{ ;Xg] o:tf] cj:yfdf kl+nf] k|fyldstf k|l#6Sy"{+?

nfH{ lg' kg]{. TN dfy" LsM df pCn] e( cg';f/ klg p*kt ;fdfg+?

lg&f{l/t d'Codf ljl01+'g g;Xg] e(df pk;ldltsf] l;k1/; ;l+t k/n d'Cosf] T k|

lt#t ;%d sdug{] u/" l:jsNltsf nu k'!>\ofH{ ;l+t k|&fg sfo{fnodf

n]" kKfpg' kg]{.

TIN tndaf> p*kt ;fdfg+?sf] u'f:t/ o=g e(sf] sf/fn]k/n d'Cofdf Tk|lt#t

;%d d'Co 3>fpf klg ;fdfg p*kfg e(sf] (s j!f{ ;%dljl01 +'g g;s]df, *o:tf

;fdfgsf], dfy" pCn]lt d'Cof)sg pk;ldlt / :ygo sf]!f tyf n]f lgo0s

sfo{fno, lCnf k|#f;g sfo{fnosf k|ltlgl& ;d]tsf] ;ldltn]2O


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lnnfd of]Go ;fdfgsf]d'Cof)sg u/" lnnfd ljl01 ug{ l:jsNltsf] nu k|&fg

sfof{nodf kKfpg' kg]{.

TJN k1nk1=n tyf fB k|#f]&g tndaf> p*kfg e(sf a:t'nufot l.>f] gf; +'g]

a:t' ljl01sf] nu of]Go ge(df d'Ao #ff sfo{fnon] j!f{df aO"df ? 9PL(s

+f/M ;%dsf] *o:tf ;fdfg &'Cofpg ;Xg]. o:tf] sfo{ d'Ao#ffsf] l:jsNlt lnH{

dft+tsf #ff sfo{fno+?n] klg ug{ ;Xg].g ;f] ef aO"sf] ;fdfg

&'Cofpg kg]{ e(df k|&fg sfo{fnosf] l:jsNt" ln(/

ug'{ kg]{.

@=!@ dkg k.ltj]bg+/]s tnd ;%kg e( kl. cg';'" 9 adf]ld ;dfkg k|ltj]g tof/ u/" k|*o]s f-d;s cj&" ;df7t e(sf] 9T lgle0df clgjfo{ ?kdf k|&fg sfo{fnodf cfHk'Gg] u/"kKfpg] l%d]jf/" sfo{fno k|d'sf] +'g].

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@=!# k.l?"B)4nG 'lj ;)nttnd k'/f ug]{ k|l#6Sy"{+? d8o] k|yd, l4lto / tNt"o+'g] / co ;+efu" k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ cf`g- pBf]u ;)fng ug]{ sl>a4tf ]f(df d'Cof)sg 01dfg';f/ k|fyldstfsf] cf&f/df tnddf k|of]u e(sf d]l#g cf-f/ tyf pks/f+? ljl01 uf{;+'lnot L.'>M /df pkn$& u/fH{g] . d'Cof)sg01ddf cuf" kg]{n] cfk1- pBf]u ;)fng ug]

{ s>"a4tf g]f(df *o; kl.sf] 01dafnfnfH{ k|fyldstf lH{g]. ;+'lnot /df pkn$& u/fH{g] d]l#g cf-f/tyf pks/f k|lt k|l#6Sy"{ (s ;]> L;]> egfn] *o;$oj;fonfH{ cfjZos kg]{ d]l#g cf-f/ tyf pks/fsf](s ;]> ;%e1g' k{.M ef aO" lH{g] .-g ;ldltsf]lgoldt tndsf k|l#6Sy"{+?n] tfn"d ;df7t e(sf] Ydl+gf ;%d klg d]l#g pks/f l/ gul/ :>f]/df df-Qft/l+ /+]df df0 /df k|l#6Sy"{+?n] l/ ug{ f+]df ;f] 6f]0sf] s'g- (s a-s

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#ffsf k|ltlgl&,;ldltsf] ;%al&t lCnfsf] sfo{fno k|d'/ k|jl&s sd{f/" ;l+tsf] ;ldltn] .gf-> tyf lgf{o ul/ljl01 ug'{ kg]{.

UM dfy" L9M / LM df pCn]lt d]l#g cf-f/ tyf pks/f+?.'> /df ljl01 uf{ ;f] l/ ul/ k|of]u u/]sf] j!f{;%dpBd"n] s;-nfH{ effdf lg jf ljl01 ug{ gkfpg] ul/cg';=l 9 adf]ld #t{gfdf u/f(/ df0 lj01" ug'{kg]{.

VM dfy" L9M df pCn] e( adf]ld k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ d]l#g cf-f/ tyf pks/f ljl01 uf{ l/ d'Codf LO'jfg" af+]sM LsM ju{sf lCnf+?df Y k|lt#t / LM ju{sf lCnf+?df V k|lt#t .'>

ul/ ljl01 ug'{ kg]{. LsM / LM ju{sf lCnf+?sf] ljj/f cg';=" 99 adf]ld +'g].

N sA 'lj-pBf]unfH{ (s j!f{df k>s k>s ul/ aO"df 9T lg ;%d jf

(s- k>s aO"df 9T lg ;%d ;]jf lg#'Cs pkn$& u/fpg ;lsg]. t/ 9T lg

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ef aO" ;dosf] nu;]jf pkn$& u/fpg' kf{ *o:tf sfo{sf] nu >"H{ fg] k|

jl&s sd{f/"sf] nu lgodfg';f/ +'g] ;a- { /sd ;%al&tpBf]u@pBd";)u lnH{

k|jl&s ;]jf pkn$& u/fpg' kg]{. dfu cg';f/sf] sd{f/"sfo{fnodf ge(df ;%al&t d'Ao #ff sfo{fno jf k|&fgsfo{fnodf ;%ks{ /f" pkn$& u/fpg ;lsg]. o;f]uf{ klg pkn$& +'g g;s]df tf]ls(sf] ;]jfsf] nu tnddf lgo=51" ul/g] k|l#6fsnfH{ lg] ;'lj&f / e5fsf] cf&f/df k|l#6fs lgo=51 ul/ ;]jf lg ;lsg].

JN pd4 c;t/b]l?o p] cjn]sg e.d so67d

tnd k|f7t ul/ pBf]u $oj;fodf ;)nGg pBd"+?nfH{ ;f]+"lsl;dsf co pBf]u+?n] s]s:tf] lsl;dsf p*kfg s;/" u/]sf .g / af/sf] dfunfH{ s;/"

k=lt{ u/" /+]sf .g eg] fgsf/" u/fH{ cf`gf] pBf]u ;)fngsf /fg"lt+? agfH{ ;k1ntfk=j{s$oj;fo ;)fng ug{ o; sfo{01dn] ;+of]u ug]{ ljZjf;lnH{(sf] .

cjn]sg e.d so67d +ng b lg3g

k.s9o cg'/ g' kg]5

9 INgl#n / p*;f+" +'Jf +'- klg pBf]u ;)fngdf sK"gfH{ ef]u"/+]sf t/ ]gt]g eg] klg pBf]u ;)fngul//+]sf / cjnf]sg e|df kl. pBf]u $oj;fonfH{ ;k1ntf k=j{s ;)fng ug{ k|lta4 pBd"+?nfH{ ;dfj]# ul/sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

cf-Bf]lus e|df kZft kf(sf] ;=gf tyf fgsf/"sf]cf&f/df cf-Bf]lus lj:tf/df ;l01oftfk=j{s nfGg]INgl#n, p*;f+" / nug#"n (jd ;6fd pBd"+? klg o;sfo{01dsf] ;+efu" +'g ;Xg] .g

U k1/s k1/s lj!fosf pBd"+?nfH{ k1/s k1/s KfpJ tyf ldltdf cf-Bf]lus e|df sfo{01d ;)fng ul/g] +'gfn] o;

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sfo{sf] nu pBd"+? .gf-> uf{ ;do ;dodf k|f7t +'g]lg]{#fg';f/ .gf-> ul/ lg]{l#t ldlt / KfpJdf k'Gg] ul/kKfpg' kg]{.

V o; sfo{01ddf ;+efu" pBd"+?n] tf]ls(sf] cjl&e/cg';=l df pCn] e( adf]ld -lgs e5f tyf ff { / kl/j+g { kfpg] .g of] /sd tf]ls(sf] sfo{fnon]pkn$& u/fpg' kg]{.

@=! cf)s ,oj&)kgtnd sfo{01d ;)fng ug]{ 01ddf tndsf] nu pkn$&a]> (j) ;ldltsf] g"lt lgod / lg]{#gsf] kl/l&le0 /+" k|efjsf/" / ldt$oo"tfsf] cf&f/df ;)fng ug'{kg]{.

LsM sfo{fno4f/f lg&f{l/t k|of]gsf] nu afJk1fJul/(sf] a]> ;f]+" adf]ld df0

{ ug'{ kg]{. ;f] df +]/k1]/ ug'{ kg]{ e(df k|&fgsfo{fnoaf> k=j{ l:jsNt" k|f7t

u/]kl. df0 +]/k1]/ ug{ ;lsg].

LM tnd ;)fngsf] nu l/ ul/g] sDf kfy{ d]l#g

cf-f/ tyf co ;fdfu|"+? cy{s (]g lgod4f/f lg&f{l/tsfo{ljl& k'/f u/]/ df0 l/ ug'{ kg]{.

LuM ;+efu" k|l#6Sy"{+?n] kfpg] e5f tyf co ;'lj&f tnd ;dfkg e(kl. jf dl+gf $oltt e(kl. df0 +/" /]s{;)nGg /f" e'51fg" ug'{ kg]{. o;/" ljt/f ul/g]e5fsf] / /]> ;)nGg cg';=" cg';f/ +'g].

L3M tnddf ;%ej / pko'51 e(;%%f :j]#" sDf kfy{nfH{ g- k|fyldstf lH{l/ ug'{ kg]{.

LM tnddf p*kt ;fdfg+? tnd cjl& le0- jf tnd ;lsg]ljl5s- tf]ls(

adf]ld d'Cof)sg ul/ ljl01 u/]/ k|f7t +'g] /sd ljl01

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e(sf] lg le0df &/f->"ftfdf lfnf ul/ ;Xg' kg]{.

LM s]|af> k|f7t ug{] tndsf] {sf] k1fJ>jf/"tnd ;ls(sf] 9T lg le0df

clgjfo{ ?kdf k|&fg sfo{fnodf cfH{k'Gg] ul/ kKfpg' kg]{.

L.M sfo{01d+?sf] cfjZostf / pkn$& ljl5o If]t+?nfH{ N!>"ut ul/ a]> {sf] laleg l#!f{s+?dfafJk1fJ e(sf] /sdsf] l;ldttf ljf/ ul/ tndsfo{01d+? ;)fng ug{' kg]{. ;f] sf] nu yk a]>pkn$& +'g] .-g ;fy- clt cfjZos e(sf]

k'!>\ofH{ +'g ;s]df df0 cy{s lgodfg';f/ /sdft/sf]nu k|sfdf n]" kKfpg ;lsg] .

LM k|l#6Sy"{ .gf-> ;ldlt, sf{ nufg" cg'udg ;ldltcf"sf] a-Ks jfkt lH{g]

e5f cg';=" 9 adf]ld +'g].

Le1M lCnf l:yt sfo{fnon] p*kt ;fdfg tyf d]l#g cf-f/lal01 u/" &/f->" ftfdf cf%fg" e(sf] /sdd8o] ? 9P L# +f/M df0 &/f->" ftfdf /f" c? /sdcy{s j!f{sf] c*odf k|&fg sfo{fnodf kKfpg' kg]{.

3.


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@=!8 ljlj<LsM tndsf] pko'51tf / :ynut ;)%ef$otf af/] c8oog

ljZn]!ff ul/ dfu / ;)%ef


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kl/R5]b–#

,ojo &)kg t) +ngs] nf e7]b/4 ljsso67d#=! k9$>e-ld M

:yfg"o dfu / ;%ef$otfsf] cf&f/df :yfg"o ;/sf/" tyf u-+| ;/sf/" ;)3 ;):yf+?sf] ;djo / ;+of]udf cfod=nstnd sfo{01d+? ;)fng ug{df ;3fp k'Wofpg] u/"s]| tyf lCnf :t/df ;+efu"tfd=ns tnd sfo{01d+? ;)fngsf] nu $oj:yf ul/(sf] . o:tf tnd sfo{01d+?cfod=ns tnddf ;)nGg co lgsfo+?;)u ldn]/ ;)o'51 ?kdf ;)fng ug'{ k{. ;)o'51 ?kdf ;)fng ug]{ ul/ ;+efu"tfd=ns tnd sfo{01d t'{df uf{ sPs:n] s]s:tf] { $o+f]g]{ ()j cfjZos ;]jf k'Wofpg] eg] af/]lnlt ;de1f/" sfod ug'{ kg]{. of] tnd sfo{01d ;)fng uf{ cg';=lP adf]ldsf] k|sNof cjn%ag ug'{ kg]{. k|&fg sfo{fnoaf> dfu ul/ sfo{01d ;)fnguf{ klg of] k||sNof k=/f ul/ l:jsNlt ln(/ df0 ;)fngug'{ kg]{. o:tf] tnd ;)fng uf{ k|l#6fssf] { /;%ej e(df d]l#g cf-f/ ;ldltsf] tk1{af> $o+f]l/g] /co ;%k=f{ {+? tnd dfu ug]{ lgsfon] $o+f]g{'kg]{. sfo{01d ;)fng ul/ ;s]kl. lCnfdf e(sf u-+| ;/sf/" ;):yf+?sf] l01ofsnfk / l:ylt ;%j&" fgsf/"sfo{fnonfH{ e-/+g' kg]{ +'Jf cg';="P 9 / [adf]ldsf] /]s{ sfo{fnodf c8ofjl&s ?kdf /fAg] / ;f]sf]

3K


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cf&f/df k|ult ljZn]!ff ul/ ;tf]!f gs e(, ge(sf] +]/" k'g sfo{01d ;)fng ug]{ gug]{ lgf{o ug'{ kg]{.

))))#=@ so67d +ng k.s9o MU9 ;fe1]f/" ljsf; sfo{01d ctu{t tnd ;)fngsf]

nu ;%a4 lgsfo+?af> dfu k|f7t u/" ;%ef$o ;d]t]l(df ;%al&t k6f+?af> { $o+f]g]{ ()j ;]jf k'Wofpg] #t{df s/f/ u/" tnd sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{kg]{.

#=@ ;fe1]f/" ljsf; sfo{01d ;%al& k|:tfj tof/uf{ lg%g s'/f+? :k!> ug'{ kg]{.

• tndsf] p2]Zo

• nl6ft ju{

• k|l#6Sy"{ .gf->

• tnd ;)fng ug]{ :yfg

• tnd cjl&

• tnd ;)fngdf ;+of]u k'Wofpg] lgsfo+? / *o;sf]

lj&fg@lgod+?

• ;+of]u" lgsfo+?af> $o+f]l/g] {sf] ljj/f

• tnd ;)fng tyf ;djo $oj:yf

• tnd kZft k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ cfod=ns l01ofsnfkdf ;3fp

k'Wofpg] k|fj&fg+?

• k|l#6Sy"{ cg'udg k|l01of

#=@=# u-/ ;/sf/" lgsfo+?sf] ;l01otfdf tnd ;)fngsf] $oa:yf ldnfpf tnd ;)fng ug]{ :yfgsf] ;'/6S tyf ;/;k1fH{ ;%al& sfo{ ;%jl&t u-+| ;/sf/" lgsfo+?4f/f ug]{ $oa:yf ldnfpg' kg]{.

3


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#=@= tnd ;%al& {+? $o+f]g]{ af/] ;%a4lgsfo+? la afJk1fJ u/" d'Aotof lg%g {+?sf];%a&df ls>fg" ug'{ kg]{.

sM d]l#g pks/f tyf cf-f/sf] $oa:yf Ltndsf] nu cfjZos

kg]{ d]l#g, pks/f tyf cf-f/+? s:n], s'g #t{df

$oa:yf ug]{ eg] af/] #'?d- :k!> ug'{ kg]{. M

M sDf kfy{ tyf ;+fos sDf kfy{sf] $oa:yf

uM k|l#6fs+?sf] k/Ilds

3M k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ pkn$& u/fH{g] ;'lj&f

M ;fe1]f/" ljsf; sfo{01d ctu{t tnd ;)fng uf{ k|l#6Sy"{+?af> ;%a4 ;):yfn] s'g- k|sf/sf] k|lta4tf

#'Cs LCommitment Charge M lng] e(df ;f] /sd tndsf]

k|of]gdf s;/" { ul/g] +f] :k!> +'g' kg]{

#=@=8 ;fe1]f/" ljsf; sfo{01d ctu{t tnddf ;+efu"

+'g] ;):yfnfH{ k|l#6Sy"{ k|lt:yfkg cg'udg sfo{df ;l01o t'Cofpg' k{. o; k|of]gsf] nu ;%a4 ;):yfsf] e'ldsf ls>fg";fy :k!> ug'{ kg]{.

#=@=: ;fe1]f/" ljsf; sfo{01d ctu{t tnd ;)fng ug]{ ul/ tndsf] nu k|:tfj kKfpf dy pCn]lt a')f+?nfH{ laf/ ul/ ljj/f ;l+t Lcg';=lP cg';f/sf] k1f/fddfM kKfpg' kg]{. k|f7t k|:tfj l:jsNt e-;s]kl. df0 ;%a4 ;a- k6f

a" lnlt ;de1f/" sfod ul/ tnd sfo{01d ;)fngug'{ kg]{.

#=@=Q e7]b/4 ljs so67d c;tts] tfnd%0pDkfbt dg1*s] d'Oo+sg

;+efu"tf d=ns tnd sfo{01ddf cfjZos kg]{;%k'f{ sDf kfy{ ;%a4 ;):yf+?af> $o+f]g]{ e(sf]n]

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tndsf] l;nl;nfdf p*kt ;fdfg+?sf] sfo{fno4f/f d'Cof)su/fH{ cf%fg" af8g' kg]{ cfjZostf .-g t/ lj#]!f kl/l:yltdf ;)o'51 tnd sfo{01ddf sDf kfy{sf] nusfo{fno4f/f k'/- jf cf)l#s $o+f]l/(sf] e(df sDf kfy{df e(sf] {sf] cg'kftdf tndaf> p*kt ;fdfg+?sf]d'Cof)sg ug{sf] nu o; lg]{l#sfsf] k1f h df

p51sfo{01ddf ;)nGg +'g] ;ldltsf] sd{f/" / l#/ef/ {(Overhead Cost) jfkt UT k|lt#t yk ul/ s'n a]>sf] k|:tfj

;%al&t lgsfodf k]# ug'{ kg]{. o;/" tof/ ul/(sf]k|:tfj ;%al&t lgsfodf k]# ug'{ k=j{ k|&fg sfo{fnodf kKfH{l:jsNt" k|f7t e(kl. df0 k|*o6f ;%ks{ tyf sf/f]af/sf] $oj:yf

ldnfpg' kg]{. sfo{01d lg] lgsfo / ;)fng ug]

4


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{ lgsfosf la cltd >')uf] nu ;%e1f-tf e( kl. df0sfo{01d ;)fng ug]{ cu|;/tf k|&fg sfo{fno jf lCnf l:yt

sfo{fnoaf> +'g' kg]{. o;/" ;)fng ul/g] tndsfo{01ddf ckgfpg' kg]{ ljl&+? l4kl6fo ;+dltsf] cf&f/df +'g].g o:tf] sfo{01d ldnfpg la#]!f e=ldsf lgjf{+ ug]{

;ldltsf sd{f/"nfH{ k|f7t s=n l#/ ef/ /sdsf] T k|lt#t;%d k|f]*;f+g jfkt /sd ;ldltsf] lgf{o cg';f/ k|fg ug{ ;lsg]. o; sfo{01dsf]nu k|l#6fssf]

;)Aof, k|l#6Sy"{ ;'lj&f, d]l#g cf-f/ / sDf kfy{sf]cg'kft o; lg]{l#sfsf]] k1f

Y df


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cf-Bf]lus/fsf] k|of;df dl+nf ;+eutf jNl4 u/fH{ dl+nf ju{sf] p*yfg tyf ;#l51s/f ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] T ;fn ]" k|l#6ff,k/fd#{ tyf lj:tf/ ;]jf ljefu ctu{t dl+nf pBd" ljsf;sfo{01d ;)fng u-{ cf(sf] .

=@ p2]Zo3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u+?sf] k|j4{g ljsf; tyf lj:tf/4f/f dl+nf pBd"+?sf] ljg:t/df ;'&f/ Cofpg'sf ;fy- o; 6f]0df dl+nf

ju{sf] ;dfg'kts ;+eutfsf] nu lj#]!f e=ldsf lgjf{+ug{ ;+of]u k'Wofpg' o; sfo{01dsf] d'Ao p2]Zo /+]sf].

=# +ng /4g] dl1n pd4 ljs so67d1*

=#=! k7n dl1n pd4s] cg'ej (jdOn1 / 'e7% so67d

k|*o]s cfjsf] ;'?df ;k1n dl+nf pBd"sf] cg'ej (jd;Cnf+ / ;'e1fjm sfo{01d ;)fng ul/g] . of] sfo{01d(s lgsf] df0 +'g]. o; sfo{01ddf H{D.'sdl+nfnfH{ ;+efu" +'g ;fj{lgs ?kdf ;=gf k|sf#g u/"cfj]]g cf u/" sfo{01ddf ;+efu"u/fH{. (s lg] sfo{01d ;)fngsf] cf&f/df $ol51sf]cfjZostfsf] kl+fg ul/ pg"+?sf] f+gf cg'?ksf] tnd tyf co ;]jf k|fg ug{ cg';=" 9T adf]ldsf] k1f/d e/fH{g]. ;)nt sfo{01dsf] k|efjsf/" d=Cofg cg';=l 9V cg';f/ul/. If]t $ol51nfH{ / sfo{01ddf ;+efu" +'g]k&sf/"nfH{ cg';=" 9 adf]ld ;'lj&f pkn$&

u/fH{g].

=#=@ 4k ljs tfnd;k1n dl+nf pBd"sf] cg'ej (j) ;Cnf+ / ;'e1fj

sfo{01dm df efulng] ;+eu dl+nf+?n] cg';=" 9Tadf]ldsf] k1f/d el/ sfo{fnodf a'e1f( kl. pg"+?n] dfu

u/]sf] lj!fo+?df ;"k ljsf; tnd ;)fng ul/g]. ;"k ljsf;

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tndsf] nu cfjZos a]> $oj:yf k|&fg sfo{fnon] ug]{. a]> cefjsf sf/f dfu e(sf] j!f{df ;f] lj!fosf] tnd ;)fng +'gg;s]df csf]{ j!f{df ;)fng ug]{ $oj:yf ldnfH{g] . o:tf]lsl;dsf] tnd ;)fngaf> dl+nf+? pg"+?sf] dfu cg';f/sf] ;"kk|f7t ul/ p*kfg#"n $oj;fodf ;)nGg +'g, af/sf] dfucg';f/sf] ;fdfg+? p*kfg ug{ ;Xg].g\ dl+nf pBd" ljsf;sfo{01d ctu{t ;"k ljsf; tnddf ;+eu +'g]+?n] cg';=" adf]ldsf] ;'lj&f kfpg] .g\

=#=#= pd?4nt ljs tfnd;k1n dl+nf pBd"sf] cg'ej (j) ;Cnf+ / ;'e1fj

sfo{01dm df efu lng] dl+nf+?sf] dfu cg';f/ pBdl#ntf ljsf; tnd ;)fng ul/g]. pBdl#ntf ljsf; tnd kZft;+efu"+?n] pBd" ag] p*k|]/S, pBf]usf] kl+fg, af/c8oog, kl/of]gf tof/" :tf pBf]u :yfkgfsf cf&f/e'tt*j+? af/] Ffg +;n ug{ ;Xg].g o; tnd ;)fng ;%al&co s'/f pBdl#ntf ljsf; tnd lg]{l#sf tyf kfK\o k':tsT df pCn] e( adf]ld +'g].

=#= n]HU %A/ t) c;o ,oj&)kg tfnddl+nf pBd" ljsf; sfo{01d ctu{t pBd"]+?sf] dfu cg';f/n]f, af/ tyf co $oj:yfkg lj!fosf] tnd klg k|fg ul/g]. tnddf dl+nf pBd"+?sf] nu cf`gf pBf]usf] n]f /fAg],af/ kl+fg, af/df cf`gf] p*kfg s;/" :ykt ug]{,

af/ kl+fg tyf pBf]u $oj:yfkg ;%al& fgsf/" k|fgul/g] +'Jf of] sfo{01daf> at{dfg tyf efj" dl+nf pBd"+?nfH{ cf`gf] $oj;fo $ojl:yt ?kdf ;)fng ug{ d2t

ldCg]. =#=8 k.ljl


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. of] sfo{01dsf] d'Ao p2]Zo d]l#g, pks/f ;%al& ;=gf k|jf+ ug]{, d]l#g

pks/f fg tyf dd{t ;)ef/ sfo{df ;+of]u ug]{, p*kta:t'sf] u'f:t/ ;%al&

cfjZos ;Cnf+ / ;'e1fa k|fg ug]{ / dl+nf pBd" 4f/f :ykt3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]u+?sf sd" sdf]/"+? ktf nufH{ lg/fs/fsf] lg%t";+of]u k'Wofpg] /+]sf] .

=#=: pd4 c;t/b]?4o p] cjn]sg e.d of] sfo{01d ct/ut dl+nf pBd"+?sf] dfu / cfjZostf adf]ld laleg pBf]u+?sf] cjnf]sg e|df u/fH{g].

a]>sf] kl/l& le0 /+" :ygo jf co lCnfsf pBf]u+?df klg e|df u/fpg ;ls. ;)nt pBf]u+?sf] cjnf]sg e|df u/fH{ pBf]u ;)fng ;%al& $oj+/s Ffg k|f7t ug{of] sfo{01daf> d2t ldC. cjnf]sg e|dfdf ;)nGg+'g] dl+nf pBd"+?n] cg';=" adf]ldsf] ;'lj&f kfpg].g\ t/ cjnf]sg e|df u/fH{g] lCnfs- dl+nf+?cf-Bf]lus e|dfdf ;)nGg e(sf] df cg';=" adf]ldsf] ff { / a; effsf] +sdf ;%al&tlCnfsf] ;/d'sfd ]l tf]ls(sf] :yfg ;%d cfpf ff nfGg] lgod cg';f/sf] a; eff pkn$& u/fH{g]. of]sfo{01d k|&fg sfo{fnosf] k|l#6ff ljefuaf> ;)fngul/g].

44


45/208

=#=Q %A/ 3ksaf/ gkf(/ cndln(sf pBd"+?nfH{ af/sf] f] ul/ lg] /

o:tf] a:t' klg p*kfgdf cf(sf] . elg 01]tf+?nfH fgsf/"lg (s- ynf]df ;%jl&t 01]tf tyf

lj01]tfnfH{ e]>3f> u/fH{ lg] of] sfo{01dsf] p2]Zo/+]sf] . 01]tf / lj01]tfnfH{ (s-

ynf]df e]>3f> u/fH{ a:t'sf] kl+fg u/fpglj01]tfnfH{ 01]tf f]]/ ;%ks{ u/fH{

lg] of] sfo{01d g]kfn pBf]u jfQo d+f;)3, g]kfn3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3

:tf ;):yf+?;)u ;djo ul/ ;)fng ul/g] .

=#= cg'dg t) d'Oo+sg

;k1n dl+nf pBd"sf] cg'ej (j) ;Cnf+ / ;'e1fjmsfo{01ddf ;+efu" eH{ ;ldltaf> ;+of]u k|f7t u/" pBf]u

" tnd pkn$& u/fpg slKgfH{ +'g] e(sf]n]u-+| ;/sf/" ;)3 ;):yf+? ;)u ;+efu" eH{ ;)o'51 ?kdf tnd ;)fng u/]df aO" ef aO" dl+nf+? nfejt +'g]+')f dl+nf pBd" ljsf; sfo{01ddf ;+efu"tfd=ns tndsfo{01d ct/ut u-+| ;/sf/" ;)3 ;):yf ;)usf];+efu"tfdf ;)o'51 tnd ;)fng ug{ ;lsg]. o;/" ;)fngul/g] sfo{01ddf ;ldlt tk1{af> k|lZf6fssf] tnj / k|dff k0sf] ;+of]u +'g]. eg] 4

4.


46/208

dl+nf pBd" ljsf; sfo{01d ctu{t ;)nt ;k1n dl+nf pBd"sf] cg'ej (j) ;Cnf+ / ;'e1fj sfo{01ddf ;dfj]# e(sf dl+nf+?sf] cfjZostf kl+fg u/" tnd k|fg ul/( kZftcg'udg ug]{ ul/(tf klg pBf]u e(sf o; ;)u ;%jl&t co s'/f+? o;-lg]{l#sfsf] co kl/D.]df o; k|sf/sf] ;]jfn] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u+?sf] k|

jl&s slKgfH{+? lg/fs/f e- #'?jft ]" g- pBf]usf] ;)fng / ljsf;df ;3fp k'Gg] ]l(sf] . of] sfo{01d ;)fng uf{ ;f&f/ftf lg%g sfo{+? ul/g].g\

sN d]l#g, pks/f+?sf] u'f:tl/o cfk=lt{sf] If]t / d'Co jf/]fgsf/" u/fpg] d]l#g fg, ;)fng tyf ;)ef/ sfo{+?ug{ tnd lg], k/fd#{ lg] sfo{df ;+of]u ug]{

4>


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HN p*kfgsf] u'f:t/ aNl4 ;%j&" ;]jf+? k|fg ug]{

N


48/208

8= nl"t jsN pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ H{D.'s tyf fu?s n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBd"+?

HN 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu jf co ;)3 ;):yfaf> tnd k|f7t u/" ljl5o ;):yfsf]_f ;+of]u jf :jnfutdf pBf]u ;)fng u/]sf pBd"+?

N cfjZos Ffgsf] cefjdf cf`gf] pBf]u ;)fng ug{ g;ls ?Gf cj:yfdf /+]sf pBd"+?

IN 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljljl&s/f tyf lj:tf/ ug{ f+g]pBd"+?

8=8 so67d +ng k.l67o ;ldltsf] sfof{no jf pBf]u :yfkgf e(sf] KfJpdf u- ;

)fng ug{ o; sfo{01d cg';f/ ;]jf k|fg ug{ ;lsg]. d]l#g cf-f/ fg, dd{t, j:t'sf] lfH{g jf/] s k>s u/" jf (s- k>saO"df 9T lg ;%dsf] +'g ;Xg].

HN ;)fngdf /+]sf ;P;fgf pBf]u+?nfH{ o:tf] ;]jf pkn$&u/fpf pBf]usf] cfjZostf af/] :k!> fgsf/"

u/fH{ pko'51 Ffg e(sf] k|jl&ssd{f/"nfH{ sfof{no k|d'n] k>s k>s jf (s- k>saO"df 9T lg cjl&sf] nu >fpg ;Xg]. (s cfjdf (p>- pBf]unfH{ 9T lg ef aO" cjl&sf]nu k|jl&styf k/fd#{ ;]jf k|fg ug{ sd{f/" >fpg ;lsg].-g

N ;f&f/ftof o:tf] ;]jf sfof{nosf] sd{f/" dfk1{t pkn$&u/fpg' kg]{.

4


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IN sfof{nodf pko'51 ;"k e(sf] k|jl&s ge(df sfo{sf] k|sNlt +]/" cg'ej, 6ftf / of]Gotfsf] cf&f/df aO"df kl/D.]P sf] Y df $oj:yf e(sf] ;'lj&f lg] u/"pBd"sf] cfjZostfg';f/ aO"df 9T lg ;%dsf] nu :ygo

lj#]!fFnfH{ o; sfo{df ;)nGg u/fH{ k/fd#{ ;]jf pkn$&u/fpg ;lsg].

J (p>- pBf]udf 9T lg ef aO" cjl&sf]nusfof{nosf] sd{f/" cyjf a+/" lj#]!fF lgo'51" u/"k/fd#{ ;]jf lg ;%jl&t pBf]usf] ynf] ;%d kKfpg' kf{,

f)f cfp)fsf] cjl& jf+]s pBf]usf] ynf]df al; sfd u/]sf]cjl&e/sf] lgnfH{ lg' kg]{ k/fd#{ #'Cs jfktsf] /sd;%jl&t pBd"af>g- k=j{ l:jsNt" ln(/ df0sfddf nufpg ;lsg].

8=: ljlj<

sN l:jsNt e(sf] sfo{01d p2]Zod=ns kfg{ / p51sfo{01ddf ljlgof]lt /sd, lg]{#g / lgodfg';f/ldtk|ltj]g k|f7t u/" k|efjsf/"tfaf/] n]f f]f ug{' k{.

pkn$& u/fH{(sf] k|jl&s ;]jfsf] clen] cg';="P9Y jdf]ld sfof{nodf c8ofjl&s ?kdf /fAg' kg]{.

4O


50/208

kl/R5]b–: jA/ lj&t/U pd4 c;t/l67oU cC]ls j&t'

t) k.ljl< k.b?g4

:=! cC]ls k.b?g4 t) lj674 so67d

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u+?sf] ljsf; lj:tf/ / k|j4{g sfo{df ;dlk{t3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] ;)fng u-{ cf(sf ljlegsfo{01d+? d8o] cf-Bf]lus k|#{g" sfo{01d klg (s+f] ;ldltn] cf`gf] sfo{6f]0 /+]sf ljleg lCnf+?df ;do ;dodf

o:tf] sfo{01d ;)fng u-{ cf(sf] . o;sf] cltl/51 g]kfn

.


51/208

pBf]u jfQo d+f;)3, g]kfn Dof%j/ ck1 sd;{, g]kfn3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3, g]kfn +:tsnf pBf]u d+f;)3 ,n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{01d / /!>Ro 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3sf] ;l01o ;+efu"tfdf o; ;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{non] k|*o]s

j!f{ cl&/fQosf ;j- lCnf+?nfH{ ;d]>\g] u/" sfKdff-)df /!>Ro :t/df jf/ lj:tf/, pBd" ct/l01of, cf-Bf]lus j:t'

tyf k|ljl& k|#{g" sfo{01d ;)fng u{.

:=!=! so67ds] p2]Zo

sN]#sf ljleg lCnfdf /+]sf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd"+?af>p*kt j:t'+?nfH{ k|#{g"sf] df8odaf> 01]tf /lj01]tf la ;%ks{ aOfH{ lj01" k|j4{gdf ;+of]u

k'Wofpg]

HN k|#{g"sf] df8odaf> p*kfs / pkef]51fsf] ljlgs>td ;%j& +'g] +')f pkef]51fsf]] f+gf dfu / :jefjcg'?ksf] j:t' kl+fg u/" *o:tf j:t' p*kfgug{ pBd"nfH{ ;+of]u k'Wofpg]

N k|#{g"sf] df8odaf> p*kt j:t'+?sf] k|f/ k|;f/u/" /!>Ro tyf ct/f{l!>Ro jf/df lj01" k|j4{gdf ;3fpk'Wofpg]

IN ct/l01of dfk1{t pBf]un] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf;d:of+? ;df&fg ug{ ;+of]u k'Wofpg]

:=!=@ so67dd dj]? 1'g 1g] pd41*s nf3ks &)g

o; sfo{01ddf T lCnfs- pBd"+?nfH{ ;l/s u/fpg]n6o /+]sf] . sfKdff-) pk*osf le0sf pBd"+?n] l;&-;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{nodf / sfKdff-) pk*osf a+/sf pBd"+?n] o; sfo{01ddf ;+efu" +'g cg';=" 9 cg';f/sf]ljj/f ;l+t k|#{g" cfof]gf +'g] ldlt ef 9 dl+gf kl+n] g-lCn:yt lg%g sfof{no+?df ;%ks{ /fAg' kg]{.

sN3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, d'Ao #ff@#ff sfof{no+?

.F


52/208

HN 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no+?

N g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3sf] lCnf l:ytsfof{no+?

IN g]kfn pBf]u jfQo d+f;)3sf lCnf l:yt sfof{no+?

pBd"n] ;%ks{ /f]sf] sfof{non] tf]ls(sf] ;dofjl&df pBd"ljj/f k1f/fd cg';=" 9 eg{ nufH{ tf]ls(sf] ;do le0 ;ldltsf]k|&fg sfof{no sfKdff-)df kKfH{ ;Xg' kg]{. :>n l;ldt+'g] +')f First Come First Service Basis df :>n pkn$& u/fHg] . cf-Bf]lus k|#{g"df ;l/s +'g] pBd"+?n] sfKdff-) cfp)f f)f / sfKdff-) j:f / dfn ;fdfg Cofpg n-fg ;d]t +'g] ;j-{ cfk1-n]


53/208

lCnf+?af> pBd"+? k|#{g" ;'? +'g' ef sl%tdf klg(s lg cufj- lj+fg 9 j] ;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{no jf k|#{g" :yndf ;%ks{ /fAg cfpg' kg]{.

:=!=Q 1e4 1'g] pd41*s] ljj/

;%jl&t 3/]n' sfof{non] ;+efu" +'g] pBd"+?sf]cg';=" 9 cg';f/sf] ljj/f el/ k|#{g" cfof]gdf +'g] ldltef 9T lg cuf" g- ;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{no, l0k'/]Zj/df cfHk'Gg] u/" kKfpg' kg]{.

o; lg]{l#sfdf pCn]lt a')f+?df yk3> ug'{ k/]df Ro3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3 g]kfnn] klg lj#]!f k'/:sf/ k|fg

.3


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u-{ cf(sf] . o; sfo{01ddf k|#{g" Ro p*sN!> 3/]n' pBd" k'/:sf/ sfo{01ddf

;+efu" pBd"n] ;ldltf/f ;f]+" ;dodf cfof]gf u/]sf]cf-Bf]lus k|#{g" tyf lj01" sfo{01ddf ;+efu" +'gf+]df ;+efu" +'g ;Xg] .g\

:=@=! p2]Zo M

]#sf] ;'ud tyf 'u{d 6f]0df .l/(/ /+]sf pBd"sf] ;"k /pBdl#ntfsf] s/ u/" /!>Ro :t/df ;%dfg u/" k'/:sNt ug]{

:=@=@ so67dd dj]? l/g] lAOn / pd4 +Ko M

/!>Ro p*sN!> 3/]n' pBd" k'/:sf/ sfo{01dnfH{ aO" k|efjsf/" / k|lt:k&f{*ds t'Cofpg ]#sf] ljleg s'gf sf7fdf .l/(/ /+]sf aO" k|ltef#fn" pBd"+?f/f p*kt j:t'+?nfH{ ;dfj]# u/fpg] g"lt lnH(sf] . k|lt:k&f{df efu lng]pBd"n] cf`gf] pBf]un] p*kfg u/]sf] j:t'+? d8o] clt

cfs!f{s j:t' .gf-> u/" 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu@;ldltsf lCnf l:yt sfof{no+?f/f cg';=" 9[ e/" gd'gf k|dft

u/fH{ Cofpg' kg]{. cf-Bf]lus k|#{g" tyf lj01"sfo{01ddf klg efu lng] e(df pBd"+?n] cln aO"kl/dffdf g- ;fdfg+? Cofpg' kg]{ +'. cl&/fQosf k+5/-

lCnfsf pBd"+?nfH{ k|ltof]lutfdf ;l/s +'g] cj;/ k|fg ug]{n6o /(sf] ., ; cg';f/ k|*o]s lCnfaf> jfg pBd"sf]p*kfgnfH{ k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]# ul/g] . 'H{ ef aO"

pBd"sf] a:t' ;)nGg u/fpg' kg]{ cf-l*o ]l(df pko'51sf/fsf ;fy ;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{nosf], l:jsNt"df df0;%jl&t sfof{non] yk pBd" ;l/s u/fpg ;Xg].

:=@=#k'/&s/ Loj&) M

.4


55/208

sMk1f Y9 cg';f/sf j:t' ;d'++?af> ;+efu" pBd"+?d8o] 9@9 jfg pBd"nfH{ /!>Ro p*sN!> pBd" k'/:sf/ :j?k ?,P L;ft +f/M gu, l#C / k|dff k0

M ;+efu" dl+nf pBd"+? d8o] (s jfg dl+nfnfH{ p*sN!>

dl+nf pBd" k'/:sf/ :j?k ? ,P L;ft +f/M gu, l#C /k|dff –k0

uM k1f Y9 cg';f/sf j:t' ;d'++?af> f]If] +'g] 9@9jfg pBd"+?nfH{ ;f*jgf k'/:sf/ :j?k ? U,P Lt"g+f/M gu / k|dff k0

3M g]kfn pBf]u jfQo d+f;)3n] ;jf]{*sN!> pBd" (sjfgnfH{ ? T,P LklD; +f/M gu, l#C / k|

dff –k0 k|fg ug]{. M g]kfn ]%a/ ck1 sd#{n] (s jfg pBd"nfH{ lj#]!f

k'/:sf/ :j?k ? 9T,PLk&| +f/M gu / k|dff –k0 k|fg ug]{.

M g]kfn +:tsnf pBf]u ;)3n] (s jfg pBd"nfH{ lj#]!f k'/:sf/ :j?k ? 9,P L# +f/M gu / k|dff –k0 k|fg ug]{.

.M 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3n] (s jfgpBd"nfH{ lj#]!f k'/:sf/ :j?k ? 9,P L# +f/M gu / k|dff –k0 k|fg ug]{.

M /!>Ro 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3 g]kfnn] lj#]!f k'/:sf/ :j?k ?9,P L# +f/M gu / k|dff k0 k|fg ug]{.

e1M n3' pBd" ;d=+ ;)3n] k|yd llto / tNlto k'/:sf/ :j?k ?

T,P LkfJ +f/M ?U,P Lltg +f/M / ,PL'H{ +f/M gu / k|dffk0 kfg ug]{.

d=n $oj:yfkg ;ldltn] ;)%al&t lgsfo ;)u k/fd#{ ul/ (j)k'/:sNt ug]{ k|sNof lg&f{/f (j) k'/:sf/sf] /f#"df yk3>ug{ ;Xg].

:=@= 'lj


56/208

o; sfo{01ddf ;+efu" +'g cfpg] pk*osf a+/sf pBd"+?sf nu lCnf;/d'sfdaf> sfKdff-) cfpf j; Cg] KfJp;%dcfpf ffsf] nfGg] a; eff / -lgs ? L'H{ ;oM df0 sf /n] -lgs e5f fg cfpg nfGg] lgsf] l+;fan] k|fg ul/g] .

t/ o:tf] e5f alOdf 9T lg;%dsf] nu df0 ;ldltn] f^af> efulng cfpg] pBd"+?nfH{ l;&- sfKdff- ;%dsf] cft] ft]+jfH{ +f eff k|fg ul/g] . g]kfnu) / kf]/faf> eg]lgodfg';f/ a; eff df0 k|fg ul/g] . -lgs e5f ;%j&df

dfy" pCn] e( adf]ld g- +'g]. pk/f]51fg';f/sf] ;'lj&f k|#{g" Ro p*sN!> pBd" k'/:sf/ sfo{01d ;fdfotof T lg ;%dsfKdff-)df cfof]gf ul/g] .

.>


57/208


58/208

O=)uf df>f] j:t' ;d'+ .M .fnf j:t' ;d'+ M sbK snf (Wood Craft) j:t' ;d'+e1M co jg o j:t' ;d'+

M p1g" un-)f tyf /f"kf" j:t' ;d'+ >M +ft] sfu j:t' ;d'+ KM fB tyf k]o j:t' ;d'+ Ldfs kfy{ af+]sM M ljlj& j:t' ;d'+

k|#{g" ug{ ;lsg] .

:=@=!P k.b?g4 d-n Lo%&)kg ldlt M jf/ lj:tf/, pBd" ct/l01of, cf-Bf]lus j:t' tyf k|ljl& k|

#{g" sfo{01d ct/ut cfof]gf ul/g] cf-Bf]lus k|#{g" tyf /!>Ro p*sN!> 3/]n' pBd" k'/:sf/ sfo{01d cfof]gf u/" k|efjsf/"tfsf ;fy ;)fng ug{sf nu ]+fo adf]ldsf] d=n


59/208

o; sfo{01ddf T lCnfs- pBd"+?nfH{ ;l/su/fpg] n6o /(sf] . sfKdff-) pk*osf le0sf pBd"+?n] l;&- ;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{nodf / sfKdff-) pk*osf a+/sf pBd"+?n] o; sfo{01ddf ;+efu" +'g cg';=" 9[cg';f/sf] ljj/f ;l+t k|#{g" cfof]gf +'g] ldlt ef 9dl+gf kl+n] lCn:yt lg%g sfof{no+?df ;%ks{ /fAg'kg]{.

9 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, d'Ao #ff@#ff

sfof{no+?

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no+?

U g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3sf] lCnf l:yt

sfof{no

V g]kfn pBf]u jfQo d+f;)&sf] lCnf l:yt

sfof{no

:=@=!@ 5gC0 k.l67o M

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt@ljefusf lCnf l:yt

sfof{no+?n] tkl;nsf ;):yfsf k|ltlgl&+?sf] ;+efu"tfdf .nk1n / k/fd#{ u/" cfPcf`gf] lCnfaf> tf]ls(sf] ;)Aofdf pBd" .gf-> u/" kKfpg' kg]{. o;/" pBd"+? .gf->uf{ pBf]u tf{ k|dffk0 LpBf]u gljs/f e(sf] M sf] k|ltlnlk ;l+t sfo{fnon] cg';=" 9h sf] k1f/d k|dft u/"kKfpg' kg]{. ljt @ j$ b]lH nt/ b'G k0s pDs9$0pd4 k'/&s/ so67dd e lnG s]s pd41*nG ldltn] k.bg g] 'lj


60/208

5gC0 ldt4

9 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt@3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u

sfof{no k|d' ;

)of]s g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3sf] k|ltlgl& L(s

gfM;:o

Ug]kfn pBf]u jfQo d+f;)3sf] k|ltlgl& L(s gfM ;:o

V :ygo ljl5o ;):yfsf] k|ltlgl& L(s gfM ;:o

T ;)%al&t sfo{fnosf] pBf]u cl&sNt tyf of]gf +]g]

{ sd{f/";:o

:=@=!# so67dd pd4 l/s 1'g gYg] e(d M

pBd" kKfpg g;Xg] e(df ;%jl&t ;%ks{ sfof{non] k|#{g" cfof]gf +'g] tf]ls(sf] ldlt ef 9T lg cuf"g- dg;j sf/f ;l+t k|&fg sfof{nodf fgsf/" kKfpg' kg]{ .

o; lg]{l#sfdf pCn]lt a'Jf+?df yk3> ug'{ k/]df


61/208

kl/R5]b–Qd-Ko ?H t) ?H sonod +ng 1'g] %A/

lj&t/Upd4 c;t/l67oU cC]ls j&t' t) k.ljl< k.

b?g4

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] pBf]u+?sf] k|j4{g(j) ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] ;)fng ug]{ ljleg sfo{01d+?d8o] d=Ao #ff tyf #ff sfof{nodf ;)fng +'g]af/ lj:tf/, pBd" ct/l01of, cf-Bf]lus j:t' tyf k|ljl& k|#{g" klg (s sfo{01d +f] o; lg]{l#sf

jdf]ld ;%jl&t sfof{non] sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

Q=! p2]Zo M;ldltaf> ljleg ;]jf k|f7t u/" pBd F


62/208

N (s csf{sf] p*kfgsf] cjnf]sgf/f jf/sf] dfuaf/] fgsf/"ljsf; ug{ ;+of]u ug]{ / dfu cg'?ksf] j:t' p*kfg tyf cfk=lt{ sfo{df ;+of]u k'Wofpg]

IN 3/]n' tyf ;fgf :t/df ;)nt pBf]u p*kt;fdfgsf p*kfs, ljt/s / pkef]51f lj ;%ks{ sfodu/fH{ fgsf/" cffg k|fg u/" lj01" ljt/fdf ;d]t ;+of]uk'Wofpg]

JN 'u{d (j) ;'ud 6f]0sf pBd"+?sf] ;"k / pBdl#ntfsf] s/u/" k'/:sNt ug]{

Q=@ nl"t ne M

o; sfo{01daf> pBd"+?n] (s csf{sf p*kfgsf]u'f:t/jf/] fgsf/" cffg k|fg ug]{, cf`gf] sf] kl/l& le0 /+"sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

N clgjfo{ ?kdf lCnf ;/d'sfd d- k|#{g" ;)fngug'{ kg]{. co :yfgdf ug'{ kg]{ af8of*ds l:yt"k/]df k|&fg sfof{noaf> k=j{ l:jsNt" k|f7t u/" ug{ ;lsg].

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IN k|#{g" ;)fng ul/g] :yfg ;s];%d sfof{no d- ;f]ge( s'g- ;)3, ;):yf,sfof{noaf> k|#{g" s6f jf :yfglg#'Cs k|f7t u/" ;)fng ug{' kg]{. ;f] klg +'g g;s]df ljlgof]lt j]>sf] kl/l& le0 /+" :yfg, ejg effdf lnH{ ;)fng ug'{ kg]{. o;-sf] nlfu .'- ;] tof/ug{ jf/af> ;fdfg l/ ug]{ :tf sfo{ ug{ +'-g

JN cf-Bf]lus k|#{g"sf] cjl& d'Ao #ff sfof{nodf sl%tdf U LltgM / #ff sfof{no+?df L'H{M lgsf] +'g].

Nk|#{g"af> ;s];%d aO" pBd" cfpg] pBd"+?nfH{ -lgs tyf e|df e5f jfkt -lgs ? L'H{ ;oM n] aO"df lg ;%dsf]e5f / j; Cg] e(df cft] ft] a; eff ;d]t pkn$&u/fHg] .

\N.gf-> pk ;ldltsf ;:o+?nfH{ j]>sf] kl/l& le0 /+" k|lt j-)Ks aO"df ?ULltg ;oM ;%d j-)Ks e5f pkn$& u/fH{g].

0N d=Ao #ff tyf #ff sfof{no /+]s]f lCnfsf] ;/d'sfdef f/ LVM sf]!f >fOfaf> cfpg] ;+efu" pBd"+?nfH{ j]>sf] kl/l& le0 /+" aO"df -lgs ? L'H{

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;oM ;%d .gf-> ;ldltsf lgf{ofg';f/ -lgs tyf e|df e5f pkn$& u/fH{g].

Q= k.b?g4d e lng] pd4 5gC0b cg'-4 !S cg'/s] ljj/ e/G lg3g s'/d

d]t Wog lbg' kg]5

sNp*kt j:t'sf] j!f{s p*kfg kl/dff / lj01"

HN pBf]un] k|fg u/]sf] /f]uf/" ;)Aof

N :yfg"o sDf kfy{, Ildssf] pkof]u e(sf] e( ;f]sf]ljj/f

IN s'g- pCn]g"o s'/f e(

Q=8 k.b?g4d 1e4ts] nf k.)ldst M

sNn3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf :t/sf p*kfg

HN INgl#n / u'f:t/ aO" e(sf p*kfg

N 'u{d 6f]0sf p*kfg

IN pko'51 k|ljl& cjn%jg u/" tof/ e(sf p*kfg+?

Q=: 5gC0 pk ldlt Mk|#{g" sfo{01d ;)fng uf{ cf`gf] sfof{nosf]

sfo{ 6f]0 ctu{tsf pBd"+?af> tf]ls(sf] OfJfdf lgj]g k|

f7t u/" k1f V / T df pCn]lt .gf->sf] cf&f/ lnH{;+efu" .gf-> tyf k'/:sNt ug{ lg%g k&sf/"+? e(sf].gf-> pk ;ldlt uKg ul/g]. .gf-> pk ;ldltsf] j-)Ks ltgk>s ;%d a:g ;Xg].

sM sfof{no k|d', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt ;

)of]s

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M lCn:yt s'g- j-)ssf 9 jfg k|ltlgl& ;:o

Loyf;Xo 3/]n' pBf]udf aO" nufg" ug]{ j-)sM

uM g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3sf] 9 gf k|ltlgl&

;:o3M k|&fg sfof{nosf k|ltlgl&+? ;:o

T?H sonos] 1sd d'Ko ?H sonos] k.

ltlg pk ;ldltsf] lgf{o cg';f/ k|#{g"df aO"df T

j:t' ;d=+sf] ug'{ k/]df j]>sf] kl/l& le0 /+" .gf-> pk ;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/ yk3>ug{ ;Xg].

Q= k'/&s/ M.gf-> pk ;ldltsf] lgf{o cg';f/ j]>sf] kl/l& le0 /+" k|

*o]s ;d=+df k|yd +'g]nfH{ ?9 L(s +f/M / f]If]nfH{ ?T LkfJ ;oM ;%d gu k'/:sf/sf] g tyf ;dfkgdf ;d]t u/" aO"df ?PL'H{ +f/M df gaOfH{ lofkfgdf { ug{ ;lsg].

>.


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ldt$olotfsf ;fy a]> { ul/ sfo{01d pkn$&"d=nsagfpg] l%d]jf/" sfof{no k|d'sf] +'g].

Q=!! ;%jl&t co lgsfo;Ju ldln sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{kf{

of] sfo{01d :yfg"o lgsfo tyf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;)u ;)%al& ;)3 ;):yf tyf lgsfo+? ;)u ;djo /;+eutfdf ;)fng ;d]t ug{ ;lsg]. o;/" co lgsfonfH{ ;+eu u/fpJf cy{s ;+eutfsf af/]df :k!> pCn] u/" k|&fg sfo{fnodf :j"sNltsf nukKfpg' kg]{. ;fy- cfjZostf cg';f/ ;):yfsf] k|ltlgl&nfH{ .gf-> tyf k'/:sf/ pkP;ldltdf ;d]t ;:o sf] ?kdf cfd0f ug{ ;lsg].

>>


67/208

kl/R5]b–d'Ko ?H sonod +ng l/g] so67d

ld"Bt) o]Ag tA'd ]$>4

=! e-lds M3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{g, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zo

lnH{ V[ lCnfdf sfo{/t o; ;ldltn] ;)fng u-{ cfH/+]sf ljleg sfo{01d+? d8o] lCn:ytsfof{no+?df :ygonfHg (];" L;)3 ;):yf+?M, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;%jl&t

sfof{no+?, pBd" tyf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u;)u ;%jl&tljleg lgsfo+?nfH{

;dfj]# u/" uf]!K" ;)fng u-{ cfH/+]sf] .

=@ ]$>4d 5nk7ns lj$o1* M

sMut cfjsf] sfo{01d+?sf] k|ult ;ld6S ug]{ L;

)6f]kdfM

Mfn' cfjsf] l:jsNt j!f{s sfo{01d k|efjsf/" ?kdf ;

)fng ug{ d'Ao #ff@#ff sfof{non] ]n]sf] / ]Cg'kg]{ e=ldsf

uM cfufd" cfj df ;)fng ug]{ k|:tjt sfo{01d+?

3M 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|j4{gdf ;)nGg lCn:yt

ljl5o ;):yf+?, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;

)3@g]kfn pBf]u jfQo d+f;)3, n3' tyf 3/]n'

pBf]u ;)u ;%al&t lgsfo+? / o; ;ldltsf sfof{no lj

;djo sfod u/" pBf]u k|j4{gf*ds sfo{nfH{ ce1 aO"

ult lg] pkfo+?

>K


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pk/f]51 s, / u sf lj!fo+?df d'Ao #ff@#ff sfof{nosf k|d'+?n] / 3 sf lj!fodf d'Ao #ff sfof{no /+]sf]lCn:yt ;%jl&t ljl5o ;):yf / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;)3

jf pBf]u jfQo ;)3sf] tk1{af> sfo{k0 k|:t't ug'{ kg]{ . d'Ao #ff sfof{nosf k|d'n] uf]!K"sf] kl+nf] lgdf fn' cfj sf] sfo{01d / pBf]u k|j4{gdf ;%jl&t ;)3 ;):yf+?n] ]Cg' kg]{ e=ldsfjf/] sfo{k0 k|:t't ug'{ kg]{. p51 sfo{k0sf] ;fy *o; lCnfdf ;ldltaf> e(sf]ultljl&sfjf/]df ;+efu"+?;)u ct/l01of ul/g]. pko'51/ cfjZos ]l(df sfo{k0 pk/ l>7kf"stf{sf] ;)fng u-{ cf(sf ct/]l#o pBd"cjnf]sg e|df sfo{01ddf cfufd" j!f{ ;l/s u/fpg' kg]{ e( s'g s'g lj!fodf s] slt gf pBd"+?nfH{ e|df u/fpgcfjZos . ;f] klg pCn] ug]{

.N uf]!K"df ;+efu" +'g] ljl5o ;):yfsf k|d'+?nfH{ lCnfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u 6f]0df e(sf] nufg"l:yt", efj" sfo{01d tyf ;ldlt / ljl5o ;):yj ;djof*ds ?kdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u+?sf] ljsf; / k|j4{gdf s] ug{;ls. ;f] jf/]df :k!> u/fpg cg'/f]& ug]{

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69/208

M lCn:yt g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3, g]kfnpBf]u jfQo d+f;)3, dl+nf ljsf; cl&sNt / co o:t-lgsfo+?nfH{ lCnfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] l:ylt,:yfg"osDf kfy{, jf/ l:ylt / s] s:tf pBf]u+?sf]lCnfdf ;%ef4 cjl< M uf]!K"sf] cjl& 'H{ lgsf] +'g].

= ]$>4s 1e41* M

==! ]$>4s 1e41* Tkl1n] lbgs 1e41*N M

Pd'Ao #ff sfof{no /+]sf] lCnfsf] llj; ;efklt,pkP;efklt / lCnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;lj

Pk|d' lCnf cl&sf/"@k|ltlgl&

P:ygo ljl5o ;):yfsf k|d'+?

P:ygo ljleg ;k1n pBf]usf pBd"+? kfJ jfg

Ld=#fsfaf> .gf-> u/" tf]Xg]M Pd'Ao #ff sfof{nosf k|d' pBf]u cl&sNt@pBf]u cl&sNt

Pd'Ao #ff sfof{no dft+tsf lCn:yt #ff sfof{nosf

pBf]u cl&sNt+?

Pk|&fg sfof{nosf k|ltlgl&+?

Pk|d', dl+nf ljsf; #ff

Pc8o6f, pBf]u jfQo ;)3

PlCnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;:o+? LpBf]u, jg, jftfj/fM

Pc8o6f, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3

Pk|d', lCnf jg sfof{no

Pk|d', cftl/s /f:j sfo{fno

>O


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Pk|d', ljB't k|&s/f

Pk|d', gu/knsf@;/d'sfd /+]sf] uflj;

Pk|d', e=P;)/6ff sfof{no

Pu-+| ;/sf/" ;)3, ;):yfaf> U jfg Psf]!f lgo0s, sf]!f tyf n]f lgo0s sfo{fno

dfy" pCn]lt ;+efu"+?sf cnfjf co s;-nfH{ ;dfj]# ug{ jf sfo{k0 k|:t't ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos e(df j]>sf] kl/l& le0 /+"d'#ff sfof{no k|d'n] yk ug{ ;Xg].g\

==@ ]$>4s 1e41* Tb]] lbgN M

sMd'Ao #ff sfof{nosf k|d' pBf]u cl&sNt@pBf]u cl&sNtMd'Ao #ff sfof{no dft+tsf lCn:yt #ff sfof{nosf

pBf]u cl&sNt+?

uM k|&fg sfof{nosf k|ltlgl&+?

=8 e t) c;o Lo%&) MsN uf]!K"sf ;+efu"+?nfH{ uf]!K"df ;+efu" e( jfkt

j]>sf] kl/l& le0 /+" k|*o]s nfH{ k|ltlg aO"df ?UP Lltg ;oM ;%d lg ;lsg]. l>7kf"stf{ /(sf]

df lgnfH{ yk ?UP Lltg ;oM lg ;lsg].

HN uf]!K" kZft k|&fg sfof{noaf> l>H(sf k|ltlgl& /d'Ao #ff sfof{no k|d'n] ltg lg le0df;)o'51 ?kdf k|ltj]g tof/ ug'{ kg]{. o;/" k|ltj]g tof/ uf{

aO"df ltg


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IN uf]!K"df c8o6ftf u/] jfkt ?TP LkfJ ;oM k|fgul/g].

JN uf]!K" ;)fng uf{ k|lt lg ?P L'H{ +f/M dfgaOfH{ lofkfg u/fH{g] .

N uf]!K"sf ;+efu"+?nfH{ d;n sfof{noaf> g- pkn$&u/fpg' kg]{.

5N ;ldltsf] d'Ao #ff@#ff sfof{nosf k|d'+?n] utcfj tyf fn' cfjsf] sfo{01d k|efjsf/" ?kdf ;)fng ug{ sfof{non] ]Cg' kg]{ e=ldsfsf] ;fy-] sfof{j

Pogdf ]f k/]sf ;d:of+? / o" ;d:of+?sf] lg/fs/fsf jf/]df ;'e1fj ;l+tsf] sfo{k0 k|:t't ug'{sf] ;fy- ut

cfasf] ;ld6S / cfufd" cfjsf] nu k|:tjt j!f{ssfo{01d clgjfo{ ?kdf k|:t't ug'{ kg]{.

KF


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so67d

kl1n] lbg

dop\3f>g sfo{01d

lofkfg

k.)d 6 c8o6ftf llj;

;efklt

d'Ao #ffsf] sfk| af> sfo{k0 k|:t't / .nk1n

lofkfg

b]] 6 c8o6ftf k|

d' lCnf cl&sf/"

j-)s, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3af> sfo{k0

k|:t't / .nk1n

b]] lbg

k.)d 6 c8o6ftf d=Ao #ff

sfof{nosf k|d=

#ff sfof{nosf sfk|+?af> sfo{k0+? k|:t't

lofkfg

b]] 6 c8o6ftf k|&fg

sfof{nosf k|ltlgl&

k|:t't sfo{k0df .nk1n (j) lg:s!f{

K2


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K3


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kl/R5]b–S?H sono1*d +ng l/g] so67d ld"B

t) o]Ag tA'd ]$>4

S=! e-lds M3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{g, ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]ZolnH{ V[ lCnfdf sfo{/t o; ;ldltn] ;)fng u-{ cfH/+]sf ljleg sfo{01d+? d8o] lCn:yt sfof{no+?df :yfg"onfHg (];" L;)3 ;):yfM, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;%jl&tsfof{no+?, pBd" tyf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u;)u ;%jl&tljleg lgsfo+?nfH{ ;dfj]# u/" ut cfj / fn' cfjsf]

uf]!K"sf] ;do ;%d e(sf] sfo{01dsf] k|ult ;ld6S, fn'cfjsf] sfo{01d sfof{jogdf ;djo tyf cfufd" cfjsf] of]gf t'{df ug]{ p2]Zon] sfo{qmd ;ldI tyf of]hgf th'{df uf]i7Lsf] cfof]gf ul/g]. nl6ft p2]Zok|f7t ug{ lg%gfg';f/ u/" uf]!K" ;)fng ug'{ kg]{.

S=@ ]$>4d 5nk7ns lj$o1* Mut cfjdf ;%kg sfo{01dsf] k|ult (j) sfof{jodf

]fk/]sf k|d' ;d:of+?, fn' cfjdf sfo{01d k|efjsf/" ?kdf ;)fng ug{ sfof{non] ]n]sf] / ]Cg' kg]{ e=ldsf /cfufd" cfjdf lCnfdf ;)fng ul/g] k|:tjt sfo{01d+?

sfo{01d t'{df uf{ pkn$& :yfg"o ;"k, sDf kfy{, jf/sf] cj:yf (j) ;%efjgf / :ygo cfjZo51f (j) gk|ltlgl&+?sf] dfunfH{ 8ofgdf /f" oyf;%ej k|:t't lj!fodf tof/ ul/(sf] sfo{k0dy.nk1n u/" ;d:of / ;'e1fj ;l+t k|ltj]g tof/ ug{' k{.

S=# ]$>4 cjl< M uf]!K"sf] cjl& (s lgsf] +'g].

K4


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S= ]$>4s 1e41* M

P llj; ;efklt

Pk|d' lCnf cl&sf/"@k|ltlgl& P llj; pk ;efklt

P lCnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;ljfnosf ;lj

P :yfg"o ljl5o ;):yfsf k|d'+?

P k|d', dl+nf ljsf; #ff

P c8o6f,@k|ltlg&" lCnf pBf]u jfQo d+f;)3

P c8o6f@k|ltlg&" lCnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3

P k|d', lCnf jg sfof{no

P k|d', gu/knsf@uflj; L;/d'sfd l:ytM

P k|d', sf]!f tyf n]f lgo0s

P k|d', e= ;)/6ff sfof{no

P :ygo ;k1n pBd" jfg P lCnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;:o+? LpBf]u, jg, jftfj/fM

pko'51 u-+| ;/sf/" ;)3, ;):yfsf] k|ltlgl& Lk|efjsf/" ?kdf ;)nt ;):yf+? d8o]af> aO"df gfM ;%jl&t d'Ao #ff / #ff sfof{no k|d'

uf]!K"sf] c8o6ftf oyf;%ej lCnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efkltaf>

u/fpg] sf] kl/l& le0 /+" ;+efu"+?sf]yk3> ;ldltsf] sfof{no k|d'n] ug{ ;Xg]. uf]!K" ;d7tkZft k|ltj]g tof/ kf/" ;f]sf] (s k|lt k|&fg sfof{nodf,(sk|lt ;%jl&t d'Ao #ff sfof{nodf / (s k|lt ;%jl&tllj; nfH{ clgjfo{ ?kdf kKfpg' kg]{.

S=8 so67d +ng H Lo%&) M

K.


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sM uf]!K"sf ;+efu"+?nfH{ uf]!K"df ;+efu" e( jfkt j]>sf]

kl/l& le0 /+" k|*o]snfH{ aO"df ?U Lltg ;oM e5f

lHg].

Muf]!K"df c8o6ftf u/] jfkt ?T LkfJ ;oM k|fgul/g].

uM sfo{k0 k|:t't jfkt ?U Lltg ;oM / k|ltj]g tof/ u/]

jfkt 'H{ gfnfH{ g+" ?T LkfJ ;oM k|fg

ul/g].

3M uf]!K" ;)fng uf{ ?, L'H{ +f/M df

gaOfH{ lofkfg u/fH{g] .

M uf]!K"sf ;+efu"+?nfH{ d;n sfof{noaf> g- pkn$&u/fpg' kg]{.

K>


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kl/R5]b–!Pcg'dg so67d

!P=! e-lds M

cg'udg sfo{ egfn] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltf/f utcfjdf ;)nt ;"k ljsf;, cgPPj, l/k|1];/, pBdl#ntf ljsf; (j) ljleg ;)fng ul/g] sfo{01d+? lg]{l#sf cg';f/ ;

)fng u/fpg]

Mtnd k|f7t k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ k|lt:yfk"t u/fpg

cfjZos ;]jf k'Wofpg] uM sfo{01d sfof{jogdf ]l(sf sld sdf]/"+?

nfH{ ;dod- cf-CofH{ ;Dofpg ;'e1fa k]# ug]{

3M sfo{01d sfof{jog k|efsf/"tfsf] d=Cofg ug]{

KK


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79/208

!P= cg'dg b ckgpg' kg] k.l67o1* Mlg%g k|l01of ckgfH{ cg'udg sfo{ ;)fng ul/g]. cg'udg sfo{ ;%jl& k1f/fd+? cg';=" ]" UV;%d pCn] e( jdf]ld eg'{ kg]{.

!P==! lAOn &t/%03/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{01d sfof{jog,

c8oog, cg'udg ug]{ ;a- ef tCnf] lgsfo eg]sf] lCnf l:yt #ff sfof{no+? +'g #ff tyf d'Ao #ff sfof{no+?n] utcfjdf ;f] sfof{nojf> ;)fng e(sf ljler k|sf/sf l;k ljsf; tyf

fg' kg]{ g"lt lg]{#g, sfo{01d sfof{jogdf kg{ cfpg];d:of+?sf] ;df&g tyf cg'udg / d=Cof)sg k|l01ofdf d'Ao#ffnfH{ ;l/s uf/fH{ efj" sfo{l#f to ug{ ;+efu" u/fH{-cf(sf] . d'Ao #ff sfof{nonfH{ cf`gf] ctu{tsf] #ff

sfof{no+?sf] cg'udg / pkn$&" d'Cof)sg u/" ]l(sfsd", sdf]/"+? k'g gf]+/"g] u/" p2]Zo cg'?k k|ult+;n ug]{ tk1{ pd' /fg"lt to ug{ ;3fp k'Wofpg]p2]Zon] ctu{tsf lCnf #ff+?sf] cg'udg u/" ;)al&tk1f/d+? 9 P 9 k|lt s]|df kKfpg' kg]{. cfj YT@YY]l o; sfo{01dnfH{ dft+t sfof{no lg/"6ff tyf k=j{ k|l#6Sy"{ cg'udgm eg" kl/jt{g ul/(sf] .

KO


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!P==# s]l;b.o &t/3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] s]l|o :t/ eg]sf] ;a-ef dyCnf] lgsfo +f] o;- lgsfoaf> sfo{01d ;)fng, lCnf+?nfH{ g"lt lg]{#g lg] ul/. cfjYT@YY ]l o; sfo{01dnfH{ sfo{01d sfof{jog,cg'udg lgl/6ff tyf d=Cof)sgm elg kl/jt{g ul/(sf] . ljutdf d'Ao #ff+?df df0 s]|af> cg'udg ul/-

cf(sf]df of] sfo{01d cfjYT@YY ]l #ff sfof{no+?sf] klg cfjZostf cg';f/ lj:tf/ ul/- nlug].


81/208

!P=8 k7/d eg] lgb]l?s M3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; (j) lj:tf/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf

g]kfn ;/sf/n] &]/- j!f{ cuf" ]l ljleg sfo{01d ;)fngug]{ l;nl;nfdf cg'udg tyf d=Cof)sg sfo{nfH{ clt d+*jsf ;fy j!f{s sfo{01ddf ;dfj]# u/" k|efjsf/" ?kdf ;)fng u-{

cf(sf] . o;- k|l01ofnfH{ kl/df{g u-{ cf#ttp2]Zo k|f7t"sf]nu k|of]udf cfH{/+]sf cg'udg tyf d=Cof)sg k1f/ddf s]+" yk3> ul/(sf]n] ;f] k1f/d+? eg{sf

nu lg%gfg';f/ $ofAof (j) :k!> ul/(sf] .

!P=8=! pkn,jf/] fgsf/" tyf l:jsNt sfo{01ddf s'g- sf/fn]

yk3> jf kl/jt{g ul/(df ;f] af/] s-lk1otdf pCn]ug'{ kg]{ .

M tfnd +ng &)g t) k.l?"B)4 5gC0s] c uf{ s] s] cf&f/df .gf->ul/(sf] . ;f] pCn] ug{] / k|l#6Sy"{ s;/" .gf-> ul/(sf]. ;f] sf] klg cf&f/ pCn] ug'{ k{. :tf] ct/jftf{,

l;k1/; c

uM sA ljj/ M3/]n' ;ldltjf> l- cf(sf] _f nufg" ;]jfaf> nfejt


82/208

M n]H lA;4 3j; ptf/ u/" /fAg' k{.

M 3ksd c(s +I+&) o; l#!f{s ct/ut co pCn]lt s'/fsf] cltl/51 ;%jl&t ;

):yf+?sf] jf/]df cg'udg stf{sf] k|ltl01of jf d=Cof)sgpCn] ug{' kg]{ .

!P=8=@ pkn,


83/208

#ff sfof{no+?af> cfpg'+'g] cg'udg stf{ n] df0

eg'{ kg]{.

cg'udg k1f/ddf ] ] el/. ;f] sf] lKs '?:t

ljj/f ;%jl&t sfof{nosf] /]s{df klg /fAg'k{.

U k|l#6Sy"{ cg'udg ljj/fsf] /]s{ ;%jl&t sfof{nodf

klg :tfsf] *o:t- clgjfo{?kn] /l!>/ g- f u/" /fAg'

k{.

V cg'udg ljj/fsf] cf&f/df klg ;%jl&t sfof{nosf]

d=Cof)sg +'g] +')f ljj/f oyfy{ +'g' k{.

T ;%jl&t sfof{non] ljleg ;"k ljsf; tnd+?sf]

lgoldt cg'udg u/" k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ pBf]u


84/208

kl/D.] 99pBd" ljsf; sfo{01d

!!=! k9$>e'd43/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]usf] ljsf;sf ;fy ;fy- o;6f]0sf] k|j4{g lgl%t cfk1\gf]sfo{ cg'ejsf] cf&f/df Kf]; cf&f/l#nf tof/ u/" cl3 aO\g;6fd /+]sf] . o; cl3 ;ldlt4f/f ;)fng ul/(sf sfo{01d+?.'f .'- ?kdf t'{df u/" nfu' u-{ cfH(sf]df ]P;/" /]Pt" pkn$&" +'g kg]{ lyof] t" *o;/" / *olt g- df0fdf +;n ug{ slKg e(sf]n] ljut j!f{+?sf

sfo{01dnfH{ kl/df{g (j) kl/!sNt u/" pBd" ljsf;sf]lgl%t c*ofjZos kg]{ ljleg t"g /fsf sfo{01d+?nfH{ (p>- 7ofs]df ;dfj]# u/" (p>f l;^f] eWofsf] ?kdf cfa YY@Y ]l sfof{jogdf Cofpg] u/" pBd"ljsf; sfo{01d tof/ k/(sf] .

kl1n]/

!!=@ ]t kl1gs'g lj!fosf] tnd s'g :yfgdf ;)fng ug]{ +f] eg]s'/fsf] lgf{o ug{sf nu lCnfdf pkn$& ;f&g / If]taf/] lj#]!f fgsf/" lngsf] ;fy- lCnfsf co ;/sf/",u-+| ;/sf/" ;)3 ;):yfn] tof/ u/]sf ;%jl&t c)fsf / If]tgX;fsf] cf&f/df cfjZos kg]{ If]tsf] kl+fg u/"sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ k{.

k|*o]s cfasf] l:jsNt sfo{01d ;)fng

ug'{ k=j{ p51 If]t kl+fg ;l+t lCnfsf] s'g :yfgLuflj;@gkf@Hnfsf / 6f]0M df ;)fng ug]{ eg]lj!fodf pBf]u k|j4{g ;djo ;ldltsf] a-Ksdf .nk1n u/"lgf{o ug'{ k{. o;/" lgf{o uf{ sfo{01d ;)fng :yn tyf ;f] 6f]0df pkn$& If]t / ;f&gnfH{ kl+nf]k|fyldstf lg' k{. tnd :yfg .gf-> uf{ o; cl3 ;)nt ;dfg k|sf/sf tndsf] pkn$&"nfH{ klg cf&f/dfg ;ls. ctt s'gPs'g uflj;df s'gPs'g lj!fosf

4


85/208

tnd+? ;%ef$o .g\ eg] s'/f k|fyldstfsf] cf&f/df sl/aVPT lj!fosf tnd, pBf]u k|j4{g ;ldltsf] lgf{oaf>lg&f{/f ug'{ k{. !!=# c;t/l67o

of] kl+nf] /fsf] ct/l01of sfo{01d pBf]u k| j4{g ;ldltaf> lgf{o eH{ lg&f{/f ul/(sf] :yfgd-cfof]gf ug'{ k{. sfo{01d ;fj{lgs ?kdf g;d'fopkl:yt u/fH{ ;%kg ug'{kg]{ +'Jf sfo{01d ;)fng ;do / cfjZos ;)Aofdf ;+efu" u/fpg :ygo :t/df pko=51 ;)f/sf ;f&g+?sf] ;d]t pkof]u u/"


86/208

!!=#=! so67ds 1e41*• sfof{nosf Lsfof{no k|d'M @sd{f/" P 9 gf • If]t ]#g/"

M ff {

uM k|ltj]g tof/" {

>


87/208

3M ljlj&

!!= pdl?nt ljs ]tg so67dlgj]s


88/208


89/208

• lj!fo ljF L9 gfM P ;:o• :yfg"o ;df;]j"@pBd"@


90/208

t]] / !!= 4k ljs tfnd kZt k.bg l/g] ]j1* M

k|l#6Sy"{+?n] tof/ u/" k]# u/]sf]


91/208

k|]l/t k|l#6Sy"{+?nfH{ pBf]u :yfkgfy{ cfjZos;%k=f{ ;+of]u '>fpg] df8odsf] ?kdf k|efjsf/"e=ldsf lgjf{+ ug]{

pBf]u ;'f? /fAg cfjZos kg]{ co ;+of]usf] lgl%t k|

o*gl#n /+g] p*kt j:t'@;]jf ljl01sf] lgl%t l/stf{;Ju ;djo

u/fH{ lg] pBf]u


92/208

kl/R5]b !@

p] k.jg so67d!@=! k9$>e'd4

n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u


93/208

ug'{ kg]{. p51 ;):yf;)u ldn]/ k'g sfo{01d ;)fng ug'{ kf{ ljutsf] ca&"sf] pkn$&"sf] cf&f/df df0 ug'{ k{.

!@=@= p]÷* p]s sdb/nG k'gtA4tfnd M–

s'g- pBf]u@?Gf pBf]usf pBd"@sfdf/nfH{ k'gtf{u" tnd k|fg uf{ pBf]usf]k|j4{g +'g ;X. eg] nfu]df of] sfo{01d lg]{l#sfsf]kl/D.] sf] T9U cg';f/ ;)fng ug'{ k{.

!@=@=8 Loj&)kg tfnd M–s'g- klg pBf]usf] k|j4{gsf] lg%t"


94/208

!@=@=: k.fjl


95/208

kl/R5]b !# pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt!f sfo{qmd

!#=! k9$>e-ld M3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cl^sf/ u/]sf]gofJ g]kfnsf] cj&f/SnfH{ cf*d;ft u-{ n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]d"+?sf] aN+5/ l+t / u|df e]udf aN+/f]uf/"sf cj;/ INgf u-{ cy{s pkf{gsf l01ofsnfk+? cuf" aOfpg]

9UT pko'51 k|ljl&sf] k|of]uaf> u'S*ds (j)lgof{td=ns p*kfg aNl4 u/" /!>Ro tyf ct//!>Roaf/df ;/n / ;'ne k+'J k'Wofpg]

O.


96/208

!#=# nl"t j

9UU9 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltaf> k|l#6ff nufotco ;]jf k|fg u/" :yfkgf / k|j4{g ul/(sf pBf]u sf{ k|f7t u/" ;)fngdf /+]sf /

;f]+" ;):yfaf> l;k1/; e- cf(sf pBd"+? 9UUT lCnf n3' pBd" ;d'+ ;)3df cfj4 n3', 3/]n' tyf

;fgf pBd"+?

O>


97/208

!#= so67d +ng k.l67o

9UV9 lCnf :t/df lg%g k&sf/" ;dfj]# e(sf pkP;ldltsf] lgf{o jdf]ld pko=51 k|ljl& +:tft/f ug]{

k|pc@pcLsfk|M 3tyf ;fplj;

;)of]s

k|ltlgl& lCnf k|#f;g sfof{no

;:o

k|ltlgl& lCnf ljsf; ;ldlt@

:yfg"o uflj;;:o

k|ltlgl& sf]n]lgsf

;:o

k&sf/" k|ltlgl& pBf]u jfQo ;)3

;:o

k&sf/" k|ltlgl& g]3tyf;fpd+f;)3

;:o

lj!fo;)u ;%jl&t cl&sNt@

k1fJ>jfnf sd{f/" 3tyf ;fplj; ;:o ;lj

9UV o; sfo{01daf> (s gf n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBd"nfH{ cl&std ? 9T,P Lk&| +f/M a/fa/sf]pko'51 k|ljl& +:tft/f ug{ ;lsg].

9UVU ;+sf/"@;d'+df cfj4 n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd"+?sf] nu(s k>s cl&std ? T,P Lkf; +f/M a/fa/sf] pko'51 k|ljl& +:tft/f ug{ ;lsg].

9UVV pko'51 k|ljl& +:tft/f ul/g] ;j- pBf]u+? g]kfn;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] lgsfodf tf{ e(s]f +'g' k{. t/ ;f]adf]ld ug{ t*sfn ;%efjgf ge(sf] cj:yfdf +:tft/f u/]sf]

OK


98/208

ldltn] U Lt"gM dl+gf le0 pBf]u tf{ ug]{ #t{df klg dfuadf]ldsf] k|ljl& lgod adf]ld +:tft/f ug{ ;lsg] .

9UVT ;ldltsf] df-'f / f u/" cf`gf]sfof{nodf lKs '?:t /fAg' k{.

9UV[ pko'51 k|ljl& +:tft/f ;%j&" a-Ks e5f / O'jfg"{ pBf]u k|j4{g l#!f{ssf] j]>af> s df0 a:g' kg]{. / a-Kse5f k|lt


99/208

!#=8 1&t;t/ k.l67o M

9UT9 k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf hfgsf/L M– ;%jl&t ;j-pBf]u@pBd"sf] fgsf/" lg%t" ;#Xt ;)f/ df8odaf>;dod- k|f/ k|;f/ tyf fgsf/" ug]{ u/fpg]

9UT k|f7t lgj]gnfH{ pko=51 cf&f/df ljZn]!ff u/"d=Cofg u/]/ df0 .gf]> ;ldltdf lgf{osf] nu k]# ug]{

!#=8=@=! d-Oo^gs] c


100/208

F


101/208

kl/R5]b !

sf]"]#L$ :yfkgf tyf ;%&f#g ;xof]usfo{qmd

!=! k9$>e-ld M

n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u" ]jf k'Wofpg]

9VV :j]#" tyf lj]#" ko{>s+?nfH{ :ygo +:tsnfsf ;fdfu|"+?@p*kfg+? ;'ne tl/sfn] pkn


102/208

9VT sf]#]n"3/sf] ;)fngaf> *o; 6f]0df cf-Bf]lusfu/fsf jftfj/f l;{gf +'g]

!=# nl"t t) nef;jt j M

9VU9 ;P;fgf k=J"af> ;)nt n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd"+? /pg"+?sf ljlj& p*kfg+?

9VU 3/]n' p*kfgsf pkef]51f,


103/208

!= so67d +ng k.s9o M

9VV9 o; ;ldltf/f ulKt lCnfdf l01o#n pBf]u k| j4{g ;djo ;ldltm sf] k|*o6f lgo0f, /]] / lg]{#gdf sf]"#L $ :yfkgf tyf ;%&f#g ;xof]u(sfo{01d ;)fng ug]{

9VV dfy" k1f LV9M df pCn]lt ;djo ;ldltsf]cu|;/tfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, lCnf ljsf;;ldlt, gu/knsf@ufJp1 ljsf; ;ldlt, dl+nf ljsf; #ff :tf :yfg"o ;/sf/" lgsfo+? / pB]fu jfQo ;)3, g]kfn3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3, u-/ ;/sf/" ;):yf d+f;)3c :tf :yfg"o lg" 6f]0sf .ftf ;):yf+?sf] k|*o6f ;+eutfdf sf]"]#L$ ;%&f#g tyf ;xof]usf]if( :yfkgf ug]{

9VVU fn' cfjYYY df ;f] k|of]g ct/ut lCnfsf] nu ;fds ;]jf lg#t{ cg'fg l#!f{sdf k|ltlCnf ? 9,,P L(s nfM sf /n] ljlgof]lt e(sf] /sd;f]+" sf]!fdf %df ug]{

9VVV lCnf ljsf; ;ldlt, pBf]u jfQo ;)3, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3 d8o] s'g- (s / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]uljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no k|d'sf] ;)o'51 :ttaf>

sf]if( sf] ftf ;)fng ug]{ 9VVT sf]if( sf] lgld5 .'- sd{f/" lgo'l51 gug]

{ ;)ej e(;%d llj;@gkf@uflj; jf :yfg"oco lgsfo;)u ;djo u/" ;f]+" lgsfosf sd{f/"+?nfH{ g- kl/fng ug]{ *of] klg ;)ej ge(df df0 k|sf sf] k=j{ :j"sNt" lnH{ co s'g-


104/208

lgoldt ?kdf ;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{nodf clgjfo{ ?kdf kKfpg' k{.

9VV[ sf]!fsf] /sdaf> sf]#]n"3/sf] nu p&f/f]df ;fdfg /"uf{ / la01" uf{ sf]#]n"3/sf nu l>(sf ;%al&tsd{f/"sf] k=f{ l%d]jf/"df (s k>sdf (s gfaf>aO"df ? T,P LkfJ +f/M ;%dsf] ;fdfg /" ug{;lsg].

9VVh p&f/f]df ul/g] sf/f]jf/ cl&std U Lt"gM dl+gf cjl&sf]df0 +'g].

9VV9 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] k|&fg sfof{nosf]k=j{ :j"sNlt ljgf ;ldltnfH{ yk cy{s


105/208

kl/R5]b !8lAOn &tl/o

p] k.jg d;jo ldlt

!8=! k9$>e-ld M–

d'n'ssf] lj#]!f u/]/ u|fd"f tyf 'u{d 6f]0+?df ljleg k|sf/sf ;"k, pBdl#ntf /


106/208

9TV ;ldlts]f e=ldsfnfH{ yk k|efjsf/" /pkn$&"d=ns agfpg o:sf] g"lt, /fg"lt / sfo{g"ltsf ;%j&df ;d;fdos ;'e1fj+? ;)sng u/" ;%jl&tlgsfodf kKfpg]

F>


107/208

!8=#= d;jo ldlts] >g M–

;ldltdf ]+fo jdf]ldsf k&sf/"+? /+g] .g P

;efklt P lCnf ljsf; ;ldlt ;

)of]s

k|d' lCnf cl&sf/" P lCnf k|#f;g sfof{no ;:o

:ygo ljsf; cl&sf/" P lCnf ljsf; ;ldlt ;:o

k|j&s P sNl!f

ljsf; a-)s ;:o

k|j&s P jfQo a-)s+? d8o] (s gf ;:o

c8o6f P

lCnf pBf]u jfQo ;)3 ;:o

c8o6f P

lCnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u d+f;)3 ;:o

k|d' c8o6f fP ;/d'sfd l:yt gkf@uflj;

;:o

c8o6f P

u-/ ;/sf/" ;):yf d+f;)3 ;:o

k|d' P

sNl!f@k#'@jg@e'P;)/6ff@ljB't

sfof{no d8o] sfk| n] cfjZostf

cg';f/ cfd0"t ug{ ;Xg] 9 gf ;:o

dl+nf ljsf; cl&sNt P dl+nf ljsf; sfof{no ;:o

FK


108/208

c8o6f P

cjf;" gft" d+f;)3 ;:o

k|d' P n3'

pBd ljsf; sfo{01d ;:osfk|n] dgf]gog ug]{ lj!fo;)u ;%jl&t (s gf

k&sf/";:o

k|pc@pc P3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt

;:o ;lj

!8= bfoDj t) lA3d]j/4 M–

;djo ;ldltsf] o*j tyf l%d]jf/" ]+fo jdf]ld +'g] u/"tf]ls(sf] .

9TV9 lCnfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] :yfkgf, ;)/6ff / ;%j4{g ug]{ sfo{df of] ;ldltn] g]tN*jfo"e=ldsf lgjf{+ ug]{ .

9TV ;)of]ssf] cf]#fg';f/ lg%g lj!fosf ;%j&df .nk1n ug{ k|yd / t]If] f-d;s cjl&df (s@(s k>s u/" (s cy{s j!f{df k>s ;:o ;ljn]

j-Kssf] cfof]gf ug'{ kg]{.

9TV9 sfof{nosf] n6o tyf k|ult jf/] ;ld6S ug]{ 9TV sfo{01d sfof{jog uf{ ]f k/]sf

;d:ofsf ;%j&df .nk1n ug]{ 9TVU cfufd" cy{s j!f{sf] of]gf tyf sfo{01dsf] ?k/]f tof/ kfg]{

9TVV ;/f]sf/jfn (Stakeholder) ;):yf+?;)usf] cfk;";djo / ;%j&sf ;jfn+? kl+fg u/" sfof{jogug]{

9TVT jfQo 6f]0sf] cj:yf jf/] ;ld6S ug]{

F


109/208


110/208

kl/R5]b !:k-jk.l?"B)4 cg'dg t) c;t/l67o

so67d

!:=! k9$>e-ld M–

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] ;)fng ug]{ ljlegsfo{01d+? d8o] k|l#6Sy"{ cg'udg ct/l01of sfo{01d clt d+*jk=f{ /+]sf] . ;ldltn] ljleg ;dodf ;)fng u/]sf ljleg k|sf/sf ;"k tyf pBdl#ntf /


111/208

uM ?Gf pBd" k|l#6Sy"{+?

3M ;k1n / k|]/s pBd" k|l#6Sy"{+?

M ;/f]sf/jfnf hXtakeLolde lgsfo+?

!:= nl"t ne M–

of] sfo{01daf> lg%g nfe +;n ug{ ;+of]u k|f7t+'g].

sM k|l#6Sy"{+? ;%jl&t pBf]u


112/208

M sfo{01dsf ;%j&df ]#g/", k|lta]g tof/" { (j) ljlj& { ug{ ;lsg] .

FF2


113/208

kl/D.] 9]t s];b. k'gM&)kg t) +ng

99 e=d"sf

u|df:t/df


114/208

99 n3', 3/n' tyf ;fgf :t/sf pBf]u+?sf]

l;{gf, k|j4{g (j) ljsf;df ;3fp k'Gg] u/"

cf-Bf]lus


115/208

kl/R5]b !

-g t) +/ k.ljl< k-j :ygo If]t / ;f&g, k|ljl& af/ /


116/208

9[ Internet sf] df8odaf> ;'gf k|jf+ ug]{

9[U nl6ft ;d=+

9[U9 ;ldltaf> tnd k|f7t ug]{ k|l#6Sy"{+?

9[U pBf]u :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/ ug{ f+g] n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd"+?

9[UU ;/f]sf/ jfnf ;/sf/" tyf u-+| ;/sf/" ;)3 ;):yf+?

9[UV co pBd"


117/208

I/ kl/j/ +Ko ============================= Ag+Ko ===============================

N p]÷Lojo÷/]A/4 k.jgd 1o]k'`opg] /s/4U C1. /s/4 +I +&)s gd T%C+sU dl1n ljs ?HU c;o C1. /s/4 +&)Ug]kn I/]n' t) g p] d1+IU g]knp] jfao d1+IU cfbN

!=

@=

#=

=

8=

:=

Q=

IN tfnd cjZost cWoog+ 3jl;


118/208

gd kl/d pkn,< &)g 1ns] k.o] kl/d

!=

@=

#==

HN lj't ?l7

&)g / b'/4 pkn,


119/208

sN

HN

N

INJN

= &)fgo cjZost kl1g

&)fgo lgso÷=lj== / c;o so/t /s/4C1. /s/4 +IU +&)1*+ 5nk7n b p7&)gd pko'7 b]lH(s tfnds lj$o j&t'1* M–

sN

HN

N

IN

8= pk/]7 pOn]lHt lj$oj&t' dWo] tfnd +ngg e]" g] cl


120/208

Q= e] g] cl


121/208

@= tfnd d gs] p2]Zo

p2]Zo +Ko

sN ck7C Lojo +ng gHN &)fkt p] +ng g

N /]A/4 k.Xt g

IN k/3k/t 4ks] k.jg g

JN jt dos] b'ko] g

#= d e(s] tfnds] lj$o / tfnd lng GR5's +KoTk.)ldsts] c

karyakram sanchalan nirdeshika 2058

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