karyotype of grasshopper
TRANSCRIPT
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HUMANHUMANKARYOTYPEKARYOTYPE
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DNA CONDENSATIONDNA CONDENSATION
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CHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGYCHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGY
METACENTRICMETACENTRIC
SUBMETACENTRICSUBMETACENTRIC
AKROCENTRICAKROCENTRIC
SISTER CHROMATIDS
SHORT ARMS (p)
LONG ARMS (q)
TELOMERE
CENTROMERE
TELOMERE
SATELLITES
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SAMPLES FORSAMPLES FOR
CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSISCHROMOSOMAL ANALYSISPRENATAL DG.:PRENATAL DG.:
• amniotic fluid
(amniocytes)
• fetal blood
• chorionic villi
∼∼∼∼
• umbilical cord andother embryonalor fetal tissues
POSTNATAL DG.:POSTNATAL DG.:
• peripheral blood
(lymphocytes)
• bone marrow
• skin (fibroblasts)
• carcinoma samples• other tissues
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CYTOGENETIC ANALYSISCYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Venous bloodwith heparine
Add phytohaemagglutinin
and culture medium
Culture at 37°°°°C
for 72 hours
Add colchicine
Hypotonic
saline Fixation
Spread cell suspension
onto slide by dropping
Digest with trypsin
and stain with Giemsa
Analyse metaphaseKaryotype
Peripheral bloodPeripheral blood
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HUMAN KARYOTYPEHUMAN KARYOTYPE• 7 groups - depending on the lenght and morphology• 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes - autosomes
• 1 pair of sex chromosomes
1 - 3
A B
C
D E
F G
4 - 5
6 - 12
13 - 15 16 - 18
19 - 20 21 - 22 XX or XY
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HUMAN KARYOTYPEHUMAN KARYOTYPEChromosomeChromosome groups characteristicsgroups characteristics
Group Chromosomes Size and Shape
A 1 – 3 Large metacentric
B 4 and 5 Large submetacentric
C 6 – 12 and X Medium submetacentric
D 13 – 15 Medium acrocentric
E 16 – 18 Short submetacentric
F 19 and 20 Short metacentric
G 21 and 22 and Y Short acrocentric
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GG -- BANDING PATTERNSBANDING PATTERNS
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METAPHASEMETAPHASE
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KARYOTYPEKARYOTYPE
46,XY