kashur basic reader.pdf

8/17/2019 Kashur Basic Reader.pdf

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Information Digest Volume 3Revised Edition September 2003

Project ‘ZAAN’

A joint Project of

Kashmiri Pandits’ Association,

Mumbai

&

(Registered Charitable Educational Trust. Regn No. E-1715-Thane) Ground Floor, Pushp ViharShastri Nagar, Vasai Road (W) 401 202

Dist. Thane, Maharashtra (India)

Tel: 0250 - 2342777 E. Ma il: pr oj ectza an @y ah oo .co. in

Book : Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language

Authors : M. K. Raina & Neelam Trakru

First Edition: March 2001

Revision : September 2003

Publishers : Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust

under Project ‘ZAAN’

Website : www.zaan.net

© Copyright 2003.All rights of reproduction reserved with the

Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust

Copyrights © 2000-2010Kashmir News Network KNN)

All Rights Reserved.

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 2

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IIInnndddeee x x x

Foreword to the First Edition 5

Preface to the First Edition 6 A Note from Authors for the revised Edition 7

Symbols and Abbreviations for Indo-Roman Type 11

Section 1 ~ Introduction to Nagari-Kashmiri Alphabet 13

· Vowels and Symbols in Nagari-Kashmiri 15

· Combination of Anusvara with Vowels and Symbols 20

· Consonants in Nagari-Kashmiri 23

· Consonants forming Conjuncts with Vowels & 27

· Using Ardhachandra"

30

· Using #$ and Ardhachandra " #"$(%#") 31

· Using Symbols $ and & 32

· Using Symbols and $

& 33

· Using ('"

), and #"

(%#"

) 34

· Difference in Pronunciation of words when using Vowels & $"#

('"

) 35

· Difference in Pronunciation of words when using Vowels & #"

$(%#"

) 36

Section 2 ~ Words and Sentences 37

· Identifying Vowels and Symbols - I 39

· Identifying Vowels and Symbols - II 40

· Identifying Vowels and Symbols - III 41

· Identifying Vowels and Symbols - IV 42

· Identifying Vowels and Symbols Assorted 43

· Simple Sentences 45

· Practice in Reading - I 46

· Practice in Reading - II 47

· Practice in Reading - III 49

· Practice in Reading - IV 50

Section 3 ~ Translation Vocabulary 51 · Some words of daily use 53

· Numbers 1 to 50 57




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· Parts of Body 59

· Animals ~ Birds ~ Reptiles & Insects 61

· Professions 64

· Relations 66

·

Fruits ~ Vegetables 68· Time ~ Yugas 71

· Days of the Week ~ Months ~ Seasons 73

· Miscellaneous Vocabulary 76

Model Passage - 1 ~ A Conversation 81

Model Passage - 2 ~ My Motherland 84




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FFFooorrreeewwwooorrrddd tttooo ttthhheee FFFiiirrrsssttt EEEdddiiitttiiiooonnn

Language has considerable influence on the esthetic and intellectual achievement of a

civilized society, broadly referred as culture. Language not only acts as a binding force for a

community, but more importantly, it confers upon it, a distinct mark of identif ication. For centuries,Kashmiri Pandits have had to leave intermittently, their motherland through religious and political

persecution, which severed their links with both spoken and written medium of their mother-

tongue. The recent en masse exodus, having scattered our community throughout the country,

has dealt yet another blow to our already fragile mother-tongue affiliations. Another disturbing trend is that the State linguistic authority has, over the years, created

an impression through sustained overt and covert means, that Persian has been the original scriptof Kashmiri language. Whereas the fact remains that from the Vedic times, Sanskrit has been themedium of language in Kashmir which has Devanagari as its script. Later Sharda was developedand liberally used by Kashmiri writers and scholars and thus the script flourished in the Valley.

Alberuni claims that Sharda, which he refers as ‘Sidha-Matrika’, permeated not only in Kashmirbut it also was the medium of writing in the whole of India . With the passage of time, Shardaadorned the confines of the priestly class.

In the post independence era, the J&K State government accorded official recognition toPersian script for Kashmiri and it received patronage mostly from the Muslim writers. KashmiriPandit writers felt that Devanagari was more suited to phonetics and dialectory inflection of thelanguage and they adopted it as their medium for writing Kashmiri.

The linguistic experts, however, felt that some of the Kashmiri sounds could not berepresented by Nagari letters or alphabet, hence specific primary and secondary accents,pronunciation symbols and dialectorial marks were developed / devised for better grasp of thelanguage, which received approval of standardization by a Committee of experts and scholars, setup in 1995. This uniform script is more or less in use since then.

The present ‘Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language’ in Devanagari script, is a humbleeffort by the Kashmiri Pandits’ Association and Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust

combine, in adopting a uniform pattern in translating Kashmiri articulatory sounds into a writtenscript. Simultaneously the ‘Reader’ offers more elucidation on phonetics and includesorthographic lessons in Nagari alphabet with equivalent Roman alphabet, which, it is hoped, shalleven help those who are not well versed with Kashmiri. The equivalent of Kashmiri words withtheir vowels and diacritical marks in Roman letters, make it easy to decipher and read. The‘Reader’ is designed to be an aid to basic comprehension for both spoken and written Kashmiri.

The stupendous work of Shri M. K. Raina and Smt Neelam Trakru in bringing out this‘Reader’ will, I am sure, go a long way in arousing the interest in our young and not so youngcommunity members in their mother-tongue and foster a deeper communication bond through themedium of language.

J. L. ManwatiPresidentKashmiri Pandits’ AssociationMumbaiNavreh, 13th Chaitra, 2058(26th March, 2001)




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PPPrrreeef f f aaaccceee tttooo ttthhheee FFFiiirrrsssttt EEEdddiiitttiiiooonnn

For quite some time now, Kashmiri Pandits’ Association, Mumbai and Lalla-Ded

Educational and Welfare Trust have been working on Project ZAAN - a project to acquaint our

community members, particularly youngsters with various facets of their motherland ‘MaejKasheer’. Two Volumes of Information Digest, have so far been issued under the Project. Theaccent therein has, besides dissemination of knowledge (ZAAN), been on arousing interest in ourmother tongue - Kashmiri, which is fast lapsing into disuse from amongst our families.

The present ‘Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language’ is the third Volume in the series

under Project ZAAN. The intent of compilation of this Reader is to place before the readers, an

easy-to-comprehend Primary Book in Devanagari script, for reading Kashmiri. Kashmiri dialecthas micro articular variations, which have been amply illustrated and distinguished by means ofspecial set of vowel & consonantal symbols and graphic lessons in syntax of the language.

In the present day diaspora of our community, when we have lost our moorings, when weare facing cultural erosion, language seems to be a lone factor for preservation of our identity.The ‘Reader’, therefore appears to be a timely endeavour to revive interest of our youngsters intheir mother tongue.

The effort of the authors, Shri M. K. Raina and Smt Neelam Trakru is laudable. Shri Rainais a serious student of Kashmiri syntax for more than two decades. The duo has, after consultingmany a authentic source books, compiled this compendium, which we accept, may not beinfallible in itself. Readers may find some words alien to Kashmiri used at few places. Thesewords have been incorporated specifically for purpose of illustration in the absence of Kashmiriwords / idioms. We would welcome suggestions from the language-knowing seniors in thecommunity, to overcome shortcomings in our future editions and other publications.

Author’s note on the Devanagari-Kashmiri Script, is specially meant for elders and theyare requested to go through it very carefully. This will make it easy for them to help theiryoungsters to know the script and the phonetics.

M. L. MattooChairmanLalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust

Navreh, 13th Chaitra, 2058(26th March, 2001)




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A A A NNNooottteee f f f rrrooommm A A Auuuttthhhooorrrsss f f f ooorrr ttthhheee R R R eeevvviiissseeeddd EEEdddiiitttiiiooonnn

Devanagari is the script for Sanskrit. The script in its original form, believed to be used by NagariBrahmins, was known as Nagari script. Most of the Indian scripts like Bangla, Gujarati, Marathi

etc. have been derived from this script. Kashmiri was written in Sharada, one of the oldest scripts,which was developed around 10th century. Some scholars are of the view that Sharda was ourscript for writing Sanskrit which we subsequently used to write Kashmiri. Indo-Roman type wasused for writing Kashmiri for quite some time, but it could not become popular. The Persio-Arabicscript has been recognised as the official script for Kashmiri. To this script, reviewed andupgraded by J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in 1971, a number of Arabic andPersian letters have been added to accommodate words, having originated from these languages.Letter ‘bh’ representing Nagari (# was also included to accommodate certain Sanskrit words,

commonly used by Kashmiris. Devanagari-Kashmiri did not receive any official patronage but itcontinued to be used by Kashmiri Pandits as a medium of writing.

Post 1990 period presents a totally different picture with respect to development of

Devanagari script for Kashmiri language. After the exodus, community magazines throughoutIndia started flourishing with inputs in Devanagari-Kashmiri. But there was one lacuna. Everywriter used his own way of writing. There was no coordination and no conformity in writing. TheKoshur Samachar , assumed central importance in this regard. It used a set of diacritical marksto indicate vowels peculiar to Kashmiri language, with the Nagari letters. In order to modify andupgrade the script further, discussions took place at various places and at various levels, whereone thing was clear. There was a dire need to standardise the script by devising uniformity in themarks and symbols used.

In December 1995, a committee of the editors of Koshur Samachar (New Delhi), KashyapSamachar (Jammu) and the Secretary of the Vikalp (Delhi), met and after detailed discussion,agreed on adopting the following symbols for three pairs of vowels in the fashion denoted against

each:-

Avagraha $ $ ) as in $%)* (Eye)

Ardhachandra $ as in $+,-# (Line)

as in $$./+ (Cold)

Apostrophe $$ 0 as in $1#02 (Twelve)

as in $+302

(Flame)

as in $$4#302 (Hill)

This exercise led to the standardisation of the script to a great extent. It also enabled writers,some of whom were not previously interested in writing Kashmiri in Devanagari script due to itsshortcomings, to make valuable contribution to the language. Still, the linguistic experts were not




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satisfied, and wanted more work to be done to upgrade the script by further modifying thesymbols and diacritical marks, to suit requirements of our language.

Northern Regional Language Centre, Central Institute of Indian Languages, (Ministry ofHRD, Deptt. of Secondary and Higher Education, Govt. of India), Patiala, took lead in thisdirection and conducted various seminars and workshops for about 2 years, in which renowned

linguists and software experts took part. The Centre, under the leadership of Shri Roop KrishenBhat, organised another workshop from 20th July 2002 to 4th August 2002 at Jammu, to finalisethe script and produce necessary Primer and Reader for the language. The experts who wereconnected with introducing modified symbols and diacritical marks and finalisation of the script,included Dr. S.N.Bhat Haleem, Dr. S.S.Toshakhani, Dr. O.N.Kaul, Prof H.K.Kaul, Prof. C.L.Sapru,Prof. R.L.Shant, Dr. S.N.Raina, Dr. R.K.Bhat and Dr. R.N.Bhat. It may be mentioned that ShriM.K.Kaw, the then Secretary, Education, Govtt. of India, also showed keen interest in devisingthis material in the interest of the Kashmiri language.

Following changes have been made by the above Expert Committee in the prevalentNagari-Kashmiri Alphabet:

1. Avagraha is replaced by Ardhachandra !

2. Combination of , is replaced by ##

3. Combination of $$/ is replaced by #

4. Combination of 30 is replaced by ## # # #"#

# 5. Combination of #30 is replaced by ## # # " " #

#

# As a consequence, the Standardised Alphabet for the Devanagari-Kashmiri will be:

Vowels:

!" !#" ! " ! !" !$" !$#" %" %& " '" (" )" *" * "" *+" !$+" !$ "" !$," !-

" . and / are considered vowels when they represent second members of a Conjunct.The Anusvara ( -) occurs in Kashmiri words only as a compendium scripturæ for a nasal before a

consonant of the same class. For example 156#78 can be written as 156#&8 in Kashmiri.

Visarga (9

) does not find any place in Kashmiri.

Consonants:

The set of Consonants is almost the same as that in Hindi, with the following exceptions:




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i) Kashmiri has no aspirated sonants like :#"$;"$


10/84



$ S$+S$IS$ $

$ VS$WS$2$

$ X

Since HR$and$*R have no equivalents in English alphabet, we have used ts and tsh, as

introduced by Sir Grierson, to represent them in Indo-Roman character.

In Roman characters, the linguists have generally been denoting H by c and*$by ch.

We will however, as we are used to, denote H$by ch and *$by chh.

In this book, we have also explained the phonetic difference in Y & # "$Z!$ "1 and $- . $

& $ "$Z' "[, which are often confusing, for the purpose of correct pronunciation of words, asillustrated hereunder:

+P U

$ rôph (silver) AP I$ dêl (bark)

$

+# "U róph (darning) A"2 déh (body)

Many scholars are of the view that \ and ]$cannot begin a word in Kashmiri and $ $is

always prefixed to these sounds when they occur in such a position. As a result, ùnt becomeswùnth and úpày becomes wópày in Kashmiri. The Käshír Dictionary of the J&K Academy of Art

Culture and Languages, however contains Kashmiri words like útní-balàyí-tút, úkû låthûr ,

úhryúnd, ùtrû, ùr i-nû-yùr i, alongwith the words from other languages, like újrath, uftàdû, ùnìetc. commonly used by Kashmiris. We have, in this book, not only used such words, but alsoincluded some more in use now.

Since the dialect of Kashmiri language differs from place to place ( like 2 & 2$ ", 3/- &

3/4.5 , !$6 & !$/76 $and so on), we have tried to adhere to the dialect prevalent in the city

of Srinagar (except where necessary for the sake of illustration or otherwise), as adopted by J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in compiling Käshír Dictionary in Persio-Arabic script.

M. K. RainaMumbai, September 09, 2003 Neelam Trakru




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SSS y y ymmmbbbooolllsss aaannnddd A A Abbbrrreeevvviiiaaatttiiiooonnnsss

Letters, Symbols and Abbreviations used in this book, to denote words

in Indo-Roman characters

Letter or as pronuncedSymbol in

a sar W+ (lake)

å ånz $ %"&QR (swan)

kåts$

4"HR (how many)

ä där$

A#"+ (window)

à yàr $ #+ (friend)

û bû$

1 (I, me)

æ æb $ '31$Z%#"1[ (fault)

hæbúngû 2^1,> (dumbstruck)

au aushad %#^VA (medicine)

g auv >#^ (> ) (went)

ê rêth$ +P G# (month)

è dèg$

A3>

(cauldron)

é déh $ A "2 (body)

ì sìr $ W_+ (brick)

í sír $ `W+ (secret)i våli $ "a P (quickly)

ô môkh b -# (face)

ò mòr$

?#3+ (peacock)

ó dór$

A#

"

+

(hard) ù mùl $ ?/I (root)

ú kúl $ 4,I (tree)

ü tür $ . + (cold)

ch chày H# (tea)




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chh chhàn *#B$ (carpenter)

d dàn $ A#B (hearth)

d 0 d 0akh 8-# (support)

t tìr$

._+

(arrow)

th thôkh G -# (sputum)

t R t R Rìn $ T_B (tin)

t 0h t R 0òt R 0h T#3E (dear)

ts ts û $ cR# (you)

tsh tshày *# (shadow)




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Section - 1

Introduction to Nagari - Kashmiri alphabet




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15/84



CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr --- 111

Vowels Symbols in Nagri-Kashmiri

$

% ð

used only as the first letter of a word

as in$%-#$akh (one)"$%G# $athû (hand)

$

%"$ ð writen as %"$ when first letter of a word

as in$%"*$åchh (eye), %"8$åd (half) $

$ ð

written as$$

when not first letter of a word$

$

HR"+

$

ts år (sparrow),$

A"Q

R$

dåz (burned)

% $ ð written as$% when first letter of a word,

as in%

2

d$

ûhûdi (enemy / chasers)

ð written as$$when not first letter of a word,$

as in$>

+$

gûr (sudden display of energy)"$$ $

1 $bû (I, me),$-# +$Khûr (slip)

%

$ ð

written as$%

$

when first letter of a word,

as in%

EP

üt Rhi (eight times)$

$ % `E?

üt Rhím (eighth)

ð written as$ when not first letter of a word,$

as in$4

e P$

küti (how many ?)"$.

+$

tür (cold)

$$

$

$

$

$




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%#$ ð

written as%#$


as in%#V

$àsh (hope)"$%#-#

$àkh (mark),$$$ $

%# ,+$àvúr (busy)

ð

written as$#$

when not first letter of a word,

as in$Q#B$ jàn (good)"$ #+$vàr (day),$$

$ .#U$tàph (sunny)$

$

%#"$ ð written as$%#"$when first letter of a word,

as in%#"V$

äsh (enjoyment)"$%#"+$

är (plum),$$ $ $

%#"W

$äs (mouth)

ð

written as$#"$

when not first letter of a word,$

as in$A#"+$där (window)"$2#"+$(här) (maina),$$ $ $

I#"+$lär (cucumber)$

$

f$ ð

written as$f$


as in fQ#QRG#$íjàzath (permission)"$$

$ fVT#?

$ísht Ràm (stamp paper)

ð

written as$`$when not first letter of a word,$ $

as in$`A .#$dívtà (devta)"$$

$ `1.,+$

bítúr (capacity),$`1H#3+$

bíchòr (helpless)$

$

f@$ ð

written as$f@$


as inf@?#B

$

ìmàn (faith)"$

f@g +

$

ìshvar (God)

ð

written as$_$


as in$W_+$

sìr (brick)"$V_B

$shìn (snow),$$

$ ._+$tìr (arrow) $




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$ $

\$ ð written as$\$when first letter of a word,

as in\Q+G#$

újrath (wages) "$$

$ \U.#A

$

úphtàdû (ignored),$

$ \IUG#$

úlphath (love)

ð

written as$,$


as in$ ,*$vúchh (see)"$4+,B$karún (to do),$$ $ $

2>,+$hagúr (wheel)$

$

]$ ð written as$]$when first letter of a word,

as in].+

$

ùtrû (day before yesterday),

] @$B

$ / @$

ùr i nû yùr i (not well, not in senses)

ð

written as$/$


as in$W/+$ sùr (ash)"$+/A$$rùd (rain),$$

$ 4/B$kùn (corner), hR#/B$zùn (moon)$

$

i

$

ð

written as$

i$


as in i "M P$réshi (rishi), ij 3A$rígvèd (Rigved)

ð

written as$L$


as in $FL.-#$pratakh (divorce, expulsion), $$ $

.LMB#$tréshnà (greed)$

$

$

$

$

$

$




18/84



'$ ð

written as$'$

when first letter of a word,$

as in$'`.+#QR

$ètíràz (objection)

ð

written as$3$


as in$?3-#

$mèkh (nail)"$2I3I

$halèl (yellow myrobalan),$$

?3E$mèt Rh (head coolie)

$

'"$ ð written as$' "$when first letter of a word,$

as in$'"2W#B$éhsàn (favour)

ð

written as$ "$when not first letter of a word,$

as in$

+

"

2

$

réh (flame)"$

"

`I

$

yélí (when),$

$$ $

A"2$déh (body)

$

'3$ ð written as$'3$when first letter of a word,$

as in$'31$Z%#"1[$

æb (defect)

ð

written as$^$


as in$

^4,E

$

vækúntR

0h (heaven),$

$ 2^1,>

$

hæbúngû (dumb struck) $

$

%#3

$

ð

written as$%#3$


as in$%#3W$òs (was), %#3?$òm (raw), $

$ %#3I, $òlúv (potato), %#31+P $òbróy (respect),

ð written as$#3$when not first letter of a word,$

as in$>#3-#$gòkh (went)"$?#3+$mòr (peacock),$$$ $

%F#3+$

apòr (other side)$

$

$




19/84



%#

"

$ ð

written as$%#

"

$


as in$%#

"

B

$ón (blind), $%#

"

+

$ ór (good), $

$ %# "*R$ óts h (frail)

ð

written as$#

"

$


as in$># "*R$ góts h (wanted)" A# "I$dól (lower part of pheran),$$

- # "I$khyól (flock) $

$

%#^$ ð written as$%#$̂when first letter of a word,$

as in$%#^QR#+$

auzàr (instrument),$

$

%#^VA

$aushad (medicine)

ð

written as$#^$


as in$>#^$gau (went),$$

$ H#k-# +,B$chaunkhûrún (to shrivel up)#

$

%&$$ ð

Written as%&


$ as in$%&>$ang (part)"$$

ð

written as$&$


as in?&QR$

manz (in),$QR&>$

zang (leg)

$

$ ð when second member of a conjunct

as in$+P G#$

rêth (month)"$$

$ 4

e P

$küti (how many),$._e P

$tìti (so many)

$

$

ð

when second member of a conjunct

as in$j +$gôr (guru)"$- +$khôr (foot),$$

$ b I$môl (cost)




20/84



CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr – – – 222

Using nusvara (

$&

)

$

%$

& $&

$

ð

written as$

%$

when first letter of a wordas in$%&A$and (end), $

$ %&A#hR# $andàzû (approximation)

ð

written as$$

when not first letter of a word)

as in$1&A

$band (closed),

&A $vandû (winter)

$

%"$

& $&

$

ð

written as$

%

when first letter of a word)as in$

%lQR

$ånz (swan)

%lQ_+$ånjìr (fig)

ð written as$ when not first letter of a word)

as in$1l̀ AV$båndísh (restriction),

+l>_B$

rångìn (coloured)

%

$

&$&

$

ð

written as$

%$

when first letter of a word,as in %&2Y+#+ $ ûnh-ràray (to groan)

ð

written as$&$


as in$.,2

&QR$

túhûnz (yours)

%

$

&$&$ ð

written as$%&$


as in % &cR# 2YF &cR# 2$üntsûh-püntsûh (make excuses,

to be in a fix) ð

written as $&$when not first letter of a word,$

as in 4 &m P$4"T$künsi kåt R (younger female child)

$

$




21/84



%#

&$&$ð

written as$%#$


as in$%#&H#+

$ànchàr (pickle)

ð written as$#$when not first letter of a word, $

$

as in-##&A+

$

khàndar (marriage)$

%#"$

& $&$ð

written as$%#$


as in$%#lE$äntRh (stone of the fruit)

ð written as$#$when not first letter of a word,

as in$>#lE$gänt Rh (kite) $

f$

&$&

$ ð written as$f$


as in$f&QB$

ínjan (engine)

ð

written as$n$


as in$nF> $ píngû (a kind of millet)

f@$

&$&

$

ð

written as$f$

when first letter of a word,$$

$ as in$foE$ìnt Rh (a game of marbles)

ð

written as$p$when not first letter of a word,$$

$

as in$Fpe P$

pìnti (tiny pieces)

$

\$&$&$ ð written as$\$when first letter of a

word,$as in$\&>*R$úngats h (a cutting tool)

ð

written as$$

when not first letter of a word,$$

$ as in$4,QR$ kúnz (key)

$

]$&$&$ ð written as$]$when first letter of a word,

as in$]&c#YB_H$

ùnch-nìch (high and low in society,

ups and downs) ð written as $when not first letter of a word,$

as inI/E$

lùntR R

0h (the edge of a garment)




22/84



$

'$

&$&$

(not first letter of a word)

ð written as $q$

as in$

rq-#

$

krènkh (gem)

'"$&$&$ (not first letter of a word)

ð written as $ " &$

as in$4

"

&2$

kénh (something)$

$

'3$&$&$ (not first letter of a word)$

ð written as$k$

as in$1kW"+_$Z1&W"+_[$

bænsürì$

(flute)

%#3$

&$&$ð

written as %#qq$


as in$%#q.$ #q.$

ònt wònt (depth)

ð

written as #q$


as in $V#qE$ shònt R R 0h (dry ginger)

$

%#

"

$

&$&$ð

written as $%#

"

&$


as in$%#

"

&>

Q

$ óngûj (finger)

ð written as # " &$when not first letter of a word,

as in$QR# " &>$ zóng (fire)

%#^$&$&$not first letter of a word$

ð written as #k as in$H#k-# +,B$chaunkhûrún (to shrivel up)




23/84




Consonants in Nagri-Kashmiri $

4

as in$4I,V

$

kalúsh (kalash)$

$ 4#3?$

kòm (tribe, race),$4F,+$

kapúr (cloth)$

$

-#$

as in$%-#$

akh (one)S$-#1+$

khabar (news),$$ $ $

-#I$khal (threshing floor)$

$

>$

as in$>#T,I$

gàtR

úl (wise)S$$

$ s#>#V

$

pràgàsh (moonshine),$

A#>

$

dàg (stain) $

H$

as in$H_+$

chìr (wring)S$4#3H

$

kòchû (lane),$$ $ $

F#`H

$pàchí (trotters)

$

*$

as in$*#B$

chhàn (carpenter)S$$

$ ,*$vúchh (see),$13*,B$bèchhún (to beg)

$

Q$ as in$Q #B$ jawàn (young), $ # "Q$ vój (rain water

falling from the eaves of a house)

HR

$ as in$cR 8$

$ts êd (patience)S$$

$ ?HR+$ mats ar (madness), $

$ HR#q>$$ts òng (earthen lamp)

*R

$

as in$

>*R

$

gatsh (go)S$

$

$ *RP . $tsh êtû (extinguish)$

$

$




24/84



$

QR$ as in$QR#B$zàn (knowledge)S$$

$ 1#QR+$

bàzar (market)$

$

T

$ as in$T?#T+

$tR

amàtR

ar (tomato),$$

$ Tq>$t R 0èng (hillock),$%#3T$òt 0R (flour)

E$ as in$ ,E$wútR 0h (lip)S$E#B $ t Rhànû (lid),$$

$ E>$t R 0hag (cheat), V3E$shèt R 0h (sixty)

$

8$ as in$8-#$d 0akh (support)S$ 8$ yad 0 (belley),

$

8#&1

$

d 0ànb (deceptive posture)$$

.$ as in$.#-#$tàkh (odd number)S$$

$ .-#W_+$

takhsìr (fault),$%.I#W$

atlàs (satin)

$

G#$

as in$ G#$

vath (way)S$+#G#$

ràth (night, yesterday),

FG#+$

pathar (floor)

$

A$ as in$A#"+$där (window, beard),$$

$ ?AA$

madad (help),$+#A$

ràd (length of cloth or garment)

$

B$

as in$A#B$

dàn (hearth, gift in charity)S$$

$ B#1A$

nàbad (sugar candy),$AB$

dan (wealth)

$

F

$

as in$

FQR+

$

pazar (truth)S$

4F,+

$

kapúr (cloth),$

$ $ $

F#3>$pòg (destruction)

$

U$

as in$+U.#+$

raphtàr (speed)S$$

$ `U+B$

phíran (turn upside down)




25/84



$

1$ as in$+1$rab (mud)S$`1WI# $bíslày (fishing rod),$$

+1#1$

rabàb (rabab - a musical instrument)

$

?$

as in$>?$

gam (grief)S$?#

"

.$

mót (mad),$$

$ ?W$

mas (hair)

$

$

(When not second member of a conjunct)

as in$ 3+$yèr (wool), `? #B$míyàn (sheath),$$ $ $

4Q#$yakjà (together)

$

+$

$ as in$B#+

$nàr (fire)S$%+A#2

$ardàh (eighteen),$$

+#V$ràsh (sign of zodiac),

s#"Q$

präj (chopped straw),

t#qE$

drònt 0R

h (hardened)

$

I$ as in$QR#I$zàl (net)S$I#3I$lòl (passionate love, affection),$%+.I$

artal (gold or silver foil)

$

$ (When not second member of a conjunct)

as in$ #E$vàt R R 0h (union, act of joining)S$$

$ ? I$

maval (cockscomb, amaranth)$

$

V$

as in$FV$

pash (roof)S$ ,VB3+$

vushnèr (warmth)

$

W

$

as in$

W#3B

$

sòn (our)S$

$

$ W #W

$ vasvàs (perturbation)

$

2

$ as in$%2#34

$ahòk (central pivot of the millstone)"$$

4#2 "T$kàhvåt 0 R (touchstone)




26/84



$

X

$ as in$X

"$tré (three)S$X#?

$tràm (copper)




27/84




Consonants forming Conjunct with the vowels

$

# and $

While joining a consonant with built-in prop (dåndì) like $4S$1S$US$.$etc. with vowels $

and to form a conjunct, either its prop (in case of unbalanced letter like 1 & .) or last

leg of the portion to the right of its prop (in case of a balanced letter like 4$&$U) is

removed as illustrated below. Consonants without a prop like *S$TS$ES$+S$2$etc. are

attached with Halant when joined with $ $ and $

Conjuncts with

#$

$

u $as in$$ u #2$ kyàh (what)

- $ as in$$ - # "B$ khyón (to eat)

j $

as in$$ j $

gêv (ghee)

c

$as in$$ c G#

$ZHG#[ chêth (chath) (having drunk)

*P $as in$$ *P #$Z*#[$ chhyà (chhà) (is she? are they?)

h $as in$$ ?3h #3 $Z?3Q#3 [$mèjyòv (mèjòv)(having got)

cR

$

as in$

$ cR 8

$

ts êd 00 (patience)

*RP

$as in$$ *RP U

$ tshêph (in hiding)

hR $ as in $ hR $ zêv (tongue)

TP $ as in$$ TP -#$ t R 0êkh (a mere drop)

EP $as in$$ 4#"EP $ kät 0 Rhi (riding saddle)

8P $as in$$ 8P 4 $ d 0êkå (forehead)

e

$

as in$

$ e b1

+

$

têmbûr (spark)

G

$ as in$ G 4,B$

thêkún (to boast)

AP $ as in$$ AP IZdI[$ dêl (husk,peel,bark)

v $ as in$$ v # $ nyày (dispute)

w $ as in$$ w # $ pyàv (natal)




28/84



x $ as in$$ x I$ phêl (boil)

y $

as in$$ y #-#$

byàkh (next)

b

$ as in$$ b &hR#,+

$ mênzúr (timber merchant)

+P

$

as in$

$ +P -#

$

rêkh (bird’s dropping)$

a $ as in$$ a -#$ lêkh (invective)$

z $ as in$$ z G#$ vêth (river Vitasta)

g

as in$ g #?$Zg##?[$shyàm (sham) (dark coloured)

m

$ as in$$ m

$ sêy (bunch of maggots)

2P

$ as in$$ 2P G#Z{G#[

$ hêth (having taken along)

Combinations given here are only for illustration. The sounds of "# "$ and

g

%

are palatal sounds. It is not necessary to use & with these letters to indicate the

palatalization.

Conjuncts with

$

u $as in$ u 4,+$ kôkúr (cock) $

- $

as in$$ - +$

khôr (foot) $

j $

as in$$ j 8$

gôd 0R

(ankle) $

$

c $

as in$ c v P$

chôni (sound made by a slap)

*P

$as in$$ *P -#

$ chhôkh (rinse)

h $ as in$$ h $ jôy (stream)

cR

$

as in$ cR F#3+

$

ts ôpòr (all four directions) *RP $

as in$$ *RP -#$

tshôkh (being half burnt)

hR $

as in$$ hR I$

zôl (foundation trench)

TP $

as in$$ TP 1,+$

tR

0ôbúr (an eating bowl)

EP $as in$$ EP I$ tR 0hôl (blow with the head)$




29/84



8P $as in$$ 8P -#$ d 0ôkh (bend, uneven)

e $

as in$$ e ̀ 2$

tôhí (to you, by you)

G

$ as in$$ G W

$ thôs (distress, fatigue)

AP

$

as in$

$ |A

$

dôd (milk) $

v $ as in$$ v V$ nôsh (bride) $

w $ as in$$ w U$ pôph (father’s sister)

x $

as in$$ x I,B$

phôlún (to blossom)

y $

as in$$ y ̀*$

bôchhí (hunger)

b $ as in$$ b -#$ môkh (face)

} $ as in$$ } A $ yôdvay (if)

+P

$

as in$

$ +P U

$

rôph (silver)$

a $ as in$$ a 4,T$ lôkút R 0 (younger, small)$

z $

as in$$ z G#$

vôth (stand up)

g

$ as in g &>Z~&>[$ shông (sleep)

m $ as in$$ m $ sôy (common nettle)$

2P $as in$$ 2P -# $ hôkhû (dried, parched)




30/84




Using

rdhachandra

! Z%"[

$

%"*$$ åchh (eye)$

%"8$$

åd 0 (half)

%lQRR$$

ånz (swan)

4"HR

$$ kåts (how many)

4"`.Q$$ kåtíj (swallow)

4"`?W$$ kåmís (whom)

4"?_B

$$

kåmìnû (mean)

>"`*RB$$ gåtshín (let go)

>"+$

går (watch)

>"+_1_$

gårìbì (poverty)

QR"?_B

$$ zåmìn (land)

."?_QR$$ tåmìz (manners)

."2"+

$$

tåhår (yellow rice) A"QR$$ dåz (burnt)

A"+$$ dår (hard)

F"`+B$$

pårín (let read)

1kW"+_S$1&W"+_$$

bansårì (flute)

?"*

$$ måchh (fly)

I"+

$$ lår (house)

"+$$

vår (a concoction of rice, condiments etc.)




31/84




Using

"

and

rdhachandra

#! $%#!&

$

4#"v P$$ käni (one eyed)

4#"`U+$$

käphír (infidel)

4#"+$$

kär (neck)

4#"I_B$$

kälìn (carpet)

4#"`WA

$$ käsíd (messenger)

-##"I_$$ khälì (empty)

Q#"`2I

$$

jähíl (ignorant) A#l., $$

däntúv (made of ivory)

.#" _Q R$$

tävìz (amulet)

A#"B$$

dän (pomegranate)$

A#"+$$ där (window)

T#"E$$ t 0 Rät 0 Rh (dear)

F#" @QR#B$$

pär izàn (knowledge)

1#"`+ #

$$

bäriyà (wife)

?#"U_

$$ mäphì (pardon)

F#"+ @

$$ yapär i (this side)

I#"+$$ lär (cucumber)

#"Q$$ väj (ring)

2#l4I$$ hänkal (chain)

2#"`WI$$

häsíl (outcome)




32/84




Using $% &' & " $% "&

$

4"A I$ kådûl (bridge) 4I $ kalû (head)$

-# +$ khûr (slip) j 8 $ gôdû (first)$

cR#,$ ts û (you) T -#$ t Rûkh (run)

A,W $ dúsû (a type of shawl)

FB

v P

panûni

(own) ?

WI

$

mûslû (skin)

1 $ bû (I, me ) z I $ vólû (come)

-.

H

$$ vakhtûch (of the time) #+

Y #+

$ vàrûvàrû (slowly)

$

$ $ 4"b PW&QR$$ kåmisûnz (whose )$

$ $ .,2&QR$$ túhûnz (yours)

.W&QR$$ tasûnz (his/her)




33/84




Using ! $% !&' & ! " $% ! "&

4

e P$

küti (how many)$ -#

?

$

khümû (tent)$

.

+$

tür (cold) $ A

FY?#I#$

düp màlà (deep mala)$

W

e P$

süti (alongwith)

$

F &̀ cR#?, F &cR ,?$$pünts ím, pünts yúm (fifth )

F &c R P

-F#&c R # $ pünts i-pànts ûvay (all the five)

4 &m P

-4"T$ künts i kåt R (younger female)

-# &- #$ khünkh (one who speaks through nose)

>

&>E

$ güngath (veil)$$$

T

&u P

$ tR

ünki (coins)

.

&e P$4#

"

+

$ tünti kór (catgut)




34/84




Using " and # "

$

* "$$ chhé (is) 4 " &2$$ kénh (something)

. "`I$$ télí (then) + "2$$ réh (flame)

"

`I

$$ yélí (when)

$

4#

"

+

$$ kór (did) HR#

"

I

$$ ts ól (ran away)

QR#

"

+

$$ zór (deaf) G##

"

m P

$$thósi (lumps)$

A#

"

+$$

dór (hard) F#

"

Q R$$

póz (true)

1#

"

A$$

bód (bundle) W#

"

B$$

són (deep)

W#

"

?$$

sóm (level) 2P #

"

+$$

hyór (upstairs)




35/84




Difference in Pronunciation of words when

using vowels ( and #$)&

$

%w +$ apêr (flippancy)$

4,v +$$ kúnêr (loneliness)$

*RP F *RP U$tshêpûtshêph (keep hiding)

hR I$

zêl (upper layer)

AP I

$$ dêl (bark, skin)

1,Q+$$ bújar (old age)

b

$$

mê (me)

b &hR#,+$$ mênzúr (timber merchant)

+P I

$$ rêl (piece)

z W$$ vês (girl friend)

m -#$$ sêkh (sand)

m QR+$$$sêzar (straightness)

.

"

`I$$

télí (then)$ $

A

"

2

$$

déh (body)

1"`B$$ béní (sister)

152$$

bréh (flame)

"

`I$$

yélí (when)$ $

+

"

2

$$ réh (flame)$ $

I "Q$$ léj (earthen pot)

"`Q15#3+$$ véjíbròr (name of a place - Bijbehara)$

"

2

$$

véh (poison)

W

"

u ,I

$$ sékyúl (sandy)

W•2$$ sréh (wetness)




36/84




Difference in Pronunciation of words when

using vowels $ and " " %&" "'

$

- +$ khôr (foot)$$ -## "+$$ khór (scald headed)

j +$

gôr (guru) $ >#

"

+$$

gór (made or moulded)

|A

$ dôd (milk) $A#

"

A

$$ dód (burnt)

+P U$ rôph (silver)$$ +# "U$$ róph (darning)

m +$ sôr (sound)$$ W# "+$$ sór (remembered)

b E$

môtR

0h (fist)$$ ?#

"

E$$

mót 0R

h (forgotten)

m B

$

sôn (gold)

$

W#

"

B

$$

són (deep) y A$ bôd (intelligence)$$1# "A$$ bód (bundle)

u I$$ kôl (stream)$$ 4# "I$$ kól (dumb)

cR I$

ts ôl (temporary hearth)$$ $

HR#

"

I$$

ts ól (ran away)

8P -#$$ d 0ôkh (bend, uneven)

8# "-#$$ d 0Rókh (support)

hR I

$

zôl (drowsiness)$$

QR#

"

I

$$

zól (foundation-trench) j B

$ gôn (quality)$$>#

"

B

$$ gón (fold, compact)




37/84



Section - 2

Words Sentences




38/84






39/84




Identifying Vowels Symbols - I

$

"$Z%[S$#$Z%#[S$#$Z%#[S$`$Zf[S$_$Zf[

$

$

%W,B$ asún (laughter) %"`8Q$$ ådíj (bone)

%#&>,B$ àngún (compound) %#F+,B$$ àprún (to feed)

fQ#QRG#$ íjàzath (permission) f@Q#A$$ ìjàd (invent)

4#"`WA$$ käsíd (messenger)$$4#2$ kàh (eleven)$

-##"`2V

$

khähísh (wish)`-#+

$

khír (kheer) $

>"B_?G#$ gånìmath (godsend) $ >#lE gäntR 0h (kite) $ $$

E"`>I

tR

0hågíl (cheating)."?_QR$$

tåmìz (manners)$$

.#"+

$ tär (delay)A"{,?

$$ dåhyúm (tenth)$$$$

A"I_I

$$ dålìl (story)A# @I

dàrêl (bearded)$ $$

`B+#2#+

$ níràhàr (foodless)B"v P

$ nåni (naked)$ $$

B#v P

$ nàni (grandmother)U#"QR

$ phäz (grace) $ $$

1#-#

$$

bàkh (weeping aloud) $

1#"V

bäsh (similarity) ?4#"

$$ makäy (maize)

?,+_A

$ múrìd (disciple)+_G#

$ rìth (custom)$

I#"+$

lär (cucumber)"4_I$

våkìl (lawyer)

#"Q$

väj (ring)#"`+W$

värís (heir)




40/84



CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr – – – 222

Identifying Vowels Symbols - II

##

%

%

'

' %

%

!'

' %

%

'

' ( %

%

!'

$

1T $$ bat R Rû (Kashmiri Pandit) $

. +$ tür (cold) $$$

4 &W$ küns (younger female)$$$$$$

8_U +$$ d 0 Rìphûr (small gathering) $$

4G#

4G#

$$

kathûkath (gossip)$$$

y 8 B# ,B

bôdûnàvún (to dip)

V/1

+,B$$

shùbûrún (beautify)$$$

+

HR+$$

rûts ar (well being) $

>#>

+$$

gàgûr (a metal pitcher)

4"b PW

&QR

kåmisûnz (whose ?)

-#

&hR#,B

khûnzún (to pluck feathers of a bird)

`IF

+$

lípûr (truant)

"._+ $ våtìrû (conduct)

W e $ süti (along)




41/84




Identifying Vowels Symbols - III

$

,$Z\[S$$$$Z\[S$$$$Z][S$$$$Z][S$

$

$

,>,B

vúngún (to howl)$$$$$$$$ $

4,QR

kúnz (key)$

>,+,W$$

gúrús (buttermilk)

Q/ @$

jùr i (couple, pair)

4/Q

$

kùnj (corner)$$$

%QR+ ,B azarvún (feel jealous) $

*8,B

chhad 0ún (let go) $$$ $ $

*#&T,B$ chhànt R 0ún (pick)

/E$ vùnt 0 Rh (camel)$

1,2,+

búhúr (vendor of spices and herbs)

,4,+

$$

vúkúr (unfortunate)




42/84




Identifying Vowels Symbols – IV

$

) %

'

'

'%

'

'

'%

'

'" "$%%#'' # %%#'' #$%%#'' Y S$Y $

u 4,+

$ kôkúr (cock)HR#

"

F

$ ts óp (bite)

t#

"

>$

dróg (dear)$ Q

"

Q_+

jéjìr (hookah)

v #

"

?$

nyóm (lemon)$$$$ HR#3+$

ts òr (four)

E34

$

tR

hèkû (contract)W/x P$

sùphi (sufi)$

AP #

"

I

dyól (a kind of soft grass)

%#

"

>,B

$

ógún (fire) $$$

$$ %#

"

V

ósh (tear)

1,Q+$

bújar (old age) 15E

brètR

h (stupid)

Vq-#

shènkh (conch) y `*$$ bôchhí (hunger)$

*R @+$$ ts harêr (emptiness) $$Q#z A$$ jàvênd (caraway)

B

"

H, $$

néchúv (son)v /+$

nyùr (meadow)

v 1+

nêbar (out){#

"

B$

hyon (to take)

{8,+

$$

hêdúr (mushroom)$ Bz +

navêr (newness)m A,B$

sêdun (succeed) W

"

u ,I$

sékyúl (sandy)

m 4#I

sôkàl (prosperous time)

+ ̂G#

ræyath (subject) I&Q+$$ lanjar (lameness)

IqU,B

lènphún (greasiness)$ $$$

# "A,+$

vódúr (stomach, otter)

z 4#+$$ vêkàr (changes) $$$z I#?$ vôlàm (blame)




43/84




Identifying Vowels Symbols Assorted

$

134 I#"Q R_

bèkûläzì (foolishness)$

%8 "* R

ad Rûvåtsh (half open)

v -#. $ nôkhtû (point)$$

F"hR #3+$ påzyòr (truthful)

I/B

?,.$

lùnûmút (having reaped)

%F

hR # 3+

apûzyòr (liar)

I#3B

v P$

lònûvûni (wages for reaping)

y hR#, $

bêzúv (without life)

`?b ,QR$

mímyúz (mid-day meal)

%#"V

B#

äshûnàv (relative)

U"`4+# "v P$ phåk irän i (female beggar)

4I F#lG#

kalûpänth (end of a yuga)

a 4

H#+

$

lôkûchàr (childhood)

BB #3+$ nanûvòr (bare footed) $

m F#G# +$ sopàthûr (good child)

2?#"a P$ hamäli (charges of a porter)

%I

1# "v P

alûbän i (plough)

- cR#

+

$ khêts ûr (khichri)

b -#.

$

môkhtû (pearl)a F,B

$ lôpún (a fat and lazy fellow)

?"`V+#"` G#$ måshírävíth (having forgotten)

b 4 a #3?,.$$ môkûlyòmút (finished)

V"> B,B$ shégûnún (to become scorned)$




44/84



>lh R#

+,B$

gånzûrún (to count)

HR#

"

F#" @

$ ts ópär i (all round) $

*RP F,B

$ ts hêpún (to hide)

B"-#

+I

nåkhûral (coquettish) $

%ld

-F"- $

ånd ipåkh i (around)

4"A I$ kådûl (bridge)

B# "? +,B$

nómûrún (to bend)

2P -#

B# ,B$

hôkhûnàvún (to dry up)$ $

8#3v , $

d 0ònyúv (made of walnut wood)

."2W_IA#+

$

tåhsìldàr (tehsildar)%2&4#" @ ahankär i (proud)

&A $+#"HRB$$ vandû räts an (during winter nights)

.,I

-4.,+$ tulû-katúr (ice sheet)

1# " `4+-## "v P bäkírkhän i (bread made of butter, milk & flour)

A,2"e ,?$

dú-håtyúm (two hundredth)

B4

#3+$

nakûvòr (nostril)

1"2+,B

båhrún (to show courage)

1# "> +# ,B

bägûràvún (to distribute)

b #"v P myän i (my)

-# "A?G#>#+$$ khådmathgàr (servant)




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Simple Sentences

?$ B

$

mé van (tell me)$$

y B$ W$ bón vas (come down)

Q#B$> $

jàn gav (it is good)

c#$4W$*-#

$ ts û kús chhúkh (who are you ?)

4#.$>*-#$ kót gatshakh (where will you go ?)

4`.$%#-#$ katí àkh (where from have you come ?)

4W$%#W$

kús òs (who was he ?)

u W$%#W

kósû äs (who was she ?)?$4+$ ma kar (don’t do ?)

BS$?$` $ na, ma yí (no, don’t come)

z I$` $F+$

vólû yí par (come, read this)

v 1+$B+$

nébar nèr (go out)

A#+$?H+# $ där mûts ràv (open the window)

%Q$`*$.+$ az chhí tür (it is cold today)

4e $>*B

$

küti

gatshnay (how many do you want)%Q$*$.#U

$ az chhú tàph (it is sunny today)

B#B$u #2$*-#

$ vanàn kyà chhúkh (what are you saying ?)

4W$.$4`.$ kús tû katí (who and where ?)

j #B$+#Q$ gévàn ròz (keep singing)

1$u #2$ B

$ bû kyàh vanû (what can I say ?)

h $2# $ zév hàv (show your tongue)

.b1+$`*$H#4

$

tambûr chhi tsok (tamarind is sour)




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Practice in reading - I

$

%QR$` $ #3+$

az yí yòr (come here today)

` $`4.#1$F+$

yí kítàb par (read this book)

2,$> $+#?$Q_$

hú gav ràm jì (he is Ram ji)

u #2$*,-#$4+#B$ kyàh chhúkh karàn (What are you doing?)

4`.$*,-#$1W#B$ katí chhúkh basàn ? (where do you live ?)

2,$4,W$*,$ hú kús chhú ? (who is he ?)

W,$*,$b #3B$ #+$

sú chhú myòn yár (he is my friend) T#E#$Q_$4#.$> $ tRàthà jì kót gav ? (where did Tatha ji go?)

b $*#$-#1+$

mê chhà khabar ? (do I know ?)

V#2$Q_$*,$F4#B$ $$$

shàhjì chhú pakàn (Shah ji is coming)

4#&2$4#"?$4+$

kành käm kar (do some work)

A#3+#B$u #`QR$*,-#

dòràn kyàzí chhúkh? (why are you running?)

1

$>*R

$AU.+$

bû gatshû daphtar (I will go to office) 1 $4+$` ? $

bû kar yímû ? (when should I come ?)

z I $1. $- ? $ vôlû batû khêmav (let us eat food)

%QR$`*$%#G# #+$ az chhí àthvàr (today is Sunday)

?W.W$`A$4&>, $ mastas dí kangúv (comb the hair)

` $*,$b #3B$>+ $ yí chhú myòn garû (this is my home)

$




47/84




Practice in reading - II

cR#

$u #`QR$*,-#$E#2$E#2$4"`+G#$%W#B$

$tsû kyàzí chhúkh t 0háh t 0háh kåríth asàn

$

AF#B$+TBW$>`*R$1#B$%#W,B$ $

dapàn rat 0nas gatshí bànû àsún

$

%G#$?&QR$*,B

$4#&2$V-#$`QR$cR#

$*,-#$m E#2$.3QR$ $

ath manz chhúnû kành shakh zi tsû chhúkh sêt 0hàh tèz$

$

` ?B$>"+_1B$*,B#$`QR&A$+#3QRB,4$2-#$ $

yíman gårìban chhúnà zíndû ròznúk hakh ?$$

FB `BW$?#"`IW$?#`Q$2 &QR$>`*R$-#"A?G#$4+ v P$ $

panûnís mälís màjí hûnz gatshí khådmath karûni$

$

1#W#B$*,?$`QR$HR "$*, $B $ #3+,4$z F#B$ $

bàsàn chhúm zí tsé chhúy nû yòrúk vêpàn$

$

#`+ #2$4#I$>#3?$HR "$s#+#B$ $

vàríyàh kàl gòm tsé pràràn$

$

z I $%QR$4+ $s#"v P$F#"EP $4G##$1#G##$

$

vólû az karav präni pät 0hi kathà bàthà$

$

AF#B$+#hR# $> $` $1/̀ QRG#$m E#2$2#"+#B$

$

dapàn ràzû gav yí bùzíth sêt 0hàh häràn$

$

#.#B$ #.#B$ #"e P$`.?$%"`4W$B#>W$w E$.

$%`.$d,.,-#$G#-#$ $

vàtàn vàtàn väti tím åkís nàgas pêt 0h tû atí dyútúkh thakh

$




48/84



$

- QB$4#

"

+$?#

"

2`B` W$%#I $.

$cR#/+W$4+B#" B$I#+$ $

khôjan kór móhnívís àlav tû ts ùras karnävûn làr $

$




49/84




Practice in reading - III

` $*,$4#I

$F>#2$W#"IW$>*R#B$yí chhú kàlû pagàh sälas gats hàn$

$

%"`?W$%#`W$Q#B$>,hR##+ $. $. $*W$A#` $13`X

$

åmís àsí jàn gúzàrû tû tavay chhas dàyí bètrí$

$

4#"V,+$`*$W#"v P$?#`Q$hR $%`W$F`QR$FB v B$V, @B$W e P$%"G P$QR1#"v P$?&QR$4G#$4+ v $

käshúr chhí säni màjí zêv. asi pazi panûnên shúrên süti åthi zabäni manz

kath karûni

$

m E#2$4#I$>#3?$W#qH#B$`QR$1 $I3-# 2#"$FB v B$+m?B$.$+P #QB$w E$%-#$`4.#1 $

sêthàh kàl gòm sònchàn zí bû lèkhûhä panûnên rasman tû rêvàjan pêth akh

kítàb$

$

d#+$%#WB"$W/`. $> $B $4#&2$1#"8$b 2v , $ÀI$>`*R$1#"8$%#W,B $

dyàr àsnû sütíy gav nû kành bód môhnyúv. díl gats hi bód àsún

$

G#$A,̀ B #2W$?&QR$1`B$sG#$4#&2$H_QR$?>+$?#"Q$4`.$1`B $

yath dúníyàhas manz baní prath kành chìz magar mäj katí baní $

W,$ -# .$*,?$ #A$w #B$ "Ì$W#"`BW$`W&>Ì$FVW$%-#$%-#$>QR$QR3 `*$`VV+$>#lT $%#W $

I>#B

$

súh vakhût chhúm yàd pêvàn yélí sänís sínglí pashas akh akh gaz zèchhí

shíshar gäntû àsû lagàn$

$

`QREP B$ QRG#$4+,B$*,$a 4TP B$2,A$UQ@ $$

zíthên yêzath karún chhú lôktên húnd farûz




50/84




Practice in reading – IV

$

W,1

$w E

$V#?W$.#?$%#"m P$`.?$|V

$1#"HR$-##2W$?&QR$4#"?$4+#B$ $

súbû pêt 0hû shàmas tàm äsi tím dôshûvay bäts khàhas manz käm karàn$

$

W,} #$%#3W$+#hR# $% `v. ?@B $W &À$A+1#+,4$%-#$+". B$. $%"`? $%#"W$` .m.#$W#U$4"`+G#$

4"V_+$` `F$`B`V$1H#" ? HR$ $

súyà òs ràzû avantívarmanû sûndí darbàrúk akh råtûn tû åmíy äs vítastàsàph kåríth kåshìr vípí níshí bachävmûts

$

$

F#&8

B$2

&̀ A$ -.

$`.$*,$4"V_`+$`2vA,m.#BW$W

e $Wb1&A$%#3W,?,.$

$

pàndûvan hûndí vakhtû tí chhú kåshìrí híndústànas süti samband òsúmút$

$

1 $>#3W$` ? $4G# $1/̀ QRG#$m E#2$- V$ $ B$HR "$u #2$>`*R $` $?&>-#$`.$?3̀ I $ $

bû gòs yímû kathû bùzíth sêt 0hàh khôsh. van tsé kyàh gats híy? yí mangakh tí

mèlíy$

$

`QREP B$2 &QR$%#"2_$`*$sG#$W#. $14#+$` #B$ $`.2 &QR$>`*$F`QR$?B $W_ #$4+ v P$ $

zít 0hên hûnz ähì chhí prath sàtû bakàr yívàn. tíhûnz gatshí pazí manû sìvà

karûni$

$

4"V_`+$`*$sG#$%#"E?$.$-##W$4"`+G#$QR3E$%#"E?$|2$.,I?,Ì$À $I>#B$ $

kåshìrí chhí prath ät 0ham tû khàs kåríth zèthû ätham dôh túlmúlí dívay lagàn

$

$




51/84



Section – 3

Translation Vocabulary




52/84






53/84




Some words of daily use

English Kashmiri Roman

Above{#+

hyór

Able I# -# làyakh

Account `2W#1 hísàb

Bad-#+#1

kharàb

Below y B bôn

Blood +G# rath

Bonfire%I#

alàvBridge $$ $4AI kådûl

Broker t#I$ $ dràl

BuildingI+

lår

Busy %# + àvúr

But ?>+ magar

Child1H

bachû

Chinar 1/v P bùn i

Ceiling .#I tàlav

CityV2+

shahar

Cloth 4F+ kapúr

Colour + &>$ $ rang

Comb$$ $4>

kangúv

Cloud %# "1 , +$$ óbúr

Courage {?G# hêmath

Compound%#>B

àngúnCrowd 1_+ bìrû

Day |2 dôh

Door1+$ $

bar

Doubt V-#$ $ shakh




54/84



DuskV#?$ $

shàm

Dust >+ A$ $ garûd

Earth 1,.+#.$$$ bútràt

Excuse12#B

$ $

bahànû

False %F#Q apóz

Farmer j# 5 /W$ $ grùs

Garden1#>

bàg

Eclipse >5 ,2,B grúhún

Fast .Q tèz

Fatz #E

vyótR

h

Fever .U taph

Flower$$ $F#V

pòshFoe AV?B dúshman

Friend #+S$z W yàr, vês

Girl4+

kùr

Good Q#B jàn

Hair ?W mas

Hand%G#

athû

He W sú

Hearth A#B dàn

Hill1#I

bàl

His, her .WA tasúnd

Honey $$ $?#* màchh

HouseI"+

lår

Hope 15#&G# brànth

Hot >?@ garûm

I, me1

bûIcicle $$$ $`VV+>#lE$ shíshar-gånth

Illiterate %BF8 anpad

Is*$S$`*

chhú, chhí

Key $$$ $4Q kúnz




55/84



Ladder$$ $2+

hèr

Lake W+ sar

Lock $$$ $4IU kúlúph

Love?#

mày

Man ?A mard

Milk |A dôd

Moneyd#+$ $

dyàr

Moon h R # /B$ $ zùn

Mountain F1@G# parbath

Myb #B

myòn

Nest %#I òl

Night+#G#

ràthOld

18

búdR

û

Paper $$ $4#4Q kàkaz

PeopleI-#

lùkh

Place Q# jày

Rain + /A$ $ rùd

RiverA `+ # $$

dåríyàv

Roof FV$ $ pash

Sand $$$ $m -# sêkh

Scissorb 4+#Q

mêkràz

Snow $$ $V_B shìn

Stone $$ $4v kåni

Streamu I$ $

kôl

Sun `W` @$ $ síríyí

Tear %#V ósh

Then.`I

télíThere . .̀ tatí

They `.? tím

Thinv 4

nyúk

Time -. vakhût




56/84



Tree4I

kúl

True F#Q póz

Turf t?,B$ $ dramún

Up2 #+

hyór

Water F# 3v P pòni

We %m åsi

Were%#m

äsi

What u #2 kyàh

When 4+ kar

Where4 .̀

katí

Who 4WS$4? kús, kam

Whyu #̀ Q

kyàzíWill be

%#̀ WS$%#WB

àsí, àsan

Window $$ $A#+ där

Woman QB#B zanànû

Youc#

#

S$.#{

ts û, tóhi

Young Q #B javàn




57/84




Numbers 1 to 50

One %-#

Two hR#

Three X

"

Four HR#3+

Five F#l*RS$F#&*

Six

Seven

Eight

Nine

V "$

WG#$

%#"E$

B

Ten

Eleven

Twelve

Thirteen

Fourteen

Fifteen

A"2S$A#2$

4#2$

1#2$

X, #2$

cR A#2$

F&A#2$

Sixteen

SeventeenEighteen

Nineteen

Twenty

V,+#2$

WA#2$

%+A#2$

4,B ,2$

,2

Twentyone

Twentytwo

Twentythree

Twentyfour

Twentyfive

%4 ,2$

hR# .#3 ,2$

X# " ,2$

HR# " ,2$

F

&cR#

2$

Twentysix

Twentyseven

Twentyeight

Twentynine

Thirty

V ". ,2$

W.#3 ,2$

%E#3 ,2$

4,BX 2$

X

2




58/84



Thirtyone

Thirtytwo

Thirtythree

Thirtyfour

Thirtyfive

%4 X 2$

|` X

2$

. "` X 2$

cR ` X 2$

F#&cR#

X

2

Thirtysix

Thirtyseven

Thirtyeight

ThirtynineForty

V "` X 2$

W. X 2$

%+ X 2$

4,B.#"Q_$

HR. Q_

Fortyone

FortytwoFortythree

Fortyfour

Fortyfive

%4 .#"Q_$

|` .#"Q_$

. "` .#"Q_$

cR ` .#"Q_$

F#lcR# .#"Q_

Fortysix

Fortyseven

Fortyeight

Fortynine

Fifty

V

"

` .#"Q_$

W. .#"Q_$

%+ .#"Q_$

4,B &hR##2$

F&HR#2

$




59/84




Parts of the Body

Head

ForeheadFace

NoseNostril

4I $

8P 4

$

1,G#$

BW$

B4 #3+

Eye

Eye-brow

Eye-lash

Ear

Mouth

%"*$

1,b1$

%"*+ #I$

4B$

%#"W

Teeth

Tongue

Lip

Chin

Neck

A&A$

hR $

,E$

2P &>v P$

4#"+

Throat

larynx

Chest

Arm

Armpit

2#

"

T$

>&8,+$

W_B

$

B"+$

4*R

Wrist

Hand

Palm

FingerLittle finger

2# "HR$

%G# $

?&QRY%G#

$

%# " &> Q$

`4W

Thumb

Elbow

Shoulder

Shoulder blade

Belly

"

E$

- B

E$

x # "4$

V#B ##

8




60/84



Thigh

Waist

Leg

Knee

Foot

I&>$

4?+$

QR&>$

4# "E$

- +

Heel

Sole

Skin

BrainHeart

-#/+$

.IF# "A$

HR?$

?> QR$

#"`IvQ

Lung

Kidney

Liver

IntestinesStomach

V/V$

y 4 "T$

`Q>+$

%lA+?$

b #A

Gall Bladder

Bone

Blood

Hair

BeardMoustacheNails

._I $w # ".$

%`8Q$

+G#$

?WS$ #I$

A#"+$

>#q*R$

B?




61/84




Animals

Bear

BuffaloBull

Camel

Cat

2#F,.$

?/VS$?#lV$

A#&A$

/E$

15#3+S$15#"+

Cow

Deer

Dog

Donkey

Elephant

># $

2+B$

2/B$

-#+$

2#

"

m.

Frog

Fox

Hangul

Goat

Hare

`?v P$

w *RI#3 $

2#&>,I$

*R# QS*R# ,I$

-#+>#3V

Horse

Jackal

LionMonkey

Musk deer

>,+$

V#I$

F#A

@$W

2$

F# " &QR$

+/W

Pig

Rat

Sheep

Tiger

Wild goat

Wolf

W#3+$

>>,+$

4ES$>"1$

W 2$

?#+-##3+$

+#?

$2/B$




62/84



Birds

Bat

Cock

+#. Yr I$

u 4,+

Crow 4#

DuckHen

1.,-#$

u 4 +

Eagle

Kite

Maina

F#"QR$

>#lE$

2#"+$

Nightingale

Owl

1,I1,I$

+#. Yb >,I$

Parrot

Peacock

.#3. $

?#3+$

Pigeon

Sparrow

4#3.,+$

HR"+$

Swan

Vulture

%lQR$

>5A$

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