ken curren's steelhead evolution & diversity

29
The View from 60,000 Feet Evolution and Diversity of Steelhead Ken Currens Pacific Coast Steelhead Management Meeting 2010

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Ken Currens, Hatchery Genetics Manager for the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, gives a talk on the evolution of steelhead.

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Page 1: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

The View

from 60,000 Feet

Evolution and Diversity

of Steelhead

Ken CurrensPacific Coast Steelhead Management Meeting 2010

Page 2: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

West Africa, 1930

Things weren’t always as they are now

The present is often more interesting if we know something about the past

Page 3: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Eocene North America 55-30 Million

Years AgoBegan with rapid warming

Tropical forests in Pacific Northwest

Polar climates similar to Pacific Northwest today

Large lakes and inland seas; none of existing mountain ranges

Page 4: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

British Columbia40-50 Ma

Salmonidae already present

Eosalmo driftwoodensis

Included• Thymallinae• Coregoninae• Salmoninae

Start of long-term cooling trend

Page 5: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Continued coolingallowed dispersal

southwardLate Miocene (10-5 Ma)

The Sabertooth SalmonOncorhynchyus (Smilodonichthys) rastrosus

Page 6: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Continued coolingallowed dispersal

southward

Plio-Pleistocene (5-0.1 Ma)

Page 7: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Fossil O. australisIn Lake Chapala, Mexico

Page 8: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Distribution of western trouts in North America

about 1900 (from Behnke 1992)

Page 9: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Diversity of extant western trouts

Coastal cutthroat

Westslope cutthroat

Yellowstone cutthroat

Rio Grande cutthroat

Colorado River cutthroat

Greenback cutthroat

Mexican golden trout& undescribed trout

Apache trout

Gila trout

Rainbow trout O. mykiss

Bonneville cutthroat

Humboldt cutthroat

Lahontan cutthroat

Paiute cutthroat

Whitehorse & Alvord cutthroats

California,& Kern golden trouts

Page 10: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Extant distribution does not simply reflect colonization

to the south

Extant distribution does not simply reflect southward

colonization

Formation of mountain ranges

Shaping old rivers & creating new ones

Faulting in Basin & Range

Columbia basalts & Snake River flows

Volcanic lava floods

Glaciation

Page 11: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Extant distribution does not simply reflect colonization

to the south

Extant distribution does not simply reflect southward

colonization

Formation of mountain ranges

Shaping old rivers & creating new ones

Faulting in Basin & Range

Columbia basalts & Snake River flows

Volcanic lava floods

Glaciation

No O. mykiss in the Columbia River as recently as 70,000-

50,000 years ago

Page 12: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Extant distribution does not simply reflect colonization

to the south

Extant distribution does not simply reflect southward

colonization

Eoc

ene

Mio

cene

Olig

ocen

ePleistocene

Pliocene

23

5.3

34

2.6

Species & Subpecies of North American trout

HuchoBrachymystaxSalvelinus

OncorhynchusSalmo

Salmo Oncorhynchus

Page 13: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Two Morphologically Different Forms of

Steelhead Trout

Inland or fine-scale form with redband trout-like characteristics

Coastal form

Landlocked “redband” trout with cutthroat-like characteristics (Oncorhynchus sp.)

Page 14: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Extant distribution does not simply reflect colonization

to the south

Coastal & Inland forms thought to reflect dispersal after isolation & differentiation in glacial refuges

Page 15: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Mexican golden trout& undescribed trout

Most primitive forms of O. mykiss occur near

Gulf of California

Primitive Traits

Derived Traits

California & Kern golden trouts

McCloud redband

Upper Klamath redband

Goose Lake, Warner,& Chewaucan redbands

Fort Rock redband

Catlow Valley redband

Columbia River redbands

Coastal rainbow trout & steelhead

White River redband

Page 16: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Earliest O. mykiss evolved around the Gulf of California &

dispersed north

Gulf of California

Sacramento

San Joaquin

Klamath

?Columbia

Oregon Desert Basins

Reached Columbia River 32-50K years ago

Page 17: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Gulf of California

Sacramento

San Joaquin

Klamath

?Columbia

Oregon Desert Basins

Tahoe Glaciation 32K years ago

Glacial Lake Missoula

Upper Fraser

Puget Sound

10-15 K years ago

Page 18: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

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Columbia River

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HIntermediates?Harney (H), Catlow (I)Fort Rock (K)

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Klamath:Upper Klamath headwater (M), Upper Klamath Lake (N)Coastal Klamath mountains (Q)

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-15

Canonical Variate I

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Sacramento:Goose Lake (L), Warner Lakes (O)Chewaucan (J)

L

Page 19: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Are Extant Distributions Always About Geology?

Life-history (e.g, ability to migrate, environmental tolerance) makes a difference

What about biotic interactions?

Page 20: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Lower Klamath River

Iron Gate Dam

Jenny Creek Falls

Upper Klamath Lake

Williamson River

Sprague River

Sycan River

Trout Creek

Coast steelhead(O. mykiss irideus)

Klamath redband(O. mykiss newberrii)

Klamath River Basin

Page 21: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Lower Klamath River

Iron Gate Dam

Jenny Creek Falls

Upper Klamath Lake

Williamson River

Sprague River

Sycan River

Trout Creek

Klamath BasinOncorhynchus mykiss

sAH*112 allele

sAH* alternate alleles

Ancestral Klamath redband( unnamed subspecies)

• Isolated above barriers formed before dispersal

of coastal steehead from glacial refugia• More primitive morphology

Page 22: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Lower Klamath River

Iron Gate Dam

Jenny Creek Falls

Upper Klamath Lake

Williamson River

Sprague River

Sycan River

Trout Creek

Why Don’t the Ancestral Redband Still Occur Throughout Upper Klamath Lake Basin?

Page 23: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Lower Klamath River

Iron Gate Dam

Jenny Creek Falls

Upper Klamath Lake

Williamson River

Sprague River

Sycan River

Trout Creek

100% Resistant

100% Resistant

100% Susceptible

100% Susceptible

Intermediate resistance

Co-evolution with Diseases & Parasites

Ceratomyxa shasta

Page 24: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Lower Klamath River

Iron Gate Dam

Jenny Creek Falls

Upper Klamath Lake

Williamson River

Sprague River

Sycan River

Trout Creek

Reconnection of Upper Klamath Basin to the Pacific allowed invasion C. shasta and C. shasta resistant O. mykiss displacing earlier form

Page 25: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Sacramento

San Joaquin

Klamath

?Columbia

Oregon Desert Basins

Glacial Lake Missoula

Upper FraserPuget

Sound

Steelhead life-history contributed to greater O. mykiss diversity

than often recognized

Page 26: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Sacramento

San Joaquin

Klamath

?Columbia

Oregon Desert Basins

Glacial Lake Missoula

Upper FraserPuget

Sound

Basins now isolated from large river systems played key roles in

the evolution of steelhead

Page 27: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Sacramento

San Joaquin

Klamath

?Columbia

Oregon Desert Basins

Glacial Lake Missoula

Upper FraserPuget

Sound

Large river systems were more important than glaciation in

diversity of O. mykiss

Glacial refuges & dispersal

Persistence in large river systems

37%

67%

Ability to Explain Differences

Page 28: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Sacramento

San Joaquin

Klamath

?Columbia

Oregon Desert Basins

Glacial Lake Missoula

Upper FraserPuget

Sound

Co-evolution with diseases & parasites may help explain some

unexpected distributions of trout

Page 29: Ken Curren's Steelhead Evolution & Diversity

Fishing for Ancestral Steelhead in the Oregon Desert Basins, 1985

Things weren’t always as they are now

The present is often more interesting if we know something about the past