Kerguelen Islands 1

Kerguelen Islands

Kerguelen IslandsÎles Kerguelen

Location of the Kerguelen Islands in the Southern Ocean.

Map of Kerguelen Island.

Capital Port-aux-Français49°21′S 70°13′E49.350°S 70.217°E [1]

Official languages French

Government District of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

 -  President François Hollande

Kerguelen Islands 2

 -  Administrator Pascal Bolot[2]

 -  Head of District Jean-François Vanacker[2]

French overseas territory

 -  Discovery February 1772 

Area

 -  Total 7,215 km2

2,786 sq mi 

Population

 -  estimate around 70 (winter)around 110 (summer)

Currency Euro (EUR)

Calling code +262

Internet TLD .tf

The Kerguelen Islands (pron.: /ˈkɜrɡəlɛn/ or /ˈkɜrɡələn/;[3] in French commonly Îles Kerguelen or Archipel deKerguelen but officially Archipel des Kerguelen or Archipel Kerguelen, pronounced: [kɛʁɡeˈlɛn]), also known as theDesolation Islands, are a group of islands in the southern Indian Ocean constituting one of the two emerged parts ofthe mostly submerged Kerguelen Plateau. Among the most isolated places on Earth, they are more than 3,300 km(2,051 mi) away from the nearest civilized location. The islands, along with Adélie Land, the Crozet Islands and theAmsterdam and Saint Paul Islands are part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and are administered as aseparate district. There are no indigenous inhabitants, but France maintains a permanent presence of 50 to 100scientists, engineers and researchers.[4]

The main island, Grande Terre, is 6,675 km2 (2,577 sq mi) in area and is surrounded by a further 300 smaller islandsand islets, forming an archipelago of 7,215 km2 (2,786 sq mi). The climate is raw and chilly with frequent highwinds throughout the year. While the surrounding seas are generally rough, they remain ice-free year-round. There isno airport on the islands, so all travel and transport from the outside world is conducted by ship.

HistoryThe islands were discovered by the Breton-French navigator Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen de Trémarec on 12 February1772. The next day Charles de Boisguehenneuc landed and claimed the island for the French crown.[5]

Soon after their discovery, the archipelago was regularly visited by whalers and sealers (mostly British, Americanand Norwegian) who hunted the resident populations of whales and seals to the point of near extinction, includingfur seals in the 18th century and elephant seals in the 19th century. Since the end of the whaling and sealing era,most of the islands' species have been able to increase their population again.[6]

From 1825–1827, the British sealer John Nunn and three crew members were shipwrecked on Kerguelen.[7]

In the past, a number of expeditions briefly visited the islands, including that of Captain James Cook in 1776. In1874–1875, British, German and U.S. expeditions visited Kerguelen to observe the transit of Venus.[8]

Kerguelen Islands 3

Christmas Harbour, Kerguelens Land, dated 1811 by George Cooke.

In 1877 the French started a coal mining operation;however, this was abandoned soon after.[9]

The Kerguelen Islands, along with the islands ofAmsterdam and St. Paul, and the Crozet archipelagowere officially annexed by France in 1893, and wereincluded as possessions in the French constitution in1924 (in addition to that portion of Antarctica claimedby France and known as Adélie Land; as with allAntarctic territorial claims, France's possession on thecontinent is held in abeyance until a new internationaltreaty is ratified that defines each claimant's rights andobligations).

The German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis called at Kerguelen during December 1940. During their stay the crewperformed maintenance and replenished their water supplies. This ship's first fatality of the war occurred when asailor, Bernhard Herrmann, fell while painting the funnel. He is buried in what is sometimes referred to as "the mostsoutherly German war grave" of World War II.

Kerguelen has been continually occupied since 1950 by scientific research teams, with a population of 50 to 100frequently present.[4] There is also a French satellite tracking station.Until 1955, the Kerguelen Islands were part of the French colony of Madagascar. That same year they collectivelybecame known as Les Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) and wereadministratively part of the French Départment d`outre-mer de la Réunion. In 2004 they were permanentlytransformed into their own entity (keeping the same name) but having inherited another group of five very remotetropical islands, les îles Éparses, which are also owned by France and are dispersed widely throughout the southernIndian Ocean.Wikipedia:Please clarify

Grande Terre

Péninsule Rallier du Baty

The main island of the archipelago is calledLa Grande Terre. It measures 150 km eastto west and 120 km north to south.

The main base, the so-called "capital" of theislands, is located along the eastern shore ofthe Gulf of Morbihan on La Grande Terre at49°21′S 70°13′E49.350°S 70.217°E [10],and it is known as Port-aux-Français.Facilities there include scientific-researchbuildings, a satellite tracking station,dormitories, a hospital, a library, agymnasium, a pub, and the chapel ofNotre-Dame des Vents.

The highest point is the Galliéni Massif (Picdu Grand-Ross), which lies along thesouthern coast of the island and has an

Kerguelen Islands 4

Port aux Français

Two Brothers Mountains (Monts des Deux Frères)

Cook Glacier

elevation of 1,850 meters. The CookGlacier, France's largest glacier with an areaof approximately 403 km², lies on thewest-central part of the island. Overall, theglaciers of the Kerguelen Islands cover justover 500 km². Grande Terre has numerousbays, inlets, fjords, and coves, as well asseveral peninsulas and promontories. Themost important ones are listed below:•• Courbet Peninsula•• Péninsule Rallier du Baty•• Péninsule Gallieni•• Péninsule Loranchet•• Péninsule Jeanne d'Arc•• Presqu'île Ronarc'h•• Presqu'île de la Société de Géographie•• Presqu'île Joffre•• Presqu'île du Prince de Galles•• Presqu'île du Gauss•• Presqu'île Bouquet de la Grye•• Presqu'île d'Entrecasteaux•• Presqu'île du Bougainville•• Presqu'île Hoche

Notable localities

There are also a number of notablelocalities, all on La Grande Terre (see alsothe main map):• Anse Betsy [Betsy Cove] (a former

geomagnetic station at 49°10′S70°13′E49.167°S 70.217°E [11]), on BaieAccessible [Accessible Bay], on thenorth coast of the Courbet Peninsula. Onthis site an astronomical and geomagneticobservatory was erected on 26 October1874 by a German research expeditionled by Georg Gustav Freiherr vonSchleinitz. The primary goal of thisstation was the 1874 observation of thetransit of Venus.

• Armor (Base Armor), established in 1983forty kilometers west ofPort-aux-Français at the bottom of Morbihan Gulf, for the acclimatization of salmon to the Kerguelen islands.[12]

• Baie de l'Observatoire [Observatory Bay] (a former geomagnetic observation station at 49°21′S 70°12′E49.350°S70.200°E [13]), just west of Port-Aux-Français, on the eastern fringe of the Central Plateau, along the northernshore of the Golfe du Morbihan.

Kerguelen Islands 5

For the 1874 transit of Venus, George Biddell Airy at the Royal Observatory of the U.K. organised and equippedfive expeditions to different parts of the world. Three of these were sent to the Kerguelen Islands. The ReverendStephen Joseph Perry led the British expeditions to the Kerguelen Islands. He set up his main observation station atObservatory Bay and two auxiliary stations, one at Thumb Peak [49°31'11.8"S, 70°10'18.1"E] led by SommervilleGoodridge, and the second at Supply Bay [49°30'47.3"S, 69°46'13.2"E] led by Cyril Corbet. Observatory Bay wasalso used by the German Antarctic Expedition led by Erich Dagobert von Drygalski in 1902–03. In January 2007, anarchaeological excavation of this site was carried out.• Cabane Port-Raymond (scientific camp at 49°20′S 69°49′E49.333°S 69.817°E [14]), at the head of a fjord cutting

into the Courbet Peninsula from the south.• Cap Ratmanoff (geomagnetic station at 49°14′S 70°34′E49.233°S 70.567°E [15]), the eastmost point of the

Kerguelens.• La Montjoie (scientific camp at 48°59′S 68°50′E48.983°S 68.833°E [16]), on the south shore of Baie Rocheuse,

along the northwestern coast of the archipelago.• Molloy (Pointe Molloy), a former observatory ten kilometers west of the present-day Port-Aux-Français, along

the south coast of the Courbet Peninsula, or northern shore of the Golfe du Morbihan (Kerguelen), at 49°21′38″S70°3′50″E49.36056°S 70.06389°E [17]. An American expedition led by G. P. Ryan erected a station at this site on7 September 1874. That station was also established to observe the 1874 transit of Venus.

• Port Bizet (seismographic station at 49°31′12″S 69°54′36″E49.52000°S 69.91000°E [18]), on the northeasterncoast of Île Longue. This also serves as the principal sheep farm for the island's resident flock of Bizet sheep.

• Port Christmas (a former geomagnetic station at 48°41′S 69°03′E48.683°S 69.050°E [19]), on Baie de l'Oiseau, inthe extreme northwest of the Loranchet Peninsula. This place was so named by Captain James Cook, whore-discovered the islands and who anchored there on Christmas Day, 1776. This is also the place where CaptainCook coined the name "Desolation Islands" in reference to what he saw as a sterile landscape.

• Port Couvreux (a former whaling station, experimental sheep farm, and geomagnetic station, at 49°17′S69°42′E49.283°S 69.700°E [20]), on Baie du Hillsborough, on the southeast coast of Presqu'île Bouquet de laGrye. Starting in 1912, sheep were raised here to create an economic base for future settlement, however, theattempt failed and the last inhabitants had to be evacuated, and the station abandoned, in 1931. The huts remain aswell as a graveyard with five anonymous graves. These are those of the settlers who were unable to survive in theharsh environment.

• Port Curieuse (a harbor on the west coast across Île de l'Ouest 49°22′S 68°48′E49.367°S 68.800°E [21]). The sitewas named after the ship La Curieuse, which was used by Raymond Rallier du Baty on his second visit to theislands (1913–14).

• Port Douzième (literally Twelfth Port, a hut and former geomagnetic station at 49°31′S 70°09′E49.517°S70.150°E [22]), on the north coast of Presqu'île Ronarch, southern shore of the Golfe du Morbihan.

• Port Jeanne d'Arc (a former whaling station founded by a Norwegian whaling company in 1908, and a formergeomagnetic station at 49°33′S 69°49′E49.550°S 69.817°E [23]), in the northwestern corner of Presqu'île Jeanned'Arc, looking across the Buenos Aires passage to Île Longue (4 km northeast). The derelict settlement consists offour residential buildings with wooden walls and tin roofs, and a barn. One of the buildings was restored in 1977,and another in 2007.

From 1968 to 1981, 49°21′S 70°16′E49.350°S 70.267°E [24] just east of Port-aux-Français was a launching site forsounding rockets, some for French (Dragon rockets), American (Arcas) or French-Soviet (Eridans) surveys, but atthe end mainly for a Soviet program (M-100).[25]

Kerguelen Islands 6

The islandsThe following list the most important adjacent islands:• Île Foch in the north of the archipelago, at 49°0′S 69°17′E49.000°S 69.283°E [26], is the largest satellite island

with an area of 206.2 km². Its highest point, at 687 m, is called La Pyramide Mexicaine.• Île Howe which lies less than one kilometre off the northern coast of Ile Foch is, at ~54 km², the second most

important offlier in the Kerguelens 48°52′S 69°27′E48.867°S 69.450°E [27].• Île Saint-Lanne Gramont, is to the west of Île Foch in the Golfe Choiseul. It has an area of 45.8 km². Its highest

point reaches 480 m (48°55′S 69°12′E48.917°S 69.200°E [28]).• Île du Port, also in the north in the Golfe des Baleiniers at 49°11′S 69°36′E49.183°S 69.600°E [29], is the third

largest satellite island with an area of 43 km², near its centre it reaches an altitude of 340 m.• Île de l'Ouest (west coast, about 40 km², 49°21′S 68°44′E49.350°S 68.733°E [30])• Île Longue (southeast, about 40 km² 49°32′S 69°54′E49.533°S 69.900°E [31])• Îles Nuageuses (northwest, including île de Croÿ, île du Roland, îles Ternay, îles d'Après, 48°37′S

68°44′E48.617°S 68.733°E [32])• Île de Castries (48°41′S 69°29′E48.683°S 69.483°E [33])• Îles Leygues (north, including île de Castries, île Dauphine, 48°41′S 69°29′E48.683°S 69.483°E [34])• Île Violette (49°07′S 69°40′E49.117°S 69.667°E [35])• Île aux Rennes [also known as Reindeer Island or Australia Island] (western part of the Golfe du Morbihan, area

36.7 km², altitude 199 m, 49°27′S 69°51′E49.450°S 69.850°E [36])• Île Haute (western part of the Golfe du Morbihan, altitude 321 m, 49°23′S 69°55′E49.383°S 69.917°E [37])• Île Mayès (49°28′20″S 69°55′55″E49.47222°S 69.93194°E [38])

EconomyPrincipal activities on the Kerguelen Islands focus on scientific research – mostly earth sciences and biology.The former sounding rocket range to the east of Port-aux-Français 49°21′S 70°16′E49.350°S 70.267°E [39] iscurrently the site of a SuperDARN radar.Since 1992, the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) has operated a satellite and rocket trackingstation which is located four kilometers east of Port-aux-Français. There was a need for a tracking station in theSouthern Hemisphere, and the French government required that it be located on French territory, rather than in apopulated, foreign place like Australia or New Zealand.Agricultural activities are limited to raising sheep (approximately 3,500 Bizet sheep — an endangered sheep breed inmainland France) on Longue Island for consumption by the occupants of the base, as well as small quantities ofvegetables in a greenhouse within the immediate vicinity of the main French base. There are also feral rabbits andsheep that can be hunted plus wild birds.There are also some fishing boats and vessels, owned by fishermen on Réunion Island (a department of Franceapproximately 3,500 km (2,300 miles) to the north) who are licensed to fish within the archipelago's ExclusiveEconomic Zone.

Kerguelen Islands 7

Geology

Simplified geological map of the Kerguelen Islands

The Kerguelen islands form an emerged partof the submerged Kerguelen Plateau, whichhas a total area nearing 2.2 million squarekilometres.[citation needed] The plateau wasbuilt by volcanic eruptions associated withthe Kerguelen hotspot, and now lies on theAntarctic plate.[40]

The major part of the volcanic formationsvisible on the islands are characteristic of aneffusive volcanism, which caused a traprock formation to start emerging above thelevel of the ocean 35 million years ago. Theaccumulation is of a considerable amount;basalt flows, each with a thickness of threeto ten metres, stack on top of each other,sometimes up to a depth of 1,200 metres.This form of volcanism creates amonumental relief shaped as stairs ofpyramids.

Other forms of volcanism are presentlocally, such as the strombolian volcano Mont Ross, and the volcano-plutonic complex on the Rallier du Batypeninsula. Various veins and extrusions of lava such as trachytes, trachyphonolites and phonolites are common allover the islands.

No eruptive activity has been recorded in historic times, but some fumaroles are still active in the South-West of theGrande-Terre island.

Mont Ross

A few lignite strata, trapped in basalt flows, revealfossilised araucarian fragments, dated at about14 million years of age.

Glaciation caused the depression and tippingphenomena which created the gulfs at the north andeast of the archipelago. Erosion caused by the glacialand fluvial activity carved out the valleys and fjords;erosion also created conglomerate detrital complexes,and the plain of the Courbet Peninsula.

The islands are part of a submerged microcontinentcalled the Kerguelen sub-continent.[41] The

microcontinent emerged substantially above sea level for three periods between 100 million years ago and 20 millionyears ago. The so-called Kerguelen sub-continent may have had tropical flora and fauna about 50 million years ago.The Kerguelen sub-continent finally sank 20 million years ago and is now one to two kilometers below sea level.Kerguelen's sedimentary rocks are similar to ones found in Australia and India, indicating they were all onceconnected. Scientists hope that studying the Kerguelen sub-continent will help them discover how Australia, India,and Antarctica broke apart.[42]

Kerguelen Islands 8

ClimateKerguelen's climate is oceanic, cold and extremely windswept. Under the Köppen climate classification, Kerguelen'sclimate is considered to be an ET tundra climate, in which the warmest month averages below 10 °C, however it isalso classified as subpolar oceanic in that the coldest month has an average temperature of above 0 °C. Comparableclimates include those of Chilean Patagonia or Iceland, as well as other subantarctic island groups such as the Crozetor Falkland islands.All climate readings come from the Port-aux-Français base, which has one of the more favourable climates inKerguelen due to its proximity to the coast and its location in a gulf sheltered from the wind.The average annual temperature lies at around 4.9 °C with an annual range of around 6 °C. The hottest months of theyear include January and February, with average temperatures between 7.8–8.2 °C, and the coldest month of the yearis August with an average temperature of 2.1 °C. Absolute annual highs in temperature rarely surpass 20 °C, whiletemperatures in winter have never been recorded to go below −10 °C at sea level.Kerguelen receives frequent precipitation, with snow throughout the year as well as rain. Port-aux-Français receivesa modest amount of precipitation (708 mm per year) compared to the west coast which receives an estimated threetimes as much precipitation per year.The mountains are frequently covered in snow but can thaw very quickly in rain. Over the course of several decades,many permanent glaciers have shown signs of retreat, with some smaller ones having disappeared completely.The west coast receives almost continuous wind at an average speed of 35 km/h, due to the islands' location in theRoaring Forties. Wind speeds of 150 km/h are common and can even reach 200 km/h.Waves up to 12–15 m high are common, but there are many sheltered places where ships can dock.

Climate data for Port aux Français, Kerguelen

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high°C (°F)

22.3(72.1)

22.3(72.1)

21(70)

23(73)

16.8(62.2)

14.5(58.1)

13.4(56.1)

14.4(57.9)

15.8(60.4)

19.1(66.4)

21.3(70.3)

21.6(70.9)

23(73)

Average high°C (°F)

11.1(52)

11.5(52.7)

10.5(50.9)

9(48)

6.7(44.1)

5.2(41.4)

4.7(40.5)

4.6(40.3)

5.3(41.5)

7(45)

8.6(47.5)

10.1(50.2)

7.8(46)

Daily mean °C(°F)

7.8(46)

8.2(46.8)

7.3(45.1)

6.1(43)

4.2(39.6)

2.8(37)

2.2(36)

2.1(35.8)

2.5(36.5)

3.9(39)

5.3(41.5)

6.8(44.2)

4.9(40.8)

Average low°C (°F)

4.4(39.9)

4.7(40.5)

4.1(39.4)

3.2(37.8)

1.5(34.7)

0.4(32.7)

−0.3(31.5)

−0.4(31.3)

−0.2(31.6)

0.7(33.3)

2(36)

3.4(38.1)

1.9(35.4)

Record low °C(°F)

−1.5(29.3)

−1(30)

−0.9(30.4)

−2.7(27.1)

−5.9(21.4)

−8.3(17.1)

−8(18)

−7.3(18.9)

−7.7(18.1)

−5(23)

−3.7(25.3)

−1.2(29.8)

−8.3(17.1)

Precipitationmm (inches)

72.2(2.843)

49.5(1.949)

57.5(2.264)

59.6(2.346)

59.9(2.358)

75.9(2.988)

62.9(2.476)

63.4(2.496)

62.3(2.453)

59.3(2.335)

51.9(2.043)

55.1(2.169)

729.5(28.72)

% humidity 78 79 82 86 88 89 89 87 84 80 75 77 82.8

Source: MeteoStats[]

Flora and faunaThe islands are part of the Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra ecoregion that includes several subantarctic islands.In this cold climate plant life is mainly limited to grasses, mosses and lichens, although the islands are also knownfor the indigenous, edible Kerguelen cabbage, a good source of vitamin C to ancient mariners. It was frequentlyserved with corned beef. The main indigenous animals are insects along with large populations of ocean-goingseabirds, seals and penguins.[43]

Kerguelen Islands 9

The wildlife is particularly vulnerable to introduced species and one particular problem has been cats. The mainisland is the home of a well-established feral cat population, descended from ships' cats.[44] They survive on seabirds and the feral rabbits that were introduced to the islands. There are also populations of feral sheep and reindeer.

Coleoptera•• Carabidae

• Oopterus soledadinus [adventive]•• Hydraenidae

• Meropathus chuni [endemic]

References[1] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_21_S_70_13_E_type:country[2] Official organisational chart (http:/ / www. taaf. fr/ IMG/ pdf/ organigramme_suite_reorg_v29_octobre_2012_avec_districts. pdf)[3][3] Oxford English Dictionary[4] Sea Level Measurement and Analysis in the Western Indian Ocean (http:/ / www. oceandocs. org/ bitstream/ 1834/ 993/ 1/ Comoros. pdf),

UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission[6] Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=daY_utPoJGAC& lpg=PA266& ots=5G6Y51ADaZ&

dq=kerguelen whale population& pg=PA266#v=onepage& q=kerguelen whale population& f=false), James A. Estes[8] Exploring Polar Frontiers, p. 346 (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C& pg=PA346), William James Mills, 2003[10] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_21_S_70_13_E_region:FR-TF_type:city&

title=Port-aux-Fran%C3%A7ais[11] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_10_S_70_13_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Anse+ Betsy[13] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_21_S_70_12_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Baie+ de+ l%27Observatoire[14] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_20_S_69_49_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Cabane+ Port-Raymond[15] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_14_S_70_34_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Cap+ Ratmanoff[16] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=48_59_S_68_50_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=La+ Montjoie[17] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_21_38_S_70_3_50_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Molloy[18] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_31_12_S_69_54_36_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Port+ Bizet[19] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=48_41_S_69_03_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Port+ Christmas[20] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_17_S_69_42_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Port+ Couvreux[21] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_22_S_68_48_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Port+ Curieuse[22] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_31_S_70_09_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Port+ Douzi%C3%A8me[23] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_33_S_69_49_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Port+ Douzi%C3%A8me[24] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&

params=49_21_S_70_16_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=Rocket+ launch+ site[25] bases temporaires de lancements de fusées (http:/ / fuseurop. univ-perp. fr/ b_tmp_f. htm)[26] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_0_S_69_17_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&

title=%C3%8Ele+ Foch[27] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=48_52_S_69_27_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&

title=%C3%8Ele+ Howe[28] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=48_55_S_69_12_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&

title=%C3%8Ele+ Saint-Lanne+ Gramont

Kerguelen Islands 10

[29] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_11_S_69_36_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Ele+ du+ Port

[30] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_21_S_68_44_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Ele+ de+ l%27Ouest

[31] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_32_S_69_54_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Ele+ Longue

[32] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=48_37_S_68_44_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Eles+ Nuageuses

[33] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=48_41_S_69_29_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Ele+ de+ Castries

[34] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=48_41_S_69_29_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Eles+ Leygues

[35] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_07_S_69_40_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Ele+ Violette

[36] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_27_S_69_51_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Ele+ Australia

[37] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands& params=49_23_S_69_55_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF&title=%C3%8Ele+ Haute

[38] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&params=49_28_20_S_69_55_55_E_type:isle_region:FR-TF& title=%C3%8Ele+ May%C3%A8s

[39] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Kerguelen_Islands&params=49_21_S_70_16_E_region:FR-TF_type:landmark& title=FUSOV

[40] article by Roland Shlich (Research Manager at the [[CNRS (http:/ / t-extreme. ifrance. com/ extreme/ extreme5/ plateau_k. htm)])][41] UT Austin scientist plays major role in study of underwater "micro-continent". (http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ opa/ news/ 99newsreleases/

nr_199905/ nr_continent990528. html) Retrieved on 2007-06-29[42] Sci/Tech 'Lost continent' discovered (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ science/ nature/ 353277. stm) Retrieved on 2007-06-29[44] Minou, ce dangereux prédateur (http:/ / blogs. senat. fr/ iles-subantarctiques/ 2010/ 04/ 06/ minou-ce-dangereux-predateur/ )

External links• Official website (http:/ / www. outre-mer. gouv. fr/ outremer/ front?id=outremer/ decouvrir_outre_mer/ taaf)

(French)

• Official website (http:/ / www. taaf. fr) (French)

• Cartography of the Kerguelen (http:/ / membres. lycos. fr/ ker18/ Carto/ frameIgn. html), including a toponymyindex (In French)

• Personal site with many pictures (http:/ / www. kerguelen-island. org/ )• Rocket launches on the Kerguelen Islands (http:/ / www. astronautix. com/ sites/ keruelen. htm)• South Atlantic & Subantarctic Islands site, Kerguelen Archipelago page (http:/ / www. btinternet. com/ ~sa_sa/

kerguelen/ kerguelen_islands. html)Coordinates: 49°15′S 69°10′E49.250°S 69.167°E

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsKerguelen Islands  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541642403  Contributors: 198.237.11.xxx, 62.202.117.xxx, 62.253.64.xxx, A bit iffy, A. B., Alai, Alan Peakall, Aldenrw,Alexmcfire, Alexwcovington, Andres, Angela, Ann O'nyme, AnnaFrance, AnonMoos, Apcbg, ArglebargleIV, Arria Belli, Awiseman, Axeman89, Backspace, Bejnar, Bender235, BlindEagle,Boing! said Zebedee, BrainyBabe, Burschik, Caltrop, Chanheigeorge, Channer, Charles Matthews, Chris.urs-o, Christopedia, Citylover, Cleduc, Cmr08, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script,CultureDrone, D6, DO'Neil, Dabbler, Dadaist6174, Darklilac, Darwinek, David Kernow, David.Monniaux, Dayewalker, Deflective, Deipnosophista, Delusion23, Dentren, DerHexer,DigbyDalton, Diggerbanks, Djd83147, DocWatson42, Docu, DopefishJustin, Dr. Blofeld, Dreg743, EdK, Elmondo21st, Fabsss, Fama Clamosa, Fdedio, Feline Hymnic, Figz, Finbarr Saunders,Frank Derby, FrozenPurpleCube, Gadfium, Garyrwaters5428, Gdr, Gene Nygaard, Geo Swan, GeoWriter, Ghewgill, Gilgamesh, Giornorosso, Goustien, Graham87, Ground Zero, Gugganij,Havtiong Computers Private Limited, Hede2000, Heff01, Hibernian, Hike395, HisSpaceResearch, Hmains, Holy triple m, Hydrargyrum, Igodard, Iiigoiii, Inks002, Irdepesca572, Istanbuljohnm,J-Truthseeker, Jackaranga, Jarble, JeromeSWalker, JerryFriedman, Jfblanc, Jnestorius, Jordon Kalilich, Jsmog, Juiced lemon, Julietvictor, Keith Edkins, Kelisi, Kim Dent-Brown, Kjaer,Konczewski, Kordas, Kristo, Kurykh, Kwamikagami, L Kensington, Lgriot, Liam987, LittleRoughRhinestone, Lord Pistachio, Lotje, Lupo, M-le-mot-dit, MBisanz, MFIreland, MPF,MacRusgail, Maias, Manxruler, Mark Tranchant, Mdeen, Meredyth, Metrancya, Mfa fariz, Michael Glass, Moheroy, Mwinog2777, Nadiatalent, Neleugrek, Nika 243, Normal View,Northamerica1000, Numbo3, Obradovic Goran, Olivier, Orioane, Orourkek, Osloray, PMLawrence, Pagano, Para, Paukrus, Paul Drye, Pavel Vozenilek, Phetcwhatever, PoM, PoccilScript,Pogo-Pogo-Pogo, Pt, Pygora123, Rackham, Rahulchandra, RandomCritic, Rarelibra, RaseaC, Ratzer, Reedy, Relaxing, Revth, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Keatinge, Richardcavell, RickardVogelberg, Rkitko, Robert1947, RobertM525, Romanm, Roseynose, Samantha555, Saperaud, Sardon, Saxetom, Scanlan, Scion, Scwlong, SelfishGenie, Semprini, Senix, Simidre, Skapur,Slawojarek, Slightsmile, Solipsist, Stan Shebs, Stephen Turner, SteveStrummer, Stho002, Strawless, Swedish fusilier, Szajci, TOttenville8, Tahir mq, TallNapoleon, Tarquin, Terrek, ThaiFan,The Last Wikipedian, Themadchopper, Timvasquez, Tony Corsini, Trec'hlid mitonet, Trevyn, TwoOneTwo, Ultramarinblau1969, Urhixidur, Vedran12, Vicki Rosenzweig, Virgile1991,VityUvieu, Volcanoguy, Walter Wouze, Windwork50, WolfmanSF, Wwoods, Xenophon777, Zoobab2, Zscout370, Zyqqh, Δ, 237 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg  License: Publicdomain  Contributors: Académie de GrenobleFile:Kerguelen-pos.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerguelen-pos.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:VarpFile:Kerguelen Map.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerguelen_Map.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VarpFile:Christmas Harbour Kerguelens Land, 1811.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christmas_Harbour_Kerguelens_Land,_1811.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: George Cooke of London, fl. 1815File:Kerguelen RallierDuBatty.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerguelen_RallierDuBatty.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: B.navez,Dbenbenn, Poulpy, Thierry Caro, Wiki-ukFile:Port aux Français.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Port_aux_Français.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Daniel DelilleFile:Kerguelen - Monts des Deux Frères.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerguelen_-_Monts_des_Deux_Frères.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Dimitri Damasceno from Bruxelles, BelgiumFile:Kerguelen CookGlacier.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerguelen_CookGlacier.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: B.navez,Dbenbenn, TCY, Thierry CaroFile:Kerguelen-geo-en.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerguelen-geo-en.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Jackaranga aten.wikipediaFile:Kerguelen MontRoss.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerguelen_MontRoss.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: B.navez,Dbenbenn

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