ketahanan lingkungan: environmental hazards & human health

KETAHANAN LINGKUNGAN:

Environmental Hazards & Human Health

Disarikan oleh: soemarno, psl ppsub 2013

Apakah bahaya lingkungan ?

'Environmental hazard' is a generic term for any situation or state of events which poses a

threat to the surrounding environment.

This term incorporates topics like pollution and natural hazards

such as storms and earthquakes.

Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012

http://www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-

Sumber: http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/properties/module_4/index.htm….

Diunduh 16/12/2012

BAHAYA DAN RISIKO

BAHAYA = Hazard:Is “a factor or exposure that may adversely

affect health” it is a qualitative term expressing the potential of an

environmental agent to harm the health of certain individuals if the exposure level is

high enough and/or if other conditions apply.

RisikoIs “the probability that an event will occur, the

probability of unfavorable outcome e.g that an individual will become ill or die within a

stated period of time or age. It is the quantitative probability that a health effect

will occur after an individual has been exposed to a specified amount of a hazard.



KONTAMINASI

Contamination -- Introduction into water, air, and soil of

microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended

use.

Also applies to surfaces of objects, buildings, and various household

and agricultural use products.



PENCEMARANPollution is the introduction of

contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or

discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.

Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise,

heat, or light energy.

Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or

naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered

contaminants when they exceed natural levels.

Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.



POLUTAN = PENCEMAR

• A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil.

• Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: – Sifat kimianya, – Konsentrasinya– Persistensinya.



"Pollution" is generally used when you're talking about something big, like a

whole environment, or an entire river, or something else really large.

"Contamination" can refer to very small quantities of something - contaminated food, medicine, drinking water supply; it

can also mean a very small amount of foreign or harmful material, such as bacterial contamination, or a toxin,

especially when it's not readily visible or noticeable.

For instance, a surgical suite could be contaminated simply because someone

walks into it when they're not sterile, and it would be completely invisible.


POLUTAN & KONTAMINASI


ANY external factor that negatively affects your health can be

considered an environmental health “hazard." Common environmental health hazards include indoor and

outdoor air pollution, and contaminated food and water. Less commonly discussed environmental health hazards

include lack of sidewalks, crime, insufficient physical activity, poor nutrition, social isolation, noise,

stress, and the lack of aesthetically pleasing living environments.


BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN BAGI KESEHATAN ?


JENIS BAHAYA KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

Bahaya Tradisional

• Disease Vectors• Infectious agents• Housing and Shelter• Drinking Water &

Sanitation• Indoor air Pollution• Dietary Deficiencies• Reproduction• Injury hazards

Bahaya Modern

• Tobacco smoking• Alcohol and drugs• Transport hazards• Environmental

pollution• Outdoor air

pollution• Chemical hazards• Occupational

Hazards• Unbalanced Diet• Stress



Jalur masuknya bahaya EH

• Inhalation– airborne contaminants

• Absorption– penetration through the skin

• Ingestion– eating– drinking



• Acute– Short term period between

exposure and onset of symptoms

• Chronic– Long time period between

exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms


PAPARAN BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN


There are five types of environmental hazards:• Chemical ; Physical ; Mechanical ; Biological ; Psychosocial


JENIS-JENIS BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN

The system of environmental health. The human living environment consists of home, work and recreational environments. The interaction

between these environments and human activities results in various types of hazards that may adversely affect human health. (Source: adapted from

Bassett, 2004)

Sumber: http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=452284&extra=thumbnail_id392363134945...... 15/12/2012


Pesticides; Acids and Bases; Metal fumes ; Solvents; Gases

BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA

Sumber:. http://aquaticpath.umd.edu/appliedtox/module1-termin.html..... 15/12/2012


BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA


• Insects; Rodents; Animals• Microorganisms:

– Bacteria– Viruses– Parasites– Yeasts– Molds

Sumber: Environmental Health

Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh

dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-

...... 15/12/2012

BAHAYA BIOLOGIS

Biological risk assessment and risk management

Sumber: …. Diunduh dari: http://www.biosafety.be/CU/RA_Fiches/Intro_and_menu.html...... 17/12/2012



Tipe Bahaya Fisika:• Noise and Vibration• Ionizing Radiation• Non-ionizing Radiation• Light, Lasers• Pressure• Extremes of Temperature

Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari:

www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-

...... 15/12/2012

BAHAYA FISIKA

Characteristics of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

Sumber: gtcceis.anl.gov …. Diunduh dari: ...... 18/12/2012



• Uncertainty• Anxiety• Lack of feeling of control over one own

life• Homesickness• Isolation


BAHAYA PSIKOSOSIALCommon Signs of Anxiety

Anxiety itself could also be a result of a deeper physiological or psychological cause. That is why the

possible manifestations that are associated with anxiety are numerous and can be classified into the specific areas

of the body affected. Anxiety is often difficult to identify in a person. Extreme cases present with severe symptoms.

This makes stress or anxiety exercises and treatments an essential for anyone going through

anxiety attacks.

Read More Here: http://relieveanxietynow.com/common-signs-of-anxiety/


http://relieveanxietynow.com/common-signs-of-anxiety/

– Stress is a human response to stressors

– Stress is a specific event or situation that causes a mental or psychological reaction.

– Stress is a process resulting from the interaction between humans and the environment.

– Stress process consists of 2 stages:• Deciding whether or not an event

(stressor) poses a hazard• Appraising the possibilities of dealing

with the situation.


APAKAH STRESS ITU?


• Penyakit Kardiovaskular– Hypertension– Ischemic heart diseases– Increase heart rate

• Peptic ulcer• Asma Bronchial


EFEK STRESS THD KESEHATAN


BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN YANG SERIUS

• Polutan Udara– Indoor air pollutants– Outdoor air pollutants

• Kelangkaan air & Polutan air• Bahaya makanan• Bahaya rumah hunian• Bahaya permukiman• Bahaya serangga & Rodents• Pestisida• Bahaya lingkungan global



EFEK KESEHATAN AKIBAT PENCEMARAN UDARA

Sumber: Diunduh dari: http://www.gits4u.com/envo/envo7.htm...... 15/12/2012

Climate change and health Climate change has a range of complex interlinkages with health. These include direct impacts, such as temperature- related illness and death; the health impacts of extreme weather events; the effect of air pollution in the

form of spores and moulds.

BAHAYA KESEHATAN YANG PENTING? Do We Face?

The effects of environmental exposures on health depend on the social settings in which the exposures occur and on individual behaviours.

Behavioural risk factors are sometimes closely related to physical risk factors (e.g. hygiene is related to sanitation) and modify the health

impacts of the physical risk factors. Indeed, the specific contributions of related behavioural and physical risk factors sometimes cannot easily be

separated, as for example in the risk factor "water, sanitation and hygiene".

Sumber: https://apps.who.int/peh/burden/9241546204/9241546204chap2.htm .diunduh 15/12/2012

http://www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh

APAKAH PENCEMARAN UDARA?

• Addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health and quality of life

• Can occur indoor or outdoor, in cities and across continents and even globally

• Air pollutants consist of: gaseous pollutants, odors, suspended particle matter (dust, fumes, mist and smoke)



POLUSI UDARA DI DALAM RUANGAN

• Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day.

• This can include the air space in the office, classroom, motor vehicle, shopping centre, hospital and home.



PENCEMAR UDARA DALAM RUANGAN

• second-hand tobacco smoke; • airborne mold and mildew; • lead-impregnated dust from old paint

cockroach shedding; • dust mite particles; • combustion gases released by stoves,

heaters, candles and fireplaces; chemicals released by – dry cleaned clothes; – cleaning products; – room deodorizers; – office supplies; – paints and sealers; – new furniture and pressed wood; – personal care products; and – pesticides.



SUMBER PENCEMAR INDOOR



PENCEMAR UDARA OUTDOOR

• Ozone (O3)• Particulate Matter (PM)• Carbon Monoxide (CO(• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)• Lead (Pb)• Volatile Organic Compounds

(VOCs)• Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs(



SUMBER PENCEMAR UDARA

• Transportation (Mobile sources )– Motor vehicles, rail, shipping,

aviation.• Industry sources

– Power stations, petroleum refining, chemical manufacturing.

• Power Plants• Central heating • Incineration of domestic wastes



EFEK KESEHATAN – PENCEMAR UDARA

• Irritation of nose, eye, and throat• Respiratory diseases (Bronchitis, Asthma,

cough, nausea …etc.)• Cardiovascular diseases• Toxicity (CO)• Decrease of pulmonary function and

restricted activities)• Cancers (Benzene)• Neurological impairments, such as seizures,

mental retardation, and behavioral disorders (Pb).

• kidney/liver damage, CNS disorders (Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and chromium)

• Increased hospital admissions and ER visits.• Premature death




Efek Polusi thd KesehatanPolusi Udara Polusi Air

Kontaminasi Tanah

Pestisida

Ozon

BakteriParasit

Bahan Kimia

Pb


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Health_effects_of_pollution.png


Piramida efek

kesehatan

EFEK KESEHATAN POLUSI UDARA


PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA

• Reduce emissions (conservation and improved efficiency); e.g., refineries

• Collect, capture, and retain pollutants before entering the atmosphere; e.g., gas stations

• Regulating automobile exhaust using catalytic converter, control of sulfur dioxide through scrubbing

• Varied pollutant-control strategies and new and improved technologies



Risiko biasanya dinyatakan dalam “Peluang”

• Risiko • Probability and possibility • Pendugaan Risiko• Pengelolaan Risiko

Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. …………. www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012




http://www.ileviathan.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/risk-management.jpg

• Regulatory control– Standards (process and

emission)• Engineering control

– Ventilation (general and local)– Process change

• Work practice control• Administrative control• Personnel protective

equipment


PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA


PENTINGNYA KESEHATAN AIR

• There are 4 billion cases of diarrhea worldwide each year and 2.2 million avoidable deaths-that's a death every 14 seconds.

• Most diarrheal deaths occur in the Majority World and just being able to wash one's hands with soap and water can reduce diarrhea by 35%.

• Insect-related diseases Malaria, is the biggest killer, causing 1-2 million deaths a year. At any given time 100 million people suffer from the disease.

• Parasites Intestinal worms infect about 10% of the majority world population. About 200 million people are affected by schistosomiasis (bilharzia), with 200,000 dying each year.

• After a peak in the late 1980s, guinea-worm infections have been declining as water sources are better monitored.



• Every day, diarrheal diseases cause some 6,000 deaths, mostly among children under five: in 2001, 1.96 million people died from infectious diarrheas; 1.3 million were children under five.

• Diarrheal diseases have killed more children in the past ten years than all the people lost to armed conflict since World War II.

• Between 1,085,000 and 2,187,000 deaths due to diarrheal diseases can be attributed to the 'water, sanitation and hygiene' risk factor, 90% of them among children under five.

• With simple hygiene measures such as washing hands after using the toilet or before preparing food, most of these deaths are preventable.


PENTINGNYA KESEHATAN AIR


• Biological• Chemical• physical

Sumber:. Diunduh dari: http://www.idph.state.ia.us/WhatWeDo/Profiles.aspx?category=Environmental%20Hazards...... 15/12/2012

BAHAYA AIR & EFEK KESEHATAN

Volatile organic compoundsHydrophobic organic compoundsEndocrine disruptorsPetroleum AdditivesPesticides

Heavy metalsOther inorganic elementsAcids/basesOxidants/reductantsChlorination by-productsCombustion by-products

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BAHAN BERBAHAYA DALAM AIR


Typhoid fever ; Giardia ; Dysentery ; Cholera ; Diarrhea (caused by a variety of pathogens) ;

Hepatitis ; Polio ; Worms Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari:

www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012

PENYAKIT DARI AIR

Classification of water-related diseases

Sumber; http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Jwhow01e/2.1.html


JASAD PATHOGENIK

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JASAD PATHOGENIK


PENYAKIT YANG BERHUBUNGAN DNEGAN AIR

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TINGKAT PENYAKIT & RISIKONYA

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PENDUGAAN RISIKO & PENGELOLAAN RISIKO


PENDUGAAN RISIKO

PENGELOLAAN RISIKO




Fig. 17-3, p. 440

Risk Assessment

Risk Management

Hazard identification What is the hazard?

Risk reduction How much should it be reduced?Probability of

risk How likely is the event?

Risk reduction strategy How will the risk be reduced?

Consequences of risk What is the likely damage?

Financial commitment How much money should be spent?


TINGKAT PENYAKIT & RISIKONYA

Identifikasi bahaya

Apa bahaya itu?

Analisis komparatif risiko

Bagaimana dibandingkan dg risiko mlainnya?




KONTROL PENCEMARAN AIR

Pencegahan pencemaranMeminimumkan pencemaran

– recycling and re-use; treatment; encourage cleaner production technologies; encourage good housekeeping

Disinfection (Chlorination)Disposal or discharge of waste water

– only under specified conditions; precautionary approach; differentiated approach; polluter pays

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ketahanan lingkungan: environmental hazards & human health

Documents

environmental health

diunduh dari

environmental agent

health effect

elements of pollution

health of certain individuals

nonpoint source pollution

foreign substances