kethubim gedolim - l

7/22/2019 Kethubim Gedolim - l

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THE BIG THREE: JOB, PSALMS, & PROVERBS

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The writings, or Kethubim, make up the

third and final section of the Hebrew Bible.

This section contains 11 Books:

Big 3= Job, Psalms, Proverbs

Megilloth (Scrolls): Ruth, Esther, Ecclesiastes,Song of Songs, & Lamentations

Ezra-Nehemiah, Chronicles, Daniel

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Poetry is used by an author either tocommunicate a truth more vividly or more

memorably than can be done with prose orto communicate a truth that has a meaningtoo profound adequately to becommunicated by straightforward prose.(Cate, p. 433)

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Does not rhyme.

The rhythm, meter, or beat of Hebrewpoetry is one of its major characteristics.

This has to do with the number of stressed or

emphasized syllables in a line or verse.

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A line of Hebrew poetry is called a stich.

One line of a two-line unit is called a distich.

One line of a three-line unit is called a tristich.

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1. Each line has three beats.

The 3:3 is the most frequently used pattern of

beats.Psalm 24:1 (KJV) A Psalm of David.The earth / is the Lord's / and the fullness thereof;

the world / and they that dwell / therein.

Psalm 103:3

Who forgives / all / your . . . diseases.

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2. Each part of a verse has two beats.

Psalm 46:6The nations / rage, / / the kingdoms / totter;

he utters / his voice, / / the earth / melts.

Psalm 32:1

Blessed is he / whose transgression is forgiven,

whose sin / is covered.

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3. The 3rdcommon rhythm is 3:2.

It is a slower, off-beat rhythm and named qinah

which means lament.Psalm 7:1O Lord my God, / in thee do I take refuge;

save me / from all my pursuers, / and deliver me.Psalm 22:12Many bulls / encompass me,

strong bulls/ of Bashan / surround me.

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1. Synonymous parallelism

2. Antithetical parallelism

3. Synthetic parallelism

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1. Synonymous parallelism

Psalms 2:4-5 ( NIV )

The One enthroned in heaven laughs;the Lord scoffs at them.

Then he rebukes them in his anger

and terrifies them in his wrath

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2. Antithetical parallelism

Psalms 1:6

For the LORD watches over the way of therighteous,

but the way of the wicked will perish.

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3. Synthetic parallelism

Psalms 1:1Blessed is the man

who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked

nor stand in the way of sinners

nor sit in the seat of mockers.

Psalm 23:6Surely goodness and mercyshall follow me all the days of my life:

and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.

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Book is based on a character from thepatriarchalage

Book is much later

Book challenges a narrow understanding

and application of the DeuteronomicFormula: Righteousness brings blessings

Sin brings curses

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1. God was just and gavejustice to mankind.

2. This life was all there was.

When people died they went to Sheol, theabode of the dead.There was no life after death with rewards

and punishments.3. If justice was to be done, it had to be done

in this life.

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1. The good person prospered, while thewicked person failed.

2. Sickness was a sign that a person hadsinned. It was part of Gods judgment onsinners.

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12 Prologue 3 Jobs First Soliloquy

427 Cycle of Dialogue Speeches 28 Hymn on Wisdom: (v. 12) 29-41 Three MonologueSpeeches

2931 Jobs Second Soliloquy

3237 Elihu Speeches

38:42:6 Yahweh Speeches

42:7-17 Epilogue

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Dialogue (chs. 4-27)

Soliloquy (ch. 3)

Discourse (chs. 29-41)

Narrative (chs. 1-2)

Hymn (ch. 28)

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To explore (without solving) the

various aspects of suffering,especially as it related to those

who are righteous.

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The book of Job offers a biblical

perspective on suffering

(to be distinguished from offering

an explanation of suffering).

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The satan is introduceda part of the

heavenly council.

His name means Adversary.(See Numbers 22:22)

Gods policies are placed on trial here,

not Job.

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1. One wife (2:9)

2. Seven sons (Died; 1:19)

3. Three Daughters (Died)

4. Servants (All but four died; 1:15, 16, 17, 19)

5. Great Wealth (Lost; 1:14-15, 16, 17;= oxen, asses, sheep, camels)

6. Greatest Man of the East (1:3)

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Inright He was blameless (Integrity)

Upright He feared God (Reverence)

Outright He lived honestly beforeothers (Character)

Downright He turned from evil (Godly)

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Job attended to his own piety first and foremost(1:1)

Job sought to cover his children, sanctifyingthem with his reverence (1:5)

Job worshipped & blessed the Lord even in the

face of bad news (1:20-22)

Job retained his integrity even when sick (2:9-10)

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Job breaks his silence:

1. 3:1-10 Erase the day of my conception:I wish Id never been born.

2. 3:11-19 Why could I not have died atbirth?

3. 3:20-26 Why cant I die now?

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Purpose of Job 3 = to emphasize theintensity of his suffering

Job was the greatest man (1:3)& had the greatest suffering (3:1-26)

What Job learns is relevant for everyone!

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What is essential to the development of

the books purpose is not that God

vindicate Job (the audience knew of hisinnocence from the start), but that Job

vindicates Gods policy of blessing

righteous people by maintaining hisintegrity even when he is not being

blessed for it.

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ChapterReference

FriendsName

Source ofPersonalTragedy

CharacterOfTheology

ApproachOfPresenting

4-5

1522

Eliphaz Revelation Mystical

4:12-21

Moves From

Courteous ToMore Direct

81825

Bildad Research8:8-10

Tradition Moves fromDirect toBlunt

1120

Zophar Reason Dogmatic11:13-20

Sharp AndHarsh11:1-6

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6:14-30 Deceitful Brooks

13:4 Worthless Physicians

16:2 Miserable Comforters

42:7-10 You Have Not Spoken What Is Right

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A person can deal with the worst this life hasto offer if their faith in the Lord is strong.

Our desire for the presence of God in our livesshould be so strong that all else (includingnegative things) pale in comparison.

Everything is manageable if God is with us.

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Israels Book of Prayer and Praise

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In the MT it bears the title of Praises.

In the LXX it is identified by the title Psalmoi,

whose best translation is melodies or songs.The LXX title has come down to us through theLatin Vulgate.

One ancient codex identified the book by thetitle of Psalterion, which refers to songsaccompanied by stringed instruments. From thisword we get the Psalter.

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The book of hymns, prayers, anthems, andliturgical readings the ancient Hebrews

used in worship.

The Book of Psalms is the longest book ofthe OT.

It contains 150 Psalms

They should not be referred to as chapters.

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Book I Psalms 141

Book II Psalms 4272

Book III Psalms 7389

Book IV Psalms 90106

Book V Psalms 107150

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Book Yahweh Elohim

I (1-41) 273 (86:4%) 43 (13:6%)

II (42-72) 30 (15.5 %) 164 (84.5%)III (73-89) 44 (43.6%) 57 (56.4%)

IV (90-106) 103 (84.4%) 19 (15.6%)

V (107-150) 190 (87.6%) 27 (12.4%)

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1. Psalm (mizmor) : appears to indicate a piece ofmusic to be sung with an instrumentalaccompaniment.

2. Song (shir): seems to be a general term for a song.Occurs about 30 times (cf. Ps. 46, 48, 66, 67)

3. Maskil: usually only transliterated; meaning isuncertain. The root relates to wisdom.Occurs 13 times (cf. Ps. 42, 44, 45, 55, 74)

4. Miktam: transliterated; meaning uncertain;occurs 6 times (cf. Ps. 16, 58, 59)

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5. Prayer (tephillah): a term with an obviousmeaning which occurs 5 times (cf. Ps. 17)

6. Praise (tehillah): came to be used as a title forthe entire Psalter; derived from the word hallel,meaning to praise.

It occurs one time only in Ps. 145.

7. Shiggaion: to wander and interpreted asreferring to a wild, ecstatic tune (only in Ps. 7)

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Selah to pause

Stichos a term applied to a line ofHebrew poetry (plural, stichoi)

Strophe what we would call a stanza or

verse

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1. David 73

2. Asaph (Davids Court Musician) 12

3. Sons of Korah 104. Solomon 2

5. Moses 1

6. Heman 17. Ethan 1

8. 1/3 of the Psalms are Anonymous

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Can be translated:1.A Psalm by David

2.A Psalm dedicated to David or about David

3.A Psalm in Davids style or

after the manner of David

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1. Hymns of Praise

2. Psalms of Thanksgiving

3.Psalms of Lament

4. Royal Psalms

5. Liturgical Psalms

6. Psalms of Confidence7. Wisdom Psalms

8. Mixed Types

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Psalm 1(a wisdom psalm) Psalm 8( a hymn on the glory of the LORDand

the dignity of humanity)

Psalm 22 (an individual lament) Psalm 23 (a Psalm of Confidence) Psalm 32 (an individual song of thanksgiving)

Psalm 45 (a royal psalm) Psalm 51 (an individual lament) Psalm 74 (a communal lament) Psalm 117 (a short hymn)

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1. Prayers are expression of our thoughtsto

God.

2. Prayers express human emotionsto God:

Joy, Anger, Despair, Hope, Fear, Gratitude.

3. Prayers are deliberate externalizings of ourinnermost struggles and strengths.

4. Prayers are a form of self-awareness of God.

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Wisdom for Living

Mashal= to be like

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Deut. 1:13, 15 p. 215

2 Sam. 14:2 p. 393

1 Chron. 27:32 p. 526

1 Kings 4:32-34 p. 421

Jer. 18:18 p. 936 Job 29:7-22 p. 640

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1. A wise man or wise woman: one who hadseriously pondered what was necessary tohave the good life and, based upon his

or her experience as well as being foundedupon the experience of the ages, arrivedat conclusions.

2. The Wisdom movement: that group of wisepeople who passed on gathered wisdomto others.

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1:1-7 The Purpose of Proverbs 1:8-9:18 The Pursuit of Wisdom 10:1-22:16 The Proverbs of Solomon

22:17-24:34 The Proper Approach to Life 25:1-29:27 The Proverbs Preserved by

Hezekiahs Men 30:1-33 The Personal Observations of

Agur 31:1-9 The Prevention of Perversion

for Lemuel 31:10-31 The Preciousness of a Good Wife

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Mashal= to be like

Proverbs (Meshalim) = Authoritative Comparisons

Theme:1:7 The Fear of the Lord is the Beginning

of Knowledge; Fools Despise Wisdom

and Instruction

General Purpose = To Increase the Number of Wise

and Decrease the Number of Foolish

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1. To experience wisdom and instruction2. To perceive sayings of understanding

3. To receive the discipline of skill,righteousness, justice, uprightness4. To give prudence to the simple5. To give knowledge and discretion

6. To increase traditional teaching7. To aid in the acquisition of common sense

(knowing the Ropes)

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The SIMPLETONgullible, silly, deceivablePeti= open-headed 1:4 (Heb. Spacious)

The FATHEADstupid fellow, dullard, thick

Kesil= Sluggish, Brick-head 1:22The FOOLDespises wisdom, mocks at guiltEvil-Quarrelsome, The KesilHardens into this

The ARROGANTHeightened degree of evil

Chasar Leb Lacking heart, moral & religiousinsensitivity

The SCOFFERTrouble maker, malignantLez= Scornful, set to sin

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Wisdom is pictured as a woman calling out in themarket place, offering peace and security to anunresponsive crowd (1:20-33).

Wisdom is described as more precious thansilver, gold orjewels (3:1320)

Wisdom (the caller and giver) was created first

and became the master workman by Gods side(8:1-36).

Wisdom is a house-builder, she has built herhouse on seven pillars (9:1-6).

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1. Wisdom General acquaintancewith the way, will & word of God

2. Understanding The specific applicationof wisdom to everyday living3. Prudence Being able to discern your

enemies plans

4. Discipline Being able to stick withyour plan no matter

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5. Traditionawareness and appreciation for

social values, mores, & teachings passed on

from earlier generations

6. Common sense Ability to adapt traditions to

changing situations to increase effectiveness

without violating the tradition itself.

7. SkillKnowing what needs to be done

8. Discretionknowing how & when to do what

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The Events of the Days (Heb. Bible)

The things Passed Over (LXX)

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1. People: emphasize all Israel as Gods people

2. Kingship: Kingship in Israel = Kingdom of God

3. Temple & Worship: strongest link withpre-exilic Israel

4. Retribution & Repentance: immediateretribution

Hyper-Deuteronomic formula

Negative: 1 Chron. 10:13-14

Positive: 1 Chron. 28:9

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Righteousnessexalts a nation (cf. Prov. 14:34)

Individual retribution (reward or judgment)

Authority of Scripture: seen in the Chroniclersuse of massive amounts of earlier works

Constant concern for Temple, worship,

officials, & Levites Overarching stress on the theocratic nature

of the community. (2 Chron. 7:14)

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1. 450 BC Ezra & Nehemiah were responsiblefor the books that bear their names.

2. 428 BC Ezra wrote 1 &2 Chronicles &Ezra-Nehemiah

3. 400 BC the Chronicler was the final authorof Ezra-Nehemiah, but he is unknown.

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1. The problem of foreign wives(Ezra 9:110:44)

2. The renewing of the covenant(Neh. 8:19:38)

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1. The rebuilding of the Templeis not merely anact of restoration but an act of the highestreligious significance (seen as provision forproper atonement for sin).

2. The heavy emphasis on the Law in the

reforms of Ezra & Nehemiah was an attemptto counteract the tendency of treatingcontinual atonement as mere custom.

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3. The importance of the covenant relationshipexamined in terms of Gods promises &expectations.

4. Corresponding stress on the purity of religion( purity of the blood line).

5. The religious-historical approach to writinghistory stressing all past events (triumphs &tragedies) as Gods will.

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A devout Jewish layman

Cup-bearer to the Persianking

His enemies: Sanballat (governor of Samaria)

Tobiah (governor of Ammon in Transjordan)

Geshem (an Arab king)

Finished the wall in 52days

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1. He bathed the entire project in prayer.2. He gave God the glory.3. He made a careful and compete survey of the

project before presenting it.4. He presented the project to the people with

faith and enthusiasm.5. He organized the project so that each family

repaired the wall beside his own house.6. He overcame all opposition: internal/external7. He concluded the work with worship, dedication

and celebration.

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Placed among the Kethubim[rather than theprophets] probably because of its late date

Authorship attributed to Daniel in the 6thcenturytraditionally, but other scholars date it to the2ndcentury during the time of the JewishIndependence or just before.

The book clearly teaches that Gods kingdom willtriumph over all and that faith in him will berewarded in due time.

The message of the book is: The kingdoms of thisworld will be replaced by the Kingdom of God.

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Daniel was carried into exile by Nebuchadnezzarin 605 B.C.

Daniel was still active in the late 6thcentury

Daniels name means God is my judge.

Daniel had three friends: Hananiah, Mischael,andAzariah

The four men were given Babylonian names:Daniel Belteshazzar; Hananiah Shadrach;Mishael Meshack; Azariah Abednego

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This grave stele from about 530 b.c.illustrates the concept of putting afigure on the top of a high pedestal.

John H Walton, Zondervan Illustrated

Bible Backgrounds Commentary

vol. 4 (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,

2009), 536.

kethubim gedolim - l

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