Akzo Nobel, headquartered in Arnhem, The Netherlands, is a world-

wide operating company with activities in more than 50 countries and

about 68,000 employees. Consolidated sales aggregated 14 billions

Euro in 2000. The product range includes chemicals, coatings and

health care products.

The production and marketing of the Ketjenlube Polymer Ester range is concentrated

in Arese, a Sub-Business Unit within Akzo Nobel Chemicals.

The Arese product portfolio includes fatty acid esters, chlorides and amides, phos-

phorous acid and lubricating oil additives (antioxidants, friction modifiers) in addition

to the range of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters. A significant part of the Arese activities is

toll production for third parties both inside and outside of Akzo Nobel. Arese has a

strong international presence with 90% of its production being exported.

The Arese site is located in northern Italy near Milan. Various

reactors (glass lined; stainless steel) of different sizes with an

overall capacitiy of approx. 12,000 mt/year are available. A

consistent and high product quality is ensured by a team of

experienced and skilled people. The Arese site is certified

according to ISO9002 and ISO14001.

For more information please call the Marketing Center Arese

(see address list inside of the back cover of this brochure).

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters Dithiocarbamates Di-esters

Polyol Esters

Amides

____1

C O N T E N T S

Ketjenlube Polymers Esters

Ketjen-Ox Dithiocarbamates

Di-esters, Polyol Esters, Amides

Chemistry, properties, Product range

Automotive applicationsIndustrial applicationsOther applications

Chemistry, properties, applicationsProduct range

Properties, product range

HSE-data, regulatory status, food approval informationAddress list Sales Offices

General Information

2

6

15

17

18

Lubricant Chemicals

____2

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are unique, patented specialty components used in the for-

mulation of synthetic and semi-synthetic high performance lubricants and industrial fluids.

They reduce wear much more effectively than other conventional synthetic base fluids.

This feature has made Ketjenlube Polymer Esters an important tool in the lubricating oil

market during the last 15 years.

Currently more than 15 different Ketjenlube Polymer Ester types are commercially

available, ranging in viscosity from 5 mm2/s to 700 mm2/s and varying in polarity from

compatible with unpolar fluids like Polyalphaolefins to completely watersoluble.

All Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are produced in dedicated reactors which guarantees a

consistent high product quality and product availability.

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters

G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are copolymers of alpha-olefins

and dicarboxylic acids which are esterified with short or

medium chain length alcohols. The Ketjenlube molecules

have a unique, patented “double-comb” structure in which

the ester and hydrocarbon groups are present in the side

chains with the main polymer chain consisting of carbon

atoms only.

Despite viscosities of up to 700 mm2/s at 100°C the average

molecular weights (Mw) range from 600 to about 7,000.

Consequently even the high viscous Ketjenlube Polymer Ester

types are completely shear stable.

Chemistry

Carbonside chain

Ester sidegroups

Carbon“back bone”

Ketjenlube Polymer EsterStructure (idealized)

View on a Ketjenlube reactor

____3

Applications

Properties

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are approved and used commercially in:

• Crankcase oils for Gasoline and Diesel engines (semi-synthetic and synthetic; viscosity grades from SAE 0W-30 to 20W-50)

• Two-stroke engine lubricants (air cooled, water cooled engines)

• Automotive and Industrial gear oils

• Fluids for metal cutting and metal forming operations (both neat oils and emulsion systems).

• Greases

• Special applications (shock absorber fluids, spin finishing lubricants, drilling fluids)

The polymeric nature and special structure of the Ketjenlube Polymer Esterscontribute to some outstanding features compared to conventional esters:

Superior hydrolytic stability (stable for more than six months in aqueous emulsions at pH 9).This makes Ketjenlube Polymer Esters for example a valuable tool in metal working

fluids (e.g. in soluble oils).

Outstanding inherent lubricity.Ketjenlube Polymer Esters exhibit the highest load carrying capacity compared to all

other lubricating oil base fluids of comparable viscosities available in the market. This

feature helps to keep the engine wear low under cold starting conditions (cf. page 6).

Powerful synergy with EP/AW-additives.This makes it possible to replace

e.g. chloroparaffins in metal

working fluids by a combination of

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters and

Sulfur/Phosphorus additives without

losing EP-performance (cf. page 10).

Clean burning, clean evaporation (no smoke, no fumes).Ketjenlube Polymer Esters burn or evaporate at high temperatures without giving rise

to smoke or hazardous fumes. This favourable property allows the formulation of

low-smoke two-stroke engine oils (cf. page 8) or industral oils for high temperature

applications (cf. page 12).

Ketjenlube

mineral oils

conventionalesters

Polyalpha-olefins

100

80

60

40

20

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Viscosity 100 °C (mm2/s)

Reichert wear scar (150 N oil = 100)Inherent Lubricity

of base fluidsReichert test;

standard conditions

200

150

100

50

0A B C D A B C D

without Ketjenlube 135 with 5 % Ketjenlube 135

wear teeth

fail!safety pin break

ZDDP-Level adjusted to 0.1% PhosphorusZDDP-Type: A: prim. B: Prim/sec. C: sec. D: aryl

ZDDP-Synergy of KetjenlubePolymer Esters demonstrat-ed in the Falex Pin & VeeWear test ASTM D 2670.Mineral oil solutions ofvarious ZDDP types weretested with and without 5% Ketjenlube PolymerEster addition.

____4

K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S

Product Range – Physical and applicational properties

Ketjenlube type Method KL 115 KL 135 KL 165 KL 1300 KL 215

Physical and Chemical Characteristics

Viscosity at 100°C (mm2/s) ASTM D-445 15 34 65 260 16

Viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) ASTM D-445 112 340 770 4100 120

Viscosity index ASTM D-2270 135 139 152 200 140

Pour point (°C) ASTM D-97 – 28 – 32 – 23 – 15 – 31

Flash point (°C) ASTM D-92 250 250 255 260 250

Acid number (mgKOH/g) ASTM D-974 0.4 0.2 0.3 < 0.1 0.3

Density 20 °C (g/cm3) ASTM D-1217 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.92

Colour Gardner ASTM D-1500 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1

Applicational properties

Volatility Noack (%) DIN 51581 4 3 3 1 4

Hydrolytic stability ASTM D-2619Acid number (mgKOH/g) after 48 h

oil phase 0.32 0.29 0.25 0.10 0.22water phase 0.18 0.24 0.03 0.24 0.14

Thermo-oxidative stability IP 48(200°C; 15 liter air/hour)

Weight loss (%) 7 6 4 4 6Viscosity increase (%) 160 150 140 90 155

Lubricity Reichert(% wear volume; 150 N oil =100%)

pure Ketjenlube 33 25 13 6 3210% Ketjenlube in 150 N oil 82 70 66 50 78

Compatibility10% in PAO 6 (48 h at –25 °C) + ± – – +10% in 150 N oil (48 h at – 10 °C) + + + ± +10% in water – – – – –

Seal compatibility (for details refer toCEC L-39-X-95 neutral behaviour

the corresponding data leaflets

Major applicational areas two-stroke; four stroke (gasoline and gear oils, hydraulic oils, greases, MWF (neat oils,

Nomenclature: first digit: 1 = polar version subsequent digits: Viscosity at 100°C2 = low polar version (except KL 502; KL 522; KL 6300)3 = unsaturated product

4,5 = metal working applications

____5

KL 230 KL 250 KL 2300 KL 2700 KL 19 KL 207 KL 305 KL 445 KL 522

30 51 300 700 6.0 6.6 5.5 45 192

280 540 4300 11000 27 34 27 450 2500

138 155 225 255 174 153 138 – –

– 33 – 29 – 18 –10 <– 50 – 30 – 42 – 12 – 4

250 250 270 270 235 250 230 220 180

0.3 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.08 0.08 1.1 ca. 10 ca. 65

0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.95 0.93 1.06 1.05

< 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 2 <1 6 2

3 3 1 < 1 11 4 14 – –

0.36 0.29 0.42 0.07 0.10 0.15 1.21 – –0.27 0.08 0.11 0.02 0.38 0.21 0.13 – –

6 5 4 4 15 9 15 – –150 145 40 40 70 50 320 – –

26 18 5 5 38 36 44 5% in water:74 69 60 55 93 88 80 21 20

+ + + + + + + – –+ + + + + + + – –– – – – – – – ± +

neutral behaviour slightly swelling

Diesel); gear oilssoluble oils) (automotive; 4-stroke, two-stroke; MWF MWF (soluble oils)

industrial)

For details about a specific product please refer to the corresponding technical data sheet

____6

K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S

Performance in four-stroke applications

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are used commercially both in Diesel and Gasoline engine oils of all

major viscosity grades as a means of achieving improved performance, especially from the

point of view of wear reduction.

Wear-reducing effect

The wear reduction due to Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in four stroke oils is a function of

• its inherently high affinity to metal surfaces: This helps on the one hand

to maintain a strong oil film at high oil temperatures, whilst permitting

the start of a cold engine without excessive wear after longer periods of

engine shut-down.

• its strong synergy with zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphates (ZDDP). Ketjenlube

Polymer Esters are able to lower the activation temperature of ZDDP

which results in an efficient EP-protection over a wider temperature

range. This synergistic effect is illustrated for example on page 3.

In the field these features result in reduced engine wear (especially cam

wear) which has been proven and demonstrated by a series of engine tests.

As an example here are the summarized comparative test results of two

oils (with and without a Ketjenlube Polymer Ester) in the Nissan KA 24E

valve train wear test which is an ILSAC GF 3 specification test (Sequence IVA).

Oil A Oil Bno Ketjenlube 8% Ketjenlube

• Scuffing area on rocker arm padsintake (average) 62.2% 13.4%exhaust (average) 58.5% 5.5%

• Wear of rocker arm padsintake (average) 4.0 µm 2.0 µmexhaust (average) 5.5 µm 1.0 µm

• Wear of cam lobesintake (average) 34.5 µm 5.2 µmexhaust (average) 28.5 µm 3.5 µm

Composition of the test oils: Oil A Oil B

API/SH ad-pac 12.0% 12.0%VI-improver (OCP) 8.5% 8.2%Pour point depressant 0.1% 0.1%Ketjenlube 135 – 8.0%Polyalphaolefin 20.0% 15.0%150 N mineral oil 59.4% 56.7%

Viscosity 100°C 14.1 mm2/s 13.6 mm2/sViscosity –20°C 3300 mPas 3300 mPas

Table 1: Nissan KA 24E valve train

wear test results of anAPI/SH oil with and without

Ketjenlube Polymer Ester

____7

With Ketjenlube Polymer Esters it is even

possible to formulate low ZDDP oils without

losing anti-wear performance.

For further performance data of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in four-stroke engine oils pleaserefer to the data leaflet Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in four-stroke applications.

120

100

80

60

40

20

0no Polymer Ester 5% Polymer Ester 10% Polymer Ester reference

Cam wear (µm)

failpass

� average cam wear � maximum cam wear

Trial oils: 500 ppm PhosphorusReference oil: 1100 ppm Phosphorus

VW Cam & Tappet results of a low ZDDP 10W-40 oil

(500 ppm Phosphorus) with and without Ketjenlube 135

Other benefits of using in 4T-oils

Typical treat rates in 4T-oils

Fuel efficiencyKetjenlube Polymer Esters assist in reducing the internal friction between engine parts and thus help

to reduce the fuel consumption. One customer reported a 5W-30 engine oil passing the US fuel

efficiency limit upon addition of 3% of Ketjenlube 1300.

Oil C Oil D Oil Edescription no friction modifier; no friction modifier; with commercial friction modifier;

no Ketjenlube 3% Ketjenlube 1300 no Ketjenlube

EFEI (%) 2.4 2.7 3.2

Clean enginesKetjenlube Polymer Esters are not classical dispersants, however due to their “double-comb”-structure

they exhibit an inherent dispersancy power which often acts synergistically with ash-containing and

ash-free dispersants. This results in exceptionally clean engines and low piston deposits as demon-

strated in a Daimler Benz OM 602 A and other engine tests. For detailed results please refer to the

data leaflet Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in four-stroke applications.

To achieve an optimum wear reducing effect in semi-synthetic 5W

or 10W oils Ketjenlube Polymer Ester treat rates of 6% to 12%

are recommended. In fully synthetic premium oils Ketjenlube con-

centrations up to 33% are commercially used; a typical example

for a semi-synthetic 10W-40 oil is the oil B given in table 1.

Both the low and high temperature thickening effect of the

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters is unexpectedly low compared to

other base fluids of similar viscosity. This phenomenon allows the

formulation of both 5W and 10W oils including substantial

quantities of Ketjenlube 115 or Ketjenlube 135, the two most

widely used Ketjenlube types in the four-stroke area.

Table 2: Sequence VI engine test results of API/SH 5W-30 oils with and without Ketjenlube Polymer Esters

____8

K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S

Performance in two-stroke engine oils

The high inherent lubricity together with their clean burning make the

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters an ideal base fluid for two-stroke motor bike

engine oils. In table 3 the ISO-L-EGD results of four different formulation

examples (semi-synthetic, synthetic, high solvent oils) containing Ketjen-

lube Polymer Esters as ester component are summarized.

Table 3: Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in two-stroke engine oils

Oil 1 2 3 4

Type synthetic; synthetic semi semihigh solvent synthetic synthetic

Composition (wt %)

Ad-pac A – – 5.2 –

Ad-pac B 9.3 – – 5.2

Ad-pac C – 5.2 – –

Polyisobutylene 40.7 49.8 30.0 30.0

Ketjenlube 305 – 25.0 15.0 –

Ketjenlube 135 – – – 10.0

Ketjenlube 115 15 – – –

150 SN mineral oil – – – 30.0

600 SN mineral oil – – 34.8 10.0

Solvent 35.0 20.0 15.0 14.8

Viscosity 100°C (mm2/s) 8.8 9.6 9.5 9.5

ISO-L-EGD-engine test results:

Exhaust smoke index(FC limit: 85 min)

193 172 85 89

Lubricity index(FC limit: 95 min

116 100 103 97

Torque index(FC limit: 98 min)

98 100 102 100

Detergency index 1 hour not not108

(FC limit: 95 min) determined determined105

Detergency index 3 hours not(GD limit: 125 min)

135 137 125determined

Exhaust port blocking index (FC limit: 90 min)

210 111 110 125

As a top-of-the-line product the Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are commonly

used for racing purposes. Several customers also have run Ketjenlube

based oils in the Piaggio Hexagon test with outstanding lubricity results.

For further engine test results please refer to the data leaflet Ketjenlube

Polymer Esters in two-stroke applications.

Due to their limited biodegradability Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are not

recommended for use in biodegradable two-stroke engine oils.

Biodegradable two-stroke engine oils

____9

Performance in automotive gear oils

One lubricating oil area where synthetic base fluids are becoming more and more

predominantly used instead of mineral oil base stocks is that of automotive and

industrial gear oils.

The two high viscous Ketjenlube types Ketjenlube 2300 and Ketjenlube2700 are tailormade for applications in gear oils and are a cost effectivealternative to high viscosity polyalphaolefins. In principle the lower viscousKetjenlube Polymer Esters can be used, too (and in fact are commerciallyused). Besides their superior load carrying capacity they exhibit• Excellent thermo-oxidative and hydrolytic stability (similar to high viscous

PAO);• Absolute temporary as well as permanent shear stability;• Compatibility both with non polar base stocks and with polar additives;• Neutral seal behaviour;• Superior viscosity characteristics at low temperature.

It is in particular the shear stability and low temperature behaviour of theKetjenlube Polymer Esters which allow the formulation of outstanding highperformance multi-grade automotive gear oils. As an example in table 4 both a 75W-90 and a 75W-140 synthetic gear oilis given based on Ketjenlube 2300 and Ketjenlube 2700 respectively.

Viscosity grade 75W-90 75W-140

Composition (wt%)Ketjenlube 2300 44 –Ketjenlube 2700 – 50.5Polyalphaolefin 4/6 36 30Di-ester 10 9.5Commercial API GL-5 ad-pac 10 10

Performance dataViscosity 100°C (mm2/s) 15.9 24.2

Brookfield viscosity –40 °C (mPas) 64,000 125,500

Shear loss after 20 h (%); CEC L-45-T-93 < 1 < 1

Elastomer swell (Viton); DIN 53521 neutral neutral

GFC oxidation test (160°C, 192 h); CEC L-48-A-95acid no. after test (mgKOH/g) 0.55 0.45viscosity increase (%) 41 32

Automotive gear oils

The 75W-90 gear oil of table 4 was also tested in the CRC L-60 gear

oil test. Besides a very low viscosity increase it achieved an excellent

carbon/varnish and sludge merit rating which clearly outperformed

comparable oils based on high viscous polyalphaolefins.

Table 4: Automotive gear oil examples with Ketjenlube PolymerEsters as base fluids

____10

K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S

Performance in metalworking fluids

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are used commercially in a wide range of metal

working applications at average treat levels of 3% to 25% depending on

the application

• in neat oils

• in emulsion systems

• for metal cutting operations (e.g. broaching, tapping, milling)

• for metal forming operations (e.g. hot and cold rolling, drawing, stamping)

The performance of Ketjenlube Polymer Ester containing fluids is increased

even further when combined with antiwear/EP agents, so enabling high

performance formulations to be made which are entirely chloroparaffin-free.

Major achievements in overall performance are

• extended tool life;

• increased productivity;

• improved tolerance and surface finish of machined parts.

All Ketjenlube Polymer Esters can be emulsified using state-of-the-art

emulsifiers, enabling high performance soluble oils to be formulated.

Various guideline formulations are available for fine-tuning; examples are

given in table 5:

Soluble oils (emulsions)

Table 5: Guideline formulations for

metal working concentratesusing Ketjenlube Polymer

Esters as anti-wear additive.

Concentrate A B C

Concentrate type amine/boron boron free amine free/containing boron free

Composition (wt%)

Mineral oil (paraffinic or naphthenic) 58.5 61.25 61.25

Oleyl/cetylalcohol + 2 EO (emulsifier) 14.0 16.0 16.0

Glycole derivate 3.0 7.0 7.0

Vegetable oil fatty acids 5.0 4.0 4.0

6-Carboxy-4-hexyl-2-cyclohexen-1-

octanoic acid („Di-acid“) 2.5 3.0 3.0

Amine borate 9.0 – –

Biocide 3.0 –* –*

Diglycolamine – 3.75 –

Potassium hydroxide 50% in water – – 3.75

Ketjenlube 135 5.0 5.0 5.0

* biocide to be included as necessary

____11

A 10% emulsion of the amine and boron free concentrate in table 5 has

been tested on a CNC cutting machine. The chosen operations were face

turning and grooving of hardened steel (17 CrNiMo 6). In both cases the

tool wear was considerably lower (up to 50%) compared to the same

emulsion without Ketjenlube Polymer Ester.

Tool wear vs. running time:Face turning (constant revolution speed)

running time (m)

µm

140120100806040200

0 100 200 300 400 500

no KL 135KL 135

Tool wear vs. running time:Grooving

running time (m)

µm

140120100806040200

0 100 200 300 400 500

no KL 135KL 135

Synthetic concentrates

More formulation examples (including detailed composition) and test results

can be found in the data leaflet „Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in soluble oils“.

With Ketjenlube Polymer Esters it is also possible to formulate aqueous

solutions, using Ketjenlube 445 or Ketjenlube 522.

Ketjenlube 445 is not truly watersoluble, but is easily emulsifiable due to

its ethoxylated side chains which give the product an HLB-value of 11.5.

Ketjenlube 445 improves the surface finish in metal processing, for example

in aluminium or copper metal working. The effect on the tool wear of the

addition of 0.5% Ketjenlube 445 to an aqueous cutting formulation is

shown in the subsequent graphs:

Performance of a 10%emulsion (concentrate Cin table 5) with andwithout Ketjenlube 135in face turning andgrooving of hardenedsteel (17CrNiMo 6)

Performance of anaqueous cutting formu-lation with and without0.5% Ketjenlube 445 in face turning andgrooving of aluminiumalloy (AlMgSi 1).

In addition to ethoxylated side chains Ketjenlube 522 contains free acid

groups which can react with amines. Aqueous solutions of Ketjenlube 522

show an outstanding lubricity which still is unsurpassed in the area of syn-

thetic aqueous solutions, however, without careful formulation Ketjenlube

522 can exhibit a foaming tendency in line with its degree of ethoxylation,

which may restrict its application to low agitation operations.

For more detailed information about the use of Ketjenlube 445 and

Ketjenlube 522 please refer to the corresponding data leaflets.

Tool wear vs. running time:Face turning (constant revolution speed)

running time (m)

µm80706050403020100

0 200 400 600

no KLKL 445

Tool wear vs. running time:Grooving

running time (m)

µm80706050403020100

0 200 400 600

no KLKL 445

____12

K E T J E N L U B E P O L Y M E R E S T E R S

The performance improvement of neat oils with Ketjenlube Polymer Esters

for instance is demonstrated in the Falex tapping torque test1) which is

designed to evaluate cutting oils:

In cutting operations one of the major functions of the oil is to minimize

wear on the cutting edge of the tool. This tool wear can be determined

indirectly by measuring the torque generated during the tapping operation

in the so-called tapping torque machine. High torques are an indication of

poor lubrication and thus accelerated wear.

Several neat oils with and without added Ketjenlube Polymer Ester were

tested. The performance differences are expressed in terms of the torque

difference ∆ Tq between the reference oil (chloroparaffin based; ∆ Tq = 0)

and the test oils. A positive ∆ Tq means less torque than the reference and

therefore less wear. The results are summarized in table 6.

Neat oils

Hot drawing oils

Table 6: Falex Tapping torque

test results

These results clearly demonstrate the lubricity improvement which can be

achieved by the addition of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters. Comparable for-

mulations containing conventional esters do not exhibit this superior level

of performance.

1) a detailed description of the Falex Tapping Torque Test is given for instance in Lubr. Eng. 52, 1, 31-38 (1996).

∆ Tq

ISO VG 46 mineral oil approx. – 3Mineral oil + 2% TNPS* – 0.50Mineral oil + 25% Ketjenlube 135 – 0.25Chloroparaffin based reference oil 0Mineral oil + 2% TNPS* + 25% Ketjenlube 135 + 0.30

*Di-tert.nonylpolysulfide

Ketjenlube 6300 has been specially developed to lubricate hardened-steel

forming dies in the drawing of non-ferrous tubes. The use of Ketjenlube

6300 results in longer tool life and high surface finish with a concomitant

low fume emission.

____13

For industrial gear oils the thermo-oxidative stability is of paramount

importance, consequently there are a variety of specification tests dealing

with this performance criterium. Industrial gear oils based on Ketjenlube

Polymer Esters exhibit an excellent stability performance as is demonstrated

for a synthetic ISO VG 220 oil (table 7):

Table 7: Performance data of an ISO VG 220 gear oil based on Ketjenlube 2300

Composition

Ketjenlube 2300 55%Polyalphaolefin 6 33.2%

Trimellitate ester 10.0%

Additive package 1.8%

Test results

Oxidation test ASTM D 2893 (121°C; 312 h)

precipitation number 0

acid number increase 1%

viscosity increase 6%

GFC oxidation test (150°C; 192 h)

acid number after test 1.51 mgKOH/g

viscosity increase 5%

Panel Coker deposits (250°C; 6 h) 5 mg

FZG-test (16.6 m/s; 140 °C) pass load stage 12

Industrial gear oils

Performance in other applications

The outstanding load carrying capacity of the ISO VG 220 gear oil

described in table 7 is demonstrated in the FZG test; even in the severe

mode (gear speed 16.6 m/s; oil temperature 140°C) the oil reached the

final load stage 12.

For more detailed information on automotive and industrial gear

oils please refer to the corresponding Ketjenlube Polymer Ester

data leaflets.

____14

Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are used commercially in semi-synthetic and

synthetic greases. They do significantly improve the AW/EP-properties

without disturbing the grease texture. Greases with Ketjenlube Polymer

Esters also show significantly increased ageing resistance in the presence

of iron.

Greases

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (min)

temperature (°C)

Grease without KL 135

Grease with KL 135

For more detailed information and test results about the use of Ketjenlube

Polymer Esters please refer to the data-leaflet Ketjenlube Polymer Esters in

Greases.

Recent investigations into the use of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters as an

additive for environmentally safe, water based drilling muds have provided

promising results which also have been confirmed by field tests in the

Gulf of Mexico:

• The use of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters as a rate of penetration (ROP)

enhancer resulted in a dramatic increase of about 8.5 times ROP

compared to a state-of-the-art water based mud.

• In a silicate mud system the addition of small amounts of Ketjenlube

Polymer Esters reduced the internal friction by more than 50%.

• In bentonite drilling slurries Ketjenlube Polymer Esters improved the

lubricity by up to 40%.

For further information about the use of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters

please refer to our specialists in our Denver Sales Office

(cf. address list on page 20).

Four-ball endurance test of a lithium

soap grease with andwithout Ketjenlube 135

(load: 2000 Newton)

Drilling fluids

____15

K E T J E N - O X D I T H I O C A R B A M A T E S

Ketjen-Ox Dithiocarbamates

Metal dithiocarbamates are versatile additives for automotive and industrial lubricants as

well as for rubber processing. The production of solid and liquid dithiocarbamates is a core

technology within Akzo Nobel.

The Akzo Nobel dithiocarbamates produced for lubricant applications areeither of a unique composition or are offered as high quality products (highpurity) at a very competitive price. Currently Akzo Nobel is the only Europe-based producer of these components. Products which are currently avail-able are summarized in table 8.

Molybdenum dithiocarbamates as friction modifiers in engine oils:Molybdenum dithiocarbamate complexes belong to the most powerfulfriction reducing agents available for four-stroke engine oils. They are ableto lower the internal friction in an engine by more than 50 per cent.Whereas Ketjen-Ox 77M is very cost-efficient but dark coloured, the molyb-denum dithiocarbamate complex Ketjen-Ox 77TS displays a light colour inthe final formulation and is fully compatible even with very low polarGroup 3 and Group 4 base oils. Ketjen-Ox 77TS furthermore shows a bet-ter thermo-oxidative stability than other molybdenum dithiocarbamates.

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

Friction

Test conditions: High frequency reciprocating rig; load increasingin 6 steps from 10 N to 150 N. Oil temperature:100°C

� no Molybdenumdithiocarbamate

� with 1%Ketjen-Ox 77TS

Friction properties of a 10W-30 engine oil with and without

Ketjen-Ox 77TS

Compatibility of Ketjen-Ox 77TS in PAO 6 (left) compared to other commercial Molybdenum dithiocarbamates(500 ppm Mo)

____16

Appearance of 1% Ketjen-Ox 77TS in mineral

oil (right) after ageing inthe CEC L-39-T-96 elas-

tomer test compared to aconventional Mo-dtc (left)

Table 8:Metal dithiocarbamates;product range

Type zinc-dithiocarbamatesantimony-

molybdenum-dithiocarbamatesdithiocarbamate

Product name Ketjen-Ox 71 Ketjen-Ox-71 S Ketjen-Ox 7458 Ketjen-Ox 77M Ketjen-Ox 77TS

mixture of antimony molybdenum sulfurized molybdenumComposition zinc diamyldithiocarbamate diamyl- and diisooctyl diisooctyldithio- diisotridecyl dithio-

dithiocarbamates carbamate complex carbamate complex

Purity 100% pure 55% in mineral oil 55% in mineral oil 80% in mineral oil 50% in mineral oil

Appearance yellow liquid orange-brown liquid dark liquid reddish liquid

Product viscosity (40°C)

4,500 cSt 75 cSt 120cSt 1,500 cSt 90 cSt

Metal content Zn: 11.0 % Zn: 6.1 % Sb: 6.9 % Mo:10.5 % Mo: 5.0 %

Sulfur content S: 22.0 % S: 12.0 % S: 11.5 % S: 15.0 % S: 6.6 %

unique: free of state-of-the-art very low crystal- state-of-the-artunique: light colour,

Specialtysolvent, but liquid product lization point product

compatible with low polar oils

Main multi-purpose additives friction modifiers for engine oils;applications (antioxidants, AW/EP-additives) for greases AW/EP-additives for greases

Dithiocarbamates for grease applications:

Metal dithiocarbamates are multi-functional additives for greases which

help to keep the additive level low and thus limit the interferance with

the grease texture (no „oil bleeding“). Zinc-, antimony- and molybdenum

dithiocarbamates are efficient antioxidants as well as AW/EP-additives.

The friction modifying properties of the molybdenum dithiocarbamate

complexes are also displayed in greases.

Although antimony compounds usually are reputed as toxic and harmful

to the environment, the antimony-dithiocarbamate Ketjen-Ox 7458 is

not toxic (neither to rats, rabbits or fish) or irritating, as was proven by

appropriate testing.

Competitive Molybdenumdithiocarbamate

Ketjen-Ox 77TS

After Elastomer-Swell Test 168 h/150°C

____17

D I - E S T E R S , P O L Y O L E S T E R S , A M I D E S

Di-esters, Polyol Esters, Amides

Di-esters, Polyol Esters

Amides

Akzo Nobel Chemicals is one of the leading ester manufacturers worldwi-de. The site Arese is specialized in the production of high quality/high per-formance esters for various markets. The ester range comprises fatty acidesters, di-esters, hindered esters, sorbitane esters and many more. A selec-tion of esters offered for the lubricant area is given in table 9.

Trade name Ester kinematic Acid pour flash type viscosity value point point

100°C (mm2/s) (mgKOH/g) (°C) (°C)

Ketjenlube 09 dimeric acid ester 13.2 < 0.1 < –40 280

Ketjenlube10 hindered ester 5.0 < 0.1 < –40 > 240

Ketjenlube 15 di-ester 5.2 < 0.2 < –50 > 240

Ketjenlube 16 di-ester 4.0 < 0.2 < –50 > 230

Table 9: Examples of conventionalesters manufactured for the use in lubricants

Special ester types can be tailored according to customer demands. For further information please refer to the Marketing Center in Arese (cf. address list on page 20).

In addition to ester derivatives the Arese product range comprises alsovarious fatty acid amides which are used among others as fuel additives for lubricants (friction modifiers). The amides commercially available aresummarized in table 10.

Trade nameChemical

AppearanceMelting Flash

description point point

Armid O oleylamidepellets, flakes,

70°C 210°Chot molten liquid

Armid E erucamidepellets,

79°C 230°Cflakes

Armid HT stearylamidepellets,

100°C 225°Cflakes

Table 10:Fatty acid amides

____18

General Information

G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N

Health, safety, environment, regulatory statusA representative number of Ketjenlube types have been tested for varioustoxicological and ecotoxicological properties. The test data show thatKetjenlube Polymer Esters can be considered safe to man and friendly tothe environment, concurrent with its chemistry being a polymer of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen only.

Ketjenlube type KL 305 KL 115 KL 135 KL 165 KL 1300 KL 2300 KL 502 KL 445KL 215 KL 230 KL 250 KL 2700 KL 522

Test procedure

Skin irritation (rabbit) non irritating to skin

Eye irritation non irritating to eyes

Acute oral toxicity (rat) > 15 g/kg > 2 g/kg > 15 g/kg > 5 g/kg

Mutagenicity (Ames test) no mutagenic activity

Biodegradability (CEC L-33-A-94) 65% 27% 14% 32%

Bacterial toxity (EC 10; Robra-Test) >10 g/l >10 g/l 7.75 g/l

Acute toxity to fish (zebra fish) >200 mg/l >100 mg/l > 1 g/l

Skin sensitization non (Magnusson/Kligmann test) sensitizing

German Water Hazardous Class one (very slightly water hazardous)

FDA Food approval of Ketjenlube Polymer EstersSome Ketjenlube Polymer Ester types are approved by FDA for the use as acomponent in lubricants for food packaging equipment like can seaminglubricants. The general approval for the use in lubricants with incidentalfood contact (FDA H1 lubricants) is currently under way. For detailed infor-mation please refer to the Marketing Center in Arese.

Registration status of Ketjenlube Polymer Esters

Ketjenlube type KL 115, KL 135 KL 165 KL 2300 KL 207 KL 19 KL 445 KL 522KL 215, KL 230 KL 305 KL 2700

KL 250 KL 1300

CAS-Registry Number 128218-63-3 138208-69-2 173521-40-9 – – 135397-33-0 120366-25-8

EINECS no no no no no no no(Europe) (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)* (polymer)*

TSCA (USA) yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

DSL (Canada) yes no no no no no yes

AICS (Australia) yes yes yes yes yes yes no

MITI (Japan) yes yes yes yes yes no no

China yes yes yes yes yes no no

Thailand –** –** –** –** –** –** –**

Korea yes no no no no no no

* Polymers cannot be registered in EINECS. All Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are free to sell in Europe.** Only hazardous products need to be registered. All Ketjenlube Polymer Esters are free to commercialize.

____19

HSE-Data for Ketjen-Ox Dithiocarbamates

Registration status of Ketjen-Ox Dithiocarbamates

Ketjen-Ox type Ketjen-Ox 71Ketjen-Ox 71S

Ketjen-Ox 7458 Ketjen-Ox 77M Ketjen-Ox 77TS

Test procedure

Skin irritation (rabbit) practically non irritating

Eye irritation (rabbit) minimally irritating

Biodegradability inherently biodegradable

Oral LD 50 (rat) > 14,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 2,000 mg/kg > 2,000 mg/kg

Dermal LD 50 (rabbit) > 2,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 2,000 mg/kg > 2,000 mg/kg

Fish toxicity (zebra fish) > 1,000 mg/kg

German water hazardous class two (slightly water hazardous)

Ketjen-Ox type Ketjen-Ox 71Ketjen-Ox 71S

Ketjen-Ox 7458 Ketjen-Ox 77M Ketjen-Ox 77TS

CAS-Registry Number 15337-18-5 15890-25-2; 68954-53-0 71342-89-715991-76-1

EINECS (Europe) yes (EC-number: yes (EC-numbers: yes (EC-number: yes (EC-number: 2393705) 2400282; 2401307 2732456) 27534476)

TSCA (USA) yes yes yes yes

DSL (Canada) yes yes yes yes

AICS (Australia) yes yes no yes

MITI (Japan) yes (ENCS-number: yes yes (ISHL-number:(2)-2886) 1-(1)-524)

China yes yes yes yes

PICCS (Philippines) yes yes yes yes

Korea yes (KE-35526) yes (KE-25429) yes (KE-03103)

For further information please refer to the material safety data sheets available for these products.