key concept the overall process of cellular respiration ... · 4.4 overview of cellular respiration...
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
! Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
• Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. • Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.
mitochondrion
animal cell
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration ! Glycolysis in detail: Glycolysis is the 1st stage of cellular
respiration. • Glycolysis is anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm.
– two ATP molecules are used to split glucose – four ATP molecules are produced (2 net ATP)
– two molecules of NADH produced (energy carrier) The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when
oxygen is available.
– two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) produced
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
! Overview of the Kreb’s cycle. • The main purpose of the Krebs cycle is to produce energy-
carrying molecules NADH and FADH2. – takes place in
mitochondrial matrix – breaks down 2 three-carbon
pyruvate molecules from glycolysis
• For EACH pyruvate molecule: – 3 carbon dioxide released – 4 NADH produced – 1 ATP produced – 1 FADH2 produced
6H O 2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
Krebs Cycle
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
6H O 2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
• Overview of ETC: 3rd stage of cellular respiration: The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP.
– takes place in inner membrane
– energy transferred to electron transport chain
– oxygen enters process
– ATP produced
– water released as a waste product
Electron Transport
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
! Details of ETC: The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.
• The electron transport chain uses NADH and to make ATP. – high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain – energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the
inner membrane – hydrogen ions
flow through a channel in the membrane creating ATP
– 3 ATP created for each NADH molecule – 2 ATP created from each FADH2 molecule
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
• The breakdown of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration produces up to 38 molecules of ATP.
– ATP synthase enzyme produces ATP
– oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions
– water is released as a waste product
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
• The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O
• The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
! Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue.
• Fermentation is an anaerobic process. – occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular
respiration
• Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
• Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
• Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. – glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules – pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation – energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid – NADH is changed back into NAD+
• NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
! Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. • Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid
fermentation. – glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter
fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an
alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+
– NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
• Fermentation is used in food production.
– yogurt
– cheese
– bread