Key concepts & social sciences background

What do you think of it? What are the key controversial concepts behind this?

→ “Men feel comfortable acting in public area, while women are guardians of the private area” →“Women have to work much harder than men to achieve the same position in the society.”→ Biological sex is unchanging (trouver une phrase plus subtile!!!)

“Men feel comfortable acting in public area, while women are guardians of the private

area”

Masculine / feminine traits - Innate / learned - social roles - sex / gender

Gender - gender studies

Anthropologist Margaret MeadSex and Temperament in 3 primitive societies

(1935)

• Laid the foundation for much of our contemporary sociological research and debate on gender.

→ are « masculine » and « feminine » traits innate or learned?→ do men and women differ because of nature (heredity) or nurture (socialization)?=> For M.Mead cultural conditioning is more important than biology in shaping women and men’s behaviour.

Arapesh people

• Men = WomenBoth :- « maternal » in its parental aspects- « feminine » in its sexual aspects- Cooperative, unaggressive, responsive to the

needs of others

Mundugumor people

• Men = WomenBoth : - ruthless, aggressive- Not « maternal » at all- Undisciplined and violent

Tchambuli people

• Men ≠ Women

Men : Emotionnaly dependant personLess responsible

Women : DominantImpersonnalManaging partner

=> Definitive conclusion : no basis for regarding specific behaviours or traits we traditionally regarded as feminin or masculin as sex-linked.

Gender

SEX GENDERIs innate

Refers to:Biological, natural, physical differences

Is learned. It is a social and historical construction

Refers to:Way of thinking and feelingPosition in the societyIdentity - way to introduce yourself…

Council of Europe : Gender is a socially constructed definition of women and men. It is the social design of a biological sex, determined by the conception of tasks, functions and roles attributed to women and men in society and in public and private life. It is a culture specific definition of femininity and masculinity and therefore varies in time and space.

Gender and Culture

• Euromed heteroneous context towards new guinea?

• G.HofstedeBrief presentation of 5 dimensions

Focus on Masculinity/Feminity DimensionHoftstede’s definitions

From Hofstede (2001), Culture’s Consequences

• “Masculinity stands for a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.”

• “Femininity stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap: Both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.”

“Women have to work much harder than men to achieve the same position

in the society.”

• Sexist jokes - Inequality - discrimination -

Gender equality - gender mainstreaming / positive(affirmative) action

Biological sex is unchanging (trouver une phrase plus subtile!!!)

• Heterosexuality / Homosexuality - LGBT - Gay - lesbian transsexualism- transgender - breaking norms - queer - discrimination

Sexual identity - gender identity

How do you say gender issue in your mother tongue? Is it a political issue?

Conclusion

• Food for thought : Translation problem, controversial theories, what consequence for youth work?

Political frame• 1979 : CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination

against Women) , a UN major tool .• 1995 – Conférence mondiale sur les femmes, Pékin : un tournant majeur.• Véritable charte refondatrice des droits des femmes, la Déclaration de Pékin

consolide et précise le travail engagé vingt ans plus tôt. Les gouvernements reconnaissent que « l’égalité des droits, des chances et de l’accès aux ressources, le partage égal des responsabilités familiales et un partenariat harmonieux

entre les femmes et les hommes sont essentiels à leur bien-être et à celui de leurs familles ainsi qu’à l’affermissement de la démocratie ». La Conférence de Pékin proclame que l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes est une condition essentielle du développement durable, de la paix et de la démocratie.• 2005 – Pékin +10 : La 49e session de la Commission des Nations unies sur le

statut de la femme réaffirme les acquis de la déclaration et du Programme d’action de Pékin de la façon la plus ferme possible dans un contexte marqué par des risques de régressions.

EU and equality between women and menhttp://www.femmes-europe.eu/parite.php • Principle included in the Rome Treaty.• To achieve this goal the EU has established

legal (directives) and political tools.• Moreover gender has been integrated into all

sectors of European and national political processes as a whole. (gender mainstreaming)

Legislation in support of equality between women and men

• to reduce the differences in the treatment of men and women in the workplace in terms of wages, access to employment and training etc.

• to promote gender equality in the social area such as in social security, maternity and parental leave.

http://www.rue89.com/2010/09/19/sur-la-porte-des-wc-des-panneaux-qui-font-mauvais-genre-166388