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Key cultivation techniques for hemp
Stefano AMADUCCI
Institute of Agronomy, Genetics and Field crops
Summer School
“Lignocellulosic Crops as Feedstock for Future Biorefineries” Lisbon, 26-31 July 2014
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Study material:
Key cultivation techniques for hemp
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Layout of the lecture:
• Introduction;
• Hemp botany, biology and resource use efficiency;
• Influence of agronomic factors on industrial hemp;
• Conclusion.
Key cultivation techniques for hemp
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
C. erratica Anders
C. indica Lamark
C. macrosperma Stokes
C. chinensis & C. gigantea Delile
C. gigantea Crevost
C. erratica Siev.
C. foetens Gilib
C. lupulus Scop.
C. americana Pharm
C. generalis E.H.L. Krause
C. ruderalis Janischeskii
Fam. Cannabaceae
Cannabis sativa L.
(Anderson, 1980)
C. sativa
C. indica
C. ruderalis
(Small, 1974)
C. sativa subsp. indica
subsp. sativa
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Chemotype I: (drug) THC > 0.3 % D.W.
CBD < 0.5 % D.W.
Chemotype II: (intermediate) THC 0.3 % D.W.
CBD > 0.5% D.W.
Chemotype III: (fibre) THC < 0.3% D.W.
CBD > 0.5% D.W.
Definizione dei chemotipi
SMALL & BECKSTEAD, 1973
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Introduction
Origin and diffusion
1545
4-8000 BC
1606
1755 Centre
of origin
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Introduction
Origin and diffusion
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Introduction
Origin and diffusion
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Introduction
Potential uses of hemp
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Scheme of the
MULTIHEMP
Biorefinery
concept
www.multihemp.eu
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Introduction
Actual European uses of hemp fibre
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Introduction
Actual European uses of hemp shives
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Introduction
Actual European uses of hemp seeds
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
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Young stem/internode Old stem/internode
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
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Fibre cell maturity
Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Middle lamella Primary cell wall
Layers of secondary cell wall
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
15-50 µm
20-80 mm
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Dioecious
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Monoecious
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp phenology
Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.
BVP PIP FDP
*
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp phenology
Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.
BVP FDP
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Hemp phenology
Amaducci, S. et al, 2008. Eur. J. Agron., 28, 90-102.
PIP
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Struik, et al., 2000. Industrial crops and products, Vol. 11/2-3, 107-118
50 100 200
RUE 1-9
RUE 1-7
RUE 7-9
K
1.92
2.30
0.86
1.02
1.83
2.26
0.95
0.93
1.72
2.12
0.44
0.86
Plant density (n m-2)
Radiation Use Efficiency
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Cosentino et al., 2013. Ind. Crops Prod. 50, 312–324.
Water Use Efficiency
1.91 - 2.48 g biomass L−1 beginning of flowering
2.73 - 3.45 g biomass L−1 beginning of flowering
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Hemp botany, biology and resource use
efficiency
Nitrogen Use Efficiency
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed management
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed management
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Crop parameter
Biomass yield
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed management
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Crop parameter
Fibre yield
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed m.
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Crop parameter
Fibre quality:
• Primary/secondary fibre
• Degree of maturity
• Fibre diameter
• Fibre lenght
• Lignification
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Agronomic factors
• Soil preparation
• Variety choice
• Sowing time
• Plant density
• Plant nutrition
• Crop rotation and weed management
• Irrigation
• Harvesting time
Crop parameter
Fibre quality
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Variety choice: Effect on flowering time
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Variety choice: …and on stem yield
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Cultivars bred in northern environments have lower
biomass yield when grown in the South, mainly due to
shortened growth duration and early-flowering
Finola in Latvia Finola in Italy
Variety choice – Effect on flowering time
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Variety choice – Effect on flowering time
Amaducci, et al., 2012. Industrial Crops and Products, 37, 100-112
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Effect of variety and sowing time on flowering time
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Plant density – Effect on stem yield
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
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Actual hemp cultivation and future
perspectives
Plant density – Effect on yield
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Plant density – Effect on stem yield
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Plant density – Effect on stem yield
Extinction of incident PAR (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
6-Apr 16-Apr 26-Apr 6-May 16-May 26-May 5-JunDate
PA
R E
xti
nc
tio
n
D30
D45
D90
D180
D270
Amaducci, et al., 2002. Journal of industrial hemp, Vol. 7 (2), 33-60
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Plant density – Effect on fibre lenght?
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Plant density – Effect on fibre yield
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Plant density –
Effect on fibre yield
and quality
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al.., 2008. Field crops Research, 107,161-169.
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Influence of agronomic factors on
industrial hemp
Amaducci, et al., 2005. Journal of Industrial Hemp, Vol. 10 (1), 31-48.
Plant density x Harvesting time – Effect on fibre yield
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A relatively large scientific literature dealing with the
effect of environment and cultivation practices on
hemp production is available, while limited
information is available on the effect of environment
and management on plant quality characteristics (of
fibre, seed and secondary metabolites).
Conclusion
Conclusion