key findings from the 2013 edition of education at a glance - andreas schleicheradvisor of the oecd...
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Some 10 years ago, we lived in a very different world in which education systems tended to be inward-looking , where schools and education systems typically considered themselves to be unique and to operate in a unique context that would not allow them to borrow on policies and practices developed elsewhere.TRANSCRIPT
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Key fi
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s
Andreas SchleicherAdvisor of the OECD Secretary-General on Education Policy
Deputy Director for Education
Key findings from the 2013 edition of
Education at a Glance
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Key fi
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s
Across the world more people obtain better qualifications
but the pace of change varies hugely across countries
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1995
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cost
per
stu
dent
Graduate supply
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1995
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cost
per
stu
dent
Graduate supply
United States
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Key fi
nd
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s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2000
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
United Kingdom
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Key fi
nd
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s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2001
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
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s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2002
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2003
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
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s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2004
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2005
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
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s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2006
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2007
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2008
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
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s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2009 Ex
pend
itur
e pe
r st
uden
t at
ter
tiary
leve
l (U
SD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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Key fi
nd
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s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2010
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Iceland
Poland
UK
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2010
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
US
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Key fi
nd
ing
sMore people are participating in education than ever
beforeProportion of population with tertiary education, and difference in attainment
between 25-34 and 55-64 year-olds (2011)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60- 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
AUS
AUS
BEL
CAB
CHL
CZE
DNK
EST
FIN
FRA
GER
GRCHUN
ISL
IRL
ISR
ITA
JPN
KOR
LUX
MEX
NLD NZL
NOR
POL
PRT
SVK
SVNESP
SWECHE
TUR
UKM
USABRA
RUS
Proportion of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education
OE
CD
ave
r-
age
OECD average
Percentage points
Difference between the 25-34 and 55-64 year-old populations with tertiary education.
High attainment; de-creasing advantage
Lower attainment; catching up
High attainment; Increasing advant-age
Low attainment; Getting further be-hind
Chart A1.3
Tertiary attainment
Incre
asin
g a
dvan
tag
e
DE
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Key fi
nd
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s
An increasing female advantage
EU
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
More women than men earn a university-level degree
Proportion of students who enter tertiary education and graduate with at least a first degree/qualification at this level, by gender (2011)
Jap
an
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
,
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Tu
rke
y
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ge
rma
ny
Po
lan
d
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Me
xico
Au
stri
a
No
rwa
y
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ed
en
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Women Men%
Chart A4.2
EUUK
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
Mixed success rates
EU
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Key fi
nd
ing
sLess than 70% of students entering tertiary education
actually graduateProportion of students who enter tertiary education and graduate with at least a first
degreeJa
pan
Au
stra
lia
Den
mar
k
Fra
nce
Sp
ain
Fin
land
Ger
ma
ny
Tu
rkey
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Net
he
rland
s
Cze
ch R
ep
u...
Uni
ted
Kin
...
Slo
vak
Re
pu...
EU
21
ave
rage
OE
CD
ave
...
Po
rtug
al
Mex
ico
Au
stria
Po
lan
d
New
Ze
ala
nd
Nor
wa
y
Sw
ede
n
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Hun
gary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100%
Chart A4.1US/EU
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
The crisis has amplified the value of a good education
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Key fi
nd
ing
sA tertiary education is an advantage,
particularly during an economic downturn Unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds tertiary educated people (2005, 2008 and 2011)
Norway
Germ
any
Czech
Rep
ublic
Austra
lia
Korea
Belgi
um
New Z
eala
nd
Sweden
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Finla
nd
Polan
d
OECD ave
rage
Franc
e
Canad
aIta
ly
Slova
k Rep
ublic
Irela
nd
Estoni
a
Spain
0
5
10
15
20
25
302011 2008 2005%
Chart A5.2-3
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Key fi
nd
ing
sAdults with no upper secondary education suffer even more in weak labour markets
Unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education (2005, 2008 and 2011)
Ko
rea
Me
xico
Ch
ile
Bra
zil
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Au
stra
lia
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Isra
el
Ice
lan
d
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
De
nm
ark
Italy
Sw
ed
en
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fin
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Be
lgiu
m
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ge
rma
ny
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
lan
d
Gre
ece
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ire
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Est
on
ia
Sp
ain
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
0
5
10
15
20
25
302011 2008 2005%
Chart A5.2-1
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Key fi
nd
ing
sThe private returns on an investment in tertiary
education are substantialPrivate costs and benefits for a man attaining tertiary education (2009)
Turkey 64177New Zealand 66357
Greece 70128Denmark 72592Sweden 84239Norway 95465
Belgium 116694Spain 118157
Germany 132531Estonia 137268
Japan 143018Netherlands 145886
Israel 151443Australia 152564
Italy 155346Korea 161173
OECD average 162718Portugal 163882
France 166155EU21 average 167528
Finland 169020Canada 169217
United Kingdom 180560Austria 187103
Hungary 210381Slovak Republic 217086
Slovenia 227191Poland 230630
Czech Republic 277158Ireland 288543
United States 364847
600 000 400 000 200 000 0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 1 000 000
Direct cost
Foregone taxes on earnings
Income tax effect
Social contribution effect
Transfers effect
Gross earnings benefits
Unemployment effect
Grants effect
Chart A7.3 bis
Costs Benefits
Equivalent USD
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Key fi
nd
ing
sThe net public return on investment for a man in
tertiary education is over USD 100 000.Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2009)
United StatesIreland
Czech RepublicPoland
SloveniaSlovak Republic
HungaryAustria
United KingdomCanadaFinland
EU21 averageFrance
PortugalOECD average
KoreaItaly
AustraliaIsrael
NetherlandsJapan
EstoniaGermany
SpainBelgiumNorwaySweden
DenmarkGreece
New ZealandTurkey
0 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000 300 000 350 000 400 000
Public net returns Private net returns
Equivalent USDChart A7.1
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
Upper secondary education has become the norm
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds whose highest level of attainment is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licP
ola
nd
Au
stri
aH
un
ga
ryS
love
nia
Ge
rma
ny
Jap
an
Est
on
iaS
we
de
nE
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Un
ited
Sta
tes
OE
CD
ave
rag
eL
uxe
mb
ou
rgF
inla
nd
De
nm
ark
Sw
itze
rla
nd
No
rwa
yC
hile
Fra
nce
Italy
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dG
ree
ceK
ore
aR
uss
ian
Fe
de
r...
Ne
the
rla
nd
sIc
ela
nd
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ire
lan
dB
elg
ium
Isra
el
Au
stra
liaB
razi
lS
pa
inM
exi
coT
urk
ey
Po
rtu
ga
l 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3/4) with vocational orientation Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3/4) with general orientation
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3/4) with no distinction by orientation
%
Chart A1.2
EU/US
Europe now matches US qualification levels (among 55-64-year-olds it was still 25 percentage points behind)
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Key fi
nd
ing
sOften a vocationally oriented secondary education offers better
insurance against unemployment than general education
Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds with vocational or general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)
No
rwa
y
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Au
stri
a
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Au
stra
lia
Sw
ed
en
Ice
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m
Ge
rma
ny
Isra
el
Italy
De
nm
ark
Ca
na
da
Fin
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fra
nce
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Tu
rke
y
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Est
on
ia
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
Gre
ece
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Vocational education at ISCED 3/4 level General education at ISCED 3/4 level
%
Chart A5.3
EU/US
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
Education also has important social outcomes
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Key fi
nd
ing
sAdults with a tertiary education are half as likely to be obese
as those with only a below upper secondary educationPercentage of adults who are obese, by educational attainment (2011)
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ch
ile
Au
stra
lia
Ca
na
da
Ice
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Est
on
ia
Slo
ven
ia
Po
lan
d
Gre
ece
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Isra
el
Ire
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m
No
rwa
y
Sw
ed
en
Tu
rke
y
Fra
nce
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
Ne
the
rla
nd
s 1 0
10
20
30
40
50
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary education Tertiary education
%
Chart A8.1
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Key fi
nd
ing
sAn individual with a higher level of education
is less likely to smoke Percentage of adults who smoke, by educational attainment (2011)
Gre
ece
Ch
ile
Po
lan
d
Sp
ain
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hu
ng
ary
Isra
el
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Est
on
ia
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Be
lgiu
m
No
rwa
y
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Ire
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ca
na
da
Au
stra
lia
Ice
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ed
en 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary education Tertiary education
%
Chart A8.2
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
A worrying proportion of European youth are neither employed nor in education or training
EU
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Key fi
nd
ing
sOn average across OECD countries, 8.2% of 15‑19 year-olds were
neither in education nor employed in 2011 (2.7% unemployed and 5.8% inactive),
Percentage of 15-19 year-olds not in education and unemployed or not in the labour force (2011)
Tu
rke
yM
exi
coB
razi
lIs
rae
lC
hile
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dA
ust
ralia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ca
na
da
No
rwa
yS
pa
inIta
lyO
EC
D a
vera
ge
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
ga
lA
ust
ria
Ire
lan
dS
witz
erl
an
dK
ore
aD
en
ma
rkN
eth
erl
an
ds
Sw
ed
en
Gre
ece
EU
21
ave
rag
eF
ran
ceB
elg
ium
Est
on
iaIc
ela
nd
Fin
lan
dS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licG
erm
an
yC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
dL
uxe
mb
ou
rg
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Not in education and unemployed Not in education and not in the labour force Not in education (Total)%
Chart C5.2
UK
3838Lo
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13
Key fi
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ing
s
Despite the economic crisis, public spending on education rose
significantlyPublic expenditure on education as a percentage of total public
expenditure grew by 9% – the third largest increase among OECD countries after Australia (14%) and Iceland (13%)
EU/UK
3939Lo
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01
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Key fi
nd
ing
sBetween 2008 and 2010, countries varied in the
share of total public expenditure they allocated to education Index of change between 2008 and 2010 in public expenditure on education as a percentage of
total public expenditure for all levels of education combined (2008=100, 2010 constant prices)A
ust
ralia
Ice
lan
d
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Isra
el
Ch
ile
Ko
rea
De
nm
ark
Sw
ed
en
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Au
stri
a
Po
rtu
ga
l
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fin
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Jap
an
Fra
nce
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Be
lgiu
m
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
No
rwa
y
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Bra
zil
Me
xico
Ire
lan
d
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
Change in public expenditure on education Change in public expenditure for all services Change in total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure
Index of change
Chart B4.2
4040Lo
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13
Key fi
nd
ing
sBetween 2008 and 2010, only five countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions
Index of change between 2008 and 2010 in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, for all levels of education (2008=100, 2010 constant prices)
Au
stra
lia
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
De
nm
ark
Ire
lan
d
Po
rtu
ga
l
Fin
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Jap
an
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ca
na
da
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
ven
ia
Me
xico
Sp
ain
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Au
stri
a
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Ko
rea
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sw
ed
en
Est
on
ia
Be
lgiu
m
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Po
lan
d
Ice
lan
d
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
Ch
ile
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions Change in Gross Domestic Product Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP
Index of change (2008=100)
Chart B2.3-1
EU
4141Lo
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01
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Key fi
nd
ing
sOECD countries spend USD 9 313 per student per
year on primary through tertiary educationIn equivalent USD converted using PPPs, based on full-time equivalents, for primary
through tertiary education
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
itze
rla
nd
No
rwa
yD
en
ma
rkA
ust
ria
Sw
ed
en
Ne
the
rla
nd
sB
elg
ium
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stra
liaIr
ela
nd
Jap
an
Fra
nce
Fin
lan
dS
pa
inE
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Slo
ven
iaO
EC
D a
vera
ge
Italy
Ice
lan
dK
ore
aN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Po
rtu
ga
lIs
rae
lP
ola
nd
Est
on
iaC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Hu
ng
ary
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ch
ileA
rge
ntin
aB
razi
lM
exi
co
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
Core services Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions) and R&D Total
In equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Chart B1.1
4242Lo
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Key fi
nd
ing
s
Spending per student at the tertiary levelAnnual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2010)
United StatesSwitzerland
Sweden DenmarkNorway
NetherlandsFinland
Japan IrelandUnited Kingdom
Belgium AustraliaFrance Austria Spain Brazil
EU21 averageIsrael
PortugalNew Zealand
KoreaSlovenia
ItalyPoland
HungaryIceland Mexico
Czech RepublicChile
Slovak RepublicEstonia
Argentina
02 0004 0006 0008 000
10 00012 00014 00016 00018 00020 00022 00024 00026 00028 00030 000
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)In equivalent USD converted using PPPs)Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)
Tertiary education
Chart B1.2-3
EU
4343Lo
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01
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13
Key fi
nd
ing
s
Burden on households
UK
4444Lo
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01
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13
Key fi
nd
ing
sSome 16% of all spending on educational institutions
comes from private sources Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2010)
Ch
ile
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stra
lia
Isra
el
Ca
na
da
1
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Italy
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Me
xico
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Est
on
ia
Arg
en
tina
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ire
lan
d
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
ia
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m
Sw
ed
en
Ice
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Lu
xem
bo
urg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education
%
Chart B3.1
4545Lo
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01
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Ed
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lance
20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sThe share of private expenditure on tertiary
institutions increased from 24% in 2000 to 32% in 2010Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2005 and 2010)
Ch
ile
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stra
lia
Isra
el
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Italy
EU
21
ave
rag
e
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Me
xico
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Est
on
ia
Arg
en
tina
Sp
ain
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ire
lan
d
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
ia
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m
Sw
ed
en
Ice
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2010 2005 2000
%
Chart B3.3
4646Lo
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01
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13
Key fi
nd
ing
s
The early years
EU
4747Lo
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01
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Ed
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13
Key fi
nd
ing
sExpenditure on pre-primary education accounts for
an average of 0.6% of GDP.Expenditure on early childhood educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by funding
sources (2010)D
en
ma
rk
Ice
lan
d
Sp
ain
Isra
el
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Sw
ed
en
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
d
Me
xico
Ch
ile
Be
lgiu
m
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Arg
en
tina
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Au
stri
a
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
No
rwa
y
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
Est
on
ia
Fin
lan
d
Bra
zil
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
rtu
ga
l
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Au
stra
lia
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Total
Public expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP
Private expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP% of GDP
Chart C2.3UK
4848Lo
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01
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Ed
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lance
20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sThe ratio of pupils to teaching staff indicates the
level of resources devoted to pre‑primary educationRatio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education in public and private
institutions (2011)M
exi
co
Isra
el
Ch
ina
Tu
rke
y
Ch
ile
Fra
nce
Ind
on
esi
a
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Ko
rea
Be
lgiu
m
Po
lan
d
Po
rtu
ga
l
Jap
an
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Au
stri
a
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Sta
tes
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Hu
ng
ary
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
Fin
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Sw
ed
en
Ice
lan
d 0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Children to educational staff ratio
Chart C2.4UK/DE
4949Lo
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01
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20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
s
Resources in schooling
5050Lo
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01
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20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sStudents in OECD countries receive an average of 7 751 hours of instruction during primary and lower secondary education, most
of which is compulsoryNumber of intended instruction hours in public institutions (2011)
AustraliaIreland
NetherlandsSpain
LuxembourgIceland
IsraelFrance
PortugalMexico
CanadaChile
DenmarkEnglandNorway
OECD averageEU21 average
Belgium (Fr.)Italy
GermanyJapan
IndonesiaSlovak Republic
GreeceBelgium (Fl.)
AustriaFinland
SwedenPoland
SloveniaCzech Republic
KoreaRussian Federa-
tionEstonia
HungaryTurkey
0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
Compulsory instruction time Non-compulsory instruction time Compulsory instruction time
Non-compulsory instruction time
Total number of intended instruction hours
Primary education Lower secondary education
Chart D1.1
UK
5151Lo
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4 June 2
01
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Sch
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Ed
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20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sOn average in OECD countries, class size increases by two or
more students between primary and lower secondary educationAverage class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2011)
Ch
ina
Ch
ileJa
pa
nIs
rae
lK
ore
aT
urk
ey
Ind
on
esi
aA
rge
ntin
aU
nite
d K
ing
do
mB
razi
lIr
ela
nd
Au
stra
liaF
ran
ceS
pa
inO
EC
D a
vera
ge
Ge
rma
ny
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)H
un
ga
ryP
ort
ug
al
De
nm
ark
Un
ited
Sta
tes
EU
21
ave
rag
eC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Me
xico
Fin
lan
dIta
lyS
love
nia
Po
lan
dIc
ela
nd
Au
stri
aS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licR
uss
ian
Fe
de
ratio
nE
sto
nia
Gre
ece
Lu
xem
bo
urg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Primary education
Lower secondary education
Number of students per classroom
Chart D2.2
5252Lo
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01
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Ed
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20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sIn only 6 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers
Ratio of teachers' salary to earnings for full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education aged 25-64 (2011 or latest available year)
Sp
ain
Ko
rea
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Ge
rma
ny
Fin
lan
d
Isra
el
En
gla
nd
Au
stra
lia
De
nm
ark
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Ire
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
Slo
ven
ia
Fra
nce
Sco
tlan
d
Po
lan
d
Ch
ile
No
rwa
y
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Est
on
ia
Au
stri
a
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ice
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Ratio
Chart D3.1-2EU/US
5353Lo
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Ed
uca
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lance
20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sBetween 2009 and 2011, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first
time since 2000, by around 2% at all levels of education OECD average of the index of change between 2005 and 2011 (2000 = 100, constant prices),
for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Primary level Lower secondary level Upper secondary levelIndex of change2000 = 100
Chart Box_D3.1
5454Lo
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20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
s
Looking elsewhere to study
5555Lo
nd
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4 June 2
01
3A
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Sch
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Ed
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lance
20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sIn 2011, more than 4.3 million students were
enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship.Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region
of destination (2000 to 2011)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.0
500000.0
1000000.0
1500000.0
2000000.0
2500000.0
3000000.0
3500000.0
4000000.0
4500000.0
Worldwide OECD G20 countries Europe North America Oceania
Million students
Chart C4.1
5656Lo
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01
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20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sAustralia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the
United States together receive more than 50% of all foreign students worldwide.
Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination (2000, 2011)
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ge
rma
ny
Fra
nce
Au
stra
lia
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Jap
an
Sp
ain
So
uth
Afr
ica
Ch
ina
Italy
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Ko
rea
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Be
lgiu
m
Oth
er
OE
CD
Oth
er
G0
an
d n
on
-OE
CD
0
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2011Market share (%)
Chart C4.3
5757Lo
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01
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Ed
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20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
sAt least 15% of tertiary enrolments in Australia, Austria, New
Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom are international International or foreign student enrolment as a percentage of total tertiary enrolment
(2011)A
ust
ralia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m
Sw
ed
en
De
nm
ark
Ca
na
da
¹
Ire
lan
d
Ice
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Fin
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Jap
an
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sp
ain
Est
on
ia
Slo
ven
ia
No
rwa
y
Po
lan
d
Ch
ile
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
So
uth
Afr
ica
¹
Gre
ece
Italy
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ko
rea
Isra
el
Tu
rke
y
Ch
ina
Bra
zil 0
5
10
15
20Foreign students2
%
International students
OECD average
Chart C4.4
5858Lo
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20
13
Key fi
nd
ing
s
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