key issues

Key issues

• Why – objectives: CBM (in this case) but be clear on each stakeholder’s objectives

• What is their involvement – level of participation identified and clear from the outset

• Who is involved – Stakeholders identified and kind of participation agreed and clear

• How – attitudes and behaviour, methods and process design

• Attitudes and behaviour √

• Methods – e.g. PRA/PLA tools

• Good process

How (to facilitate participation)?

Participatory Rural AppraisalParticipatory Learning and

Action• PRA / PLA is a family of

approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act.

Participatory Rural AppraisalParticipatory Learning and

Action• The behaviour and attitudes of

outsider facilitators are crucial, including relaxing not rushing, showing respect, ‘handing over the stick’, and being self-critically aware.

• Investigation, sharing and analysis is done by and for the people, and is often visual, and in groups.

Video

• Key issues 2/2

1. What is our situation?

2. Why these problems and what can we do?

3. Can the community agree a way forward?

4. How can we tell our plan is working?

Community steps


1 Situation analysisGenerate relevant information for discussion and analysis about the local environment, resource use and problems


2 Learning & AwarenessDiscuss traditional and scientific information important for understanding issues and planning actions


3 Action PlanningSelect priority issues and develop actions to address these including time frame and responsible people/agencies


4 Monitoring planDevelop and implement a monitoring plan during subsequent workshops and follow up

Community steps

Facilitation steps

Core of PLAFacilitating: They do it, empowering

and enabling villagers to do more or all of the investigation and analysis.

Our behavior and attitudes: the behavior and rapport of the facilitators is more important than the methods – asking villagers to teach us, “handing over the stick/pen”

A culture of sharing: of information, of methods, of food, of experiences

Core of PLACritical self-awareness: about our

attitudes and behavior, learning from error, trying to do better – “Failing forwards”

Listening and learning instead of lecturing: “Knowledge should be on tap not on top” NOT Imposing our ideas and values on them, interrupting them, allowing our project pressures to affect the process

It must be fun



•Mapping

•Historical profile / timeline

•Seasonal calendar



•Ecological and traditional knowledge•Stakeholder analysis•Problem trees



•Issue discussion / ranking

•Action plan / matrix



•Link to Action plan

Community steps

Facilitation steps

PLA tools

Methods and tools e.g. PRA/PLA

Watch the following video and look out for these tools especially:

• Mapping• Historical profile / timeline• Seasonal calendar• Matrix - Action plan

• AND also watch how the facilitators behave

Video

• Mangrove use in Pakistan

Mapping tool

• Form 4 groups• One of the group is randomly selected as facilitator and

must facilitate the group following the advice received in this course. One of the group is observer and watches process noting good things and things that could be improved of facilitator.

• Facilitator follows the guidelines in the handout for mapping and using the example of …….

• Make sure that you end by getting the group to note on separate post-its things they think need to be changed i.e. problems (one thing per post it)

• 45 minutes

Methods

Mapping debrief

• Show maps and consider the way they have been done – whose has most useful information and why?– Facilitator encouraged discussion?– Challenging for facilitator to keep knowledge

“on tap”– Time and pressure

Methods

Mapping comments

• Attitudes – questioning technique, probing – did the facilitator encourage discussion

• Biases – who in, who left out etc.• Work the map – interview the map• Careful of “interpreting”• Awareness and be self critical• Triangulation• Value of diversity – represent different interests,

don’t lose the detail

Methods

Historical profile• Used to stimulate discussion on changes

affecting the community and possible causes – useful for e.g. resource degradation or development

• An example format could be:Changes 1960 1980 2000 -

Present

Population

Number of houses

Etc.

Mangroves

Fishing areas

Amount of fish caught

Fishing Methods

Methods

• 4 groups

• New randomly selected facilitator

• Facilitate the group using the handout to discuss changes affecting …

• 30 minutes

Historical profilepractical

Historical profile

• Walk around and look at the other work

• See who has most information

• Discuss highlights

Some more key terms

• Facilitate

• Triangulate

• Optimal ignorance

• Objective driven – not tools driven

• Improvise

Video - ToolsVatulele - Ecowoman

Methods

Look out for:

• Resource mapping

• Matrix scoring

• Network diagrams

• Impact flow

• Problem trees

Seasonal calendar

• Seasonal calendars are tools to help your community chart periodic events such as agricultural events, marine resource use, fishing times, spawning or migration, changes in prices, times of high labour demand or the different ceremonies in the village.

Methods

Seasonal calendar

jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

Activities Taroeat

taro copra copra casav apple rest Fishhotel

hotel hotel Tarofish

feast

Income copra copra wage wage

Food from sea e.g. Clams rabbitfish

x xx xxxx

xx

x x x x

etc

Seasonal calendar

• 4 groups

• New facilitator following handout

• 30 minutes

• Check other groups work

• Which one seems most useful? Why?

Seasonal calendar



•Mapping

•Historical profile / timeline

•Seasonal calendar



•Ecological and traditional knowledge•Stakeholders•Problem trees



•Issue discussion / ranking

•Action plan / matrix



•Link to Action plan

Community steps

Facilitation steps

PLA tools

Practical exercise

• Participants divide into groups• Facilitate a meeting in nearby community/s

for half a day• Spend 2-4 hours preparing teams• Debrief and evaluate on return• Remember to follow appropriate

procedures for engaging with village – e.g. why are you there, what do they get out of it, permissions, meals/refreshment etc

Checklist for practical

• Objectives e.g.– Practice and learn tools for CBRM– Share experience and awareness of local situation

• Agenda and process– Intro– Group making– Tools– Plenary

• Roles and jobs• Materials• Logistics (transport and food)• Follow-up and next steps

Matrix for evaluation of practical exercise

Evaluate the work your group did, particularly:• Objectives• Groups and group-making• Tools• Facilitation• End/follow-up• Others? (timing, logistics, materials etc.)

Worked well To improve

key issues

Documents