key issues of implementation and efficient structures for community fisheries susan hanna
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KEY ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFICIENT STRUCTURES FOR COMMUNITY FISHERIES
Susan Hanna
Efficiency and ImplementationFour Examples
Old• Maine soft shell clams
New• Alaska community development quota• Pacific whiting cooperative
Emerging• Port Orford Oregon reef management
Efficiency and Implementation Maine soft shell clams
Control: shared state and coastal towns
Decisionmaking: 72 towns have shellfish committees who co-manage with Maine Department of Marine resources
Types of decisions:– access – extraction– enhancement– enforcement– area rotation
Efficiency and ImplementationMaine soft shell clams
Objectives of system– conservation– cost-effective monitoring
and enforcement– local definitions of equity
Performance– costs and benefits are
devolved– exclusion– tenure assurance– return on investment
Efficiency and Implementation Western Alaska community development quotas
1992
Background: Bering Sea communities were isolated, low income, without access to capital to participate in Bering sea fisheries
The 56 eligible communities that border the Bering Sea formed six CDQ applicant groups.
Each group forms partnership with seafood companies, leasing quota Began with pollock, eventually all sepcies will be phased in. Total CDQ share of TAC Sets aside 10% of pollock TAC, 7.5% of all other groundfish and crab TACs, and halibut set aside.
Allocated among CDQ groups by Governor on the basis of plans
Efficiency and Implementation Western Alaska community development quotas
Management of CDQ
– Most lease their CDQ to industry partners
– Industry partners may pay matching funds for future seafood business ventures
– Industry groups employ community residents
– Partnerships in ownership of vessels and other seafood businesses
Management of CDQ revenues
– education– training– scholarship – seafood investment funds
Efficiency and Implementation Western Alaska community development quotas
Outcomes since 1992
Major source of revenue, employment and stability to 65 remote coastal communities in Bering Sea/ Aleutian Islands
Nearly $125 million in wages, education, and training benefits provided to over 25,000 western AK residents
2003 total revenues of the six CDQ groups was about $88 million combined
Asset value of all 6 CDQ groups is currently around $300 million
Efficiency and ImplementationPacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative
Function: – management of quota share to catcher-
processor sector of large-volume whiting fishery (144k mt)
Context:– race for fish– lost economic value– overcapitalization
Objectives: Four companies operating 10 C-P vessels formed PWCC to:
– end race for fish and increase effieicncy– stabilize harvesting– reduce waste and improve resource
utilization– reduce bycatch – share information on catch and bycatch – conduct and fund research for resource
conservation.
Efficiency and ImplementationPacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative
Types of Decisions:– allocate C-P share of whiting TAC to coop members
– facilitate quota transfers among member companies.
– monitor the catch through full federal observer coverage
– pay for observer coverage.
– report catches to a private centralized monitoring service.
– enforce compliance
Efficiency and ImplementationPacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative
Performance outcomes:
Increased efficiency of harvest– reduced capacity (from 10 to 4
vessels)– increased recovery rates (17.2 to
24%)
Improved conservation – reduced bycatch (2.74 k/mt
to .99k/mt)
Lower transactions costs of management
– small numbers: efficient negotiations
Efficiency and Implementation Port Orford Oregon Reef
Context: – Population 1000, low income,
small-boat homogeneous fleet, limited fishing opportunities, localized reef
Objective: – Area control and protection, community
quota share, maximize value from small catches, collective decisionmaking, protection against large-scale harvesting
Approach: – Formation of Port Orford Ocean
Resources Team (POORT) for community-based mapping, management recommendations and eventually management