key knowledgekey skills long term (chronic) training adaptations occurring at the cardiovascular,...
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KEY KNOWLEDGE KEY SKILLS
Long term (chronic) training adaptations occurring at the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems.
Describe how long term training changes to the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems contribute to physical improvements.
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011
Chronic adaptations = long term physiological changes in response to increased demands placed on the body through training
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011
Aerobic training vs. cardiovascular adaptationsHeart ventricle size stroke volume (SV) cardiac output (Q) rest & sub-max heart rates steady state heart rate recovery heart rates
Blood vessels capillary density to heart muscle blood flow (20%) away from organs to working musclescapillary density at muscles, mainly S/twitch
Blood blood volume plasma levels red blood cell (RBC) count haemoglobinmyoglobin blood pressure (rest and sub-max)
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011
blood volume plasma levels red blood cell (RBC) count haemoglobinmyoglobinblood pressure (rest & sub-max).
Blood
Blood lactate concentration decreases with aerobic training and clearance rates increase – additionally the LIP (lactate inflection point) increases.
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011
lung/vital capacity aerobic capacity tidal volume alveolar – capillary surface area pulmonary diffusion ventilation (max intensity)oxygen cost to ventilatory muscles
(intercostals & diaphragm) ventilatory efficiencyventilation (rest & sub-max)
Aerobic training vs. respiratory adaptations
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011
↑oxidative enzymes↑ myoglobin content↑ mitochondria size, number & surface area↑ capillary density↑ arteriovenous oxygen difference↑ triglyceride stores↑ oxidation of fats↑ muscle glycogen stores & oxidation of glycogen.
Aerobic training vs. muscular adaptationsAerobic training will bring about most specific and significant adaptations to slow-twitch fibres.
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011
Anaerobic training vs. muscular adaptations
Anaerobic training will result in insignificant changes to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems but major long term changes to fast-twitch fibres.
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011
Anaerobic training vs. muscular adaptations
Increased fast twitch fibre size (hypertrophy) will lead to:
• increased size and number of myofibrils• increased contractile proteins• increased size and strength of connective tissue (tendons and ligaments).
© Cengage Learning Australia 2011