khalsa college, amritsar · 2017. 5. 10. · sanvad (dialogic) punjabi refereed research journal...

rY&rIf irsrc jrnl\f>ujWg FjLj a[ ljdha l.W.Zg|

(A Peer Reviewed Punjabi Research Journal)

post gRYjUeyt pMjwbI AiDAYn ivBwg^wlsw kwlj AMimRqsr

srpRsq

fw. mihl isµG

ipRµsIpl, wlsw kwlj AµimRqsr

m`uK sMpwdk

fw. mihl isµG

sµpwdk

fw. Awqm isµG rµDwvw

\dAqjhg t'u iljvj|

Estd. 1892

Sanvad(Dialogic)

PUNJABI REFEREED RESEARCH JOURNALBi- Annual

A Peer Reviewed Research Journal of the Post-Graduate Department of

Punjabi Studies, Khalsa College, Amritsar.

Email : [email protected]

www.khalsacollege.edu.in

‘sMvwd’ irsrc jrnl,^wlsw kwlj AMimRqsr dy post gRYjUeyt pMjwbI AiDAYn ivBwg ny

ipRMtvY~l, 146 &okl puAwieµt, AMimRqsr qoN Cpvw ky pRkwiSq kIqw [

y>sjugrV q{GWi ^ 1500f>u ljvj ^ 750f+da wjfg ^ 125

Patron & Chief Editor:

Dr. Mehal Singh

slwhkwr borffw. suKbIr isMG

muKI, pµjwbI AiDAYn ivBwg

fw. divµdr kOrmYfm divµdrpwl kOr

fw. Awqm isMG rµDwvwfw. primMdr isMGfw. BuipMdr isMG

fw. kuldIp isMG iF`loNcj! hgij dl>z

cj! dq>Vg lvrjVcj! hiuga w"i

rYPrIf pYnlpRo. jsivµdr isMG (fw.)pµjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlwpRo. primMdr isMG (fw.)gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsrpRo. gurmIq isMG (fw.)gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsrpRo. rimMdr kOr (fw.)gurU nwnk dyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsrfw. rjnIS bhwdr isMGfI.ey.vI. kwlj, uv.Zi

fw. kulvµq isMGlwielpur ^wlsw kwlj, uv.Zi

ISSN : 2395-1273

rrrrr

July-December 2016

Editor:

Dr. Atam Singh Randhawa

rrrrr

rrrrr rrrrr

© Principal, Khalsa College Amritsar\v[tw bjfS[ dryjiJ vHg ?ps d;>q[rji h{ m|rrrrr rrrrr

rrrrr rrrrr

y.sj F[uS a[ dqvS sj fajipRMsIpl

^wlsw kwlj AMimRqsr

[email protected]

+91-85288-28200 +91-98722-17273

l.rjspMjwbI rY&rIf irsrc jrnl

(iCmwhI Koj rswlw)

swl - 02 pusqk lVI - 04 julweI - dsMbr 2016

qqkrw• sµpwdkI

R| fi.fijea a[ q,Zwjvg l.siF

rrrrr cj! lpiuga dl>z F,Bg 07-33

- ;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs

rrrrr f+'! lpts[r dl>z dlilj 34-48- f>ujWg lP`g wjdr bdZb{V^ fi.fij a[ lqwjv

rrrrr cj! Wvdu>si Vlijvg 49-54- f>ujWg b,vJ ^ bio@ wjiu a[ dliuS f+dwdibj

rrrrr cj! wqvuga dl>z 55-59

- epiqda l.ega dry a.ag lj;J sg qh,aaj

b| lqwjvg l.siF

rrrrr bqiuga dl>z ei[rjv 60-63- f>ujWg l.r[sVj a[ lqwjvg ljdha

rrrrr cj! idu>si fjv dl>z WijC 64-69

- w'S[ sj lPiu ^ dq,o sgbJ drivJ $y fH[ dWiaJa sg wdraj

rrrrr cj! lpdi>si wpqji sr[Lri 70-76

- bjZpdVw f>ujWg ljdha sg lqjduw ljiowaj

rrrrr cj! idq>si w"i@ ijuWgi w"i 77-86- uldr>si dl>z sgbJ whjSgbJ ^ fdirjiw Bp,B-F,u sj qlvj

rrrrr cj! Wvs[r dl.z Zjvgrjv 87-98- dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg whjSg ^ dsLj ba[ ds=LBg

rrrrr cj! I'eiju b>ediL 99-115- dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS-dy>V%

rrrrr cj! lptfjv dl>z do>s 116-122- wjv[ riw[ ^ ev'Wvg li'wjiJ sj f>ujWg hp.ejij

rrrrr cj! epiqpt dl>z 123-134- s[L-r.c wojrJ sj lqwjvg l.siF ba[ #aql$

rrrrr cj! idr>si dl>z 135-139- firjlg ba[ f>ujWg lqju ^ lqwjvg li'wji ba[ l.siF

rrrrr f+'! e'fjv dl>z Wp,Bi 140-146- fPir lpa.aiaj wjv s[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V f>ujWg VjBw sj i.eq>yg fdif[t

rrrrr cj! fiquga dl>z qgLj 147-153- VjBw #Wp,v%j$ bjaqw-Lp,Zg sj l.s[L rjhw

H| ljdha@ dl,ZJa a[ bjv'yVj

rrrrr cj! qVq'hV 154-166- Rpai bjZpdVw f,Aqg dy>aV

rrrrr cj! liWuga dl>z 167-177- f>ujWg bjv'yVj ^ bdZb{V a[ bdZbjfV

rrrrr cj! Ijsdr>si dl>z 178-187- f>ujWg ljdha sj q"dvw wjdr-Ljlai ^ fPiWrjsg fdif[t

rrrrr cj! FgqdH>si dl>z 188-192- drLrgwiV sj l.wB

rrrrr ulf+ga w"i 193-199- fpiL ba[ fpiLar dl,ZJaw fdif[t

l| FjLjHg l.siF

rrrrr cj! lptdr>si dl>z l.zj 200-208- f>ujWg RpyjiV ba[ RpyjiV vdh;j

rrrrr cj! ueugrV dl>z 209-217- qja-FjLj ba[ dl,Ddtbj f+ag bl.apdva fhp.y ^ wjiS ba[ dl,DB[

rrrrr fplaw igdrRP- VgGsi dFKugbJ V;qJ lvgq Ldh;js 218-220

l>fjswgl.rjs sj y"oj b.w bjf lF s[ lVqpKt h{ m dHh diliy uiVv f>ujWg ljdha dy>aV s[

t[ai dry e.Fgi dryji-yiyj } bKe[ a'iV s[ dHw IaV ru'G h{ m l.rjs s[ fdhv[ b>wJ }fjnwJ rKDv'G FifPi hp.ejij dqdvbj h{ m dHl l.W.Zg r,cj I'esjV diliy uiVv i{ìgc f{Vvsg dqbjig y'S sj h{ m Vjv lvjhwji W'ic s[ lpNjrJ sj qh,ar r,tij h{ m dHl s[ dqbji wiw[Vjqri drsrjV bjfS[ t'u-f,ai F[u ih[ hV m dHl b.w s[ lji[ hg t'u-f,ai ljc[ wjvu a'GWjhiv[ drsrjVJ s[ hV m rZ[i[ t'u-f,ai r,t-r,t IPVgridlBgbJ s[ lgVgbi bdZbjfwJ s[hV m bduhj h'S wiw[ ljcj h"Glvj a[ drLrjl h'i rdZbj h{ m dHl Vjv ljcg d;.q[Grjig rg h'ir,Z eHg h{ m

dHl b>w dry wp,v s' siuV t'u-f,ai Ljdqv hV m dHh t'u-f,ai dHw aiagW dryljdha s[ r,t-r,t t[aiJ@ f,tJ a[ wjv-t>cJ Vjv l.W.dZa hV m cj! lpiuga dl>z F,Bg s[ t'u-f,ai #uìVjqj l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs$ dry w[Gsig Vpwaj upvq RpKa[ wvq sg duKasj h{ m drsrjV bjv'yw bVplji@ #dri'Zg dli` a[eJ a[ avrjiJ Vjv hg VhgG rKT[ uJs[@ RpV%J} qjiV s[ h'i \uìVjqj rie[| lphujadqw Ljlai rg hp.s[ hV m$ sPlij t'u-f,ai #f>ujWglP`g wjdr bdZb{V ^ fi.fij a[ lqwjv$ f+'! lpts[r dl>z dlilj sj h{ m dHl t'u-f,ai drydHdahjlw V;igH[ ijhgG f>ujWg lP`g ljdha s[ dy>aV-q>oV sgbJ r,t-r,t f+driagbJ ba[fC%jrJ sg dVLjVs[hg wgag eHg h{ m cj! Wvdu>si Vlijvg V[ bjfS[ t'u-f,ai #f.ujWg b,vJ bio@ wjiu a[ dliuS f+dwdibj$ dry lqju-Ljlaig V;igH[ a'G f>ujWgbJ s[ lpFjb a[ ragi[} ujSV sg w'dLL wgag h{ m #epiqda l.ega dry a.ag lj;J sg qh,aaj$ t'u-f,ai dry cj!wqvuga dl>z V[ l.ega a[ epiqda l.ega s[ dl,ZJa } ujSdsbJ h'dHbj b,e[ dHl s[ a.aglj;J sj qh,ar siljdHbj h{ m

bqiuga dl>z ei[rjv V[ bjfS[ f[fi #f>ujWg l.r[sVj ba[ lqwjvg ljdha$ dry f>ujWs[ bu'w[ l.wB dry f{sj h' ihgbJ bvjqaJ } qpVj`[ s[ q>cg wvyi a,w lgdqa h' ujS s[ l,yru'G ujdSbj h{ m ei[rjv ug qpajWw ljc[ ugS-ogS dry w.q wisg l.r[sVLgvaj a[ lr{-qp?ajig ws'G sg qi-qp,w eHg h{ m cj! idu>sifjv dl>z WijC sj t'u-f,ai #w'S[ sj lPiu dq,osgbJ drivJ $y fH[ dWiaJa sg wdraj$ h{ m dHl dry bjv'yw sj q,a h{ dw bjfSg wjdr-fplaw ijhgG wrg V[ dq,o woj dry fH[ r,t-r,t tKdfbj sg FifjHg rg wgag h{ ba[ Vjv wpNVr[G lrjvJ sg uPlauP A[Cg h{ m cj! lpdi>si wpqji sr[Lri V[ bjfS[ f[fi #bjZpdVw f>ujWgljdha sg lqjuw ljidowaj$ dry lf,LB wgaj h{ dw ljcj lqp,yj f>ujWg ljdha qVp<trjsg a[Rpsjirjsg V;igH[ a'G sqVwjig ajwaJ s[ dri'Z dry tv'aj V;i bjRpGsj h{ m f+'! idq>si w"i a[Rplsg ldh-bjv'ywj V[ #uldr>si sgbJ whjSgbJ ^ fdirjiw Bp,B-F,u s[ qlv[$ } hpVigwhjSg s[ dqbji qpajWw rg fidtbj h{ ba[ Vjv dHV%J dry f[L lqKdlbjrJ } whjSgwji s[tp,v%[ qpLjhs[ s[ iPf dry lqjuw li'wjiJ s[ q,wC-ujv Vjv u'C w[ siljdHbj h{ m cj! Wvs[rdl>z Zjvgrjv V[ bjfS[ t'u-f,ai dry dH,wgrgG lsg sg f>ujWg whjSg s[ y"o[ fCjb s[ tvPl} rg ujdSbj h{ ba[ Vjv hpS dHl s[ f>ur[G fCjb sj b>wpi xp,B f{S sg Fdr,tWjSg rg wgagh{ m #dH,wgrgG lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj fAjS dy>V%$ t'u-f,ai dry cj! I'eiju b>ediL V[ dHh

julweI-dsµbr 2016ISSN : 2395-12735 sMvwd-04

siljdHbj h{ dw dH,wgrgG lsg sg wdraj dry lr{ ba[ ldoag sg udBvaj rg h{ ba[ Vjv dHldry fi.fiw dq,oJ/drLrjlJ f+ag VrJ ujrgbj rg h{ m cj! lptfjv dl>z do>s V[ bjfS[ f[fidry dHh ds+C wgaj h{ dw #wjv[ riw[$ whjSg-l.e+dh sg wojwjig f>ujWg W.s[ s[ ev'Wvgli'wjiJ Vjv W,Ng h'S s[ Vjv-Vjv dHh qjVrjsg V;igH[ sgbJ aSjrJ Vjv rg w,lg h'Hg h{ mcj! epiqpt dl>z V[ #aql$ Vjrv s[ fjn ba[ dHl s[ lgigbv \dxvq| s[ qpvJwS ijhgGs.debJ/dh>lj } hjwqJ/hwPqaJ s[ h,w dry ba[ bjq v'wjHg s[ dri'Z dry FpeadsbJ siljdHbjh{ m cj! idr.si dl>z V[ bjfS[ f[fi #firjlg ba[ f>ujWg lqju lqwjvg li'wji ba[ l.siF$dry firjlgbJ a[ f>ujWg lqju drywji dVi.ai b>ai-l.rjs sg v'C s[ qhKar } ds+C wgajh{ m f+'! e'fjv dl>z Wp,Bi V[ fPir-lpa.aiaj wjv s[ f>ujWg VjBw dry'G RpFisg f+'T ijulg y[aVjba[ dHl s[ l`v q>yVwjig } siljdHbj h{ m cj! fiquga dl.z qgLj V[ fjdwlajV rie[ s[Ldry #Wp,v%j$ VjBw dry'G RpKFisg dlbjla ba[ Vjv bduh[ VjBw dvt[ ujS sg q;WPig } rglf,LB wgaj h{ m

cj! qVq'hV dl>z s[ t'u-f,ai #Rpai bjZpdVw f,Aqg dy>aV$ dry r,t-r,t f,Aqg dy>awJspbjij RpFjigbJ uj ihgbJ Rpai-bjZpdVw b>ai-ds+LBgbJ sj tiv debjV h{ m cj! liWugadl>z V[ #f>ujWg bjv'yVj bdZb{V a[ bdZbjfV$ dry bjv'yVj s[ dHdahjlw fdif[t } rgujdSbj h{ ba[ Vjv dHl sg bdZb{V a[ bdZbjfV dry r,cg qh,aaj } rg Rpujei wgaj h{ mcj! Ijsdr>si dl>z V[ bjfS[ f[fi #f>ujWg ljdha sj q"dvw wjdr-Ljlai fPiWrjsg fdif[t$dry ljc[ fPiWg dy>aV s[ dVr[wv[ a[ fjH[sji qh,ar dry drLrjL f+eBjdHbj h{ m cj! FgqdH>si dl>z V[ bjfS[ bjiBgwv #drLrgwiV sj l.wB$ dry dHh siljdHbj h{ dw blgG dr,agfP>ug s[ tp,v%[ Wj;ji ba[ Whp-w"qg w.fVgbJ sg qji h[n dVi.ai dV,zis[ uj ih[ hJ m ulf+ga w"isj f[fi #fpiL ba[ fpiLar dl,ZJaw fdif[t$ dWvwpv r,ti[ uJrgH[ rjvj t'u-f,ai ] m dHldry fpiL ba[ fpiLar f,tg yC%a rjv[ V;igH[ } Vjigar s[ f+l.e dry dryjdibj debj ] m

cj! lptdr>si dl>z l.zj V[ #f>ujWg RpyjiV ba[ RpyjiV vdh;j$ t'u-f,ai dry FjLj s[RpyjiV vdh;[ s[ awVgwg f,tJ } lf,LB wgaj h{ m cj! ueugrV dl>z V[ bjfS[ t'u-f,ai dryqja-FjLj dry dlKdtbj sg v'C ba[ dHl s[ rKc[ qh,ar } RpFjdibj h{ m

dHl ai%J dHl b>w s[ r,t-r,t t'u-f,aiJ dry ljdha ba[ lqju } l.rjs-Fr \Dialogic|s[ V;igH[ a'G r[tS-fitS sg w'dLL wgag h{ m lqju sg l'Ng dWVJ ljdha } lqNSj qpLdwv hgVhgG@ bl.Fr rg h{ m bjl h{ dw dHh b>w ljdha Vjv upC[ drdsbjiogbJ/t'ujiogbJ vHgvjFsjdHw dl,Z h'r[ej m

-cj! qdhv dl>z-cj! bjaq i>Zjrj

l.fjswg sMvwd-04 6

surjIq isMG B`tIpRo&Ysr (irtw.)

BwSw ivkws ivBwg,pMjwbI XUnIvristI,pitAwlw [[email protected]

fi.fijea a[ q,Zwjvg l.siF

;`iVjqj ^l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs

dsm pwiqSwh, sRI gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj Ssqr Aqy SwsqrdohW dy Swh Asvwr sn [ gurU swihb ny ibAwlI swl dI CotI ijhIaumr ivc auh kuJ kr ivKwieAw, ijs nUµ iksy vI qrHW iek krwmwq qoNG`t nhIN ikhw jw skdw [ AwnMdpur swihb ivc iklHy bxvwey, is`KW nUµiek AkwlpurK qoN ibnW iksy hor dI ADIngI pRvwn nw krn dw s`dwid`qw, svw lwK sy eyk lVwaUN dI kQnI nUµ ieiqhws dy swhmxy krnIivc swkwr kIqw [ muZlW dy hkUmqI zulm ivSyS krky AOrMgzyb dIDwrimk Aqy jnUµnI k`tVvwdI soc, ijs Anuswr auh swry dyS dy lokWnUµ ieslwm Drm dy JMfy hyT ilAwaux leI ihMdusqwn nUµ do qoN iekkrn Bwv swry ihMdUAW nUµ muslmwn bxwaux leI biz`d sI [ gurU qygbhwdr swihb dy id`lI dy cWdnI cOk ivc

TIkir Poir idlIis isir pRB pur kIAw pXwnqyg bhwdr sI ikRAw krI n iknhUM Awn

dy mhWvwk Anuswr id`qI Shwdq nwl do qoN iek hox dI QW,is`K Drm dy rUp ivc (jo gurU nwnk swihb v`loN pMdrHvIN sdI ivcsQwipq kIqw igAw) do qoN iqMn ho gey [ ies q`Q v`l 'pRwcIn sO swKI'ivc vI iek sMKyp hvwlw imldw hY [ AOrMgzyb vwlI 28 nMbr swKIivc AOrMgzyb dXw isMG nUµ puCdw hY ik '^wlsw hUAw pr myrI pwqSwhIivc ikauN hUAw, kwhlI krI [' qW dXw isMG boilAw, 'qum bI kwhlIkrI [ mjHb eyk lgy krny [ gurU ky qIsrw KVw kIqw ['1

AwnMdpur dw iklHw Cfx qoN bwAd gurU jI bhuq sMktmeI siQqIivcoN guzridAW mwCIvwVw, AwlmgIr, lMmw jtpurw, qKqUpurw huMidAWdIny kWgV phuMcy [ au~Qy iek sw^I Anuswr gurU swihb Awpxy h`QWdIAW auNglW ivc krd Pyr rhy sI [ iksy is`K ny p~uiCAw ik ieh kI krrhy ho? gurU jI ny ikhw ik muZlW dw nws kr rhy hW [ is`K ny ikhw ikpihlW AOrMgy dw nws kro muZl qW Awpxy Awp qm ho jwxgy [ gurUswihb ny bcn kIqw ik AOrMgw hux d`Kx ivc bYTw hY, auQy aus nwljMg krky aus nUµ mwirAw nhIN jw skdw [ aus nUµ hux klm nwl hIie`QoN bYTy mwr idMdy hW [ ieauN klm dI qwkq nwl gurU swihb ny dInyipMf qoN z&rnwmw ilKxw SurU kIqw Aqy sMpUrn krn qoN bwAd, iesp`qr nUµ pMj ipAwirAW ivcoN iek BweI dXw isMG Aqy aus dy nwl Drm

julweI-dsµbr 2016ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 7-33)7 sMvwd-04

sMvwd-048 julweI-dsµbr 2016ISSN : 2395-1273

isMG nUµ Byj ky hukm kIqw ik ieh p`qr is`Dw bwdSwh dy h`Q dyxw hY [ ies dw ieiqhwsk mh`qvvwlw hvwlw kysr isMG iC`br ny Awpxy gRMQ 'bMswvlInwmw dsW pwiqSwhIAW kw' ivc iesqrHW pyS kIqw hY :

auQo swihb kWgV nUM kUc kr gey [ EQy jwie bYq caudw sY aucrqy Bey

bcn kIqw jo koeI sIs dyvY isK AaurMgy pws lY jwie [

dXw isµG KqRI soBqI (soBqI goq hY K`qRIAW dw) munsI hiQ joV KVoqw Awie bcn

kIqw Adb nwl poQI Aaurµgy dy hiQ dyxI [

iqn kihAw jI qyrI ikRpw qyry blu kir aus hY lYxw [

mY hW jIau mnuKu bl hoxw hY qyrw [ sIs lgw pivqR hosI myrw

so lY dXw isµG auQy gieAw [ nwau kurwin Dir isr qy riK lieAw

nIl kpVy pwie bx gieAw mky dw hwjI [ hY sI munsI piVAw hoieAw [

jbwb suAwl insµg kry sµg muPqI mu`lw kwjI [

AaurMgwbwid jwie phuqw Aaurµgy pws [

kihAw Kbr kro mky srIP QI mY kurwn Awdw Kwqr qws

caubdwrw jwie Aµdir kIqI Arj [

kihAw isqwb AwvY lY Aµdir iqs dw dyKxw hY Prj

Arj bygIey hiQ auTwie kurwn mµigAw [

iqn kihAw mYnUM hukm hY Apny hI hiQ lYvy [

qw dyvxw ieq kwrn mY sµigAw [

Aaurµgy Apny hQ so lIqw [ cum cit AKI mQy qy Dir bfw Adbu kIqw [

591 iCbr (2001:114-15) ies qoN pihlW ik AsIN z&rnwmw bwry AwpxI crcw AwrMB krIey ies rcnw bwry v`K-

v`K ieiqhwsk sRoqW ivc jo mh`qvpUrn hvwly imldy hn aunHW bwry sMKyp jwxkwrI sWJI krnIzrUrI jwpdI hY [

is`K ieiqhwskwrI dy idRStIkox qoN kvI sYnwpiq ricq 'sRI gur soBw' gurU goibMd isMG jIdy jIvn kwl dy sB qoN nyVy dw iek pRmwixk ieiqhwsk sRoq hY [ kvI sYnwpiq jI gurU goibMdisMG jI dy hzUrI kvI sn Aqy aunHW dy bvMjw kvIAW ivc Swml sn [ BweI kwnH isMG nwBwAwpxy gRMQ 'gurmq mwrqMf' ijld dUjI, pMnw 79 qy ilKdy hn, 'sRI gurU goibMd isMG swihb dydrbwr ivc gurmuKI Aqy sMsikRq dw cMgw ilKwrI kiv sYnwpiq sI [ ieh gur soBw gRMQ sYnwpiqdI rcnw hY jo sMmq 1768 ivc iqAwr hoieAw [2 kvI sYnwpiq Anuswr gurU goibMd isMG nymukqsr dy Xu`D qoN bwAd BweI dXw isMG rwhIN qurkW dy id`qy DoKy dw prdw&wS krn leIAwpxy ivcwr iek ic`TI dy rUp ivc, bwdSwh AOrMgzyb nUµ phuMcwaux dw &Yslw kIqw [ kvIsYnwpiq Anuswr :

dXw ko isµG iqh swij sIgwr kY uSI krqwr krkY pTwXokhI qslIm iqh hukm ko ko dyK kY sIs pY bWD qW qy isDwXo [3

bwkI sB ilKwrIAW ny z&rnwmy nUµ kWgV qoN Byjy jwx dw dXw isMG rwhIN srbsMmq q`QpRvwn kIqw hY [ AOrMgzyb ny q imlx qoN qurMq bwAd BweI dXw isMG nUµ bulwieAw Aqy drbwrivcoN SwhI hukmnwmw jwrI krky muniem Kwn nwieb sUbydwr lwhOr nUµ ByijAw sI, auh muhMmd

sMvwd-04 9

byg gurz brdwr Aqy SyK Xwr muhMmd mnsbdwr dI h`QIN ByijAw igAw sI [4 kvI sYnwpiqAwpxI rcnw ivc AOrMgzyb dI d`Kx ivc Aihmd ngr ivc hoeI mOq dw izkr rcnw dypMdHrvyN AiDAwie ivc krdw hY [ kvI Anuswr :

Aihmd ngr Ajb iek Qwnw [naurµZ Swh qhW Thrwnw [qyrh mws qih BUm rihE [pwXo kwl kwl bis BXo [

iesy pusqk ivc pRis`D ieiqhwskwr gMfw isMG dI Koj Anuswr AOrMgzyb 20 jnvrI1706 nUµ Aihmd ngr pujw sI Aqy 20 PrvrI 1707 eI. nUµ aus dw ie`Qy idhWq ho igAw [ iesihswb nwl pUry 13 mhIny AOrMgzyb ny Aihmd ngr ivc fyrw r`ØiKAw [5

kuier isMG dI pRis`D rcnw 'guriblws pwqSwhI 10' (1751 eI.) ivc vI z&rnwmy dypRsMg ivc kuJ q`QW dw vrxn kIqw igAw pRwpq huMdw hY [ sRI gur soBw qoN bwAd Xwin 1711 qoNbwAd kuier isMG dw ieh gRMQ ikauNik aunHW dy jIvn kwl dy nyVy dI rcnw hY, ies kwrx iesnUµ vI bhuq pRmwixk gRMQ pRvwn kIqw jWdw hY [ kuier isMG ny Awpxy gRMQ ivc sqwrHvyN AiDAwiedw isrlyK hI ieh id`qw hY 'BweI dXw isMG jI AOrMgzyb pws z&rnwmw lY ky gey ['

Awpxy gRMQ ivc do AiDAwieAW ivc kuier isMG ny z&rnwmy bwry crcw kIqI hY [ solHvyNAiDAwie dw nwm 'z&rnwmy dw pRsMg' r`ØiKAw hY [ gurU jI is`KW nwl bcn krdy hn ik qurkW dy^wqmy dw koeI aupw kIqw jwvy [ wlsw bcn sux ky kihx l`gw ik bwdSwh bhuq qwkqvr hYAqy aus kol keI l`K dI sYnw hY [ quhwfy (gurU swihb dy) mn nUµ ijvyN cYn AwauNdw hY wlsw auhIkuJ krn nUµ iqAwr hY:

krY Kwlsw qwih pRkwrI [ gur qb ilKI piqRkw BwrI [z&rnwmw hY sB jg jwnY [ ilKI ihkwXq dvwds qw mY [[ 6

(bMd 308)

ijvyN ipAwrw isMG pdm jI ilKdy hn ik 'ihkwXqW' z&rnwmy dw ih`sw nhIN hn prMqUkuier isMG ies nUµ z&rnwmy dw ih`sw ibAwn krdw hY [7 kuier isMG ilKdw hY ik gurU swihb nyz&rnwmy ivc iliKAw hY ik jy qyry mn 'c ieh hMkwr hovy ik rotI qUµ kmweI krky KWdw hY qWGoVw qyry nwloN vI v`D muS`kq krdw hY-prMqU jy auh svrg nUµ clw jwvy qW qUµ vI clw jwvyNgw [dUsry jy qYnUµ ieh gumwn hY ik qUµ kurwn bhuq pVHdw hYN Aqy muhMmd swihb qyrI gvwhI dyxgy qWqUµ soc lY ky :

jy qyry mn mY su gumwnw [ mY inj pVO kqyb kurwnw [AmlW ibnw iBsq nih hoeI[ mn ko kry Kvwr so soeI [ (pµnw 200 )

swrI bYrwV kOm myrI srpRsqI ivc hY [ jy qusIN kWgV Aw ky Awhmo swhmxy g`l kro qWswrw mwmlw sw& Aqy sB kuSl AwnMd ho jwvygw [ kuier isMG vI ieho ilKdw hY ik z&rnwmwpVH ky bwdSwh jldI hI prySwn ho ky mr jWdw hY [8

'mihmw pRkws' ivc vI z&rnwmy dy pRsMg ivc kuJ q`QW nUµ pyS krn dw Xqn kIqw igAwpRwpq huMdw hY [ ieh ibrqWq mihmw pRkws, Bwg dUjw, KMf dUjw dI C`bIvIN swKI ivc pyS kIqwigAw hY [9

dXw isµG ko sqgur khw pwqSwh pY jwau [sauknwmw myrw aus dIjIey, Aru jbwb ly Awau [

'sauknwmw' ie`Qy ic`TI nUµ (z&rnwmw) hI ikhw igAw hY [ gurU swihb ny BweI dXw isMG nUµ

;`iVjqj ^ l.ziL sg l.e-dH-WpdVbjs


hukm kIqw sI ik bwdSwh A`gy slwm nhIN krnI-Piqh bulwauxI hY Aqy bwdSwh qoN ibnW iehsauknwmw iksy hor dy h`Q nhIN dyxw [ q pVH ky bwdSwh prySwn ho igAw ikauNik aus nUµ gurUswihb dy p`qr rwhIN swrI hkIkq dw shI shI igAwn ho igAw sI [ srUp dws B`lw Anuswr :

sOknwmw pV Byd sB bUJwKOP Kudwie kw qb idl sUJwqb auTy swh mhl mo geyaudwsIn hoey bYTy rhy [ (pµnw 858-59)

byZmW ny pu`ØiCAw ik prySwn ikauN ho, AOrMgzyb ny ikhw ik gurU swihb cwr lwlW dI mMgkrdy hn [ iek byZm jo g`l dw Byq nw smJ skI kihx l`gI ik myry hwr ivc hzwrW lwl hn [cwr lY ky aunHW nUµ dy idE [ iPr bwdSwh ny prySwnI ivc ikhw ik ieh rwjæqyry smJx dw nhINhY [ s`c ieh hY ik rx Kyqr ivc gurU swihb dy cwr lwl ShId ho gey hn [

doie lVweI myN hY mwrydoie jlwdo hwQ pDwry [ (pµnw 859)

byZm ieh sux ky A&sos ivc fub geI [ bwdSwh sOx clw igAw Aqy supny ivcbwdSwh nUµ gurU jI ny drSn id`qy [ dXw isMG nUµ bwdSwh ny dUsry idn drbwr ivc bulwieAwAqy d`ØisAw ik mYnUµ rwq gurU swihb dy drSn hoey hn [ dXw isMG nUµ XkIn nw Awvy ikauNik gurUswihb ny dXw isMG nUµ ikhw sI ik jdoN swfI dohW dI mulwkwq hovygI qW dohW ivcoN iek mrjwvygw [ jdoN dXw isMG ny Brosw nw kIqw iPr mukdI g`l bwdSwh ny ieh &rmwieAw :

qb qw isau aun ieau khI qum gur hY eyh Bys [sjI qrP dwVy ibKy iek Daulw hY kys [ (30) (pµnw 860)

dXw isMG nUµ ies kOqk qy bhqu hYrwnI hoeI [ iek qoN v`D soimAW ivc ies q`Q dw izkrkIqw imldw hY ik z&rnwmw pVHn qoN bwAd bwdSwh mwnisk qOr 'qy prySwn rihx l`gw AqyQoVHy icr bwAd hI auh &wnI sMswr qoN kUc kr igAw [ srUp dws B`lw ny vI ies mq dI puStIkIqI hY :

pwqSwh Aµdr auT gey [ausI vKq sy mWdy Bey [kwl pwie qn dIAw iqAwig [dojk so gXo lwgI Awg [ (32)sMqn ko doKI bf pwpI [swDn qw ko dIAw srwpI [dXw isµG siqgur pih geyswrI kQw sunwq Bey [ (33) 10

ipAwrw isMG pdm v`loN sMpwidq pusqk 'gurU kIAW swKIAW' ivc vI z&rnwmy dy ilKxpRsMg dw sMKyp ijhw vrxn kIqw imldw hY [ ienHW swKIAW dw mUl lyKk BweI svrUp isMG kOiSSnUµ pRvwn kIqw jWdw hY Aqy B`t vhIAW aupr AwDwirq hox kwrn ienHW dI pRmwixkqw vIieiqhws dy mh`qvpUrn somy hox vjoN srb pRvwinq hY [ ijs swKI ivc z&rnwmy dw izkr kIqwigAw hY aus dw nwm hY, swKI dInw ngr phuMc z&rnwmw ilKny kI cwlI swKI nMbr 85 hY [

lyKk Anuswr gurU jI dInw kWgV phuMcny smyN Ajy ieslwmI ilbws myN Qy, gYl ky pWcoNis`KoN kw ilbws inrbwx swDUAW kw Dwrn kIAw hUAw sI [ gurU jI ny Agly idhuM dysw isMG kycObwry myN AOrMgzybI p`ØiqRkw, jo AnMdpur myN AweI sI, aus kw au~qr dynw AwrMB kIAw :

sMvwd-04 11

kmwil krwmwq kwiem krIm,rzw b^S rwijkrhw kun rhImAmw b^S b^iSMdh E dsqgIr [^qw b^S rozI idho idl pzIr [2[ Awid

ies qrHW siqgurW ipRQmy aus mhWkwl kI is&q myN cMd iSAr kih ky Pyr AwpnIdwsqwn ibAwn kI [ iXh z&rnwmw ilK BweI dXw isG sy bcn hoAw qusIN AihdIAw Bys myNd`Kn dys Aihmd ngr bwdSwh sy jwie ky dynw hY [ ies ky gYl dUjw is`K Drm isMG ipAwry koiqAwr kIAw, ieh dovyN is`K AihdIAw Bys myN dInw ngrI sy d`Kn dys ko rvwnw hUey [ (85)11

BweI su`Kw isMG ny Awpxy gRMQ 'guriblws pwqSwhI 10' ivc z&rnwmy nUµ hkwieqW Aqyhor kwiv rUpW dy smUh vjoN pyS kIqw hY [ su`Kw isMG Anuswr :dohrw : sgl Byd ieq auq Gny bIc hukm inj Dwr [

bwidswh ky hnn ko iliKXo hukm gur dXwr [ 120 [cOpeI : z&rnwmw qw ko Dr nwmw [ pTY dXo swihb AiBrwmw [

keI ihkwieq iqh ilK fwrI [ gjl rubweI Prd hzwrI [ 12[[121[[su`Kw isMG AOrMgzyb dy zulmW dw izkr bhuq sMjm ivc kridAW vI bhuq kuJ swhmxy

ilAw idMdw hY :

Amlw ibnw qrq nhI koeI [ mn miq cly Kvwr hvY soeI [mn kI KusI kwj kr dgy [ mwirXo bwp ibrwdr sgy [ 13 (138)

s`Kw isMG vI gurU jI v`loN AOrMgzyb nUµ ieho sMdyS idMdw hY ik swrI bYrwV kOm myry kihxyivc hY [ jy qUµ kWgV Aw ky swfy nwl mulwkwq kr lvyN qW swry msly h`l ho skdy hn [14 su`KwisMG vI ieho ilKdw hY ik z&rnwmw pVH ky mwnisk duK nwl hI AOrMgzyb dI mOq ho jWdI hY [15

ievyN rqn isMG BMgU ricq gRMQ 'pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS' (1841 eI:) ivc vI z&rnwmy dy pRsMgdw ivsiqRq rUp ivc vrxn nhIN kIqw imldw [ rweykot ivKy gurU jI nUµ Coty swihbzwidAW Aqymwqw jI dI ShIdI dw smwcwr imldw hY [ ie`Qy iek hvwlw zrUrI hY [ gurU swihb dI A`K ivcoNswihbzwidAW dI ShIdI dw smwcwr sux ky hMJU ikr jWdw hY [ is`K pu`Cdw hY ik qusIN qW 'qUkrqy pr pUrn gXwnI ! qum BI gyrXo nYn qy pwnI ?16 gurU swihb ny ikhw ik jwh hry drKq qoNp`qw qoV ky ilAw [ iPr is`K nUµ ikhw ik ibRC qW jVH hY jy ies dy p`qy tu`tx qy pwxI isMmdw hY-mnu`K qW iPr cyqn hY [ mukdI g`l :

dohrw : dInY ky hI bYT gur bYNqW ilKI ivcwr [ikC jMg ikC nsIhq ikC aulWBy hkIkq fwr [3[

cOpeI : su nurMgy v`l deI Glwie [ dXw isµG lY phMucXo jwie [QoVHI aun suxI bhuqI rhI [ jw ins nOrMgy POqo BeI [ 17 (14)

sRI gurpRqwp sUrj gRMQ dy krqw BweI sMqoK isMG ny vI z&rnwmy dy pRsMg dw ivsqwr ivcizkr kIqw hY [ ie`Qy swrI khwxI duhrwaux dI QW isr& z&rnwmy dy ilKx dy ipCokV Aqy AMqivc AOrMgzyb v`loN gurU jI nUµ ijQy cwhux Aqy ijvyN cwhux Aqy rihx dw sMKyp vrxn kIqwjwvygw [ kvI jI ny iqMn pRsMgW, pihlW z&rnwmw (5976) Aqy dUsrw z&rnwmw dIinE cVHnw-ienHW nUµ ibrqWq rUp ivc vrixq kIqw hY [ iPr qIsrw pRsMg rcnw ivc A`gy jw ky 'z&rnwmwAOrMgzyb pws (6122) ies pRsMg ivc AOrMgzyb v`loN id`qy hukm dw hvwlw id`qw hY [ sMqoK isMGAnuswr :



y iek idn lKmIr iFg bolXo kr bMdy ['AµgulI Cylhu krd qy ko hyq iblMdy ['kwtiq jVH qurkwn kI AiqsY idRV joeI [nStih skl BivK mih pwie n ikq koeI ['mwn isµG BwKXo qbY kir hwin iemwnw [pRQm nurMgy ko hqhu mic duMd jhwnw [ 18

gurU jI jvwb ivc kihMdy hn ik AOrMgzyb dUr d`Kx ivc bYTw hY au`Qy aus nUµ mwrnwmuSikl hY [ aus nUµ q ilK ky auQy bYTy nUµ hI mwr idMdy hW:

sRI muK qy kihN 'jMg qy hiq hoie n rMgw (nOrMgw) [dUr dySæd`Cn ibKY hY Anbn FMgw [qaU Pqy ko Kq ilKy piF kir mir jweI [Aprn qy pltw lhY mm pµQ bfweI [ 19

gurU jI BweI dXw isMG Aqy Drm isMG nUµ z&rnwmw AOrMgzyb nUµ phuMcwaux leI AihdIdw Bys bxw ky jwx leI iqAwr hox dw hukm idMdy hn [ AMq ivc bwdSwh ^q pVH ky gurUswihb leI gurj brdwr Byj ky aunHW nwl mulwkwq dI ie`Cw zwihr krdw hY [

gurj dvwr dvY dIny sMg [ siB smJwXo gurU pRsMg [siB ko htkXo iliK prvwny [ lrih n koie, jwihN ijs Qwny [ 20

igAwnI igAwn isMG ny Awpxy pRis`D gRMQ 'pMQ pRkwS' ivc z&rnwmy bwry izAwdwivsqwr ivc izkr nhIN kIqw [ sMKyp ivc auh vI iehI ilKdw hY ik swihbzwidAW dI ShwdqqoN bwAd dIny ipMf ivc gurU swihb ny z&rnwmw ilK ky nOrMgy (AOrMgzyb) v`l ByijAw [

qb dIny nwm gRwm mWih [ gur iQr hkwieqw ilKI cwih [ieqXwidk vrqXo ijqk hwl [ sB ilK kY sqgur nY ibswl [iqh nwm jPrnwmw rKwie [ piqSwih pws dIny pTwey [jb dXw isµG ny dXo jwie [ pF nOrMg qrPXo duK pwie [ 21

pRis`D kvI igAwnI igAwn isMG jI Awpxy pRis`D gRMQ 'qvwrIK gurU ^wlsw', Bwgpihlw ivc z&rnwmy bwry ilKdy hn ik iek idn gurU jI Awpxy KXwl ivc ku`C Sbd boldyhoey kwcU Awpxy h`Q dIAW auNglW au`qy Pyr rhy sy, smIr ny auNglIAW pr kwcU Pyrn dw kwrnpuCXw qW bcn hoXw qurkW dIAW jVHW qrws rhy hW [ BweI mwn isMG bolXw pihly AOrMgy dwkwtl kro bwkI dy qurk inrbl ho ky Awpy mr jwxgy [ hukm hoXw BweI mwn isMG AOrMgy nUµ ju`Divc mwrnw sI, pr dUr jw irhw, lE hux bcn nwl hI AsIN aus nUµ mwrdy hW qy bjIdy gIdI nUµqW swfy isMG hI kw&r kr ky mwr C`fxgy [ eyqnw bcn kih ky gurU jI klm dvwq lY kr cubwrydy AMdr jw bYTy, pihly Akwl purK dI mihmw ilK ky Pyr AOrMgy nUµ aulWBy bVy zor zor dyilKy...(bwrW hkwXqW ArQwq khwxIAW ilKIAW) eyho ijhy bhuq swry s`cy qwny qy ibRqWq TyT&wrsI zubwn ivc ilK ky gurU swihb jI ny Es ilKq dw nwm z&rnwmw r`K kr d`Kx dySAOrMgwbwd ivc ij`Qy AOrMgw mRh`ØitAW nwl lV irhw sI, Es v`l BweI dXw isMG nUµ srb SkqIsMpMn krky qor id`qw aus dy nwl cwr isMG hor qory Aqy hukm id`qw ijkMU AOrMgy ny gurU ky Gr auqyAihdIAw ByjXw, Esy qrHW Es dy pRwx lYx vwly qusIN bI Awp nUµ gurU ky AihdIey smJo, qusWiksy qoN frxw nhIN, AsIN sdIv quhwfy AMg sMg hW, koeI ibGn quhwfy nyVy nw Awvygw, qusINvYrI auqy Pqy pwEgy ['22 ieauN igAwnI igAwn isMG vI hkwXqW nUµ z&rnwmy dw AMg hI pRvwnkrdw hY [

pRwcIn is`K ieiqhws dy mh`qvpUrn sRoqW ivc vrixq z&rnwmy sMbMDI q`QW qoN bwAd

sMvwd-04 13

AsIN iek AwDuink lyKk nirMjn isMG swQI dI gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dy AnMdpur C`fx qoNlY ky nWdyV swihb phuMc ky pMj BUqk srIr dI AMiqm ivdwiegI qIk dy swry s&r nUµ Aqy iess&r ivc Awey swry ieiqhwsk QwvW nUµ AwDwr bxw ky BUgol Aqy ieiqhws dw iek AiqpRmwixk Aqy suMdr sumyl aunHW v`loN klmb`D kIqI pusqk 'crn clau mwrig goibMd' ivcbhuq q`Qwqimk Aqy klwqimk rUp ivc kIqw igAw pRwpq huMdw hY [ ivsY AnukUl AsIN isr&z&rnwmy bwry drj pRsMg dw hI izkr krWgy [ ieh vI auh q`Q jo hor gRMQW ivc nw imldy hox [swQI jI ny AOrMgzyb nUµ z&rnwmw phuMcx dy smyN bwry iliKAw hY ik 20 jnvrI 1706 nUµAOrMgzyb Aihmdngr Aw igAw Aqy 20 PrvrI 1707 qIk iesy jgHw hI irhw [ (ies dwieiqhwsk hvwlw sRI gur soBw vwly pRkrn ivc Aw cu`kw hY)

swQI Anuswr BweI dwieAw isMG Aqy BweI Drm isMG dw z&rnwmw lY ky Aihmd ngrphuMcxw, bwdSwh nUµ imlx leI koiSSW krnw, Aw^r bwdSwh nwl mulwkwq hoxI qy aus nUµz&rnwmw sONpxw Aqy dohW isMGW dw pMjwb nUµ prqxw, ieh swrIAW GtnwvW- sMn 1706 eI: dyA`D jW A^Ir ivc iesy sQwn qy hoeIAW [23

qkrIbn swry is`K ieiqhwskwrI dy soimAW ivc z&rnwmw pVHn qoN bwAd bwdSwh nUµAwpxIAW vDIkIAW, jbr Aqy gurU swihb nUµ DoKw dyx leI qoVIAW ksmW dy s`c dw AihswshuMdw hY Aqy auh mwnisk qOr qy burI qrHW prySwn ho jWdw hY [ ies prySwnI dy sb`b auh AwpxyqIzy puqr muhMmd Awzm nUµ jo ic`TI ilKdw hY aus qoN bwdSwh dy mn AMdr pYdw hoeI bycYnI AqyikAwmq dy idn A`lwh qwAlw dI drgwh ivc aus nwl sMswr ivc kIqy Zlq kMmW kwrx joiensw& hovygw-ies s`c nUµ icqv ky bwdSwh hor vI prySwn ho jWdw hY [ q dI iebwrq vyKo :

'idl v`c smwey myry pu`qr !......mYN AwpxI qu`Cqw dw AnuBv krdw hoieAw sMswr qoN jwirhw hW [ mYN Awpxy pwpW qy AOguxW dw Pl Awpxy nwl iljw irhw hW [ mYN bVy pwp kIqy hn [pqw nhIN aunHW dI mYnUµ kI szw imlygI? swvDwn koeI muslmwn nw mwirAw jwvy Aqy aus dwBwr myry isr nw cVHy [ .... hux mYN jw irhw hW [ Blw burw jo vI mYN kIqw- quhwfy leI kIqw hY [ iksyny AwpxI Awqmw nUµ jWdy hoey nhIN dyiKAw, pr mYN dyK irhw hW ik ieh jw rhI hY [24 swQI nyz&rnwmy dy AOrMgzyb dy mn aupr pey pRBwv nUµ bhuq sMkocvyN Aqy pRBwvSwlI SbdW ivc ieauNpyS kIqw hY [ z&rnwmy dy mzmUn ny AOrMgzyb nUµ JMjoV ky r`K id`qw sI [ sMBv hY ik ienHW ic`TIAW(jo bwdSwh ny Awpxy dovyN pu`qrW nUµ ilKIAW sn) dI audws qy pCqwvy BrI sur dw kwrnz&rnwmy dw pRBwv hI hovy, jo aus ny kuJ h&qy pihlW hI piVHAw sI [ dsm pwqSwh ny AOrMgzybnUµ aus dIAW vwAdw i^lw&IAW Aqy DoKybwzIAW bwry jo KrIAW-KrIAW suxweIAW sn AqyiPtkwrW pweIAW sn, auh AOrMgzyb dI fu`bdI byVI leI AwKærI p`Qr swbq hoeIAW[ ies leIieh kihxw Aiq kQnI nhIN hovygI ik AOrMgzyb dI mOq dI Aw^rI vjHw z&rnwmw hI sI [ dInykWgV ivc isMGW ny dsm pwqSwh nUµ jo bynqI kIqI sI, auh pUrn rUp ivc pRvwn ho geI [z&rnwmy dy kwgzI qIr ny jwbr AOrMgzyb dw ihrdw ivMnH id`qw sI [ ie`Qy kbIr jI dIAW doqukW ieMn-ibMn FukdIAW hn, BwvyN ieh iksy hor sMdrB ivc hI aucwrIAW geIAW hn :

kbIr siqgur sUrmy bwihAw bwn ju eyk [[lwgq hI Buie igir pirAw prw kryjy Cyk [[ 25 (Aµg 1374)

20 PrvrI 1707 eI: nUµ AOrMgzyb sMswr nUµ Alivdw kih igAw [pRis`D ivdvwn ipAwrw isMG pdm ny AwpxI pusqk 'dsm gRMQ drSn' ivc z&rnwmy

bwry iliKAw hY ik gurU goibMd isMG dIAW iqMn &wrsI rcnwvW pRwpq hn- hkwXwq, &iqhnwmwAqy z&rnwmw [ &iqhnwmw Swied AOrMgzyb vl ilKI pihlI ic`TI hY ijs dy kyvl 24 ku



iSAr pRwpq hn prMqU dsm gRMQ ivc ieh Swiml nhIN [ z&rnwmw auh CMdbD &wrsI q hY, jogurU jI ny 1762 ib. dy muF ivc dIny kWgV (izlHw iProzpur)-(A`jklH izlHw biTMfw) dy mukwmqoN AOrMgzyb dy nwm ilK ky ByijAw sI [ kuJ h`Q ilKq bIVW ivc ies nUµ jMgnwmw krky vIiliKAw igAw hY [ ies dy kul iSAr 111 hn, keIAW hkwXq nM. s`q ivc Awey (4) SyAr 'kujwSwih kYiKsru E jwim jm' Awid imlw ky ieh igxqI 115 id`qI hY [26

z&rnwmy bwry keI qrHW dy ivroDI ivcwrW dI puxCwx krn qoN bwAd pdm swihb ny iesieiqhwsk rcnw bwry jo is`ty k`Fy hn- aunHW dw swr ieh hY ik kysr isMG iC`br v`loN ies dyiSArW dI igxqI 1400 d`sI geI hY- ho skdw hY ik ieh 114 hox [

dUsry hkwXqW Aqy z&rnwmw dohW nUµ dsm gRMQ ivc iek QW simlq krn dw AwDwraunHW dI &wrsI zubwn ivc rcIAW hox kwrx hY [ auNj hkwXqW dw z&rnwmy dy mUl pwT nwlkoeI sMbMD nhIN bxdw [ z&rnwmy bwry ieh vI aunHW ikhw ik ho skdw hY ik z&rnwmw iek lMmyrIrcnw vI ho skdI hY-prMqU swfy qIk A`j qIk ijhVy 111 iSAr phuMcy hn, hux ieiqhwsk qOrqy ieho z&rnwmy dw mukMml rUp pRvwn kIqw jwxw cwhIdw hY [ iek hor mh`qvpUrn s`cweI jopdm jI ny Awpxy ivSwl AnuBv nwl swhmxy ilAWdI hY Aqy jo insicq rUp ivc pRvwnkrnXog vI hY [ ieh hY ik &iqhnwmw (pihlI ic`TI) dy iSArW nUµ ies nwl n`QI nhIN sI kIqwjw skdw ikauNik ijQy aus ivc kyvl do swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI vl ieSwrw hY auQy z&rnwmyivc cwry swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI vl sMkyq hY:

ichW Sud ik cUM b`cgW kuSqh cwr ik bwkI ibmwdsq pycIdw mwr [ 27

auprokq ieiqhwsk sRoqW Aqy AwDuink ivdvwnW dy ivcwrW dy mMQn qoN bwAd ieh is`twk`ØiFAw jw skdw hY ik ipAwrw isMG pdm dI z&rnwmy bwry kIqI Koj Aqy k`Fy gey is`ØitAW nUµA`j dI GVI srb pRvwinq mMnidAW A`goN jy kdI nvyN ieiqhwsk sRoqW jW q`QW dI l`Bq nwlkoeI nvW q`Q swhmxy Awvygw qW ienHW ivcwrW ivc soD kr leI jwvy [ iPlhwl auprokqieiqhwsk q`QW Aqy z&rnwmy bwry imlI pMCI Jwq jwxkwrI qoN bwAd hux ies rcnw dwgMBIrqwpUrvk Aqy q`Q AwDwirq swihqk Aqy ieiqhwsk ivSlySx krn dw Xqn kIqwjwvygw[ ivcwrW dI dunIAW ivc koeI ivcwr AMiqm nhIN huMdw Aqy koeI ivcwr inrol iksyivAkqI ivSyS dy idmwgæ dI kwF vI nhIN huMdw [ hr ivcwr dy bxn, ivgsx Aqy ibnsn dyip`Cy swfy pUry smwjk, swihqk, ieiqhwsk Aqy siBAwcwrk ivkws dI prMprw ikRAwSIl AqyipCokV vjoN kMm kr rhI huMdI hY [ ikauNik swfy jnm vyly qoN bwAd pMjwb ivc aurdU/&wrsI dIpVHweI-qMgnzr Aqy i&rkU soc vwly AwgUAW v`loN bMd kr id`qI geI sI [ swfI BwSw nUµ DrmWnwl bMnHx vwlI Zlq Aqy AivigAwnk soc nUµ gurU dSmyS ipqw ny AwpxI bwxI nUµ pMjwbI,ibRj, sMsikRq, &wrsI Awid BwSwvW ivc rc ky ies mnu`Kqw Aqy smwjk BweIcwry nUµ vMfxvwlI qMg-nzr soc nUµ pihlW hI r`d kr id`qw hY [ jwpu swihb ivc r`b nUµ ikMny nwvW nwlivAkq kIqw hY [ iek QW ilKdy hn :

'Alwh hYN' [ iesy qrHW r`b bwry jwpu swihb ivc iliKAw 'ik swihb idmwgæ hY' ] 'ikhusnl crwgæ hYN [['

ilK ky ihMdU/muslmwn r`b dy &rk aupr hI lkIr mwr id`qI hY [ kI &wrsI ivc z&rnwmwilK ky gurU swihb ny ieslwm dI syvw kIqI ? aunHW ny qW AOrMgzyb dI jwbr Awqmw nUµ ausBwSw ivc JMjoiVAw ijs dw auh sB qoN v`fw ivdvwn sI [ AwDuink smyN dy iek Swier ny aurdUzubwn nUµ isr& muslmwnW nwl nrVy jwx dy Zlq ruJwn qy ivAMg kridAW, Awpxy iekUbsUrq iSAr ivc ieauN &rmwieAw hY :

sMvwd-04 15

mu`lw bnw dIAw hY iesy BI muhwzy jMg (muhwz-ie-jMg-lVweI dw mYdwn),iek sulh kw pXwm QI aurdU zbW kBI [ (AwnMd nwrwiex mu`lw)

lE dyK lE krwmwq ieh ivcwr iek ihMdU Swier dy hn [ auNj swfI nzr ivc lyKk/Swier ihMdU, muslmwn jW is`K nhIN huMdy auh ibhqr ienswn hI huMdy hn [ iek hor Swier dwiÂwl quhwfI pySy-ie-nzr hY:

zulm aurdU py BI hoqw hY iesI insbq sylog aurdU ko muslmW smJ bYTy hYN [ (AkIl nOmwnI)

so, myrI bhuqI inrBrqw z&rnwmy dy pMjwbI ivc imldy AnuvwdW qy hox kwrn Aqy iesklwisk Aqy n&Is zubwn dw vwik& nw hox (zubwndwn hox dw qW svwl hI pYdw nhIN hMudw)kwrx myrIAW BwSweI Bu`lW dI AgwaUN muAw&I nUµ pRvwn krnw Aqy ies lyK nUµ pVHidAW mnivc sMBwlI r`Kxw [

ies Koj-p`qr ivc AsIN BwSw ivBwg v`loN CwpI geI UbsUrq rUp ivc pRwpq pusqk'byksW-rw Xwr gurU goibµd isµG' nUµ Awpxy AiDAYn leI AwDwr bxwieAw hY [ m`Dkwl ivcsmwj dI mu`K ivcwrDwrw Drm AwDwirq ivcwrDwrw sI [ ijvyN A`j pUMjIvwdI smwjk pRbMDivc ivigAwn/qrk AwDwirq ivcwrwDwrw lok cyqnw dy ivcwrDwrk pRgtwvy dw AwDwrsvIkwr kIqI jWdI hY [ so, Xug cyqnw dy muhwvry nUµ AwDwr bxwauNidAW, gurU goibMd isMGmhwrwj ny z&rnwmw dw AwrMB Awpxy ieSt dI mihmw gwien krn qoN AwrMB kIqw hY [ iesleI ies mihmw gwien dy leI srb SkqImwn prmwqmw dy guxW dw ivSyS qOr 'qy vrxnkIqw igAw hY [ prmwqmw dy hzwrW guxW jW byAMq guxW dI mihmw gurU swihb ny AwpxI bwxIjwpu swihb ivc vI bhuq bw-kmwl rvwngI, BwSw dy nvyN pRXogW Aqy bwxI dI AKut sMgIqmeIAqy CMd Xukq Aqy qukWqmeI isrjxw nwl kridAW, AwpxI kwiv klw dy hzwrW rMg Awpxyklwm ivc pRgt kIqy hn [ z&rnwmw dw mqlw jW pRkwS ies iSAr nwl kIqw igAw pRwpqhuMdw hY [ &wrsI dI kwiv-prMprw ivc ies nUµ 'hmd' AwKdy hn [

kmwl-ey- krwmwq kwiem krIm [ rzw b^S rwizk irhwkun rhIm [ies dw ArQ hY ik prmwqmw pUrn, siQr, ikRpwlU, irzk dyx vwl bMdI CoV, idAwlU,

bîSSW krn vwlw qy srb SkqImwn hY [

ies dy nwl hI dUsry iSAr dI krwmwq vyKo:AmW b^S bîSMdh E dsqgIr^qw b^S rozI idho idl pzIr

auh prmwqmw SWqI dyx vwlw, b^Sxhwr, bWh PVn vwlw, Bu`lW muAw& krn vwlw,rozI dyx vwlw qy mn mohx vwlw hY [

ies iSAr Aqy prmwqmw dIAW d`sIAW is&qW dw jy hor iDAwn nwl ivSlySx krndw Xqn krIey qW ieh swrIAW is&qW AOrMgzyb dI sMswrk s`qw, hMkwr Aqy zwilm hkUmqaupr iek bVw rwjnIqk Aqy dwrSink vwr hn [ ies qoN Agly iSAr ivc pyS s`c swfI iesDwrnw dI pUrn rUp ivc puStI krdw hY Aqy prmwqmw dI is&q slwh dy nwl-nwl iehAOrMgzyb dI izhnI ZrIbI Aqy hMkwr nwl BrI qMg nzr soc au`pr vI iek BrpUr hmlw hY [gurU swihb dw iSAr hY :

SihnSwh-ey-KUubI idh E rihnmUM ik bygUn-E-bycUM au cUM bynmUM (auh rwijAW dw mhwrwjw, guxdwqw, byimswl AwgU hY [ auh nykI dyx vwlw hY qy rMg rUp

qoN rihq hY [)



ies ieko iSAr nwl gurU swihb ny prmwqmw dIAW ienHW is&qW dw izkr krky nwkyvl prmwqmw dI is&q-slwh hI kIqI sgoN Awpxy jIvn drSn, jIvn idRStI AqyivcwrDrw dw vI bhuq spSt rUp ivc inrUpn kIqw hY [ ies dw iek ArQ ieh vI bxdw hyY ikjy rwijAW dw rwjw prmwqmw hY-qW AsIN (gurU swihb) qyry vrgy (AOrMgzyb) dI kI pRvwh krdyhW [ ^ws krky auho ijhw bwdSwh ijhVw Awpxy Awp nUµ ieslwm Drm dw iek AiDkwrIivdvwn, pRcwrk Aqy pRswrk smJx dw vI Brm pwlI bYTw hovy [ jy ieslwm nUµ mMnx vwlwAOrMgzyb, SWqI dyx vwlw, bKæSx vwlw, irzk dyx vwlw, mnmohxw Aqy srb gux sMpMn Aqysrb klw smr`Q nhIN qW prmwqmw Aqy Awm sMswrI mnu`KW dI nzr ivc auh bwdSwh s`cwmuslmwn Aqy cMgw bwdSwh ikvyN ho skdw hY? ieauN z&rnwmw dy isr& Swbidk ArQW jW srlArQW nUµ duhrweI jwxw ies mhwn rcnw dy dUr rs pRBwvW nUµ smJx ivc swfI bhuqI shwieqwnhIN kr skygw [ ieh TIk hY ik &wrsI zubwn ivc rcI geI hox kwrn ies rcnw dy ArQ AwmpMjwbI pwTk dI smJ dw ih`sw bxn ivc iek hor BwSw dw igAwn nw hox kwrx iek rukwvtbx jWdy hn [ ieh rukwvt rcnw dy Swbidk ArQW rwhIN kw&I h`d qIk h`l ho jWdI hY [ prMqUrcnw isr& SbdW dI qrqIb hI nhIN huMdI [ isrjxwqimkqw kwrx ies ivc hor bhuq pihlU,rMg Aqy prqW vI Swiml huMdIAW hn [ ijvyN gurU goibMd isMG jI ny AwpxI rcnw bicqR nwtkivc &urmwieAw hY jW r`b dI byAMqqw bwry Awpxy ivcwrW dw pRgtwvw kIqw hY:

Awpu AwpunI buiD hY jyqI [[ brnq iBµn iBµn quih qyqI [[qumrw lKw nw jwie pswrw [[ ikh ibiD sjw pRQm sMswrw[[ (17)

(cOpeI swihb)ievyN hI lyKk jW rcnwkwr iksy rcnw dw jnmdwqw huMdw hY [ rcnw dw dUsrw jnm aus

dy pwTk rwhIN huMdw hY [ iksy pwTk dI ikMnI ku swihqk smr`Qw hY, ieh pwTk dI AwpxI pRiqBwAqy aus dI ws pRkwr dI isKlweI Aqy AiBAws qy inrBr krdw hY [ swihq Awlocn dy yqrivc hux qIk qkrIbn iqMn pRmu`K ruJwn iksy swihqk ikRq (rcnw) dI smJ leI pRcilq rhyhn [ pihlw ruJwn lyKk (isrjk) nUµ iksy rcnw dw jnmdwqw pRvwn kridAW, lyKk dI svYjIvnI jW svY dy pRgtwvy nUµ iksy rcnw dw mUl pRvwn krdw hY [ dUsrw ruJwn lyKk dI rcnw nUµlyKk dy svY dy pRgtwvy dI QW swihq nUµ lyKk dI S^sIAq dy pRgtwvy dI QW S^sIAq dylukwvy (escape) dw swDn pRvwn krdw hY [ ies ruJwn dw pRmuK isDWqkwr T.S. Eliot nUµ mMinAwjWdw hY [ aus dw ivcwr sI ik Literature is not an expression of the personality but an

escape from the personality. qIsrw ruJwn rcnw nUµ lyKk Aqy pwTk dohW qoN mukq kridAWkyvl swihqk ikrq jW literary text nUµ hI Awpxw AiDAYn vsqU bxwaux dy isDWq dIpRoVqw Aqy sQwpnw krdw hY [ rolW bwrq, Paule de man, Derrida, Lacan, Levi Strauss AqySaussure vrgy mhwn BwSw ivigAwnI ies isDWq nUµ sQwipq krn vwly AwgU icMqkW vjoNjwxy jWdy hn [ ieauN AsIN iksy iek ruJwn jW iksy iek AwDwr ijvyN lyKk, pwTk, ikrq iqMnWivcoN iksy iek nUµ dUsry qoN vDyry mulvwn pRvwn krn dy Zlq ruJwn dy rwh pYx dI QW, isDWqkrUp ivc ieh pRvwn kr skdy hW ik lyKk, pwTk Aqy ikRq iqMnW dy AwpsI dvMdwqimk sMbMDWdI loA ivc hI AsIN iksy swihq ikRq dy shI swihqk mu`l dI ivAwiKAw, ivSlySx AqymulWkx rwhIN, aus bwry iksy bwhrmuKI, ivigAwnk, Awlocnwqimk pDqI dI sQwpnw kridAW,aus dw Xog mul pwaux dy Xog ho skdy hW [ iksy iek p`K au~pr zor dyx nwl lwzmI qOr qy bwkIp`K Axif`T hoxgy Aqy nqIjn swfw AiDAYn iek pwsV, AsMquilq, aulwr Aqy AMqrmuKIhox dy doSW qoN mukq nhIN ho skygw [ ies v`fy pRsMg ivc r`K ky hI AsIN z&rnwmw vrgIklwisk rcnw dw AiDAYn Aqy ivSlySx krn dw Xqn krWgy [

sMvwd-04 17

gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dy prmwqmw dIAW hzwrW is&qW ivcoN ijhVI iek ivl`Kxis&q vwr-vwr aunHW dI bwxI ivcoN idRStmwn huMdI hY auh hY prmwqmw dw 'grIbul prsqY' Aqy'grIbul invwz' hox dw sMklp [ is`K Drm ivc Aqy bwkI DrmW ivc prmwqmw dy idAwlU,r`ØiKAk, pwlxhwr hox dw srUp qkrIbn swry DrmW dI iek sWJI sMklpnw hY, prMqU prmwqmwdy dYvI srUp Aqy inrMkwr rUp nUµ vyly dI smwjk siQqI ivc gærIbW, inmwixAW, inqwixAWAqy inAwsirAW dy r`ØiKAk dy rUp ivc, ijs qrHW gurU goibMd isMG jI ny prmwqmw dy iessmwjk rol nUµ idRV krvwieAw hY ieauN Drm Kyqr nUµ smwjk Kyqr nwl joVidAW, aunHW iekvwr iPr Drm dy ArQW nUµ iek ienklwbI ivSwlqw b^SI hY [ gurU swihb bicqR nwtk ivcAwpxy jIvn dw prm audyS, 'Drm aupwrn', 'duSt ibdwrn' hI inrDwrq krdy hn [ ieh smucyBwrq dI rwjnIiqk ZulwmI dy nwl-nwl aus vyly dy Dwrimk AwgUAW v`loN Awpxy DrmW dIrwKI v`loN ip`T krn kwrn, jo igrwvt Drm ivc pUrI qrHW PYl geI sI Aqy Drm kyvl iekbwhrI ByK, kUVw krm-kWf Aqy jIvn dI Asl gqISIlqw qoN iblkul tu`t cu`kw sI-iesmurdyhwnI nUµ dUr krn ihq prmwqmw dy ies kRWqIkwrI Aqy SsqrDwrI rUp 'nmo ssqR pwxy [[nmo AsqR mwxy [[' dw pRgtwvw gurU swihb dy jIvn-audyS dw iek Atu`t AMg bx igAw sI [Awpxy mwnvvwdI kilAwxkwrI Aqy srb`q dy Bly vwly audyS dI pUrqI dw isMG-nwd aunHWdI bwxI ivcoN ies pRkwr pRgt huMdw hY :

hm ieh kwj jgq mo Awey [[ Drm hyq gurdyv pTwey [[jhW qhW qum Drm ibQwro [[ dust doKIAin pkir pCwro [[42[[ (bicqR nwtk)

sMswr dy bwkI DrmW ivc pRBU pRwpqI dw mnu`KI mnorQ qW kImqI Aqy srb sWJw kyNdrImnorQ hY [ prMqU gurU goibMd isMG ny ies AiDAwqmk mnorQ dw kwieAw klp kridAW, ies nUµAinAW Aqy jbr dy i^lw& XuD krn nUµ Swiml krky Drm nUµ jIvn dy nwl iekimk kr id`qwhY [ Awp dw &urmwn hY :

DMn jIE iqh ko jg mY muK qy hir ic`q my juDu ibcwrY [dyh Ain`q, n in`q rhY jsu nwv cVY Bv swgr qwrY [ (Koj p`ØiqRkw-pMnw 29)

ie`Qy gurU swihb dy jIvn-drSn dI ivSwlqw nUµ vI smJy jwx dI zrUrq hY [ ieh jMgisr& ihMdUAW dy h`k ivc Aqy muslmwnW jW ieslwm dy ivruD nhIN sI [ ikauNik aunHW dI srbqdy Bly Aqy hr iek nUµ brwbrI dyx vwlI idRStI aunHW dI Azmq nUµ hor vI mhwn bxwauNidAW,swfy swhmxy swkwr huMdI nzr AwauNdI hY [ swirAW ivc prmwqmw dy dIdwr krn vwlI aunHWdI bwxI m`Dkwl dy k`tVpRsqI Aqy i&rkwpRsqI ivc fu`by DrmW leI iblklu iek nvyN sUrjdw audY hox vWg sI [

dyhurw msIq soeI, pUjw AO invwz EeI; mwns sbY eyk pY Anyk ko BRmwau hY [[dyvqw Adyv, j`C gMDRb qurk ihµdU; inAwry inAwry dysn ky, Bys ko pRBwau hY [[

(Koj p`ØiqRkw, pµnw 15-16)

eykY nYn eykY kwn, eykY dyh eykY bwn; Kwk bwd AwiqS, AO Awb ko rlwau hY [[A`lw AByK soeI, purwn Aau kurwn EeI; eyk hI srUp sbY, eyk hI bnwau hY [[

(Koj p`ØiqRkw, pµnw 16)

z&rnwmw dy A`TvyN iSAr ivc prmwqmw dy ies r`ØiKAk srUp dw ikMnw UbsUrq vrxnkIqw igAw hY :

ik swihb-ey-SaUr Asq, Awijz nvwzZrIb-aul-pRsq-E gænIm-aul- gudwz (8)



ijs dw spSt Bwv hY ik prmwqmw Drm soJIvwn hY Aqy inmwixAW nUµ invwjx vwlwhY [ auh AnwQW dw pwlk qy duSmxW nUµ qm krn vwl hY [ iek vwr iPr iSAr nMbr bwrW ivcprmwqmw dy srbSkqImwn hox dw sMdyS idMidAW Axkhy rUp ivc AOrMgzyb nUµ brdwr krdyhn ik qyrw kIqw kuJ nhIN huMdw [ sB kuJ aus srbSkqImwn prmwqmw dy hukm ADIn vwprirhw hY :

guzwirµdw-ey-kwr-Awlm kbIr [Snwisµdw-ey-ielm-Awlm AmIr [ (12)

prmwqmw dI mhwn hsqI hI ies dunIAw nUµ clwaux vwlI hY Aqy aus r`b nUµ swry sMswrdw igAwn hY [ srbSkqImwn prmwqmw dI mihmw gwien qoN bwAd gurU jI ^q dy AslmzmUn v`l AwauNdy hn [ q dy AwrMB ivc hI gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ mu^wiqb huMidAW ilKdyhn ik qUµ kurwn dI JUTI ksm Kwx vwlw Aqy ksm Kw ky mukrn vwlw hY [ ieMnw hI nhIN qyry swrykirMdy Bwv qyry b^SI Aqy kwzI auh vI swry JUTy qy DoKybwz hn [ mYnUµ (gurU jI) ienHW aupr Borw vIivSvws nhIN [ (iSAr 13, 14, 15) gurU swihb ijs gMBIr Aqy SWq lihzy ivc AOrMgzyb nUµlwhnq pw rhy hn, ieh ies iSAr rwhIN smJxw vwijb hovygw :

ksy kOl-ey-kurAW kund ieAqbwr [hmW roz-ey-Awi^r, Svd mrd vwr [ (15)

jo AwdmI qyrI kurwn dI shuM au`qy Brosw kr lvy, Awi^rkwr KuAwr huMdw hY [ z&rnwmwinrI ivcwrW dI jMg nhIN hY [ gurU swihb nUµ &wrsI dI AmIr kwiv prMprw, ieiqhws, imiQhws,ibMbW Aqy pRqIkW dw vI bhuq gMBIr Aqy ivSwl igAn hwisl sI [ humw pMCI bwry iehI im`QpRcilq hY ik ijs ienswn aupr humw dw swieAw pY jwvy aus dw koeI kuJ nhIN ivgwV skdw [ies lokDwrweI ivSvws Aqy imiQhwsk sMkyq nUµ vrqidAW gurU swihb ny humw Sbd dI vrqoNprmwqmw leI krky Awpxy Awp nUµ sMswrk rwijAW jW q^qW qwjW dy mwlkW dI ZulwmI qoNpuUrI qrHW mukq kr ilAw Aqy nwl hI aunHW dI klm dI krwmwq hI hY ik Awpxy klwm ivcaunHW AOrMgzyb nUµ iek clwk kW dw pRqIk bxw ky aus dI sMswrk s`qw nUµ im`tI ivc imlw id`qwhY [ Awp dw iSAr bwdSwh nUµ ieauN iek bhuq bulMd Swn nwl mu^wiqb huMdw hY :

humwrw ksy swieAw AwXd b zyr [bro dsq dwrd nw zwgy dlyr [ (16)

ies dw ArQ hY ik jy koeI humw dy pRCwvyN hTy Aw jwvy, aus nUµ kW h`Q nhIN pw skdw [ Bwvieh hY ik myry isr qy r`b dw swieAw hY, ies leI clwk kW ( ud AOrMgzyb) myrw kuJ nhIN ivgwVskdw [

gurU swihb shuM Kw ky aus aupr pihrw dyx dI puStI kridAW iSAr nMbr ATwrW ivc iehspSt krdy hn ik jykr mYN kurwn dI shuM gupq rUp ivc vI KwDI huMdI qW AwpxI QW qoN iekkdm vI A`gy nw vDdw [ Bwv ieh ik qUµ ksm Kw ky vI aus au`qy kwiem nhIN irhw [

z&rnwmw ivc gurU swihb A`goN ilKdy hn ik Bu`Ky pyt cwlI AwdmI kI kr skdy hn jyaunHW qy Acwnk bySumwr sYnw tut pvy [ qyrw ieh vcn BMg krn vwlw lSkr qyZ qIr qy bMdUkWlY ky Jtpt byqhwSw Aw ipAw [ ies leI mYnUµ mjbUrn jMg dy mYdwn ivc Awauxw ipAw AqySsqr Asqr vrqxy pey [

gurU swihb bhuq sulJy hoey sYnwpqI vWg AOrMgzyb nUµ AwpxI ilKq nwl, bwdlIl FMgnwl Gyrn l`gy hoey hn [ aunHW jMg dI swrI izMmyvwrI AOrMgzyb dI kurwn dI JUTI ksm Aqy ausdy lwm lSkr v`loN pihlW ibnW iksy qrHW dI BVkwht hoxdy- ies hmly leI aunHW nUµ pUrI qrHW

sMvwd-04 19

izMmyvwr Tihrw id`qw hY [ A`lw Xwr KW jogI rihmwnI ny AwpxI mhwn nzm 'gMij ShIdW' ivccmkOr dI ies mhwn jMg dw ic`qr ieauN pyS kIqw hY :

mrGt kI qrHW ies GVI suMnswn jmIN QI [^wmoSI sI CweI hUeI qw AriS-brIN QI [vYrwnI QI AYsI n audwsI Xh khIN QI [Aw&q QI, blw QI, iXh koeI rwq nhIN QI [dunIAw py Qw CwXw hUAw, ies qrh AMDyrw [lu`k gyNd ip im`tI kI ho ijs qrh sy Pyrw [ (bMd 26, pµnw 9)

ieauN gurU swihb ny AOrMgzyb nUµ ieh spSt kr id`qw ik auh jMg krnw nhIN cwhuMdy sn [ieh jMg qW AOrMgzyb Aqy aus dI &Oj v`loN aunHW aupr QopI geI sI [ ie`Qy hI bweHIvyN iSAr ivcgurU swihb ny jMg sMbMDI Awpxw GoSxw p`qr jwrI kIqw [ ies iSAr bwry ieh vI ikhw jWdw hYik ieh iSAr Sy swAdI dw hY Aqy gurU swihb ny AwpxI rcnw ivc smo ky ies nUµ pyS kIqw hY [ies iSAr nUµ smucy z&rnwmy dI Awqmw ikhw jw skdw hY [ gurU swihb ny Awpxy jIvn-drSnnUµ ies iSAr rwhIN klwqimk Aqy dwrSink dohW rUpW ivc bw-kmwl AMdwz ivc pyS kIqw hY :

cu kwr Az hmh hIlqy dr guzSq ]hlwl Asq burdn b SmSIr dsq ] (22)

jdoN koeI kMm swry hIly, auprwilAW qoN lMG jwvy qW h`Q ivc qlvwr lYxw jwiez hI hY [

iPr Agly hI iSAr ivc gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ svwl krdy hn ik mYN hux qyrI kurwndI ksm dw kI Brosw krW-vrnW qUµ hI d`s myrw ies (lVweI iBVweI) nwl kI sMbMD ? gurUswihb ny AwpxI CotI ijhI aumr ivc 16 jMgW lVIAW Aqy Awpxy mu`TI Br isMGW dI dlyrIAqy Akwl purK dI rihmq nwl swrIAW ivc hI &iqh pRwpq kIqI [ 'cMfI dI vwr' bIr rsIswihq ivc rcI auh mhwn rcnw hY, ijs nUµæpMjwbI swihq dI lwswnI bIr rsI vwr pRvwnkIqw jWdw hY [ ies dw iek v`fw kwrx ieh vI hY ik bwkI bIr-rsI vwrW kvIAW v`loN AwpxIklpnw Aqy kwiv-kOSlqw dy AwDwr qy rcIAW geIAW pRvwn kIqIAW jWdIAW hn [ cMfI dIvwr gurU swihb dy Awpxy jIvn dy lVy gey jMgW dy AnuBv nUµ mUrqImwn krn vwlI rcnwpRvwn kIqI jWdI hY [ ikhw jwxw cwhIdw hY ik ieh Ssqr Aqy Swsqr dohW dw AnUpm sMjoghY[ z&rnwmw ivc vI cmkOr dI gVHI au`pr mugæl POj dy it`fI dl vloN jo bujidlwnw hmlwkIqw igAw-aus Xu`D Kyqr dw idRS icqrx vI gurU swihb klm nwl qsvIr bxwaux dwpraupkwr kr rhy hn :

brMg-ey-mgs sXwh poS AwmdMd [b Xk bwrgI dr KæroS AwmdMd [ (26)

qyrI (AOrMgzyb) iSAwh poS sYnw (kwlIAW vrdIAW vwlI) m`KIAW vWg Aw peI AqyrOlw pwauNdI iek dm tu`t peI [

cldy jMg Aqy mOq dy swhmxy vI gurU swihb Awpxy duSmx nUµ pCwxn ivc dyr nhINlwauNdy [ nvwb mlyrkotlw dy Brw nwhr w nUµ gurU swihb qurMq Awpxy qIr nwl sdw dI nINdsvw idMdy hn [ ies ieiqhwsk Gtnw dw izkr AwpxI rcnw dy au~nqIvyN iSAr ivc klmbMdkrdy hn :

cu dIdm ik nwhr ibXwmd bjMgcSIdh Xky qIr-ey-mn by-drMg [

ies dw ArQ hY ik jd mYN nwhr KW nUµ jMg dy mYdwn ivc AwieAw dyiKAw qW aus ny qurMq



myry qIr dw suAwd c`ØiKAw Bwv auh qIr Kw ky QW qy hI FyrI ho igAw [ iesy qrHW iek horieiqhwsk hvwlw jo pTwx z&rbyg v`l sMkyq krdw hY dw vrxn vI iSAr nMbr 31 Aqy 34ivc pyS kIqw igAw hY[ kmwl dI g`l ieh hY ik mOq dy nMgy nwc dy swhmxy vI gurU swihbAwpxI sihjqw Aqy ivAMg nUµ AwpxI SwierI ivcoN gYr-hwzr nhIN hox idMdy [ mulwhzw&rmwE jI :

ik AW vwjw mrdUd swXw-ey-dIvwr [nXwmd b-mYdW b-mrdwnh vwr [ (34)

auh lwhxqI z&rbyg dIvwr dI Et hyT hI irhw [ bhwdrW vWg mYdwn ivc nhINAwieAw [ gurU swihb Agly iSAr ivc ibAwn krdy hn ik Agr mYN aus dw ichrw vyK lYNdwqW iek qIr aus nUµ vI b^S idMdw [

iksy Swier dI iek nYiqk izMmyvwrI bx jWdI hY ik auh iksy vI Gtnw jW ivSyS krkylVy jw rhy XuD dy idRS icqrx smyN dohW pwisAW bwry sMquilq, brwbrI vwly Aqy p`Kpwq mukqq`QW dw vrxn kry[ nhIN qW Awpxy pwsy jW AwpxI sUrbIrqw dy sohly gwaux nwl rcnw dIpRmwixkqw S`k Aqy by-ivSvwsI dy Gyry ivc Aw jWdI hY [ Xu`D vrxn vyly gurU swihb ny udjMg ivc Swiml ho ky lVn dy bwvjUd, dohW pwisAW dIAW &OjW bwry iblkul brwbrI vwlwslUk kIqw hY :

hmwi^r bsy z^m-ey-qIr-E-qu&Mg [do sUey bsy kuSqw Sud bydrMg [ (36)

Aw^Ir qIrW qy bMdUkW dy P`t Kw-Kw QoVHy icr ivc hI dohW pwisAW dy bhuq swry AwdmImwry gey [ gurU swihb dI mubwirk klm dI nok hyT Aw ky rx-BUmI ivc fu`ØilHAw lhU vI ikMnwsuhjmeI rUp Dwrn kr lYNdw hY-Agly iSAr ivc ies suhj dy dIdwr-gurU swihb dI jMgW-juDWAqy mOq dI hwzrI ivc vI, jIvn nUµ suhjmeI bxwaux vwlI AnUTI idRStI-z&rnwmy dy hriSAr ivcoN nvyN sUrj vWg cmqkwrI rUp ivc audYmwn ho rhI nzr AwauNdI hY [

bsy bwn bwrId qIr-E-qu&MgizmI gSq hmcU gul-ey-lwlw rMg (37)

Bwv qIrW qy bMdUkW dI ieqnI vrKw hoeI ik zmIn lhU nwl posq dy Pu`lW vWg lwl hogeI [ idRS-icqrx dw kmwl vyKo ik Agly hI iSAr ivc rx BUmI 'c iKMfIAW lwSW AqymnuKW dy v`Fy tuky AMgW bwry ilKdy hn ik imrqkW dy isr pYrW dy ieauN Fyr l`g gey ijvyN Kyf dwmYdwn iK`do KUMfIAW nwl BirAw hovy [ (Bwv rx BUmI ivc isr iK`doAW vWg Aqy l`qW bwhWKuMfIAW vWg iKlrIAW peIAW sn [) gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ svwl krdy hn ik Aw^Ir lVweIivc iek`lI bhwdrI kI kr skdI hY jykr cwlI AwdmIAW au`qy Axigxq POj h`lw kr dyvy [

ie`Qy ies g`l v`l ivSys qOr qy iDAwn dyxw bxdw hY ik gurU jI AOrMgzyb nUµ jW aus dIPOj nUµ isr& mYdwn-ie-jMg ivc hI mwq nhIN dy rhy sgoN aus nUµ Drm Kyqr (kurwn dI JUTI shuMKwx krky) Xu`D Kyqr (AswvIN jMg iek pwsy cwlI qy dUsry pwsy l`KW dI &Oj) nYiqk p`DrvwAdw i^lw&I krn qy vI AOrMgzyb nUµ pUrI qrHW inh`Qw Aqy kwier is`D kr rhy hn[ gurU swihbiblkul s`cy sucy rUp ivc Drm aupr pihrw idMidAW ilKdy hn ik jo mnuK kurwn dI ksm auprBrosw krdw hY-prmwqmw aus nUµ rwh vI idKwauNdw hY Aqy r`b aus aupr AweI hr musIbq nUµ twlidMdw hY Aqy aus dw vwl vI ivMgw nhIN hox idMdw[ ies dy ault AOrMgzyb vI kurwn qy BroswkridAW kurwn dI ksm KWdw hY Aqy A`lwh qwAlw qy vI aus dw pUrw XkIn hY [ prMqU ieh sB&ryb Aqy FONg hY [ l&zW ivc auh iek pwk muslmwn Aqy A`lwh qy Brosw krn vwlw hY-prMqU

sMvwd-04 21

aus dy Aml dI p`Dr qy vyiKAW, auh Drm Aqy r`b dohW nUµ SrmSwr kr irhw hY [ gurU swihb nybhuq dlyrI nwl aus dy ies dMB nUµ nMigAW vI kIqw hY Aqy aus nUµ vMgwirAw vI hY [ dunIAw dyswihq dy ieiqhws ivc ies qrHW dI sUrmgqI ivc A`Kr A`Kr gu`DI hoeI rcnw jo iek hMkwrIAqy k`tVpMQI, i&rkwpRsq bwdSwh nUµ llkwrn dw swihqk Aqy smwjk krm ieko vyly krrhI hovy- swnUµ bhuq hI G`t jW twvIN-twvIN vyKx nUµ imldI hY [ bwdSwh nUµ ieauN vMgwrnw- iehdSmyS ipqw hI kr skdy hn :

ndwnm ik eIN mrd-ey-pYmW iSknik dOlq pRsqsq E-eImW i&gn [ (45)

mYnUµ (gurU jI nUµ) ieh pqw nhIN sI ik ieh iekrwr qoVn vwlw (AOrMgzyb) tky dw murId hYqy Drm eImwn nUµ pry su`t dyx vwlw hY [

AOrMgzyb dI swihqk Aqy siBAwcwrk p`Dr 'qy jo durgq gurU swihb ny Awpxy AglyiSAr rwhIN kIqI hY- ies nwl gurU swihb dI rOSn-zmIr Aqy rOSn idmwgæsoc dI AnMqqw dwAMdwzw lwauxw swDwrn b`D mnu`KW dy v`s qoN bwhr hY [ dunIAwdwrW dy rsmo irvwz Anuswr jyAsIN nyVy qoN nyVy dy dosq nUµ vI jy koeI s`cI g`l kihxI hovy qW AsIN ihMmq nhIN jutw pwauNdyblik keI qrHW dy ivMg vlyvyN pw ky AwpxI g`l kihx dw koeI sOKw qy FukvW ijhw rsqwqlwS krdy hW [ gurU swihb dI dlyrI, spStqw Aqy bwdSwh dy mUMh qy aus dI igrwvt v`liDAwn idvwaux dI ieiqhwsk dlyrI, gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dy ih`sy hI AweI hY[ Awp ny ic`tyidn vWg sw& bwdSwh nUµ aus dIAW krqUqW dw SISw ivKwieAw hY[ prMqU aus qoN vI v`fIpRwpqI ieh ik 'sc suxwiesI sc kI bylw' dI gurbwxI prMprw nUµ A`gy qoridAW, AOrMgzyb leIiksy ApSbd jW kOVy bcn nUµ klm dy nyVy nhIN Fukx id`qw [ Awp &urmwauNdy hn ik :

nw eImW pRsqI n AOjwie dINn swihb SnwsI n muhMmd XkINhr AW ks ik eImW pRsqI kund [n pYmW KudS pyS-E-psqI kund [ (46-47)

AOrMgzyb nw qUµ Drm au`qy kwiem hYN qy nw hI SrIAq dw pwbMd hYN [ nw qYnUµ r`b dI pCwxhY Aqy nw hI qyrw hzrq muhMmd swihb au`qy Brosw hY [ jo mnu`K Drm qy clx vwlw huMdw hY auhkdy vI Awpxy vwAdy qoN nhIN iPrdw [ gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ gMBIrqw pUrvk ieh qwkIdkrdy hn ik BwvyN qUµ sO bwr kurwn dI ksm KwvyN, mYnUµ qyry auqy rqw vI ivSvws nhIN [ kurwnmjId ivc ^ud muhMmd swihb sUrw pMj (Al mwiedw) Awieq 89 ivc ^brdwr kridAW&urmwn idMdy hn ik 'qusIN lok ijhVIAW inrwrQk shuMAW Kw lYNdy ho auhnW auqy A`lwh quhwnUµnhIN PVdw, pr ijhVIAW shuMAW qusIN jwx buJ ky KWdy ho auhnW auqy auh quhwnUµ zrUr PVygw...AwpxIAW shuMAW dI rwKI kirAw kro [ ies qrHW A`lwh Awpxy AwdyS quhwfy leI spStkrdw hY Swied ik qusIN DMnvwd kro ['28 iek hor ZlqI dw Aihsws krwauNidAW, gurU swihbilKdy hn ik jy qYnUµ rb Aqy kurwn SrI& au`qy Brosw huMdw qW qUµ kmrksw krky myry nwl lVnleI nw AwauNdw [ gurU swihb Amn-Amwn nUµ ikMnw ipAwr krdy sn- ies dw AMdwzw iesq`Q qoN ho jWdw hY ik AOrMgzyb nwl lgwqwr lVweI ivc pey rihx dy bwvjUd gurU swihbilKdy hn ik lVweI krn dI QW qUµ myry kol ie`zq nwl AwauNdw Aqy AsIN ipAwr nwlg`lbwq kr skdy sI, so ies bcn bwry qyrw ieh &rz bxdw hY ik qUµ Awpxy kOl iekrwr Aqyksm qy kwiem rhyN [

gurU swihb dI ilKq qoN ieh vI zwihr huMdw hY ik AOrMgzyb ny Awpxy iksy BrosyXog eylcI



rwhIN gurU swihb nUµ ilKqI p`qr ByijAw sI Aqy g`lbwq krn dw Brosw vI id`qw sI [ iesykwrx gurU jI curMjvyN iSAr ivc ilKdy hn ik 'qyrw iliKAw hoieAw q Aqy zubwnI sunyhw mYnUµimilAw [ qYnUµ cwhIdw hY ik hux qUµ ies kMm nUµ TIk qrHW isry cwVH dyvyN ['

iek hor iSAr rwhIN gurU swihb ny AOrMgzyb dI sON cukI zmIr Aqy aus dy dMB nUµ vMgwridAWAwpxy jIvn-drSn nUµ ieauN pyS kIqw hY :

hmUµ mrd bwXd Svd su^nvr [n iSkmy idgr dr dhwin idgr ] (55)

mrd nUµ cwhIdw hY ik auh bcnW dw pUrw hovy [ ieh auicq nhIN ik idl ivc hor Aqy mUMhqy kuJ hor hovy [ bwbw &rId jI ny Awpxy iek Slok ivc ies s`c dw pRgtwvw bwrHvIN/qyrHvINsdI ivc krky ieh sQwipq kr id`qw ik pMjwbI siBAwcwr ivc dMB krn vwly mUMhoN kuJ horAqy idloN kuJ hor krn vwly ivAkqI nUµ ie`zq dI ingHw nwl nhIN vyiKAw jWdw irhw hY [ gurUswihb ny AOrMgzyb dy iesy doglypn nUµ nMgw krn dw kmwl AwpxI klm nwl kIqw hY [auprokq iSAr dw ArQ hY ik mrd nUµ cwhIdw hY ik auh bcnW dw pUrw hovy [ ieh auicq nhIN ikidl ivc hor Aqy mUMh qy kuJ hor hovy [ bwbw &rId jI dw slok vI iesy dMB Aqy duPyV nUµ swfyswhmxy nMigAW krdw hY :

idlhu muhbiq ijµn syeI sicAw [[ijn min horu muiK horu is kWFy kicAw [[2]

(Awsw, syK PrId jIau, Aµg 488)

AOrMgzyb nUµ gurU swihb ny jIvn dy hr Kyqr ivc mwq id`qI [ gurU jI ny ieh vI iliKAwik ijs kwzI dy h`Q qUµ ksmnwmw ByijAw sI [ Agr qUµ auh vI dyKxw cwhuMdw hY qW auhksmnwmw vI myry kol hY [ jy qUµ ies nUµ dyKxw cwhuMdw hY qW mYN ies ksmnwmy nUµ, qYnUµ ivKw vIskdw hW [ ies qoN v`fI nYiqk nmoSI AOrMgzyb leI hor kI ho skdI sI [ ijhVw bwdSwh hox dynwl-nwl Awpxy Awp nUµ iek s`cw muslmwn vI smJdw sI [

iek hor ieiqhwsk ngr kWgV dw izkr kridAW gurU swihb AOrMgzyb nUµ &urmwauNdy hnik Agr qusIN cwho qW kWgV dy sQwn qy swfI dohW dI AwpsI mulwkwq ho skdI hY [ gurU swihbkihMdy hn ik jy qUµ udw pRsq hY qW ies kMm ivc dyr nw krIN Aqy jldI Aw ky mYnUµ iml- ie`QyqYnUµ koeI qrw vI nhIN ikauNik swrI bYrwV kOm myry kihxy ivc hY [

dfbjij dl>z fsq bVplji@ #wj;g V[ u' dHwijiVjqj wpijV sg duvs RpKa[ dvt w[WjsLJh r,Dv'G dvbJsj lg@ Rph Fjr[G qPv iPf dry ljc[ \fsq| fjl Vhk@ fi.aP epiP ljdhW fjlwJeC fhp.yS r[v[ a,w quPs lg m dHl[ wiw[ RpV%J ;`ØiVjq[ dry WjsLjh s[ dZbjV e'yi[wiV vHg Rph ljigbJ LiaJ yji dLbiJ LiaJ yji dLbiJ dry wvqW.s wiw[ Rpl } F[uds,agbJ lV m RpV%J lj` dvdtbj ] dw u[wi aplk wpijV sg duvs RpKa[ dvdtbj Rph #wlqVjqj$s[tSj yjhp.s[ h' aJ q{G aphj} F[u ds>sj hJ ^

qurw gr bbwXd AW kauly kurWbinzdy Sumw rw rswnm hmw [ (57)

ies 'ksmnwmy' ivc cwr motIAW g`lW sn :

1. qusIN (AwnMdpur C`f ky) kWgV qSrI& lY jwE, ies ip`CoN hI bwdSwh nwl mulwkwq hoskygI [

2. quhwnUµ mwlvy dy jMglI ielwky v`l Awaux dw koeI qrw nhIN, ikauNik bYrwV kOm swfyADIn hY [

sMvwd-04 23

3. jy qusIN ieDr Aw hI jwE qW zubwnI g`l krky hmdrdwnw FMg nwl swrw mwmlw inptwleIey [

4. ieDr Awaux qy quhwnUµ 'Xk Asp' (iek GoVw r`Kx dw h`kdwr svwr) 'iek hzwrI' dwAiDkwr vI hwisl hovgw [

ieh cwry g`lW jo hkUmq dI pySkS sn ienHW nUµ siqgurW hyT ilKy iSArW ivc klmbMdkrky bwdSwh v`l iBjvwieAw hY :

ik qSrI& dr ksbw kWgV kund ]vjW pws mulwkwq bwhm Svd ] (58)n z`rh drIN rwhy qrw qurwsq ]hmh kOim bYrwV hukmy mrwsq ] (59)

ipAwrw isMG pdm ienHW iSArW dy ArQ ieh krdy hn ik ieh Sbd gurU swihb v`loNArMgzyb nUµ nhIN sgoN ijhVI ic`TI Aqy zubwnI sunyhw kwzI rwhIN gurU swihb nUµ AwieAw sI-ausAnuswr bwdSwh ArMgzyb ny gurU jI nUµ s`dw id`qw sI ik qusIN kWgV Aw jwE [ ieh QW swfImulwkwq leI suKwvIN rhygI ikauNik quhwfI (gurU swihb dI) jwn nUµ ie`Qy koeI Kqrw nhIN hovygwikauN ik swrI brwV kOm swfy kihxy ivc hY [ pdm swihb ies dy do kwrx ibAwn krdy hn-pihlw ieh ik kWgV ksbw rwey joD ny vswieAw sI Aqy ieMnHW dI irSqydwrI Akbr bwdSwhnwl sI [ dUsry rwey joD dy vMSz lKmIr Aqy smIr, qKqm`l Awid gurU swihb leI ivSyS SrDwr`Kdy sn [ qIsry kWgV phuMcx qIk gurU swihb dw brwVW dy BweIcwry au`pr koeI ws pRBwvAqy SrDw Ajy nhIN bxI sI [ so q dy ieh ArQ izAwdw shI, XQwrQk Aqy qrksMgq lgdyhn [ ieh vI Xwd r`ØiKAw jwvy ik AOrMgzyb nUµ gurU swihb dI ih&wzq dI koeI loV nhIN sIikauNik auh ud bhuq v`fI slqnq dw sulqwn sI [ hr ivsqwr leI vyKo (ipAwrw isMG pdm,z&rnwmw, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr 2013 pMny 17-18)

gurU swihb dI ilKq dI iek hor UbsUrqI Aqy kwmXwbI ies q`Q ivc vyKI jwxI bxdIhY ik auh bwdSwh nUµ iksy hor dy kihx 'qy iksy aupr A`ØiqAwcwr krn nUµ cMgw nhIN smJdy [ iPrAOrMgzyb dI iek bwdSwh Aqy mulk dy srdwr vjoN bhuq ie`zq krdy hn prMqU nwl hI ibnWiksy iek vI mMdy jW kOVy l&z dI vrqoN krn qoN, bVy hOsly nwl ieh vI kih idMdy hn ikijhVy kMm qUµ kr irhw hYN, ieh inMdxXog Aqy iGRxq kMm hn- bwdSwhW Aqy srdwrW nUµ iehoijhy nIc kMm SoBw nhIN idMdy [ mulwhzw PrmwE :

qU msnd nsIN srvr-ie-kwienwq [ik Ajb Asq iensw& eIN-hm-is&wqik Ajb Asq iensw& E dIN prvrIN [ik hY& Asq sd hY& eIN srvrIN [ (62-63)

qyrw ieh iensw& Aqy Drm pwlxw AjIb ijhI g`l hY [ qyrI ies srdwrI auqy A&sos hY,sO vwrI A&sos hY [

Awpxy duSmx nUµ ijs Adb Aqy Swn nwl gurU swihb ny sMboiDq kIqw hY-sMswr swihqdy ieiqhws ivc ieh iek v`fw swihqk cmqkwr hY-ijs dw swnI hor koeI swihqkwr Swiednw hovy [ Awpxy isr v`FvyN vYrI ijs ny gurU swihb dy cwry swihbzwidAW nUµ ShId krn dIAxmnuKI kwrvweI Aqy izMmyvwrI nUµ Awpxy isr 'qy sjwieAw hovy, aus nwl vI ieMnw bw-AdbslUk ieh pMjwb dI im`tI dI iek mhwn prMprw Aqy swfI Swndwr ivrwsq dI kdy nw imtxvwlI iek dwsqwn bx geI hY [ jy pMjwbI dy TyT lok muhwvry ivc kihxw hovy qW kihxwbxdw hY ik bwdSwh nUµ ikhw vI kuC nhIN Aqy bwdSwh dw C~ifAw vI kuC nhIN [



A`goN iPr by-pRvwh Aqy srbklw smr`Q prmwqmw dI is&q slwh kridAW AOrMgzyb nUµgw&lqw ivcoN inkl ky prmwqmw v`loN drswey s`cy rwh au~pr qurn leI pRyirAw hY [

gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj ny prmwqmw dIAW byAMq is&qW kIqIAW hn [ jwpu swihb ivcprmwqmw dy nwvW dw mINh pYx lw id`qw hY prMqU swfI nzr ivc r`b nUµ SsqrW nwl joV kypUjxXog bxwauxw 'nmo ssqR pwxy [[ nmo AsqR mwxy ]' (jwpu swihb) [ 'bicqR nwtk' dw AwrMBvI pRBU dy KVg rUp nUµ nmskwr kridAW, 'nmskwr sRI KVg ko krON su ihqu icqu lwie' nwlkrdy hn [ ies pRkwr cMfI dI vwr dw AwrMB vI 'pRQm BgauqI ismr kY' dy mhWvwk nwl krdyhn Aqy sB qoN v`D gurU swihb dy r`b dw 'grIbul invwz hYN' Aqy 'grIbul prsqY" hoxw doAijhIAW is&qW hn ijnHW dI sB qoN izAwdw mwqrw ivc vrqoN gurU goibMd isMG jI dI bwxIivc hI kIqI geI pRwpq hMudI hY [ Drm-Swsqr Aqy AiDAwqimk Kyqr dy ivdvwnW nUµ ienHW dofUMGIAW rmzW dy ArQW nUµ smJx leI aus vyly dy BwrqI smwj ivc AOrMgzyb dI Dwrimkk`tVpMQI, qMg-idl ieslwm pRsqI Aqy Awm lokW au`pr hox vwly hkUmqI jbr Aqy Awmjnqw v`loN ies jbr Aqy zulm dw ivroD krn dI QW, ies A`gy lMmy pY jwxw, auh smwjk Aqyieiqhwsk pRsMg Aqy kwrx hn, ijnHW ivcoN gurU swihb ny SsqrW nUµ r`b dw rUp dy ky pUjxXogbxw id`qw Aqy ieh sMdyS vI id`qw ik Drm dy leI Dwrimk ikRAwvW dI pwlxw kridAW,ijhVI mukqI mnu`K nUµ keI jnmW ivc msW pRwpq huMdI hY, zulm dy ivru`D lVidAW ShIdIpRwpq krky mnu`K ausy vkq mukqI nUµ pRwpq kr lYNdw hY [ AMimRq Ckwaux dI mhwn prMprw vImnu`K nUµ mOq dy BYA qoN pUrI qrHW mukq krn dI iek ieiqhwsk dyx vjoN dyKI jwxI cwhIdI hY [ZrIbW pRqI gurU swihb Aqy aunHW dy sMklpy prmwqmW dw ipAwr ieho ijhw hY, ies dI iekimswl ies iSAr ivcoN vyKI jw skdI hY :

ik aU rw cU iesm Asq Awijz nvwz [ik aU by ispws Asq aU by inXwz [ (70)

aus dw nW ZrIb invwz hY [ aus nUµ iksy vI uSwmd dI loV nhIN [ auh bVw bypRvwh hY [gurU swihb bwdSwh nUµ brdwr kridAW ilKdy hn ik bwdSwh hox kwrn iqrI ieh izMmyvwrIbxdI hY ik qUµ kurwn dI KwDI hoeI ksm au~pr pUrw auqryN Aqy Awpxw vwAdw pUrw kryN [

gurU swihb ny iek kmwl dy XoDy vWg muZl swmrwj nwl AwpxI AsUlI lVweI jW jbrivru`D lVy gey Xu`D dw nqIjw pyS kridAW AOrMgzyb nUµ brdwr kIqw ik ieh mq smJ ik qUµmyry cwr b`cy ShId krky bhuq v`fI m`l mwr leI hY, sgoN qyry leI wlsy dy rUp ivc iek v`fImusIbq qW qyry nwl do h`Q krn leI bwkI bYTI hY [ ies musIbq ny bhuqw smW nhIN bIqxidqw [ bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dI AgvweI ivc ijs srihMd ivc vjId Kwn ny Coty swihbzwdyShId kIqy sn, au~Qy hI 12 meI 1710 ivc vjIdy nUµ soiDAw igAw Aqy pihly is`K rwj dInINh r`KI geI [

auNj qW bwdSwh dIAW A`KW KolHx leI gurU swihb ny pihlW vI koeI mOkw h`QoN nhIN jwxid`qw prMqU swihbzwidAW qoN bwAd kuMflIdwr wlsy dw bwkI bcy rihxw-AOrMgzyb dI Biv`Kivc vI nINd rwb krn leI iek hor Asqr ikhw jw skdw hY :

ichW Sud ik cUM bc`gW kuSq cwrik bwkI bmWdsq pycIdw mwr (74)

auprokq iSAr vI z&rnwmy dy bhuq mh`qvpUrn iSArW ivcoN iek pRvwn kIqw jWdw hY [ies dw ArQ hY ik 'kI hoieAw jy myry cwr b`cy mwry gey [ Ajy qW kuMflIdwr BuJMgI (Bwv wlsw)bwkI hY [ AwpxI dlIl nUµ hor A`gy qoridAW gurU swihb Agly iSAr ivc ibAwn krdy hn

sMvwd-04 25

ik ic mrdI ik A^gr moSW kunI [ik AwiqS dmW rw Purozw kunI [ (75)

cMigAwiVAW nUµ buJwaux ivc qyrI kI bhwdrI hY jd ik qUµ iek pRcMf jvwlw nUµ horBVkw irhw hYN [ ies dw spSt ArQ ieh sI ik cwr mwsUs b`ØicAW nUµ ShId krky qUµ ieh Brmnw pwl bYTIN ik jbr ivru`D swfw sMGrS ^qm ho igAw hY [ qyry zulm nwl is`Jx leI Ajy^wlsw pMQ dw sMgTn (pycdwr s`p) qyry nwl do h`Q krn leI bwkI hY [ gurU swihb ny AOrMgzybnUµ spSt sMdyS id`qw ik jy qUµ kurwn SrI& dIAW sO ksmW vI KweyN qW mYnUµ aunHW au`qy rqw vIieqbwr nhIN [ iksy bwdSwh leI ies qoN v`fI lwhnq hor kI ho skdI hY [ aunHW r`b au`prAwpxw Brosw pRgt kridAW iPr ikhw ik mYN nw qW qyry kol AwvWgw nw ies rwh pvWgw [prmwqmw ny mYnUµ ij`Qy r`ØiKAw mYN auQy hI rhWgw [ ieh sunyhw ilKqI rUp ivc bwdSwh dI s`qw nUµis`DI vMgwr hY [ bwdSwh nUµ SryAwm JUTw, byieqbwrw Aqy kOl qoN mukrn vwlw, kurwn dI ksmqoVn vwlw, kihx dI sUrbIrqw Aqy dIdw dlyrI dsm pwiqSwh dI klm dI krwmwq hI hoskdI hY [

Swier auh jo klm cu`kx bwAd duSmx nwl vI byiensw&I nw kry [ pMjwbI dy hrmnipAwry Swier gurU nwnk swihb ny pihlW hI ieh isDWq sQwipq kr id`qw sI ik 'kUV inKutynwnkw EVik sic rhI' (AMg 953) pMjwbI dy mhwn Swier vwirs Swh ny vI AwpxI mhwnrcnw hIr ivc iliKAw hY ik 'Aw^r s`c dw s`c hI inqrygw koeI dyS nw vsdy JUiTAW dy' [ gurUswihb ny AOrMgzyb dI iek sUrbIr, inpuMn XoDy, isAwxy Aqy dUr-AMdyS bwdSwh vjoN qwrI& vIisry dI kIqI hY [ koeI Gwt jW qoVw nhIN r`ØiKAw [ pRSMsw krn vyly vI gurU swihb dI klm nynvyN, ivl`Kx Aqy AnUTy pUrny pwey hn [ bwdSwh dI is&q aunHW Awpxy klwm dy iSAr nM.85,86,87,88,89 pMj iSArW ivc kIqI hY [ ivsqwr qoN bcx leI AsIN isr& iek iSAr nUµmUl rUp ivc pwTkW nwl sWJw kr rhy hW :

ik husn-aul-jmwl Asq-E-rOSn zmIr udwvMd mulk Asq swihb AmIr [ (87)ik b^iSS kbIr Asq-E-dr jMg koh [ mlwiek is&q cUM sur`Xw iSkoh [ (89)

hy AOrMgzyb qUµ sohxw, suMdr Aqy isAwxw vI hYN [ qUµ mulk dw bwdSwh Aqy hwkmW dwsrdwr hYN [ qUµ bKiSS dwn krn ivc v`fw hYN qy jMg ivc phwV vWg Afol rihx vwlw hYN [ qUµ&irSiqAW dy guxW vwlw Aqy au`cI Swn vwlw hNY [

ie`Qy Awm pwTk leI ieh duibDw KVHI ho jWdI hY jW ho skdI hY ik iek pwsy qW gurUswihb AOrMgzyb nUµ JUTw, m`kwr, pYmwn-iSkn (bcn qoV) Aqy kurwn mjId dI ksm Kw kymukrn vwlw kih ky BMf rhy hn [ dUsry pwsy iek bwdSwh Aqy sUrbIr vjoN aus dI qwrI& vI krrhy hn [ gurbwxI dI smucI igAwn prMprw jW drSn pRxwlI ivc Aijhy svY ivroD bhuq QwvWqy nzr AwauNdy hn [ imswl dy qOr 'qy 'Awsw dI vwr' ivc iek QW gurbwxI dw &urmwn hY ''kUVurwjw kUVu prjw kUVu sB sMswr'' [ (pMnw 468) dUsry pwsy Awsw dI vwr ivc ieh vI iliKAwimldw hY ik 'scy qyry KMf scy bRhmMf [[ scy qyry loA scy Awkwr [[ (pMnw 463) bhuq swry ivdvwnqrk sMgq FMg nwl ies duibDw dw h`l iksy kQn dy pRsMg ivc r`K ky TIk dwrSink idRStIqoN kIqI ivAwiKAw nwl ies dw h`l suJwauNdy hn [ ievyN hI ie`Qy gurU swihb ny AOrMgzyb nwlduSmx huMidAW vI aus nwl koeI byiensw&I nhIN kIqI [ AOrMgzyb dI kQnI qy krnI ivc ijQypwVw-AMqr ivroD Aqy dMB hY, aus QW au~pr nw kyvl auNgl hI r`KI blik bVI gMBIrqw AqysUrbIrqw nwl aus dy JUT nUµ nMigAW vI kIqw hY [ sMswr dy swihqkwrW leI iek klwisk rolmwfl bxidAW Aqy s`c au~pr pihrw dyx Aqy duSmx nwl vI AiqAMq siBAk BwSw Aqyau~qm mnuKI siBAwcwrk vrqwE kIqy jwx dI AmIr swihqk prMprw dI vI mzbUq nINh r`KI



hY [ pMjwbI dy isrmOr ivdvwn igAwnI lwl isMG Awpxy iek lyK gurU goibMd isMG jI dIgurmiq swihq nUµ dyx ivc ilKdy hn ik aunHW v`loN ilKy p`qr dw iek-iek iSAr AxK,svYmwn qy pRBU ivSvws nUµ jgwauNdw hY [ iesy klwmeI bwxI dw pRBwv sI ik Bwrq dy ikrqIikswn muZl swmrwj dy i^lw& auT Kloqy Aqy sdIAW dI ZulwmI dIAW jMzIrW qoVn ivcs&l hoey [29 BwSw dy klwqimk, dwrSink Aqy suhjwqimk pRgtw ivc iksy klmkwr nUµ ikMnwsucyq, eImwndwr, inrp`K Aqy sUJvwn hoxw cwhIdw hY, ieh mhwn gux z&rnwmw vrgI mhwnrcnw dy hr& hr& ivcoN pRkwSvwn krky gurU swihb ny dyg Aqy qygædy nwl-nwl AwpxIklm dI zulm au~pr &iqh rwhIN ies rcnw nUµ iek ieiqhwsk Aqy sMswr p`Dr dI klwiskrcnw bxw id`qw hY [ (sMsikRq dw iek Slok hY ik jy rqn nUµ kIVw l`g jwvy qW kOfIAW qoN KotwnhIN huMdw [ gurU swihb ny bhuq muh`bq nwl ieh g`l idRV krvw id`qI hY ik hr mnu`K ivc guxAqy AOgux dovyN huMdy hn [ AOrMgzyb iek pwsy kMnW dw k`cw, Dwrimk qOr qy k`tVpRsq, dUsirAWdy Drm Aqy AwzwdI nUµ brdwSq nw krn vwlw Aqy Awm lokW aupr zulm krn vwlw bwdSwhhY [ dUsry pwsy Swndwr S^sIAq dw nkSw gurU swihb dI klm ny pyS kIqw hY ik AOrMgzybsuMdr, sohxw, nIqIvwn, isAwxw, phwV vrgw Afol XoDw, b^iSSW krn vwlw mhwn bwdSwhhY [ ieauN gurU swihb dI mhwn pRwpqI ieh hY ik bwdSwh dy gunwh ignwaux vyly Aqy aus dIbxdI is&q krn vyly ijs mhwn lyKk Aqy lyKxI siBAwcwr dw muzwhrw AwpxI zbwndwnIAqy BwSw pRXog rwhIN, AwpxI rcnw ivc pyS kIqw hY, swDwrx qoN swDwrx Aqy pRbu`D Aqyivdvwn pwTk vI ies dI SlwGw kIqy ibnW Aqy ies qoN AnMidq hoey ibnW nhIN rih skdw [klm dI ies krwmwq Aqy qwkq dw izkr gurU swihb qoN bwAd hox vwly swihqkwrW Aqy is`KieiqhwskwrW ny Awpxy-Awpxy gRMQW ivc bVI pRbuDqw, pRmuKqw Aqy pRmwixkqw nwl pyS kIqwhY [ AsIN swDwrx mnuK qW BweI nMd lwl dy SbdW ivc bulbulw smuMdr dI Qwh ikvyN pw skdwhY-vwlI SrDwlU ibrqI dy pWDI hW [ gurU swihb ny AwpxI klm dI qwkq nwl AOrMgzyb nUµcVHw cVHw ky suØitAw hY [ ieh rcnw iksy iek hI lYA, sur Aqy qwl ivc b`JI hoeI nhIN vihMdI [ies ivc bhuq auqrw cVHw-SWq vihx Aqy qU&wnI lihrW idRStImwn huMdIAW hn [ imswl dyqOr qy 85 qoN 89 pMj iSArW ivc AOrMgzyb nUµ AwpxI ilKq rwhIN 'zyb' q^q nUµ sjwaux vwlwbxw id`qw hY [ iPr aus dy kIqy bury krmW v`l aus dw iDAwn iK`cidAW gurU swihb AOrMgzyb dyh`f 'qy mwridAW, klm dw iek hor BrvW vwr vI kr idMdy hn :

SihnSwh-ey-AOrMgzyb AwlmIN [ik dwrwie dOr Asq-E-dUr Asq dIN [ (90)

pr hy AOrMgzyb ! BwvyN qUµ dunIAw dw SihnSwh hYN qy smyN dw hwkm vI hYN, pr qUµ s`cy DrmqoN bhuq dUr hYN [ ieQy vyKx vwlI g`l ieh hY ik ijhVw muZl bwdSwh Awpxy Awp nUµ sB qoNs`cw Aqy pwik muslmwn mMndw hovy, ieslwm nUµ ihMdusqwn dw ieko iek Drm bxwaux qyquilAw hovy- gurU swihb ny ilKqI Aqy zubwnI sbUqW nwl AOrMgzyb nUµ bwdlIl huMidAW,Aihsws krvw id`qw ik auh s`cw muslmwn iblkul nhIN Aqy Asl ieslwm jW dIn nwl vIaus dw koeI bhuqw vwh-vwsqw nhIN hY [ iksy bwdSwh nUµ iT`T krn leI ies qoN v`fI inrwdrIvwlI g`l hor kI ho skdI hY [ ieh inrwdrI gurU swihb dI sohxI zubwn ivc nhIN sgoN AOrMgzybv`loN kIqy zulmI kwrnwimAW Aqy gunwhW ivc ivdmwn hY [ pRo&Ysr ik&wieqaulHw vI swfyauprokq ivcwrW nwl imldy juldy ivcwr hI pyS krdy hn [ Awpxy iek mh`qvpUrn lyK'z&rnwmw-ij`q dw pRcMf rUpW' ivc Awp ilKdy hn ik z&rnwmw ies g`l dI sw^I Brdw hY ikDrm dI pwlnw iek SihnSwh leI vI auNnI hI zrUrI hY ik ijMnI iek swDwrx mnuK leI, sgoNiek SwSk leI qW Drm dw pwlx vDyry zrUrI hY ikauN jo 'XQw rwjw qQw prjw' Aqy AYnwsuAlw

sMvwd-04 27

dIin mlUikhmW (prjw ausy Drm nUµ ApxwauNdI hY ijhVw rwjy dw huMdw hY) Anuswr iksy Swskdw koeI ksb, jwqI jW ivAkqIgq nhIN rihMdw sgoN smUhk ho jWdw hY Aqy iesy kwrn jy rwjynUµ vyK ky prjw ivgVdI hY qW aus dw gunwhgwr vI rwjw hI huMdw hY ['30

AOrMgzyb nwl qW gurU swihb ny auh kIqI ik iek lok kQw ivc iksy ipMf ivc vMgWvycx vwlw vxjwrw kpVy ivc vMgW dI PyrI/g`TVI bMnHI bYTw sI [ bwhroN j`t AwieAw zor dIslMG mwr ky kihMdw AYhdy 'c kI AY? vxjwrw kihMdw iek hor mwr kuS vI nIN,'ivroDI isr&qygW qy qlvwrW nwl hI nhIN v`Fy jWdy, aunHW nUµ mwrn dy hor suhjwqimk Ssqr vI huMdy hn [pMjwbI dI mShUr khwvq hY 'guV id`ØiqAW jy mrdw hovy, mhurw iPr ikauN dyeIey' [ ies krwmwq nUµgurU swihb ny z&rnwmw nUµ klmb`D krky kr ivKwieAw hY [ mYdwn-ie-jMg ivc ijvyN koeIsUrbIr Aqy isAwxw jrnYl mYdwn dy swry pwisAW qoN ^brdwr huMdw hY Aqy swry pwisAW qoNhmlw krdw hY [ iesy qrHW gurU swihb klm dy mYdwn ivc vI AOrMgzyb leI koeI pwsw ^wlInhIN C`fdy [ gurU swihb qOhId iek eISvrvwd-iek prmwqmw qoN ibnW hor koeI vI pUjxXog qysrbSkqImwn s`qw nhIN dy isDWq ivc XkIn r`Kdy sn [ aunHW AOrMgzyb nUµ svwl kIqw ikphwV dy bweIDwr rwijAW nwl AsIN lMby smyN qoN lV rhy hW [ ikauNik auh rwjpUq rwjy ihMdU hoxkwrn bu`q pRsqI jW bu`q pUjw ivc ivSvws r`Kdy hn [ AsIN iek prmwqmw ivc XkIn r`KdyhW [ dUsry pwsy qyrw mzhb ieslwm vI qOhId Bwv iek eISvrvwd A`lwh iek hY- muhMmdswihb aus dy rsUl hn [ ies ivcwrDwrw ivc p`kw XkIn r`Kdw hY [ bxdw qW ieh sI ik qUµaunHW phwVI rwijAW dy i^lw& swfw swQ idMdw ikauNik is`K Drm Aqy ieslwm dI iekeISvrvwdI ivcwrDwrw sWJI hY [ prMqU qUµ swfw swQ dyx dI QW ieslwm ivroDI kw&r phwVIrwijAW dI ip`T QwpVdw irhw Aqy aunHW dI shwieqw krdw irhw [ ieauN qUµ AwpxI ivcwrDwrwnUµ Awp hI ^qm kIqw hY [ ikauNik mYN bu`q iSkn hW bu`q pRsqI ivc myrw koeI XkIn nhIN, qUµAwp hI d`s ik myry i^lw& lVn dw qyry kol kI AwDwr jW kwrx hY ?

iek qoN v`D ivdvwnW ny phwVI rwijAW Aqy AOrMgzyb dI qMg nzr i&rkwpRsqI AqyphwVI rwijAW dy ihMdU Aqy buqpRsq hox dy bwvjUd dovyN AwpxI jmwqI sWJ kwrx gurU swihbdy i^lw& sWJw morcw bxw ky lVweI iv`Fdy hn ikauNik gurU swihb dw imSn nIvIAW jwqW dylokW nUµ isr auTw ky AxK Aqy AwzwdI nwl ijaux dy ienklwbI rwh pwaux dw iek ieiqhwskimSn sI [ pRis`D is`K ivdvwn swihb isMG vI swfy ies ivcwr dI bhuq Kry SbdW ivc pRoVqwAqy pYrvI krdy hn [ swihb isMG Anuswr 'gurU goibMd isMG jI koeI v`Krw rwj kwiem nhIN snkr rhy, koeI m`lW nhIN sn m`l rhy, koeI bZwvq nhIN sn kr rhy [ iPr pMjwb dy hwkmW AqyphwVI rwijAW nUµ kI qklI& sI [ isr& iehI ik sdIAW qoN ilqwVy hoey lok gurU pwiqSwh dIqwlIm dI brkq nwl DOx au~cI krky qurn l`g pey sn [ auh hux v`fy-v`fy jwbrW dy h`QoNAwpxI Asmq dw rulxw shwr nhIN sn skdy ['31

gurU jI dI &rw^æidlI ieh hY ik ieMnHW phwVI rwijAW au`pr jdoN 1745 ibkrmI ivcrusqm KW dI AgvweI hyT muZlW ny hmlw kIqw qW gurU jI ny pihly swry vYr ivroD Bul kyphwVI rwijAW dI mdd kIqI Aqy ies lVweI ivc aunHW dy iqMn sO jvwn BweI sMgInw jI dIkmwn hyT Swiml hoey [ ies ieiqhwsk q`Q dw vyrvw iksy hor ny nhIN iek mMny-pRmMny AwrIAwsmwjI ivdvwn dOlq rwey ny AwpxI pRis`D pusqk 'swihby kmwl gurU goibMd isMG' ivc kIqwhY [32

qlvwr dy zor nwl ihMdUAW nUµ D`ky nwl muslmwn bxwaux dI jo hmwkq AOrMgzyb nykIqI, ies hmwkq nUµ kurwn mjId dI pRvwngI jW hzrq muhMmd swihb dI is`ØiKAw dI



AnuswrI nhIN ikhw jw skdw [ swfy iek ivdvwn pRo&Ysr qwirk ik&wieqau`lHw jI dw iekbhuq hI mh`qvpUrn lyK 'kurAwn kI Aqy iks leI?' pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw dI iekpusqk 'ivSv Drm bwnI, gRMQ, sMpRdwie Aqy icMqn' (Bwg dUjw) ivc CipAw hY [ jbr Aqy D`kynwl Drm pirvrqn kIqy jwx bwry kurAwn mjId dw jo sMdyS hY, auh ieh hY ik Drm dy mwmlyivc iksy qy koeI jbr nhIN (2:256, nwl hI 10:99 Aqy 109 10-6 iesy ivSy 'qy hn) Aqy nwhI iksy nUµ dUjy dy ieSt nUµ mwVw AwKx dI AwigAw hY, muslmwno ! ijhVy lok A`lwh qoN CutdUijAW nUµ Awpxw ieSt mMn ky pukwrdy hn qusIN aunHW nUµ mwVw nw AwKo Aijhw nw hovy ik auhAigAwnqw ivc A`lwh nUµ mwVw AwKx [ (6:108)33

iek hor mh`qvpUrn hvwlw ud muk`ds kurAwn ivcoN hI vyiKAw jw skdw hY [ jykr qyryr`b dw Bwxw ieh huMdw (ik DrqI qy swry eImwn vwly qy AwigAwkwr hI hox) qW smUh Drq vwsIeImwn lY Awey huMdy [ Pyr kI qUµ lokW nUµ mjbUr kryNgw ik auh eImwn vwly bx jwx ? koeI pRwxIA`lwh dI AnumqI qoN ibnW eImwn nhIN ilAw skdw Aqy A`lwh dw qrIkw ieh hY ik ijhVylok Akl qoN kMm nhIN lYNdy auh aunHW qy gMdgI pw idMdw hY [ (10 sUrq XUns, Awieq 99-100)34[ AOrMgzyb dw Drm dy nW qy kIqw igAw jbr kurAwn dI mwnvvwdI is`ØiKAw dy nyiVENvI nhIN lMGdw [ ienHW ArQW ivc auh kw&r hI ikhw jw skdw hY [

jdoN phwVI rwjy gurU jI h`QoN keI jMgW hwr gey qW aunHW rl iml ky &Yslw kIqw ik id`lIjw ky bwdSwh AOrMgzyb nUµ ies au~T rhI nvIN SkqI bwry sUicq Aqy sucyq kIqw jwvy [ sMKypqwnUµ iDAwn ivc rKidAW igAwnI igAwn isMG Awpxy pMQ pRkwS gRMQ ivc phwVI rwijAW AqyAOrMgzyb dI AwpsI mulwkwq bwry do mh`qvpUrn q`QW dw vrxn ieauN krdw hY :

nwmu guibµd isµG hY bfbMkwApnw cihq bjwXo fMkwrcXo pµQ iek iqsny Bwrw [ihµdU qurk duihn qy inXwrwswco Swih Awp kihlwvYqum ko JUTy Swih bqwvY [dys mWih bf gdr mcwXw [Ab cwihq id`lI pr AwXw [sun hvwl sB nOrµg SwhY [kop hoie ADkY mn mwhYN [jwlMDr swrMd lhOrYNjwrI kry Purmwn su gOrYN [ (pµQ pRkwS 266-67)

ie`Qy ieh vI d`sxw zrUrI hY ik ihMdU mnUvwdI/jwqpwqI aUc-nIc nUµ mMnx vwly phwVIrwjy ies krky vI gurU swihb dy i^lw& sn, ikauNik auh smwj dy nINvyN qbikAW nUµ s`qw dy ivcmwilk bxwauxw cwhuMdy sn [

pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS dy krqw rqn isMG BMgU ny ies pRsMg ivc Awpxy ivcwr ieauN pyS kIqyhn :

luhwr qRKwx huq jwq kmInI [CIpo klwl nIcn pY ikRpw kInI [gujr gvwr hIr kmjwq [kMboie sUdn koie puCy n bwq [

sMvwd-04 29

JIvr nweI roVy GuimAwr [swiexI suinAwry cUVHy cimAwrB`t AO bwhmx huqy mµgvwrbhurUpIey lubwxy AO GuimAwrien gRIb isµGn ko dXo pwiqSwhIey Xwd r`KYN hmrI guirAweI [ (pµnw 41)

gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dy AinMn syvk Aqy drbwrI kvI BweI nMd lwl jI 'goXw' ny vIgurU swihb dy idl ivc ZrIbW Aqy d`by kucly lokW leI by-pnwh muh`bq dw izkr Awpxyklwm ivc ieauN kIqw hY ik ieh iSAr hr pMjwbI dI zbwn qy svwr ho igAw hY:

kwidir hr kwr gur goibµd isµGbyksW-rw Xwr gur goibµd isµG [[36[[

ies dw Bwv hY ik gurU goibMd isMG hr kwrj dy smr`Q hn [ gurU goibMd isMG inAwsirAWdy Awsrw hn [35

AOrMgzyb Aqy gurU swihb dI ivcwrDwrw ivc v`fw AMqr ieh sI ik gurU swihb qn, mn,Dn prmwqmw nUµ Arpx krky ijauN rhy sn [ aunHW dw r`b au~pr Brosw AMiqm Aqy s`cw sucw sI [AOrMgzyb nUµ AwpdI sMswrk dOlq, rwj-s`qw dI qwkq Aqy AwpxIAW Axigxq &OjW dIqwkq au`pr mwx Aqy inrBrqw sI [ gurU swihb ny mOq dy swhmxy rihMidAW vI prmwqmw dIimhr Aqy h`Q nUµ hmySw Awpxy AMg sMg mihsUs kIqw [ iksy AOrMgzyb dI qyZ, qwkq AqySkqI dI kdI vI pRvwh nw kIqI [ mulwhzw &rmwE :

ic duSmn kund imhrbW Asq dosqik bKæiSµdgI kwr-ey-bîSµdw Esq [ (94)

jd dosq (r`b) imhrbwn hovy qW duSmx kI kr skdw hY [ aus b^Sxhwr pRBU dw kMm hIbîSS krnw hY [ ies dI hor ivAwiKAw kridAW Agly iSArW ivc &urmwauNdy hn ik ijhVwmnu`K s`cweI qy huMdw hY, ikRpwlU vwihgurU aus auqy bîSS krdw hY [ AOrMgzyb Aqy AwpxIivcwrDwrw, ivSvws Aqy idRStI ivc &rk spSt kridAW gurU swihb ny iliKAw hY ik 'jyqyrI nzr AwpxIAW &OjW qy dOlq dy ^zwinAW auqy hY qW swfI ingwh aus prmwqmw dySukrwny v`l hY [' ie`Qy pRo&Ysr ik&wieqau~lHw dy hvwly nwl eySIAw dy v`fy Swier fw. muhMmdiekbwl dw iSAr gurU swihb dy klwm dI Awqmw nUµ bhuq UbsUrq AMdwz ivc pyS krdw hY :

kwi&r ho qo qlvwr py krqw hY Broswmoimn ho qo byqygæ BI lVqw hY ispwhI [[ (Koj p`ØiqRkw pMnw 54)

zPrnwmy dy ilKy jwx qoN pihlW cmkOr dI jMg ivc v`fy swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI qoNbwAd vI gurU jI v`loN AwpxI A`K ivcoN iek vI hMJU vhwaux dI QW, A`lwh Xwr KW jogIrihmwnI v`loN AwpxI rcnw 'gMij-ShIdW' ivc gurU swihb v`loN Shwdq qoN bwAd vI prmwqmwdw Sukr kIqy jwx dw izkr bhuq hI kruxwmeI rUp ivc kIqw igAw pRwpq huMdw hY :

XwkUb ko XUs& ky ibCVny ny rulwieAw [swbr koeI km AYsw, rsUloN myN hY AwieAw [ktvw ky ipsr cwry, iek AWsU n igrwieAw [ruqbw gurU goibµd ny irSIEN kw bVHwieAw [ (115)

A`lwh Xwr KW ny Bgvwn ikRSn dy gIqw sMdyS Aqy gurU swihb v`loN id`qI lwswnIkurbwnI nUµ vI bhuq UbsUrq AMdwz ivc pyS krn dI pihl kIqI hY:



ktvw idXY iSS 'Swm' ny gIqw ko sunw krrUh PUMk dI goibMd ny AOlwd ktw kr [ (116)

sMswr dI nwSmwnqw dw sMdyS idMidAW Awp ny AOrMgzyb nUµ Awpxy Drm dI pwlxw qurMqkrn dI pRyrxw Aqy aupdyS id`qw [ iSAr nM. 104, 105, 106, 107 rwhIN bhuq swry mhwnieiqhwsk bwdSwhW Aqy XoiDAW dw hvwlw dy ky ijvyN usro, jmSyd, Awdm, PrIdU, bihmnAqy iesPMædXwr, dwrw, dwrwb, iskMdr, Syr Swh, qYmUr Aqy bwbr, hmwXUM Aqy Akbr bwdSwhWbwry puØiCAw igAw hY ik auh A`j ik`Qy hn [ koeI aunHW dw nwm lYx vwlw vI nhIN hY [ ieauN ieMnHWhvwilAW nwl AOrMgzyb dI suqI zmIr nUµ klm nwl jgwaux dw mhwn Aqy mwnvvwdI audmgurU swihb ny kIqw hY [ iksy klmkwr dI smwj ivc ho rhy zulm dy pRsMg ivc-ieiqhwskBUimkw Aqy AgvweI dy isDWq nUµ ies mhwn rcnw ny iek At`l s`cweI bxw id`qw hY [ ZrIbW,mzlUmW, inmwixAW, inqwixAW Aqy zulm Aqy jbr dy iSkwr hzwrW mwsUm BwrqIAW dy h`kivc AwpxI Awvwz bulMd kridAW z&rnwmy dy AMqly iSArW ivc gurU swihb ny nwbrbwdSwh nUµ JMjoVidAW aumId kIqI hY ik :

qU gr jbr Awizz KrwSIN mkunksm rw bw qySw qrwSI mkun [ (109)

jy qUµ qkVw jwbr vI hYN qW ZrIbW nUµ nw sqw Aqy AwpxI KwDI ksm nUµ qysy nwl nwiC`l ArQwq qUµ Awpxw bcn BMg nw kr [ z&rnwmy ivc gurU swihb ny Awpxy swihbzwidAWdI Shwdq qy nw hI hMJU vhwey Aqy nw hI AwpxI jwbr hkUmq ivruD lVweI nUµ iek pirvwrklVweI bxn id`qw [ aunHW qW Bwrq dI jbr dy suMmW hyT ilqwVI jw rhI mwsUm Aqy lwcwrlokweI dI jbr qoN mukqI leI ieh lVweI iv`FI sI [ iesy pRsMg ivc hI qlvMfI swbo ivKy mwqwjIqo v`loN swihbzwidAW bwry pu`Cx qy aunHW &rmwieAw sI 'cwr mUey qo ikAw hUAw jIvq keIhzwr' prmwqmw ivc Awpxy At`l XkIn nUµ idRV krvwauNidAW zPrnwmy dy AMiqm iSAr ivcAwpxI rcnw dI smwpqI ieauN kIqI hY:

^sm duSmnI gr hzwr Awvurdnw Xk mUie aU rw Azwr Awvurd (111)

jy vYrI hzwrW duSmnIAW vI kry qW vI aus dw vwl ivMgw nhIN kr skdw [iSArW dI igxqI 111 hox qoN BwrqI prMprw Anuswr ieh tONk igxqI sMpUrn lgdI hY [

prMqU gurU swihb ny ijvyN ies rcnw dI smwpqI kIqI hY- aus qoN ieauN Bwsdw hY ik ijvyN Ajyies rcnw dI sMpUrnqw nUµ prp`k rUp ivc idRStmwn krn vwlw iSAr ieh nhIN jwpdw [ prMqUjdoN qIk koeI hor pRmwixk ieiqhwsk sRoq jW gurU swihb dI koeI h`Q ilKq pRwpq nhIN huMdIaudoN qIk swfy kol iesy iSAr nUµ rcnw dI sMpUrnqw kr dyx vwly iSAr vjoN pRvwn krn qoNibnW koeI hor cwrw nhIN hY [ z&rnwmy dy kwiv rUp Aqy CMd bwry pRo&Ysr ikPwieqaulHw dy ivcwrjwxnXog hn [ swrI rcnw nUµ &wrsI ivc msnvI dI prMprw nwl joVidAW Awp ilKdy hn ikswfy ivcwr Anuswr &wrsI ivc p`qr ilKx leI vI keI hdwieqW nUµ swhmxy r`ØiKAw jWdwsI [ ies ivc vI hmd, munwjwq, nwAq Awid dy iSAr ausy qrHW SurU ivc AwauNdy sn ijvyN ikmsnvI ivc rKy jWdy sn [ z&rnwmw jy hmd nwl SurU hoieAw hY Aqy ies ivc nwAq dy iSArvI hn qW ies qoN ieh g`l swibq hMdI ik ies nUµ p`qr rUp ivc nhIN, msnvI rUp ivc ricAwigAw sI [ iPr ieh vI koeI pwbMdI nhIN ik p`qr leI msnvI dw kwiv rUp vriqAw nhIN jwskdw [36

ihMdI swihq dy isrmOr ivdvwn Aqy mhwn icMqk hzwrI pRswd dvydI jI ny gurU swihbdI z&rnwmy dI isrjxw rwhIN kIqI klmI krwmwq nUµ s`jdw kridAW AwpxI AkIdq dy Pul

sMvwd-04 31

ieauN pyS kIqy hn, 'gurU goibMd isMG jI CMdW dy bwdSwh sn [ auh mnuKI sMvydnw dy mhwn cuMbksn... Asl ivc aunHW dI Adu`qI s&lqw dw iek mh`qvpUrn kwrn aunHW dw kvI ihrdw sI [auh mnu`K nUµ aus dy bwhrly prdy htw ky vyK skdy sn... auh dyS Aqy kwl dI sImw dw aulMGxkr skdy sn... aunHW dI S^sIAq bVI sMquilq sI [ aunHW ivc kvI dI sMvydnw, suihrd dIgRihxSIlqw, vIr dw auqSwh Aqy sMq dI sv`C idRStI dw AnoKw myl hY ['37

Bwrq dy sdIAW qoN ilqwVy jw rhy ZrIb Aqy nINvyN lokW nUµ j`QybMd krky ijhVI smwjkAqy rwjnIqk kRWqI, swihby kmwl gurU goibMd isMG jI ny lY ky AWdI aus bwry pRis`D Aqy pRbuDis`K ivdvwn jspwl isMG jI dy ivcwr bhuq stIk SbdW ivc ies ieiqhwsk pRwpqI dwizkr krdy hn [ 'iek ilhwz nwl ikhw jw skdw hY ik dsm ipqw gurU goibMd isMG ny gurUnwnk duAwrw AwrMBI ivcwrDwrk muihMm nUµ hI mukMmlqw pRdwn kridAW, jQybMdk rUp idMidAW,^wlsw j`QybMdI kwiem kIqI sI [

BwvyN ies ienklwbI kMm leI aunHW nUµ ihMdUAW dy au`c vrg Aqy muZl hkUmq dohW dysWJy muhwj dw s^q ivroD Jlxw ipAw [ pr gurU swihb ny gurU nwnk duAwrw AwrMBy, d`by kuclyAwm AwdmI dy kilAwx dy ieiqhwsk kMm nUµ bw^UbI nypry cwiVHAw [ ...scmu`c ieh pirvrqnhr ilhwz nwl bhuq mh`qvpUrn sI Aqy BwrqI smwj ies pirvrqn dy ienklwb dy moFIsrbMsdwnIN gurU goibMd isMG dw hmySw irxI rhygw [38

smucy rUp ivc gurU swihb dI ies mhwn rcnw nUµ AwpxI SrDw dy Pul Byt kridAW AsINAwpxI ivrwsq au`qy mwx kridAW kih skdy hW ik 'z&rnwmw' gurU goibMd isMG mhwrwj dIauh mhwn rcnw hY, ijs rwhIN aunHW ny swihqk, klwqmk, rUpwqmk, BwSw pRXog, dwrSink,ivcwrDwrk, nYiqk Aqy XuDnIqk p`K qoN sMswr swihq nUµ AmIr kridAW iek 'klwisk' rcnwrc ky sMswr swihq dI AmIrI ivc vwDw kIqw hY Aqy ieh ilqwVy lokW v`loN jrvwixAW qoNAwpxy ih`sy dI s`qw mMgx leI nhIN, Kohx leI kIqy jwx vwly sMGrS dI sMg-ie-buinAwd jWnINh p`Qr hY [ hr qrHW dy ivqkry Aqy hkUmqI jbr dy i^lw& ilKq dy rUp ivc lihrw irhw iehprcm, scmu`c hI klm dI zulm au`pr &iqh dw kdy vI nw-Cupx vwlw iek klmI sUrj hY [

hvwlw Aqy it`pxIAW :1. pRwcIn sO swKI, isMG bRdrj, AMimRqsr, 2014, pMnw 87

2. kwnH isMG nwBw (BweI), gurmq mwrqMf, Bwg dUjw, SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI, AMimRqsr, 1998

3. kvI sYnwpiq ricq, sRI gur soBw, gMfw isMG (sMpwdk), pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw

4. auhI, pMnw 86 dw Aqy pMnw 87, vyKo &u`t not,

5. auhI, pMnw 106 (vyKo Pu`t not)

6. kuier isMG, guriblws pwqSwhI dsvIN, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 1986, pMnw 218

7. dsm gRMQ drSn, pMnw 138

8. auhI, pMnw 224

9. srUp dws B`lw, mihmw pRkwS, BwSw ivBwg pMjwb, 2003, (sMpwdk au`qm isMG BwtIAw) pMny857 qoN 860

10. mihmw pRkwS, pMnw 860

11. srUp isMG kOiSS, gurU kIAW sw^IAW, ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk) isMG bRdrj, AMimRqsr,2014, pMnw 165



12. su`Kw isMG, guriblws pwqswhI 10, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1989, pMnw 344

13. auhI, pMnw 345

14. auhI, pMnw 346

15. auhI, pMnw 350

16. rqn isMG BMgU, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS, BweI vIr isMG (sMpwdk) BweI vIr isMG swihq sdn,nvIN id`lI, 1998, pMnw 64

17. auhI, pMnw 64

18. kvI cUVwmxI BweI sMqoK isMG, sRI gur pRqwp sUrj gRMQ (ijld cOdvIN) BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb,1992, pMnw 5978-79

19. gur pRqwp sUrj gRMQ, pMnw 5979

20. auhI, pMnw 6128

21. igAwnI igAwn isMG, pMQ pRkwS, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1970, pMnw 303

22. qvwrI^ægurU ^wlsw (Bwg pihlw) BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1970, pMnw 1033-34

23. nirMjn isMG swQI, crn clau mwrig goibMd, lwhOr bu`k Swp luiDAwxw, 2010, pMnw 505(ivsqwr leI vyKo z&rnwmw qy AOrMgzyb, AiDAwie 113)

24. auhI, pMnw 505, (dovyN sMKyp ^q lyKk ny pRis`D ieiqhwskwr sRI munI lwl ricq pusqk'AOrMgzyb' (AMgRyzI) ivcoN ley hn[)

25. crn clau mwrig goibMd, pMnw 506

26. dfbjij dl>z fsq@ slq e+.o siLV@ dl>z W+si;@ b>dq+ali@ 2008@ f>Vj 137!

27! slq e+.o siLV@ f>V[ 137-38

28! kurAwn mjId, (pMjwbI Anuvwd), pMjwbI ieslwimk pblIkySnz, mwlyrkotlw, 2002, pMnw 209

29. cj! hdiFuV dl>z ba[ h'i@ \l.fj!| f>yWBg l.s[L@ cj! WvWgi dl>z ljdha w[Gsi s[hijsPVj@vol. 36, issue 2, April-June 2014, f>Vj 12

30! t'u fda=,wj@ b>w 48 \f+eBI' ?jvlj@ drL[L b>w@ f>Vj 52|

31! f+'x{li ljdhW dl>z@ ugrV dW+aJa@ l+g epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug@ dl>z W+si;@ b>dq+ali 2009@f>Vj 28

32! s"va ijH[@ ljdhW[ wqjv@ epiP e'dW>s dl>z@ epiqda ljdha y{igB[Wv B=lB@ b>dq+ali@ 2010@f>V[ 138-39!

33. srbijMdr isMG (sM:) ivSv Drm bwnI, gRMQ sMprdwie Aqy icMqk, Bwg dUjw, pMjwbIXUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 2011, pMny 96-97

34. kurAwn mjId, (s`Xd Abul Awlw mOdUdI) pMjwbI ieslwimk pblIkySnz, mwlyrkotlw,2002, pMnw 372

35. gMfw isMG (sMpwdk), BweI nMd lwl gRMQwvlI, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 2009, pMnw 158

36. Ajmyr isMG (sM:) (pRgtXo ^wlsw ivSyS AMk) sqMbr 1998, AMk 48, pblIkySn ibaUro,pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, pMnw 52

37. pMc btI sMdyS, jnvrI-mwrc 2014, pMnw 12

38. jspwl isMG (fw.) is`K ivrwsq : isDWq qy ivhwr, nvXug pbilSrz, nvIN id`lI, 2010,pMnw 79-80

hvwlw pusqkW :

• Alh Xwr KW 'jogI' rihmwnI, hkIm imrzw, gMij ShIdW ArQwq swkw cmkOr, Drm pRcwr

sMvwd-04 33

kmytI, SRomxI gu: pR: kmytI, sRI AMimRqsr, 2004

• srUp isMG kOiSS, gurU kIAW swKIAW, ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk) isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr, 2014

• srUp dws Blw, mihmw pRkwS, Bwg dUjw, auqm isMG BwtIAw (sMpwdk) BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 2003

• swihb isMG (pRo&Ysr), jIvn ibRqWq : sRI gurU goibMd isMG, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr, 2009

• su`Kw sMG, guriblws pwiqSwhI dsvIN, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1989

• sYnwpqI (kvI), sRI gur soBw, gMfw isMG (sMpwdk), pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw [

• sMqoK isMG (BweI), sRI gur pRqwp sUrj gRMQ, ijld cOdvIN, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb 1992

• kwnH isMG nwBw (BweI), gurmq mwrqMf (Bwg dUjw), sRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI, sRIAMimRqsr, 1998

• kuier isMG, guriblws pwqSwhI dsvIN, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw 1986

• kurAwn mjId, s`Xd Abul Awlw mOdUdI (Anuvwdk) pMjwbI ieslwimk pblIkySnz,mwlyrkotlw, 2002

• kysr isMG iCbr, bMswvlI nwmw dsW pwqSwhIAW kw, rwey jsbIr isMG (sMpwdk), gurU nwnkdyv XUnIvristI, AMimRqsr, 2011

• igAwnI igAwn isMG, pMQ pRkwS, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1970

• igAwnI igAwn isMG, qvwrI^ gurU ^wlsw (Bwg pihlw) BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, 1970

• gMfw isMG (sMpwdk), BweI nMd lwl gRMQwvlI, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw 2009

• jspwl isMG (fw.), is`K ivrwsq : isDWq qy ivhwr, nvXug pbilSrz, nvIN id`lI, 2010

• dOlq rwey, swihby kmwl, gurU goibMd isMG jI, gurmiq swihq cYrItybl tRst, AMimRqsr, 2010

• nirMjn isMG swQI, crn clau mwrig goibMd, lwhOr bu`k Swp, luiDAwxw, 2010

• ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk), pRwcIn sO swKI, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr, 2014

• ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk) dsm gRMQ drSn, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr, 2008

• ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpwdk) z&rnwmw qy pMj hor nwmy, isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsr 2013

• blbIr kOr (sMpwdk), byksW-rw Xwr gurU goibMd isMG, BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb

• rqn isMG BMgU, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS, BweI vIr isMG (sMpwdk), BweI vIr isMG swihq sdn,nvIN id`lI, 1998

Koj rswly Aqy mYgzIn :

• Ajmyr isMG (sMpwdk), Koj piqRkw, sqMbr 1988, AMk 48 (pRgtXo Kæwlsw ivSyS AMk),pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw [

• srbijMdr isMG (sMpwdk), ivSv Drm bwnI gRMQ, sMpRdwie Aqy icMqk, (Bwg dUjw), pMjwbIXUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 2011

• hirBjn isMG Aqy hor (sMpwdk), pMc btI sMdyS, fw. blbIr isMG swihq kyNdr dyhrwdUn,vol. 36, issue 2, April-June, 2014


²


cj! lpts[r dl>z dliljf+' {li@f>ujWg drFje@f>ujW IPVgridlBg@ y>cgeC% [email protected]

f>ujWg lP g wjdr bdZb{V fi.fij a[ lqwjv

f>ujWg lP g wdraj sg fi.fij veFe V"G l" ri%[ fpijSg h{ m Vjoljdha ba[ f>ujWg lP`g wdraj sg Rpqi veFe YVg wp hg WSsg h{@du>Vg wp f>ujWg ljdha dliuSj sg m Fjr[G dHdahjlw fKt'G Vjo ljdhasg ldoag f>ujWg lP`g wdraj s[ fPiru rjvg h{@ fi f>ujWg v'w-qVV[ u' qjVaj f>ujWg lP`g wvjq } ds,ag Rph Vjo ljdha s[ dhKl[ VhgGbjHg m f>ujWg FjHgyji[ s[ bry[aV } dliuS-l.rjiV dry u' I'esjVlP`g a[ Feag vdhi \l.a ljdha a[ epiqda ljdha| V[ fjdHbj@ Rphbsp,ag h{ m f>ujWg ljdha s[ wpN dHdahjlwji aJ L[? igs } f>ujWgljdhaw fi.fij sj uVw uJ f>ujWg W'vg sj #bjds$ wrg alvgqwis[ hV m dh>s-fjdw dt,a[ sg dHl li-;qgV Rpa[ L[? igs \1173-1266 Hg!| a'G y,v w[ ?rj;j Qpvjq igs yjyCJ \1843-1901 Hg!|a,w dVi.ai dHw-il rdhS rjvg f>ujWg lP`g wjdr-Zjij sgbJf+agZpVgbJ b,u rg f>ujWg ljdha dry'G lpSgbJ uj lwsgbJ hV mFjr[G WsvgbJ h'HgbJ lqjuw f+ldoagbJ ba[ h'i wHg dHdahjlwwjiSJ wiw[ f>ujWg lP`g wdraj rghrgG lsg dry bjfSj fdhvJrjvj iyVjaqw a[; a[ uv"b wjdHq Vj i,t lwg@ fi x[i rg qgiJ Ljhuv.Zig \1839-1923 Hg!|@ hsjdHaRpKvj \1838-1929 Hg!|@ bwWidAsirg \1835-1934 Hg!|@ rvjdHa Ljh@ bwWi Ljh@ dqhi bvgLjh e'vC% Lig` \1859-1937 Hg!|@ hwgq l`si bvg Ljh vpwqjVrg\1896-1952 Hg!|@ hjug qph.qs sgV Qpvjq qlwgV epuijag \1857uVq|@ q"vj Ljh V"Ljhg \1867-1941 Hg!|@ bWsp,vj bWsg w{liLjhg\uVq 1882 Hg!|@ ?vg`j qph.qs dHWijhgq \1890-1977 Hg!|@ lIsqgi hpl{V ljHgG v,FP Ljh \1947 $y wav|@ qph.qs j;v@ fgi QpvjqugvjVg \vjdHvfpi|@ VPi bvg \vjh"i|@ ihgq W?L@ Lig` bdhqslij`a V"Ljhg \1907- 1983 Hg!| ba[ qjZ' Ljh dyLag \1886-1984 Hg!| bjds lP`g wrgbJ V[ dHl v'w-dha{Lg wjdr fi.fij }lpiuga iKdtbj m u[ f>ujWg lP g wjdr fi.fij dry qjN[ s[ dl,t bjdi`J} rg Ljqv wi vHgH[@ duV%J sj wvjq lP g ljZwJ sg bjaqj s[ rZ[i[V[C[ h{@ aJ dHh wjdr-Zjij lP g ljZP dl>z ljZPlji \1889-1970 Hg!|a,w x{vsg V;i bjMsg h{ m Feag vdhi s[ l.a ljdha rJe f>ujWglP`g wvjq V[ bqV@ FjHgyji[@ lJNgrjvaj@ Zjidqw ir%jsjig@ldhVLgvaj ba[ qph,Wa sj u' f{Qjq ds,aj@ RplV[ dHl dt,a[ $y lJNg

(f>! 34-48)

sMvwd-04 35

e.ej-uqVg adh;gW } quWPa rg wgaj ba[ dHo'G sgbJ FjLjrJ@ wvj@ ljdha@ l.ega@ FrVdViqjS wvj ba[ dy,ai-wvj bjds RpKfi sPi-il f+Fjr fjH[ m lP gbJ@ l.aJ@ FeaJ ba[ dl,tepiP ljdhWjV V[ ldFbjyjiw fpVi-ujeiS sg duhCg v'w-dha{Lg iga a[ vdhi Rpljig@ RplV[dHo'G sgbJ sjiLdVw@ Zjidqw a[ l{wPvi irjdHaJ } VrgG dsLj rg ds,ag ba[ #sir[L$@ #Fea$uJ #tjvl[$ s[ iPf dry dHw Vr[G bry[aV rjv[ qVp<t } hpvjl ba[ RpaLjh Vjv Fi ds,aj m

f>ujWg lP`g ljdha s[ bdZb{V ba[ dy>aV-qVV sg fi.fij dHw lsg a'G iaj wp r,ZfpijSg h{ m f>ujWg ljdha s[ dHdahjlwjiJ ba[ bjv'ywJ V[ f>ujWg lP g wjdr ba[ lP g wrgbJWji[ qp,Tvg ujSwjig s[S rjvg iyVj Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z sg fplaw- h.l y'e \1914 Hg!| }q>dVbj h{ m fi dHl a'G s' shjw[ fdhvJ qdvw hgij spbjij l.fjdsa fplaw- #wj`gbJ h;iaWpKv[ Ljh$ \vjh"i@ 1882 Hg!|@ qdvw sgV qph.qs spbjij l.fjdsa - #wj`gbJ WpKv[ Ljh$ \vjh"i@dqaghgS| ba[ f+[q dl>z ;iei wlPig sg fplaw - #wj`gbjdH WpKv%[ Ljh wlPig$ \vjh"i@ 1896Hg!| bjds fplawJ q"uPs lV m Wp,v%[ Ljh s[ ugrV a[ wvjq Wji[ fp?aj ujSwjig s[S rjvgtjVri bvg iphawg sg fplaw- #wj}V-dH-dHLw$ rg 1889 dry AjdHbj h' yp,wg lg m Rplr[v[ s[ yvV \dirj;| qpajWw f>ujWg FjLj sg dHh fplaw Ljhqptg dvfg $y h{ a[ dHh #b,vjrjv[ wg w"qg spwjV$ sg qpi,aW wgag h'Hg h{ m Wp,v%[ Ljh s[ wvjq s[ l.wvV a[ l.fjsV rjvgbJdHV%J fplawJ sj qV'io lP`g wjdr sg lJF-l.Fjv a[ Rpl Wji[ qp,Tvg duhg ujSwjig s[Sjqjai h{ m Fjr[G dHh fplawJ f>ujWg lP g wjdr sg dHdahjlwjig@ t'u ba[ Rpl s[ drdF>V fjljiJl.W.Zg qpvJwS sj e.Fgi IaV VhgG@ fi dHdahjlw fKt'G f>ujWg lP g wjdr sg f+qjdSw B{wlB\qaV| sg l.Fjv ba[ li'a lq,eig qph,Hgbj wirjRpS fji'G dHV%J sj I'esjV qp,vrjV h{ m

f>ujW dry Wlagrjsg hwPqa sg lojfVj a'G Wjbs wpN b>ei[; drsrjV f>ujWg FjLj@ljdha@ ldFbjyji ba[ v'w Zjij s[ bdZb{V r,v ipdya hp.s[ hV@ RpV%J sg f>ujW sgbJ FjLjrJ@dHo'G s[ ljdha@ ldFbjyji@ wvjrJ ba[ v'w-Zjij Wji[ t'u sj bjfSj Wlagrjsg H[u.cj a[V;igbj lg@ dul sj qV'io ljc[ dHdahjl@ l.ld*ag@ debjV@ wvjrJ ba[ ugrV-drrhji }fAdCbj a[ erjiP dl,Z wiw[ ljc[ w"qg e"ir ba[ v'w-f,tg irjdHaJ } qZ'vSj lg m hi t[aidry bjfSg W"dZw-qjVdlw lisjig \hegemony| dl,Z wiw[ hg WiajVrg Wlagrjsg hwPqaVjWi d;hV rjv[ f>ujWgbJ } Qpvjq WSj w[ i,t lwsg lg m f>ujW sgbJ FjLjrJ@ ljdha@ldFbjyji@ wvjrJ a[ v'w-Zjij Wji[ qp,Tvg t'u-fCajv wiV rjv[ WiajVrg drsrjVJ\Whpa[ bdZwjig hg lV| s[ Wlagrjsg qV'io a[ V;igH[ s[ WjruPs RpV%J V[ Rpfi'wa t[aiJ dryqp,Tvj@ WpdVbjsg a[ e"vSI'e w.q wgaj m f>ujWg lP g wjdr Wji[ ljdhaw t'u a[ e.Fgi qpajdvbjsg a.s AphS rjvj u[nj \fdhvj| WiajVrg drsrjV dlrv lidrdll sj bdZwjig yjivlx+{dc+w blW'iV lg m RplV[ 1905 Hg! dry -"Bullah Shah : Sufi Mystic and Poet of the

Panjab" Vjqg f{GxdvB dvdtbj@ u' ljHgG W,v%[ Ljh s[ ugrV@ lP`g dy>aV ba[ wvjq s[ Vjv-Vjv lP`g vdhi s[ sjiLdVw f,t RpKfi rg e.Fgi i"LVg fjRpGsj h{ m f+dl,Z dHdahjlwji d;bjRpKs-sgV WiVg V[ 1919 Hg! dry dHl sj RpisP bVprjs Ajdfbj lg m cj! vjur.ag ijqd*LV@ cj! q'hV dl>z sgrjVj ba[ lP`g ljdha Wji[ t'u wiV rjv[ wpN h'i drsrjVJ V[ dHliyVj s[ ep.q-erjy ujS s[ sjhr[ wga[ hV@ fi dHl sg sPug Ajf \b{cgLV| #ljcg f>ujWgbwjsqg@ vjh"i$ V[ 1976 Hg! dry Ajfg h{ m Wp,v%[ Ljh s[ wvjq a[ f>ujWg lP g wjdr s[ qpvJwSWji[ dHh fdhvj e.Fgi v[t h{ m

WiajVrg drsrjVJ sg s[tj-s[tg@ RpV%J sg f+[iSj ba[ wpN f>ujWg drsrjVJ rv'GWlagrjsg V;igH[ s[ dri'Z a[ f+dawiq ru'G rghrgG lsg s[ bji.F dry f>ujWg ljdha sglJF-l.Fjv@ l.wvV a[ t'u sj w.q bji.dFbj debj@ duV%J dry'G Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z@ q"vj W?L

f>ujWg lP`g wjdr bdZb{V ^ fi.fij a[ lqwjv


wpLaj ba[ WVjilg sjl u{V bjds f+qp,t hV@ dfA'G dHl fjl[ cj! q'hV dl>z sgrjVj@ cj!lpdi>si dl>z w'hvg ba[ uga dl>z lgav bjds ipdya h'H[ m f>ujWg lP`g ljdha Wji[ qp,TvgujS-fAjS@ lP`g wrgbJ s[ ugrV a[ wvjq Wji[ t'u a[ lP`g wvjq s[ VqPV[ v,FS a[ RpV%J s[l.wvV Wji[ fdhvJ drZg-W,Z t'u-wjiu Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z sg fplaw #h.l y'e$ \1914 Hg!| dryljhqS[ bjRpGsj h{ m dHl fplaw dry Ljh hpl{V@ Wp,v%[ Ljh@ lpvajV WjhP@ is wgi@ Ljh qpijsba[ r;gs bjds lP`g wrgbJ s[ ugrV ba[ wvjq Wji[ y'tg ujSwjig dqvsg h{ m Wjrj Wp,Zdl>z sj qwls #f>ujWg s[ lsgbJ a'G dWti[ fH[ ljdhaw t;jV[ } aWjh h'S a'G WyjRpS a[ Rplsg ujS-fAjS wirjRpS sj hg h{ m$ Rpl sgbJ sPugbJ fplawJ- w'dHv wP \1916 Hg!| ba[W.Wghj W'v \1925 Hg!| dry rg *q bVplji qgbJ V" i'; \qgbJ qph.qs W?L| a[ qgbJ W?L ba[hjLq@ fgi W?L a[ qgbJ bli` bjds lP`g wrgbJ s[ ugrV a[ wvjq Wji[ l.t[f a[ lZjiSf,Zi sg ujSwjig Ljdqv h{ m Wjrj ug s[ lqwjvg qgbJ `;vsgV sg fplaw- #quqPbjbWIja lvajV WjhP$ 1915 Hg! $y Afg@ dHl dry lpvajV WjhP s[ ugrV Wji[ fptaj ujSwjigh{ a[ Rplsj f>ujWg wvjq \lghi`gbJ| l.wdva wgagbJ eHgbJ hV m

lP`g q,a s[ RpsFr a[ fjlji@ dHlvjq a[ lP`g q,a sg lJN a[ rti[r[G@ lP`g qKa s[sjiLdVw bjZji@ lP g ljZVj-qjie sgbJ r,t-r,t brlojrJ@ Fjiag lP g fi.fij sg drv,tSaja[ fjlji@ f>ujW dry lP gbJ s[ f+r[L@ dHlvjq@ HgljHgba a[ IPVjVg Vr-b`vjaPVg xvl [s[ lP`g q,a RpKfi f{S rjv[ f+Fjr a[ dHV%J Vjv lP`g q,a s[ l.rjs Fjia sgbJ sjiLdVw a[Zjidqw fi.fijrJ -Wp,Z q,a@ r[sJa u'e q,a ba[ epiqda Vjv lP gbJ s[ l.rjs@ f>ujW s[ f+qp,tlP`g wrgbJ s[ ugrV a[ wvjq ba[ f>ujWg lP`g wdraj s[ wjdr-iPfJ a[ dLvf Wji[ fdhvJW,NrJ@ e.Fgi ba[ RpfjZg qPvw t'u vHg wgaj debj w.q cj! vjur.ag ijq d*LV sg fplaw-Punjabi Sufi Poets \1938 Hg!| dry ljhqS[ bjRpGsj h{ m cj! vjur.ag ijq d*LV V[ fdhvJf>ujWg lP`g wrgbJ Wji[ xi{Gy FjLj dry ogdl; dvdtbj u' ljiW'V IPVgridlBg@ f{dil rv'Gfgb{Ky! cg! sg RpfjZg vHg f+rjV wgaj debjm dxi RplV[ 1932 Hg! dry #lwPv bj` Yigb{GBvb{Gc bìgwV l,Bcg;@ v.cV$ \SOAS| a'G ÿPunjabi Sufi Poets drL[ RpKfi \b>ei[;g FjLj|fgb{,y! cg! sg dceig hjlv wgag m f>ujW dry dHlvjq s[ f+r[L a'G Wjbs bji.F h'H[ ldFbjyjiwl.lv[LS s[ bqv a[ Rpl s[ Fjiag FjLjrJ@ ljdha@ ldFbjyji a[ wvjrJ RpKfi f{S rjv[ agWia[ drbjfw f+FjrJ sg lqN Wji[ drdebjVw V;igH[ sg zjB@ f>ujW sgbJ sjiLdVw@ Zjidqw@ldFbjyjiw a[ ljdhaw fi.fijrJ Wji[ debjV s[ bFjr ba[ lP g vdhi a[ Rplsg wdraj Wji[f+jfa f+qjdSw li'aJ a,w iljHg Vj h'S wiw[ cj! vjur.ag ijq d*LV s[ lP`g ljdha s[bdZb{V sgbJ lgqjrJ a'G dHVwji VhgG wgaj uj lwsj h{@ fi x[i rg f>u lsgbJ sg f>ujWglP`g wdraj Wji[ wgag eHg Rpl sg t'u sj dHdahjlw qh,ar h{ m

f>ujWg s[ qp,Tv[ t''ugbJ a[ bjv'ywJ dry'G q"vj W?L wpLaj V[ rg f>ujWg lP`g LjdHig sjujdH;j v{S sj IaV wgaj m RpisP sg a;wij-dVejig a'G f+Fjdra h' w[ RplV[ #f>ujW s[ hgi[$\1932 Hg!| dry 56 f>ujWg wrgbJ s[ ugrV dWiaJa ba[ wvjq Wji[ yiyj wgag m dHl fplawsg v.Wg FPdqwj dry RplV[ f>ujWg ;pWjV a[ Rpl sg ljdhaw fi.fij sj ajigtg qpajdvbj wgajba[ dh>sP@ qpldvq a[ dl,t dfA'wC rjv[ wrgbJ s[ ugrV ba[ ljdha Wji[ lZjiV f,Zi sglPyVj ds,ag m f>ujWg LjdHig s[ WjaVg lji a[ dLvf Wji[ Rpl sg fhp.y lVjaVg a[ bwjsdqwFJa sg h{ m f>ujWg lP g q,a ba[ Rpl sg LjdHig Wji[ Rph w'Hg dVLdya ZjiSj VhgG WSjRpGsj mdHl fplaw #f>ujW s[ hgi[$ dry WjWj ìgs@ Ljh hpl{V@ lpvajV WjhP@ ljHgG Wp,v%[ Ljh@ l,Isbvg h{si@ Ljh Li`@ ?rj;j ìgs `wgi@ hjLq Ljh@ q"vrg Qpvjq qhgRpsgV wlPig ba[hjLq Ljh qp?vl bjds lP g wrgbJ s[ ugrV a[ wvjq Wji[ yiyj h'Hg h{ m q"vj W?L wpLaj sg

sMvwd-04 37

fplaw #f>ujWg LjdHiJ sj a;wij$ \Ljhqptg dv,fg| Rpl s[ s[hJa a'G Wjbs 1960 Hg! dryRpls[ fp,ai rv'G l.fjdsa wiw[ Ajfg eHg@ dul dry 242 wrgbJ s[ ugrV a[ wvjqJ s[ VqPV[siu hV m dHl r,c bjwjig e+.o dry Rpfi'wa lP gbJ wrgbJ lq[a h'i Whpa lji[ wrgbJ Wji[ujSwjig a[ wvjq s[ VqPV[ aJ siu hV@ fi Rph lP g q,a ba[ f>ujWg lP g wdraj s[ dryjiZjiwy"tB[ ba[ f+qjdSw qaV rv Rpy[yj dZbjV VhgG ds>sj m

f>ujW dry lP g q,a s[ RpsFr a[ fjlji@ lP g q,a s[ sjiLdVw a[ dlZJaw y"tB[@ FjiagsjiLdVw a[ Zjidqw fi.fijrJ Vjv Rpls[ l.W.Z a[ l.rjs@ lP g ljZVj qjie sgbJ brlojrJba[ f>ujW s[ f+qp,t lP`g dlvdldvbJ Wji[ rZ[i[ e.Fgi@ n'l a[ a,o-qPvw t'u sj bji.F lhgqjhdVbJ dry cj! q'hV dl>z sgrjVj sgbJ dvtaJ Vjv hp.sj h{ m f>ujWg lP g wrgbJ s[ ugrVba[ wvjq s[ bdZb{V lq[G Rph LiZjqPvw fhp.y VhgG bfSjRpGsj@ Wvdw a,oJ sg f+qjdSwajRpa[ rZ[i[ Wv ds>sj h{ m Rph q"dtw li'aJ@ f+ydva v'w-dWiaJaJ@ s.a-wojrJ ba[ lP`gbJ s[ugrV Vjv upCgbJ wijqjaJ RpKfi B[w i,tS sg oJ f+qjdSw li'aJ ba[ lpv,F a,oJ RpfidZbjV w[Gsia wisj h{ m lP`g vdhi ba[ Rpl ljdha sg rZ[i[ drdebjVw a[ ajidww ds+LBgVjv drbjdtbj a[ qpvJwS s[ Vjv-Vjv Rpl sg f+jfag lP`g wdraj s[ qPv fjn } v,FS a[Rpl s[ f+qjdSw qaV \text| dabji wiV wiw[ h{ m RpisP@ `jilg@ dh>sg@ l.ld*a a[ f+jygVFjiag FjLjrJ s[ debjV a[ qphjia wiw[ Rpl sg fhp.y f+qjdSw li'aJ \lVjaVg e+.oJ| a,w lg mRpl V[ Wp,v%[ Ljh@ Ljh hpl{V ba[ h'i f+dl,Z f>ujWg lP`g wrgbJ s[ v'w-dlqiag $y lJF[ fH[wvjq } dH,wai wiw[ f+qjdSw qaV dabji wiV sg fdhv wgag@ dHl f,t'G Rpl sgbJ - #Wpvh[Ljh$ \l.fj! 1936|@ #lP gbJ sj wvjq$ \l.fj! 1941| wvjq Ljh hpl{V \l.fj! dqaghgS| fplawJbdhq hV m f>ujWg lP`g ljdha@ Feag q,a s[ l.a ljdha ba[ epiqda ljdha s[ apvVjaqwbdZb{V r,v rg Rph ipdya dihj m RplsgbJ fplawJ- f>ujWg bsW sg qp?ali ajig? \1948|@f>ujWg ljdha sg dHdahjl i[tj \1958|@ (AIEH), A History of Punjabi Literature (AIIC),

Gorakh Nath and Medieval Hindu Mysticism (1946), An Introduction to Punjabi

Literature (1951) bjds dry q,Zwjvg bdZbjaqw vdhiJ ba[ RpV%J s[ ljdha Wji[ rZ[i[W,NrJ a[ n'l qp,vJwS ljhqS[ bjRpGsj h{ m cj! q'hV dl>z sgrjVj sg dHw f+jfag dHh rg h{ dwRplV[ q{wjv`@ Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z \h.l y'e $y| ba[ cj! vjur.ag ijq d*LV drsrjVJ spbjij`igs WjSg l.W.Zg fjH[ Fpv[t[ } n'l svgvJ s[ w[ lfLB wgaj dw epiP e+.o ljdhW dry siuWjSg L[? W+h,q sg VhgG@ Wvdw L[? igs L,wie.u sg h{ m

f>ujWg ljdha s[ r,t-r,t dHdahjlJ dry rg f>ujWg lP g ljdha Wji[ ujSwjig ba[ t'u-fiw dvtaJ s[ siLV hp.s[ hV m WVjilg sjl u{V sg fplaw #f>ujWg ;WjV a[ Rplsj dvBi[yi$\1941| f>ujWg ljdha Rpfi f>Ag Nja fpbjRpS rjvg l.t[f duhg iyVj h{ m ljdha sgdHdahjlwjig Wji[ v[tw sg ds+LBg ajidww ba[ drdebjVw VhgG@ Rph f>ujWg ljdha sg r.cq;hWg bjZji Rpfi wisj h{ m dh>sP@ qpldvq ZjijrJ s[ ljdha sg w'Bg r.c lq[G Rph dHlvjqgf+Fjr rjv[ ljdha f+ag bjfS[ fPirje+dh wjiV@ lhg dViS{ VhgG wisj m lP`g q,a ba[ Rpls[ljdha Wji[ Rplsg ujSwjig lZjiS f,Zi sg h{ m cj! e'fjv dl>z \f>ujWg ljdha sj dHdahjl@1942| ba[ lpdi>si dl>z w'hvg \f>ujWg ljdha sj dHdahjl@ 1943| ba[ lpdi>si dl>z ViPvj\f>ujWg ljdha sj dHdahjl@ 1953| s[ dHdahjlJ dry f>ujWg lP g wdraj sj q'Tg L[? dHWijhgq`igs ljVg } q>dVbj debj h{ m dHV%J dHdahjlJ dry lP`g q,a@ Rplsg dryjiZjij a[ ljZVj-f,Zag Wji[ l.t[f a[ lZjiS duhg ujSwjig hg dqvsg h{ m dHV%J dHdahjlwjiJ V[ igs ljVg@Ljh hpl{V@ lpvajV WjhP@ Ljh Li`@ Wp,v%[ Ljh@ bvg h{si ba[ rugs rZ[i[ v'w-df+I wrgbJ@f+jfa a,oJ ba[ f+ydva ZjiVjrJ } hg sphijdHbj h{ m #f>ujWg ljdha sg Rpafag a[ drwjl



\1952|$ fplaw s[ v[twJ cj! fidq>si dl>z a[ dwifjv dl>z wl[v V[ rg f>ujWg lP`g qa s[uVq@ fjlji@ Rpls[ sjiLdVw dfA'wC@ ljZVj-f,ZagbJ ba[ Fjiag lP g q,a Rpfi fH[ lojVw\Fjiag/f>ujWg| Wji[ f+qjdSw li'aJ a[ a,oJ } bjZji WSj w[ yiyj VhgG wgag m RpV%J V[ f>ujWglP g wjdr } dHlvjqg i,hlrjs sj f+yji q>V w[ Rpl sg drbjdtbj bdZbjaqw a[ fjiv"dwwli'wjiJ rjv[ ljdha ru'G hg wgag m lP`g wjdr s[ f+qjdSw qaV \text| sg avjL rv'G rg Rphbr[lv[ hg ih[ m fi yji wp shjw[ Wjbs Af[ l.lwiS dry Rph f>ujWg lP`g wjdr s[ lqjuwli'wjiJ ba[ drsi'hg lpi sg fAjS ;iPi wis[ hV m hgij dl>z sis idya #f>ujWg ljdha sjdHdahjl$ \1953| dry lP g wdraj Wji[ yiyj Whpa l.t[f iPf $y h'Hg h{@ fi Rph lP g wdraj }rZ[i[ l{wPvi ba[ lqju-qptg q>Vsj h{ m

FjLj drFje@ f>ujW rv'G da>V duvsJ $y dvtrjdHbj debj f>ujWg ljdha sj dHdahjl\u' hpS s' duvsJ dry aiagW ds,aj debj h{|@ s[ fdhv[ Fje@ u' 1963 Hg! $y Adfbj h{@ dryyji drsrjVJ s[ v[t Ljdqv hV m wfPi dl>z \bjHg! H[! b{,l| s[ v[t - #lP`g q,a sj dVwjl a[drwjl$ dry lP`g s[ uVq a[ fjlji Wji[ Whpa qp,vrjV ujSwjig dqvsg h{ m lP`g vdhi s[RpojV a[ filji } dHdahjlw l.siF dry lqNjRpS s[ Vjv Vjv wfPi dl>z V[ lP`g xvl`[ a[ljZVj-qjie dry rjfiV rjvgbJ bdhq aWsgvgbJ sg rg dVLjVs[hg wgag m RplV[ f+qp,tlP`g dy>awJ@ RpV%J sgbJ dlZJaw fplawJ ba[ Vjqri lP`g-ljZwJ s[ dryjiJ Wji[ rg yiyjwgag h{ m r,t-r,t ldqbJ s[ dHlvjqg hjwqJ@ Rpv[qj a[ q"vjdSbJ Vjv lP g sir[LJ s[ dlZJawq,aF[sJ ba[ BwijrJ RpKfi rg drsrjV v[tw V[ i'LVg fjHg m #lP g ljdha$ Vjqg dVW.Z dry f+'!f+gaq dl>z V[ lP`g q,a s[ qPv-dlZjaJ Vjv ujS-fAjS wirj w[ Rpl Wji[ r,t-r,t lP`gbJ\dy>awJ a[ ljZwJ| s[ dryjiJ } RpV%J s[ e+.oJ s[ hrjv[ Vjv lfLB wgaj h{ m RpV%J V[ lP g ljZVJqjie s[ r,t-r,t fC%jrJ/brlojrJ a[ q>;vJ } ìgsRpKs-sgV bjaji s[ `jilg e+.o -#q>dawp,a-a{i$ ba[ bvwpL{ig sg fplaw- #bv-diljvj$ s[ hrjv[ Vjv lqNjdHbj h{ m #f>ujWdry lP g q,a$ v[t dry f+'! q'hV dl>z qjdhi V[ Fjia dry dHlvjq s[ f+r[L ba[ dHl dt,a[ drylP`g vdhi s[ fjlji ba[ v'w-df+Iaj Wji[ yiyj wgag h{ m f>ujWg lP`g vdhi Rpa[ r[sJa a[Fearjs s[ f+FjrJ Wji[ yiyj wiV s[ Vjv Vjv RpV%J V[ ZjiSj lojfa wgag h{ dw f>ujWglP g sir[L dHo'G sgbJ lojVw fi.fijrJ a[ irjdHaJ Vjv zpv dqv ujS wiw[ v'wJ dry rZ[i[qwWPv h'H[ m y"oj v[t l l bq'v sj h{@ dul dry L[? ìgs@ Ljh hpl{V@ lpvajV WjhP@ bvgh{si@ is wgi@ Ljh qpijs@ Ljh Li`@ Wp,v%[ Ljh@ hjLq Ljh@ Qpvjq ugvjVg iphawg@ qlaV?jV qlaV@ qph.qs W?L V" i';@ qgbJ WwL ba[ Whjsi bjds s[ ugrV xvl`[ ba[ wvjqWji[ drlojiqHg yiyj h{ m bjv'yw V[ RpZia wga[ eH[ lP`g wvjq s[ l+'aJ Wji[ ?ps ujSwjigds,ag h{ m FjLj drFje@ f>ujW \fdBbjvj| s[ f>ujWg ljdha s[ dHdahjl s[ sPu[ Fje dry lP`gwrgbJ a[ wvjq Wji[ w'Hg yiyj VhgG h'Hg@ hjvJdw 1850 Hg! a'G Wjbs s[ lq[G Qpvjq igsyjyCJ@ qgiJ Ljh uv.Zig@ hsjdHaRpKvj@ bwWi dAsirg@ rvjdHa Ljh@ bwWi Ljh@ dqhibvg Ljh \e'vC% Lig`| hjug qph.qs sgV Qpvjq qlwgV epuijag@ bWsp,vj bWsg w{liLjhg@lJHk v,FP Ljh ba[ qjZ' Ljh dyLag bjds lP`g wrgbJ sj wvjq dqvsj h{ m

f>ujW IPVgridlBg y.cgeC% rv'G da.V duvsJ dry f+wjdLa- #f>ujW IPVgridlBg f>ujWgljdha sj dHdahjl$ cj! lpdi>si dl>z w'hvg spbjij l.fjdsa wgaj debj m dHl s[ Fje fdhvJ\1963| dry cj! sgrjV dl>z sj #WjWj ìgs$ Vjqg v[t h{@ dul dry Fjia $y lP`g q,a s[f+r[L@ f+qp,t lP`g dlZJaJ@ WjWj igs s[ ugrV ba[ wvjq Wji[ drlojifPirw yiyj h{ m sPu[Fje dry \u' 1967 Hg! Adfbj| s' v[t hV& f+'! q'hV dl>z sj v[t #lP`g-rjs$ lP`g q,a s[dlZJaw qldvbJ@ lP g q,a s[ dVwjl@ drwjl@ lP g q,a Rpa[ fH[- HgljHg@ W'Zg@ HgijVg@ Vr-

sMvwd-04 39

b`vjaPVg a[ Fjiag f+FjrJ lP g dryjiZjij@ lP g ljZVj-qjie s[ fCjrJ/brlojrJ/qpwjqJ@f>ujW dry lP g q,a s[ RpojV a[ fjlji ba[ f>ujWg lP g wdraj sg drv,tSaj RpKfi w[Gsia h{ mf+'! q'hV dl>z f>ujWg lP`g wdraj } HgijVg lP`g wdraj ba[ RpisP sg lP`g fi.fij sj Rpajiq>VS sg oJ dHl sg rdcbjHg f>ujW sg Ziag a[ v'wjHg Vjv upC[ h'S dry dqosj h{ m sPuj v[tcj! q'hV dl>z sgrjVj sj h{ u' Ljh hpl{V s[ ugrV a[ wvjq Wji[ blv'G Vr[G a,oJ } Rpujeiwisj h{ m cj! sgrjVj Ljh hpl{V Wji[ f+ydva wijqjag b>L rjvgbJ whjSgbJ ba[ s.a-wojrJ } Vwji w[ - #?;gVj apv bl`gbj$@ #adhwgwja-dH-dyLag$@ #WjdQ-dH-b"vbjdHdh>s$ ba[ #hlVja-bv-b"vgbj$ \sji dLw'h| bjds l+'a e+.oJ } bjfSg t'u sj bjZji WSjRpsjh{ m agu[ Fje \1987| dry s' v[t hV& ljZP ijq Ljisj sj v[t #Wp,v%[ Ljh$ wrg Wp,v%[ Ljh s[ugrV@ lP`g dryjiZjij@ Li%Hg wiqwJc a'G Rpls[ drsi'h ba[ Rpls[ wvjq sgbJ tPWgbJ Wji[h{ m cj! Ljisj dHlvjq Wji[ bjfS[ fPirje+dh wiw[ lP g vdhi ba[ wrg Wp,v%[ Ljh Vjv dHVlj`VhgG wisj m Rph f>ujWg lP g q,a ba[ Wp,v%[ Ljh } Li%Hg dHlvjq s[ z[i[ dry hg lgqa wi ds>sjh{ m sPlij v[t- #h'i lP g wrg$ u' cj! vjur.ag ijq d*LV sj h{& dHl dry Fjia $y lP g q,a s[fjlji ba[ bvg h{si a[ `is `wgi s[ wvjq Wji[ yiyj wgag eHg m dHh cj! vjur.ag sgfplaw- Punjabi Sufi Poets dryv[ dryjiJ ba[ ZjiVjrJ sj hg sphijY qjai h{ m cj! iaVdl>z u,eg sppbjij f>u FjeJ dry dvt[ - #f>ujWg ljdha sj li'a qpPvw dHdahjl$ dry f>ujWglP`g wjdr Wji[ drlojifPirw yiyj h'Hg h{ m dHl li'a e+.o s[ Fje fdhvJ@ aguj ba[ f>urJFjeJ dry lP`g q,a s[ dHdahjl@ Fjia a[ f>ujW dry dHls[ f+r[L a[ fjlji@ lP`g xvl`[ s[dryjiZjiw/dlZJaw f,t@ lP`g q,a RpKfi f{S rjv[ f+FjrJ@ lP`g ljZVj-f,Zag s[ r,t-r,tfdhvPbJ Wji[ dlZJaw yiyj rg h'Hg h{ ba[ f>ujWg s[ f+qp,t lP`g wrgbJ s[ ugrV ba[ wdrajVjv ujS fdhyjS rg wirjHg eHg h{ m cj! iaV dl>z u,eg f>ujWg lP`g wdraj s[ ih,lrjsgf,t ba[ Rpls[ wjdr-Ljlaig qldvbJ r,v hg ipdya hp.sj h{ m f>ujWg lP g wdraj sg dHdahjl-qPvw uJ lqju-Ljlaig drbjdtbj Rpls[ d`wi sj dh,lj VhgG WSg m f+'! epis[r dl>z idya#f>ujWg lP g wjdr sj dHdahjl$ \f>ujWg bwjsqg@ ds,vg@ 2005| f>ujWg lP g q,a s[ sjiLdVwa[ dlZJaw f,t@ lP`g ljZVJ a[ ugrV-ujy ba[ f>ujWg lP`g wrgbJ s[ ugrV a[ wvjq }lqNS vHg li'a e+.o sj siuj i,tsj h{ m f+'! epis[r dl>z spbjij dvt[ dHdahjl dry f>ujW s[f+qp,t lP`g dlvdldvbJ a[ RpV%J sgbJ Rpf-LjtjrJ Wji[ drlda+a a[ a,o qPvw ujSwjig f+jfah{ m dHl fplaw dry 71 lP`g wrgbJ s[ ugrV a[ wvjq Wji[ yiyj h'Hg@ dul dry'G veFe s'siuV wrg blv'G bSe"v[ a[ bSujS[ hV m

f>ujWg lP`g ljdha s[ bdZb{V ba[ dy>aV-qVV dry VrJ q'C Rps'G bjRpGsj h{@ us'Gf>ujWg ljdha f+ag dHdahjlw@ lqju-Ljlaig ba[ qjiwlrjsg V;igbJ bfSjRpS rjv[bjv'yw-l.a dl>z l[t'G@ cj! bai dl>z@ f+'! dwLV dl>z@ V;q hpl{V l,Is ba[ cj! u[! b{,lei[rjv \Fjr[G RpV%J sj w.q b>ei[;g FjLj dry h{| sgbJ dvtaJ ljhqS[ bjRpGsgbJ hV mveFe s' wp shjw[ Wjbs cj! a[ur.a dl>z de,v@ cj! idr.si dl>z irg ba[ cj! w[li dl>zw[li dHl TjSg dry Ligw hp.s[ hV m l.a dl>z l[t'G sg fplaw -#f>ujWg wjdr-dLi'qSg$ bwaPWi1964 dry Ajf[ yC%g@ dHl dry f>ujWg lP`g wrg L[? `igs Wji[ v.Wj dVW.Z h{ ba[ dHw h'idVW.Z-#fpijS[ ljdha sj qpPdvbJwS$ dry rg f>ujWg lP`g wjdr Wji[ dHdahjlw a[ f>ujW sgdrL[L ldFbjyjiw ldoag s[ Vpwaj-dVejh a'G yiyj h'Hg h{ m f>ujWg lP`g wdraj Wji[ l.adl>z l[t'G sgbJ ZjiVjrJ Rpl sg fplaw-#f+dl,Z f>ujWg wrg$ \dqaghgS| s[ #qp,t W.s$ ba[ Rpldry Ljdqv yji wrgbJ -bvg h{si@ Wp,v%[ Ljh@ rugs a[ hjLq Ljh Wji[ l.t[f dB,fSgbJ dry'GlqNgbJ uj lwsgbJ hV m l.a dl>z l[t'G bVplji dHlvjq Vjv bwgs[ sg lJN a[ apiw-fnjS-



qpev iju-L+[Sg s[ f+Fjr wiw[ f>ujW s[ Whpa[ qplvqjV wrg \lq[a lP`gbJ a[ dw,ljwjiJ s[|Fjiag l.ld*ag ba[ Fjiag v'wJ a'G b,ci[ hg ih[ m Rpl bVplji WjWj igs a'G Wjbs s[ f>ujWglP g wrg dHlvjqg iju a[ iju-Ljhg Vjv hqsisg i,tS wiw[ Fjiag v'w-qV RpKfi f+FjrLjvgbli Vj fj lw[ m l[t'G f>ujWg lP g wjdr sj qh,ar Fjiag v'wJ dry irjsjig a[ lJN f{sj wiVdry hg dqosj h{ m Rpl s[ wpN woV dZbjV sg q>e wis[ hV^

f>ujWg dry Whpa fpijaV ljdha@ tjl wiw[ lP`g a[ dw,lj ljdha@ bjfS[ lq[G sg ijulgldoag a'G ejd`v h{ m dHh ngw h{ dw wHg rji dHl dry dh>sP qplvqjV s[ NeC[ dabjeSuJ RpV%J a'G Rpy[i[ RpnS sg f+[iSj h{ m!!! L[? igs a'G v{ w[ b,u a,w dHl rlP`g ljdha sjf+Fjr dh>sP-qplvqjV sp jC } z,B da,tg wisj dihj h{ ba[ dHl wjiS dHl sj y"tj qp,vh{ m fi blJ } dHh VhgG Fp,vSj yjhgsj dw dHh bjfS[ lq[G sg w[Gsig ldoag sg lPN VhgGitsj m!!! dHdahjl erjh h{ dw Vj dHlvjqg s[LJ dry a[ Vj Fjia dry dHh qplvqjVLi%j a[ ijuj L+[Sg } v'wJ s[ dq,ai WSjV dry l`v h'dHbj!!! fPiS l`vaj aJ epiPVjVw sg iyVj } rg f+jfa VhgG h'Hg m fi blgG dHh q>VS a'G VJh VhgG wi lws[ dw u'Lwag epiP VjVw s[ wjdr V[ uV-lZjiS dry ijuj-rie drip,Z tC%j h' lwS sg f{sjwgag Rph lP`g ljdha dwZi[ rg VhgG wi ldwbj m!!! lP`g ljdha sj r,cj v,AS dHlspVgbJ s[ Nq[dvbJ a'G vJF[ RpnSj h{ m \f>ujWg wjdr dLi'qSg@ f>V[ 18-19|

ljdha dry'G dl,Z[ dlbjlg lpV[h[ sg avjL wiV sg ipyg wiw[ l[t'G lP`g wjdr s[ Zjidqwqphjri[ Rphv[ dAf[ WjaVg lji } lqNS a'G Bfvj tj uJsj h{ m ljdha } Rpls[ iyVhji sglpy[a dryjiZjij sj f+eBjrj q>VS wjiV l[t'G lji[ q,Zwjvg ljdha s[ \Rpl s[ drL[L dHdahjlwl.siF bVplji| dHVwvjWg lji } V;i-b>sj; wi uJsj h{ m ih,lrjsg ds+LBg wiw[ RphepiWjSg } #fij-ljdha$ sg l.debj s[ ds>sj h{ ba[ Ljh hpl{V a[ Wp,v%[ Ljh rie[ drsi'hg lP`gwrgbJ } #F.e fgS a[ wrjvgbJ ejRpS rjv[$ bjfS[ lq[G a[ Rpfijq a[ RpsjlgV wrg eisjVds>sj h{ m f+qjS ru'G Wp,v%[ Ljh a[ Rpls[ lqwjvg lP`g wrgbJ Wji[ Rplsj dHh woV s[dtbj ujlwsj h{

##Wp,v%[ Ljh sj lqJ qplvqjV hwPqa sg bZ'eag sj lqJ h{ m dHl vHg Rplsj al,rp`borj Feag wpN hjiP ipygbJ silJsj h{ m dHM ujfsj h{@ dur[G Rph v'w-lsjyji } dreCsj@qplvqjV iju a[ Lwag } Tdh>sg s[t w[ Rpfijq hp.sj h{ a[ F.e fg w[ wjxgbJ ej w[ dHlrjajriS dry'G dtlwSj v'Csj h{ m!!! dl,t ajwa fwC ih[ lV m fi dHl dry Wp,v%[ Ljh } lqjusj Tdh>sj fjlj dsl dihj lg@ dwMdw Rplsg hqsisg dHl s[ Tdh>s[ f,t@ qplvqjVJ Vjv lg!!!qplvqjVJ vHg al,rp` yC%s[ fjl[ v{ ujS rjvg Lwag VhgG lg dihj m!!! hpS lP`g `wgiJ s[awgH[ F.e fgS a[ wrjvg ejS s[ b,c[ WS ih[ lV m$$ \f+dl,Z f>ujWg wrg@ f>V[ 9-10| l.t[fdry@ l.a dl>z l[t'G f>ujWg lP g wjdr sg f+jfag #lP g wrgbJ rv'G v'w-W'vg } bfSjRpS$ ba[#v'wJ s[ qVJ dry'G dHlvjq sj A,fj a[ druHg ijuj-rie sj iphW yp,wS$ dry q>Vsj h{ m

f+'! dwLV dl>z q,Zwjvg f>ujWg wdraj@ tjl wiw[ lP g a[ epiqda wdraj Wji[ l[t'G Vjv'GrZ[i[ l.apdva fhp.y bfSjRpGsj h{ m Rph v[tw sg lpy[a dryjiZjij Vjv'G ljdhaw iyVj dryf[L dy,ai Rpfi rZ[i[ Wv ds>sj h{ ba[ lP g a[ epiqda wjdr s[ Zjidqw qphjri[ s[ WjruPs dHV%Jdry f[L Rpl lq[G sg cjdHv{wBl sg drbjdtbj wisj h{ m Rpl bVplji lP`g epiWjSg a[ dw,ljljdha sj qphjrij Fjr[G Zjidqw rjq>cv rjvj h{@ fi dHV%J sj WjaVg lji Rpl r[v[ s[ hjvjaqpajWw *Jagwjig a[ v'w-f,tg h{ m f>ujWg lP`g wdraj Wji[ f+'! dwLV dl>z s[ dryjiJ sg fpLBgRpV%J s[ s' dVW.ZJ- #lP g dlZJa a[ dryjiZjij$ \lP g ljdha b>w f>ujWg spVgbj@ Vr.Wi-sl.Wi1964| ba[ #L[? igs$ \f>ujWg lP g wjdr f+ryV| ba[ #lyp fpijSj Vj ogb{$ \1991| a[ #duVj

sMvwd-04 41

fAjaj lyp$ \1993| fplawJ dry'G h' uJsg h{ m f++'! dwLV dl>z dHlvjq s[ sjdHi[ b>si lP g q,as[ RpojV } dHdahjlw zBVj f+rjV wisj h{ m Rpl bVplji lP g q,a dHVljVg i;J a'G br[lv[h' yp,w[ drvjlg hjwqJ@ apb,lWg Rpvqj ba[ wiqwJcg qpvjdSbJ a[ dtvj` lV m liwjig a[Li%Hg dHlvjq Vjv lP`gbJ sj awiji dryjiZjiw h{@ l,aj ba[ v'w-dh,a s[ f{GaC[ sj h{ m f+'!dwLV dl>z s[ LWsJ dry

lP g qpvjdSbJ s[ dHl vHg drip,Z lV dw Rph wpijV ba[ h;ia qph.qs s[ l,y } drejCih[ lV m qpvjdSbJ s[ lP`g dHl vHg dtvj` lV dw Rph ba[ RpV%J sg s,lg Ligbaliwjig dHlvjq lg m Rph v'wJ s[ dtvj` dxRPcv LdhVLjhg sj b>e fjvs[ lV m lP`gv'wJ rjla[ tC%[ lV m!!! us'G hjwq uqjaJ wppijV a[ dHlvjq } drejC ihgbJ lV@ lP`gdHlvjq s[ fdhv[ dHVwvjWg@ v'w-dh,ag f{GaC[ Rpa[ tC%j!!! qpvjS[ ba[ Li%gba sj t.cVwi dihj lg m !!! lP`g dHlvjqg Lijh } Rpl rwa a,w q>Vsj h{@ us'G a,w Rph RpljiP h{ mus'G a,w Rplsj lqju dry i'v v'w-dh,ag h{ m us'G dHlvjqg Lijh sj i'v v'w-dri'Zg h'uJsj h{@ lP`g Rpl sj t.cV wisj h{ m e,v Lijh s[ lqju dry i'v sg h{ m!!! lP`g wpijVLig` s[ l,y $a[ Ljwi h{ m Rph Rpl s[ drip,Z Wjhi'G dwdaYG f+[iVj VhgG v{Gsj m wpijV Lig`s[ l,y sg Lijh s[ Rph dWvwpv fjW.s h{ m

\lP g dlZJa a[ dryjiZjij@ f>ujWg spVgbj@ Vr.Wi-sl.Wi@ 1964|

l.t[f dry@ f+'! dwLV dl>z bVplji q,Zwjv dry lqjuw y[aVaj sj iPf dwMdw q;%Wglg@ dHl vHg lqjuw qVp<tg bqv V[ rg q;%Wg qphjri[ dry hg f+eB h'Sj lg@ l' dlbjlg a[uqjag u,Ds'-;dhs rg q;%Wg dlZJaJ a[ drbjdtbjrJ bVplji hg ljhqS[ bjMsg h{ m RpV%JbVplji epiWjSg sj #epiqpt$@ lP gbJ sj #sir[L$ a[ dwKdlbJ sj #bjLw$@ qVp<t sg bj;jsg a[liW,a s[ Fv[ sg dryjiZjij s[ hg f+agdVZ hV m

cj! bai dl>z RpV%J drsrjVJ Vjv ldhqa VhgG@ duhC[ q,Zwjvg f>ujWg ljdha }Fjiag ba[ dHlvjqg ljdha fi.fijrJ sgbJ w'BgbJ dry r.c w[ RpV%J } s' blv'G lpa.ai a[dHw sPu[ s[ f+Fjr a'G qpwa ljdhaw ZjijrJ ru'G s[ts[ hV m Rph RpV%J apb,lWg a[ l.wgiS ds+LBgrjv[ dHdahjlwjiJ a[ wvj-dy>awJ s[ dryjiJ sj t.cV wis[ hV@ duhC[[ Fjia dry dHlvjq s[f+r[L } dHdahjl $y zBg dHw spizBVj ru'G hg s[[ts[ hV m q,Zwjvg f>ujWg ljdha sj bdZb{VwidsbJ cj! bai dl>z Fjia dry dHlvjq s[ f+r[L@ s' blv'G Yfi[ ldFbjyjiJ s[ bjflgBwijRp a[ q[v-dqvjf s[ dl,B[ ru'G Rpfu[ ldFbjyjiw lqVr{ s[ bqv@ lJNg e.ej-uqVgl.ld*ag s[ Fjiag FjLjrJ@ ljdha@ wvjrJ \l.ega@ FrV-wvj@ dy,ai-wvj bjds| ba[sjiLdVw a[ Zjidqw fi.fijrJ Rpfi f{S rjv[ sPi-il f+FjrJ Wji[ lj} lpy[a wis[ hV m Rphf>ujWg lP`g wdraj ba[ ljqg-biWg dfA'wC rjv[ wojVwJ $a[ Rpli[ f>ujWg dw,lj ljdha }Wjhivg dfRpGs Vj q>V w[ f>ujW sg Ziag a[ bjq v'wjHg s[ l,y s[ f+eBj-iPfJ ru'G s[ts[ hV mRpV%J sg V;i dry f>ujWg lP`g wrg dHlvjq s[ f+yjiw VhgG@ duV%J V[ Fjia s[ dHlvjqgwiSvHg apiw-fnjS -qpev hjwqJ sj ljo ds,aj h'r[@ le'G lP`g sir[LJ V[ dHo'G sg lojVw rl'Gdry zpv-dqv w[@ v'w W'vgbJ dry ljdha iyw[@ dHo'G sgbJ ljdhaw@ ldFbjyjiw a[ Zjidqwfi.fijrJ } ldawji s[ w[ uJ lrgwji wiw[ dHlvjq sj FjiagwiS uJ f>ujWgwiS wgaj mf>ujWg lP g wrgbJ V[ lojVw W'vgbJ@ s[lg ljdha-iPfJ@ qpwjqg rl'G $y v'w-df+I A.sJ@ v'w-ZjiSjrJ } bfSj w[ irjsjig@ FjHgyji[ ba[ dHVljV-s'lag sj l.s[L ds,aj m cj! bai dl>zf>ujWg lP g wdraj sg rdcbjHg dHl e,v dry s[tsj h{ dw dHw aJ dHh RpisP-`jilg sg lP gwdraj rJe siWji sg qpoju VhgG h'Hg ba[ sPug dHh dw f>ujWg lP`g wrgbJ V[ jilg FjLj@biWg-ljqg s[rqjvj ba[ jilg wjdr-iPfJ sj lpy[a f,Zi $a[ dabje wiw[ f>ujW sg Ziag a[



bjq-v'wjHg Vjv r`j fjvgm WjWj igs a'G Wjbs s[ Ljh hpl{V a[ Wp,v%[ Ljh rie[ wrgbJ V[Fjiag v'w-qjVl $y rlS rjv[ ijq@ d*LV ba[ f>ujWg bry[aV } hpvjij s[S rjv[ -hgi-iJNj@ l,lg-fp>VP ba[ l'hSg-qhkrjv rie[ f+[qg VjdHwJ } f+agw WSj w[ bjfS[ iPhjVg a;idWbJ} f+eBjrj ds,aj m cj! bai dl>z lP`g a[ Feag vdhi } wn'i l.f+sjdHrjs@ f+'hag wiqwJcba[ lVjaVg iPC%grjsaj a'G drsi'h wiV rjvgbJ dHVwvjWg vdhiJ q>Vsj h{@ duV%J V[ ljq>aga[ f+'hag sqV s[ dV,lv wga[ Fjiag lqju dry VrgG dryjiZjiw b>eCjHg a[ ldFbjyjiwy[aVj } uVq ds,aj m dHV%J vdhiJ V[ dur[G fla h'Hg Fjiag uVaj/v'wjHg } VrgG W"dZw a[Fjrpw RPiuj ds,ag@ dar[G dHV%J vdhiJ sg wdraj V[ lVjaVg wjdr-Ljlai a'G drsi'h wgaj mcj! bai dl>z s[ bjfS[ LWsJ dry

Insofar as Sikhism and Punjabi Sufism were movements of protest against

denominationalism, priestly ritualism or dogmatism. Punjabi poetic tradition also

flourished as a movement of cultural renewal of medieval Punjab in opposition

to the tradition of classical literature whether Sanskrit or Persian and the

formalism to which those movements have been reduced. Adoption of the spoken

language itself was in the nature of radical departure from the Sanskrit tradition.

Import of folk- motifs and folk-forms in the poetic structures evolved in the oral

poetry further testify the spirit of revolt against the rigid conventionalism of the

older tradition. Spirit of devotionlism, mysticism and protest permeating the

religious ideology of Sikhism or Punjabi Sufism found its objective correlatives

in the lyrical abandon of the tunes borrowed from folk-music.

(Secularization of Modern Punjabi Poetry p. 44)

f>ujWg lP`g ljdha Wji[ cj! bai dl>z sgbJ q"dvw fplawJ- #ds+LBgw'S \1963|@#lqsiLV$ \1975|@ #ljdha l...r[sVj$ \1984|@ ba[ "Secularization of Modern Punjabi Poetry

\1988| dryv[ v[tJ a'G dWVJ RpV%J spbjij l.fjdsa fplaw- Socio-cultural Impact of Islam

on India dryvg FPdqwj a[ RpV%J s[ v[t qh,arfPiV hV m L[? WjWj igs y[bi \f>ujW IPVgridlBgy.cgeC%| s[ qptg hp>dsbJ RpV%J V[ drFje rv'G -ÿPanjab University Journal of Medieval

Indian Literature s[ 7 b>w l.fjdsa wga[ m dHl t'u f,adiwj dry dH.c'-fjdw dt,a[ s[ Feag a[lP`g ljdha Wji[ VjIjW lq,eig l.dqva h{ m cj !bai dl>z V[ f>ujWg@ dl>Zg@ wLqgig@ RpisP@dh>sg ba[ fLa' bjds FjLjrJ sg lP`g wdraj sgbJ drL[LajrJ sg dVLjVs[hg rg wgag m

iPlg drsrjV bjHg! l[i[Wigbjw'r bjfSg fplaw #f>ujWg ljdha$ \1971| dry lP`gwdraj } #dh>sP-qplvqjV ldFbjyjiJ s[ lpq[v$ ba[ #qpldvq a[ dh>sP ljq>aJ s[ lajH[ v'wJ s[i'h$ sj f+eBjrj wdh>sj h{ m f,Aqg f>ujW sj qjiwlrjsg dy>aw a[ q,Zwjvg ljdha sj drL[LeVuq hpl{V l,Is bjfSgbJ fplawJ -#l[ZJ$@ #ljiJ$@ #tjwp u[cp Vj w'dH$@ #l,y lsj bWjsgwiVj$@ #i.e^ igs'G VjVw a[ VjVw'G igs$ ba[ #Recurrent Patterns in Punjabi Peotry$ dryf>ujWg lP`g wvjq } uirjS[ hjwqJ a[ qpvjdSbJ f+ag VjWig s[ f+ryV ru'G fdiFjLa wisjh{ m RplV[ WjWj `igs@ Ljh hpl{V@ lpvajV WjhP ba[ Wp,v%[ Ljh s[ lP`g wvjq Rpfi yiyjwidsbJ dHh q,a lojdfa wgaj h{ dw dHh dli` qji`a a[ dHLw hwgwg s[ qldvbJ a,wlgqa wvjq VhgG@ le'G lP`g LjdHiJ sj rjh d;.seg s[ r,c[ a[ qp,Tv[ aejdsbJ Vjv dihj h{ mf>ujWg wjdr fi.fij s[ lsgrg lpFjr sg dVLjVs[hg widsbJ Rph dvtsj h{ dw@ ##LjdHi wvj }dLbi dry wgag w,o a'G r,t w'Hg yg; VhgG deSsj m!!! duhCg iq; a[ l{Va LjdHi riasj h{Rph Rphs[ bjfS[ rl[W[ dry'G Rphsg h,c-riag h'Gsg H[ m!!! LjdHi bjfSg h,c riag } w,o wiw[

sMvwd-04 43

VhgG lpSjRpGsj@ ih,l s[ iPf dry t[c t[c w[ slsj H[!!! LjdHi Rpa[ u' f{Gsg h{ Rph Rpl} Njeg rgbjrp.sj h{!!! a[ dZbjV sg v'dH Rph} r[tg fitg rg bjr.sj H[ m!!! hi hgv[ LjdHi sj rjhqp,TdvbJ a[ rKdcbJ aejdsbJ Vjv idh>sj H[ m$$ \l[ZJ| Vuq hpl{V l,Is } rjil rie[ dw,ljwjiba[ lP`gbJ s[ dHLw sj vl`[ hjwqJ sg rla-fjv idhav a[ sqVwjig dlbjla s[ dri'Z$y tC%j v'w-dhag f{GaCj V;i bjRpGsj h{ m Wp,v%[ Ljh s[ dHLw sg iq; Wji[ Rph dvtsj h{@ ##Wp,v%[Ljh d;qgGsji qjvwegiJ s[ f+yji[ i,W s[ ljhqS[ bjfS[ dHLw } i,W wiw[ tv%jisj h{ m Wp,v%[Ljh sj ijh hgi rjvj h{ m l' q?vPw sg bjfS[ bjf } a[ wpsia } qjSV sg l,Zi Wp,v%[ Ljh sgwj`g b>si hgi s[ iPf dry dHw VrgG dryjiZjij WS w[ RpFisg h{ a[ d;qksji dryji Vjv@blJNg qjvwg sg iga Vjv dFCsg h{ m$$

dHdahjlw a[ lqju-Ljlaig ds+LBg a'G f>ujWg lP`g wdraj sj qp,vJwS wiV rjv[dy>awJ dry'G cj! a[ur.a dl>z de,v sj dVW.Z #lP g wjdr sj WsvrJ f+ryV$ \f>ujWg ldFbjyji@FjLj ba[ ljdha fpVi qp,vJwS|@ cj! w[li dl>z w[li s[ dVW.Z #f>ujWg lP`g wdraj s[ lphuLjlaig bjZji$ a[ #`igs WjSg dry h'S ogS sj sr.s$ \wjdr-dy>aV 99|@ cj! uldr.si dl>zsj dVW.Z- #f>ujWg lP g wjdr ldFbjyjiw ds+LBg$ \Fjiag lP g fi.fij a[ ljdha|@ cj! u[! b{l!ei[rjv sg fplaw- Historical Studies in Punjabi Literature \2011|@ cj! lpiuga hJl s[v[t- #f>ujWg lP`g wjdr sj wjdr-Ljlai@ wj`g s[ f+l.e dry$@ \f>ujWg lP`g wjdr-f+ryV|@"Social Protest as a Creative Mode in Medieval Devotional Poetry" (PUJOMIL, Vol II,

March-Sept 1978) ba[ "The Aesthetics of Punjabi Sufi Poetry" (PUJOMIL, Vol VI,

March-Sept 1982)@ bjds qh,arfPiS dvtaJ hV m cj! u[! b{l! ei[rjv sg fplaw dry L[?`igs@ Ljh hpl{V@ lpvajV WjhP ba[ Wp,v%[ Ljh s[ ugrV ba[ wvjq Wji[ yiyj rg h'Hg h{ ba[dH.Vj l.W.Zg h'Hg t'u a[ qp,vJwS sj ujdH;j rg dvbj debj h{ m cj! ei[rjv V[ dHdahjlw a,oJsg i"LVg dry f>ujWg s[ yji f+qp,t lP`g wrgbj Wji[ q{Bj-bdZb{V f[L wgaj h{ m q,Zwjvg lP`ga[ Feag wjdr cj! epiWyV dl>z ajdvW sg bjv'yVj sj rg w[Gsig li'wji dihj h{@ Rpl sg s'fplawJ- "Baba Sheikh Farid" (AIGC), "Perspectives on Sheikh Farid" (ed, 1975) a'GdWVj f>ujWg $y RpV%J s[ wHg dVW.Z lP`g wjdr bdZb{V l.W.Zg lpv,F hV m

f>ujWg bjv'yVj s[ ds,vg lwPv s[ dy>awJ dry'G cj! hdiFuV dl>z@ aiv'w dl>z [email protected] dl>z VPi ba[ f+'! ueWgi dl>z V[ f>ujWg lP`g wdraj s[ wjdr-Ljlaig a[ lphu-Ljlaig f+LVJ r,v rZ[i[ dZbjV ds,aj m iPfrjsg ba[ li.yVjrjsg bdZb{V drZg a'G f+Fjdrah'S wjiS dHV%J bjv'ywJ V[ f>ujWg lP g wjdr s[ fjn-qPvw bdZb{V Rpfi Wv ds,aj m dHV%J V[f>ujWg lP g wjdr s[ lphu-W'Z@ wjdr-FjLj@ f+agw-f+W.Z@ dW.W-drZjV l.W'ZV-L{vg ba[ A.s-drZjV l.W.Zg qh,arfPiV wjdr-Ljlaig f+LVJ } Vdu,nS sj IaV wgaj@ fi f>ujWg lP`gwjdr } dHdahjl -dVif[t a[ lqju-ldFbjyji dVif[t ?psqp?aji fjn q>VS sg Fp,v wiw[ Rphf>ujWg lP g wjdr s[ WjaVg lji ba[ q,Zwjvg Fjiag lqju dry Rpl rv'G dVFjHg ldFbjyjiwVr-ujeiS sg FPdqwj } fAjSV a'G tp.N eH[m f>ujWg bjv'yVj s[ ds,vg lwPv sj dlZJawjia[ qp,t Wpvjij hdiFuV dl>z f>ujWg lP`g wjdr dryv[ bldhqag s[ lpi a[ VjWig s[ f+ryV }V;i-b>sj; wiw[ f>ujWg lP`g wjdr } #f+l.V-ljdha$ uJ #Lp,Z dfbji-ljdha$ sg l.debjds>sj h{@

-drbwag ba[ lqju dryvj BwijRp uJ aJ lP g wvjq dry h{ hg Vhk ba[ uJ bdab>aW[-qvPq brloj dry h{ m lP`g-wjdr bjfS[ bjf Vjv ba[ l.lji Vjv dHwlpi f+agahp.sj h{ m !!!lP`g ljdha f+l.V-ljdha h{ m Ziq fdiriaV wjiV Rph bjfS[ lqju a'G sPiVhgG@ le'G Rpl s[ rZgw V[C[ h' debj h{ m



-lP`g-ljdha Lp,Z dfbji-ljdha h{ m Rph Vj w[rv bjfSg ldoag } ldy- bjRpS sjIaV VhgG wisj@ aawjvgV drbjfw lqjuw ldoag sg bjv'yVj rg VhgG wisj mbjv'yVj sj lri Whpa drivj h{ m !!!wWgi sg iyVj dry dul f+wji sg W+jhqS-dV.sjba[ epiP VjVw sg iyVj dry dul f+wji sg liW-Ziq-fjt.c-dV.sj ba[ aawjvgVijuVgaw dF+LBjyji sg bjv'yVj dstjHg ds>sg h{@ Rph lP g ljdha dry dWvwp,v V;ikVhgG bjRpGsg m Rpl f+wji sj da,tj bjv'yVjaqw f+hji lP`g-ljdha dry ejdHW h{ m!!!lP`g -wjdr sg iyVj WSai a'G dHh l.w[a rg VhgG dqvsj dw Rph lojdfa l,aj sjlqiow h{ ba[ dHh rg VhgG dw Rph drlojdfaj f+ag Rpy[yg hqsisg itsj h{@ hjvJdwRph l.lji-drbjfg sp,t f+ag lpy[a h{ m \qp,v a[ qpv.wS@ f>V[ 67-69|f>ujWg lP g wjdr bdZb{V Wji[ cj! hdiFuV dl>z s[ dVW.Z- #ìgs WjSg$@ #f>ujWg lP g

wjdr$@ #wvjq lP gbJ$ \qp,v a[ qpv.wS|@ #wvjq igs sg udBvaj$ \ljdha bdZb{V|@ #ih,lrjsgf>ujWg wjdr-Ljlai-lP g wjdr s[ f+l.e dry$ ba[ #ìgs WjSg^ dHw iyVj drZjdVw bdZb{V$\f>ujWg lP g wjdr f+ryV@ l.fj! cj! ueuga dl>z| wjdr-Ljlaig ds+LBg a'G Whpa qh,arfPiVhV m cj! aiv'w dl>z w.ri f>ujWg lP g wdraj s[ bjfS[ q"dvw wjdr-Ljlai a[ lphu-Ljlaisg fAjS rv rZ[i[ ipdya dihj m Rpls[ dVW.Z- #ìgs WjSg sg iyVj-upea$ \fjn a[ f+l.e|@#ìgs WjSg s[ wjdr-Ljlai r,v$ \ojfVj/RpojfVj|@ #f>ujWg lP`g wjdr sj wjdr-Ljlai$ba[ #f>ujWg lP`g wjdr sj l"GsiI W'Z$ \ldFbjyji drdebjV| f>ujWg lP`g wdraj s[ fjn-qPvw bdZb{V spbjij lP`g wjdr s[ FjLjHg a[ dLvf lphu rv ljcj dZbjV dt,ys[ hV mf>ujWg lP g wdraj l.W.Zg cj! lda.si dl>z VPi s[ s' v[t- #f>ujWg wjdr-Ljlai a[ WjWj igs$\dHap dWZp fCgb{|@ #WjWj qjZ' Ljh dyLag sg lP`g ljdHig$ \Fjiag lP`g fi.fij a[ ljdha| ba[dHw l.fjsa fplaw #f>ujWg lP`g wjdr$ hg dqvs[ hV m cj! ueWgi dl>z sg ljdha bjv'yVjsj w[Gsi-dW.sP q,Zwjvg fjn a[ drL[L a"i a[ epiqda dihj h{@ f>ujWg lP g wjdr l.W.Zg Rpl s[ s'v[t - #L[? igs sg V{daw y[aVj$ \f>ujWg lP g wjdr f+ryV| ba[ #WjWj igs WjSg sj iyVjl.lji$ \epiqda wjdr dlZJa a[ drhji@ 2011| hg dqvs[ hV m Rph f>ujWg lP`g wvjq }q,Zwjvg ldFbjyjiw Vr-ujeiS sg Rpfu q>Vsj h{@ dul V[ r[v[ s[ hjwqJ a[ fpujig rie sgdH;ji[sjig } a'CdsbJ bjq v'wJ sg iPhjVg berjHg wgag m Rpl bVplji #lP`g wvjq W.s[ a[?psj sg H[waj a[ bF[saj@ ZiqJ@ dìdwbJ a[ uja-WijsigbJ y'G filfi r{i-dri'Z a[ BwijRpdqBj w[@ lsFjrVj a[ ldhVLgvaj sj l.s[L s[ w[ ba[ f+[qj-Feag ijhgG qVp<t qjai } lJN s[lPai dry W.V% w[ q,Zwjvg lqju s[ Vr dViqjS sg *Jagwjig FPdqwj dVFjRpGsj h{ m$ lP gbJ V[bjq v'wJ } iPhjVg berjHg s[S vHg bjfSj l.s[L RpV%J sg uJ v'w-FjLj dry hg ds,aj mdHM cj! ueWgi dl>z sj lP`g wjdr s[ bdZb{V lq[G ds,vg lwPv sg iPfrjsg fp;gLV sg oJlqju-Ljlaig bdZb{V drZg } bfSjRpGs[ hV m

duV%J t'ugbJ@ bjv'ywJ ba[ dy>awJ V[ lP`g q,a s[ dHdahjl@ vl`[@ ljZVJ-f,ZagbJs[ dlZJaw-f,t@ Fjia $y lP`g q,a s[ f+r[L@ lP`g dlvdldvbJ ba[ f>ujWg lP`g wdraj Wji[dvdtbj h{@ RpV%J sg lPyg Whpa v.Wg h{ m RpGu rg Whpa lji[ t'ugbJ@ l.fjswJ ba[ bjv'ywJ V[lP g ljdha Wji[ fdhvJ h' yp,w[ w.q } sphijdHbj hg h{ m tjl wi w[ bwjsdqw t[ai sg t'u wiVrjdvbJ bdZbjfwJ ba[ l.fjswJ V[ fdhvJ fgn[ } qpC fghS rjvg e,v hg wgag h{ m t'udVW.Z sg lgqj bVplji dHo[ blk RpV%J t'ugbJ@ bjv'ywJ ba[ dy>awJ sj hg l.t[f duhj d;wiwiJe[ duV%J V[ lP`g ljdha bdZb{V dry w'Hg q"dvw a[ qh,arfPiV ZjiVjrJ WSjHgbJ hV mf>ujWg lP g ljdha sj bdZb{V a[ t'u wiV rjv[ fdhv[ fPi s[ bjv'ywJ dry'G f+'! epvr.a dl>z@f+'! f+gaq dl>z@ cj! sgrjV dl>z@ wjvj dl>z W[sg@ uga dl>z lgav ba[ epis[r dl>z bjds sg

sMvwd-04 45

iljHg lP`g q,a s[ qPv li'a e+.oJ a,w lg@ dwRpGdw Rph RpisP@ jilg a[ biWg bjds FjLjrJ s[debjaj lV m dHV%J spbjij jilg s[ l+'a e+.oJ y'G f>ujWg $y bVprjs wga[ e+.oJ sj r[irj dH.u h{- #wLxpv qdh;PW$ \d*a@ L[? q?sPq bvg hpurgig| jilg a'G f>ujWg bVprjs cj! wjvj dl>zW[sg \1989|& brjdi`-Rpv-qpbjdi`$ \d*a@ L[? LhjW-Rps-sgV lphijrisg| qPv biWg $y'Gy'Sr[G wJcJ sj f>ujWg bVprjs f+'! epvr.a dl>z \1963 Hg!|@ f+'! f+gaq dl>z V[ q"vjVj hqgsljdHi wv.si sg fplaw - #?{ipv-qujdvl$ a[ h;ia dV;jqp,s-sgV b"vgbj sg fplaw -#`rjdHspv- pbjs$ s[ jilg y'G bVprjs - #L+[LB e'lBJ$ \1974| ba[ #dsvJ } ijha$ \2008|bVprjs h[n wga[ m f+'! f+gaq dl>z V[ FjHg b,cS Ljh spbjij \`jilg bVprjs wgqgbj-H[-lpbjsa| bVprjsa e+.o #fjil Fje$ sj 1952 Hg! dry l.fjsV wgaj lg@ dHh qPv biWg FjLjsj e+.o - #dHhIj-Rpv-RpvPq-Rpv-sgV$ bWP hjdqs qph.qs bv Q;jvg sg iyVj h{ m lP`gljdha s[ qPv li'aJ aw fhp.yS vHg cj! s[dr.si dl>z RpljhS spbjij l.fjsa -#fiygbJ lP g`wgiJ sgbJ$ \1995| ba[ dH.si dl>z y,wiriag a[ Ziq dl>z spbjij r,t r,t ldqbJ a[l.fjsa fplaw #qlv[ L[? igs w[$ \1962@ 2004| qh,arfPiV hV m #fiygbJ$ dry yji lP`gljZwJ - ijWgbj Wlig@ br{l wiVg@ qVlPi-b,v h,vju ba[ bv pL{v dWv u{s Wji[ fptajujSwjig h{ ba[ #qlv[ L[? ìgs w[$ dry WjWj ìgs s[ ugrV a[ dlKdtbjrJ Wji[ wj`gf+qjdSw lq,eig l.e+dha h{ m q"vjVj uvgv bdhlV Vsrg spbjij l.e+dha y'SrgbJ hsglJsg fplaw #ijh[ bqv$ sj f>ujWg bVprjs f+'! uVw dl>z ba[ cj! ;jdwi hpl{V V[ \1987 Hg!|wgaj h{ m dHl[ vCg dry epids,a dl>z f+[qg spbjij igs-Rps-sgV b,aji sg jilg fplaw#qVdawa{i$ \tvjlj| sj bVprjs \1995| s[dtbj uj lwsj h{ m

f>ujWg lP`g ljdha sj l.wvV a[ l.fjsV wiV rjv[ t'ugbJ dry'G -uga dl>z lgav@dfbjij dl>z fsq@ f+'! epis[r dl>z@ hiVjq dl>z LjV@ lpdi>si dl>z w'hvg@ wjvj dl>z W[sg@cj! Rpujei dl>z@ l! l! bq'v@ e'dW.s dl>z vJWj@ cj! ueaji@ hidu.si dl>z dT,v'G@ cj! Vi[Lba[ cj! Ziqfjv dl>ev a[ Wvs[r dl>z W,sV bjds V[ f>ujWg lP`g wrgbJ s[ wvjq s[f+qjdSw qaV dabji wiV s[ IaV wga[ m dHo[ uga dl>z lgav@ dfbjij dl>z fsq@ hiVjqdl>z LjV@ lpdi>si dl>z w'hvg@ wjvj dl>z W[sg@ cj! ueaji ba[ cj! dl>ev a[ W,sV sgbJl.fjsa fplawJ sg qjaij lPyg-siu wi ih[ hJ m #L[? ìgs ugrV a[ iyVj$ \1970|@ #Wp,v%[Ljh ^ ugrV a[ iyVj$ \1970|@ #Ljh hpl{V$ \1970|@ #Ljh hpl{V ^ ugrV a[ iyVj$ \1978|@#f>ujWg Lghi`gbJ$ \1972|@ #lP`g q,a ba[ wdraj$ \1970 & uga dl>z lgav|@ dfbjij dl>zfsq sgbJ fplawJ - #hpl{V iyVjrvg$ \1963| #lP`g wjdr Zjij$ \1983|@ #WjWj rugs$\1966|@ #ljHk Wp,v%[ Ljh$ \1968|@ #W'v[ L[? igs$ \1978|@ #s'hC[ lpvajV WjhP$ \1984|@ hiVjqdl>z LjV sgbJ iyVjrJ - #lP`g wjdr l.e+dh$ \l.fj! 1961|@ #hjLq Ljh ^ ugrV a[ iyVj$\1991|@ lpdi>si dl>z w'hvg - #y'SrgbJ wj`gbJ$ \1965|@ #ìgs sifV$ \l.fj! 1977|@ #WjWjìgs ugrV lqJ a[ iyVj$ \1975 l.fj!|@ #Buleh Shah$ \1988|@ wjvj dl>z W[sg - #ìgs a[ìgs WjSg$ \1974|@ #wj`gbJ t:juj Qpvjq igs$ \1978|@ #Ljh hpl{V vjh"ig$ \1978|@ #Ljhh pl {V iyVjrvg$ \1980|& cj! ueaji - #u [ x 'vJ aJ vjv$ \1997|@#Wp,v%[ Ljh ^ ugrV a[ iyVj$ \2008|@ #dq,aiJ sg dq;qjVg tjai$ \2009| ba[ Ziqfjv dl>eva[ Wvs[r dl>z W,sV spbjij l.fjdsa fplawJ hV - #y'SrJ f>ujWg lP g wvjq$ \2005|@ #Wp,v%[Ljh sj wvjq$ \2005|@ #Ljh hpl{V ^ ugrV a[ iyVj$ \2006| m bwjsdqw v'CJ vHg r,t-r,tlP`g wrgbJ s[ wvjq sj qaV dabji wiV rjv[ l,uSJ dry cj! ug!b{v! Liqj@ Ljh yqV@s[dr.si@ lpv,tS lih,sg ba[ fPVq wpqjig sgbJ fplawJ rg Ljdqv hV m fi dHh fdhv[ w.q sjhg sphijRp h{ m dHl dry VrJ rjZj- #y'SrJ lP g wvjq qgiJ Ljh uv.Zig$ \epv;ji dl>z w.e|



ba[ dHLw b,v%j sg ;ja \wvjq qjZ' Ljh dyLag@ l.fj! hiw.rv w"i fjv| fplawJ hV mwLqgi s[ lP`g ljZwJ a[ wrgbJ Wji[ t'u-fiw ujSwjig a[ wvjq dHV%J fplawJ dry

l.wdva h{ - wvjq L{? VPi-Rp-sgV VpijVg \bVp! hiW.l dl>z bj;js| v,v-rjw \bVp! f+'! l[rjdl>z|@ ljHgG x,wisgV ^ ugrV a[ iyVj$ \l.fj! cj! s[dr.si dl>z|@ quqPbj-dH-lghi`g \bWsp,vvjirg| \l.fj! f+'! l[rj dl>z@ f+'! f+[q dl>z|@ ba[ #WjWj ljdhW qgbJ V;jq-Rps-sgV vjirgVwLW.sg ^ ugrV a[ iyVj$ \l.fj! f+'! l[rj dl>z| m f+'! epis[r dl>z sg fplaw - #f>ujWg lP`gwjdr sj dHdahjl$ \2005| sj dHw wJc #u.qP wLqgi sg f>ujWg lP g wdraj Wji[ h{@ dul drywLqgi rjsg a[ u.qP dibjla s[ 9 f>ujWg lP g wrgbJ s[ wvjq sj ujdH;j dvbj debj h{ m cj!epiyiV dl>z epvLV sgbJ fplawJ u.qP wLqgi dry f>ujWg FjLj@ ljdha ba[ ldFbjyji$\2001| ba[ #u.qP wLqgi s[ f>ujWg ljdha sj dHdahjl \da.V FjeJ $y| dry u.qP-wLqgi s[dt,a[ dry lP`g q,a s[ RpojV@ fjlji@ wLqgig lP`g q,a sg drv,tSaj ba[ f>ujWg lP`g wdrajWji[ f+qjdSw ujSwjig h{ m u.qP rjlg uVjW ?jdvs hpl{V s[ dVW.Z - #wLqgi sg lP`g fi.fij v,v qJ a[ Vp.s diLg$ \Fjiag lP`g fi.fij a[ ljdha|@ #u.qP wLqgi sg f>ujWg LjdHig a[ lP`gfi.fij$ ba[ #f>ujWg lP`g LjdHig Rp<a[ Feag vdhi sj f+Fjr$ \q[i[ i.e s[ b,ti@ 2013| rjsgba[ dibjla sg lP`g fi.fij a[ LjdHig Wji[ blv'G VH[G a,o Rpujei wis[ hV m cj! wqvf+gaw"i sj dVW.Z - #u.qP wLqgi sg lP`g fi.fij$ \fit@ upvjHg-sl.Wi 2013| lP`g q,a Wji[ h' ihgt[aig t'u dry qp,vrjV rjZj h{ m lP g q,a Wji[ f+jfa t[aig t'u s[ l.siF dry dl>Zg LjdHi LjhbWsp,v vag` dFBjHg s[ wvjq sj wiaji dl>z biL spbjij wgaj bVprjs #Ljh u' iljv'$\1990| rg bsp,ag qh,ar rjvg t'u-fplaw h{ m

lP`g q,a s[ dHdahjl \RpojV-fjlji|@ sjiLdVw dfA'wC \dHljHgba@ Vr-bxvjaPVgdy>aV@ Wp,Z q,a@ r[sJa@ I'e q,a ba[ epiqda bjds s[ f+FjrJ|@ ljZVj-f,ZagbJ@ lP g dlvdlvbJba[ f>ujWg lP`g q,a a[ wdraj Wji[ rZ[i[ f+qjdSw a[ Rpv[t I'e t'u-wjiu f+'! epvr.a dl>z@cj! sgrjV dl>z@ f+'! f+gaq dl>z ba[ f+'! epis[r dl>z sj h{ m biWg@ `jilg ba[ l.ld*a\wvjlwg ;pWjVJ| FjLjrJ s[ debjaj ba[ apvVjadqw Ziq-Ljlai s[ dlZJaw fdhvPbJ s[bdZwjig drsrjV sj ip,aWj i,tS rjv[ f+'! epvr.a dl>z V[ f>ujWg lP`g ljdha s[ bdZb{V a[t'u } VrgG dsLj ds,ag m dHlvjq@ HgljHgba@ IPVjVg ih,lrjs@ IhPsg q,a@ WpZ q,a@ r[sJaba[ dl,t Ziq s[ sjiLdVw bjZji ba[ ljZVj-qjie sj du.Vj debjV f+'! epvr.a dl>z w'v h{@Rpls[ lqwjvgbJ dry'G dwl[ h'i sgbJ dvtaJ dry'G V;i VhgG bjRpGsj RpV%J V[ bjfSgbJfplawJ - #q"vjVj uvjv-Rps-sgV iPqg$ \1971|@ #lP grjs$ \1992| ba[ #dHlvjq a[ lP grjs$\1994| dry dHlvjq ba[ lP gq,a Wji[ f+yKdva wHg Fpv[dtbJ } biWg-`jilg s[ li'a e+.oJ s[hrjdvbJ Vjv lfLB wgaj m Rph f,Aqg a[ e{i-dHlvjqg dfA'wC rjv[ drsrjVJ sg dHhZjiVj dw #lP`g q,a dHlvjq drip,Z HgijVg f+dawiq h{@ } tjdi; wis[ hV ba[ dHh lojdfawis[ hV dw lP`g q,a dHlvjq s[ b>si'G hg ldhu iPf $y drwdla h'S rjvj iPhjVg ljZVjqjie h{ m RphVJ bVplji h;iq qph.qs sgbJ dlKdtbjrJ@ wpibjV ba[ hsgl hg lP`g q,a sjqPv f+[iVj li'a h{ m RpV%J V[ dHlvjq s[ l.lojHg Li%Hg liPf s[ lqiow lVjaVg dy>awJ \Rpvq|ba[ Rpsjirjsg drbjdtbjwjiJ \lP`g dy>awJ/ljZwJ| s[ bjflg l.rjs } dHdahjlw l.siFdry lqNjdHbj h{ m r,t-r,t lP g dlvdldvbJ a[ ljZVj-f,ZagbJ dryvg lJN a[ rti[drbJ s[drLv[LS ijhgG RpV%J V[ l.lji s[ r.t r,t dtKdabJ dry x{v[ ba[ qwWPv h'H[ lP`g q,a ba[dHlvjq s[ lojVw iPfJ } Whpa WjigwWgVg Vjv dWbjdVbj m RpV%J V[ lphjWp-Rps-sgVlphijrisg@ uvjv-Rps-sgV iPqg ba[ liqs s[ lP`g dryjiJ Vjv ljcg fAjS wirjHg ba[f>ujWg lP`g wrgbJ dry'G WjWj igs a[ Ljh hpl{V s[ wvjq Wji[ *qrji da.V-da.V t'u FifPi

sMvwd-04 47

dVW.Z rg dvt[ m epiqda ljZVj-qjie s[ fCjrJ a[ lP`gbJ s[ iPhjVg qpwjqJ dryvg lJN Wji[RpV%J sj dVW.Z - #ufpug s[ f>u t.c a[ lP`gqa s[ t>c apvVjadqw bdZb{V$ RpV%J s[ dy>aV a[f>ujWg bjv'yVj sj hjdlv h{ m RpV%J s[ lqp,y[ t'u wjiu } f+'! epiqpt dl>z V[ l.fjdsa wiw[#f+' {li epvr.a dl>z iyVjrvg$ \2006| bVprjs h[n f+wjdLa wgaj h{ m

lP`g q,a s[ `vl`[@ ljZVj-qjie@ lP`g dlvdlvj drrloj@ Fjia a[ f>ujW dry lP`gq,a s[ RpojV a[ fjlji ba[ f>ujWg lP`g wdraj Fjr[G cj! sgrjV dl>z sj w.q e.Fgi sjiLdVwlpi rjvj VhgG@ fi dHdahjlw f,t'G RpV%J sg lP g ljdha sg t'u s[ fCy'v sj w.q qh,arfPiV h{ mìgs s[ ugrV-siLV a[ wvjq Wji[ RpV%J sg fplaw 1951 Hg! dry f+wjdLa h'Hg@ dul dryRpV%J V[ igs WjSg Wji[ q{wjdv` ba[ vjur.ag ijq d*LV rie[ drsrjVJ rv'G fjH[ Fpv[t[ }sPi wiw[ epiP e+.o ljdhW dry siu ìgs WjSg s[ wiaj Wji[ dViSj wgaj m RpV%J sg sPugfplaw - #lP`grjs a[ h'i v[t$ 1957 Hg! $y Afg@ dHl dry lP`g q,a s[ sjiLdVw bjZji a[dlZJa f,t@ lP g q,a s[ uVq a[ fjlji@ f+qp,t lP g ljZwJ@ lP g dlvdlvj f+W.Z ba[ lP g ljZwJs[ b>siPVg dryjiZjiw rti[drbJ ba[ l.rjs Wji[ l.ugsj yiyj h'Hg h{ m f+'! f+gaq dl>z ajidwwdWiag rjvj bSw,o t'ug h{ m Rpl V[ lP`g q,a s[ sjiLdVw dlZJaw fhdvPbJ ba[ ljZVj-qjie s[ qpwjqJ Wji[ yiyj wiV sg oJ lP`g ljdha s[ f+qjdSw qaV dabji wiV ba[ biWg@`jilg s[ qPv lP g e+.oJ Vjv ujS fdhyjS wirjRpS sj w.q wgaj m dul Wji[ blgG df,A[ yiyjwi bjH[ hJ m #Ni't[$ \2000| fplaw dryv[ t'u dVW.Z #Ljh hpl{V$ dry Rph RpisP a[ `jilgfplawJ - #hlVjapv bjdi`gV \sjij dLw'h|@ #?;gVjapv blxgbj$ \qpàg Qpvjq lirivjh"ig|@ #hwgwpv b"vgbj$ \qpxag Qpvjq liri vjh"ig| ba[ #qbjdiupv-rvjdIa$ s[ hrjv[Vjv Ljh hpl{V s[ ugrV Wji[ f+qjdSw lq,eig upBjRpGsj h{ m #L[? ìgs sg Fjv$@ Rpl sjdHdahjl qh,ar rjvj r,c-bjwjig t'u-e+.o h{ m dul dry RpV%J V[ WjWj igs Wji[ dqvsgbJ`jilg fplawJ - #`rjdHspv pbjs$ \bqi hlV bvjdH dlu;g|@ #?{ipv-qujdvl$ \l.w! hqgswv.si|@ #dlbipv b"vgbj \bqgi tpis| s[ hrjv[ Vjv WjWj ìgs s[ ugrV Wji[ f+qjdSwujSwjig ds,ag h{ m l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW dry siu igs WjSg s[ wiaj sj dVt[Cj wiV vHg Rphy"ZrgG lsg $y qhJijLBi y dqvsg dHw `jilg dvta - dhsjIapv-wpvPW-r-dHVjIapvQpIPW \h;ia ;pV{s sgV lgij;g s[ qvP`Pu| w.V - qgi hlV| ba[ ijulojV s[ sjsP f>og l.aJ- i,uW a[ epfjv sjl sgbJ 17rgG lsg sgbJ s' #lirJeg$ Vjqg h,o-dvtaJ dry'G ìgsgwvjq s[ hrjv[ ds>s[ hV m dHl fplaw dry igs sg epiP e+.o ljdhW a'G Wjhivg WjSg rg siuh{ ba[ WjWj igs Wji[ dqvsgbJ e'LBJ@ ljtgbJ a[ fiygbJ } l.wdva wi ds,aj h{ m L[? igss[ ugrV@ `vlx[ ba[ wvjq Wji[ r,t r,t drsrjVJ s[ v[tJ RpKa[ bjZjdia f+'! f+gaq dl>zspbjij l.fjdsa fplaw - #L,wie.u$ \1982| rg qh,arfPiV slajr[; h{ m

lP`g wjdr s[ f+qjdSw qaV \text|@ lP`g ljZwJ s[ ugrV-dWiaJa a[ dlKdtbjrJ@ lP`gq,a s[ sjiLdVw dfA'wC@ lP`g ljZVj qjie s[ iPhjVg fCjrJ@ Fjiag lP`g dlvdlvbJ sgdHdahjlw drwjl i[tj ba[ f>ujWg lP g wdraj s[ a,o-qPvw dHdahjl } i[tJdwa wiV vHg f+'!epis[r dl>z V[ - #lP`g ugrVgbJ$ \2002|@ #ugrVgbJ lP`g sir[Lj sgbJ$ \2004|@ #f>ujWglP g wjdr sj dHdahjl$ \2005| ba[ #h;ia ijdWbh Wlig$ \2008|@ bjds fplawJ dvtgbJ mRpV%J sgbJ f>ujWg lP`g wdraj Wji[ ZjiVjrJ Fjr[G bwjsdqw FJa sgbJ hg hV ( fi wHgbSe"v[ f>ujWg lP g wrgbJ Wji[ RpV%J sg t'u dqbjig a[ a,o-bjZjdia h{ m f>ujWg lP g ljdhasg l.Fjv a[ qp,vJwS vHg RpV%J V[ dHwKdvbJ dHw l.loj du.Vj w.q wgaj m dHl sj f+qjS RpV%Jsg iyVj - #f>ujWg lP`g ljdha l.siF e+.o$ h{ m

dHdahjlw a[ ldFbjyjiw f+ldoagbJ f+ag Fjiag lP`g q,a a[ f>ujWg lP`g wrgbJ s[


hp.eji[@ iPhjVg@ bldaadrw a[ lqjuw-ldFbjyjiw qldvbJ f+ag lP`g wrgbJ sg l{wPvi@v"dww a[ uVrjsg l'y@ f>ujW sg Ziag a[ uV-ugrV Vjv lP g sir[LJ/wrgbJ sg bBp,B lJN@wpvgV rie sgbJ FjLjrJ \biWg@ jilg a[ l.ld*a bjds| a[ ljdhaw fi.fijrJ a'G f>ujWglP`g wrgbJ sj drsi'h@ f>ujW s[ dHdahjl@ dqdohjl a[ v'w-Zjij a,w lP`gbJ sg iljHg@f>ujW s[ v'w-f+yKdva wjdr-iPfJ@ wjdr-L{vgbJ@ A.sJ a[ v'w l.ega r,v f>ujWg lP g wrgbJsg dt,y ba[ f>ujWg lP`g wdraj s[ dLvf a[ FjLjHg lphu Wji[ duV%J fplawJ dry e.Fgi a[ljiow yiyj h'Hg h{@ dHo[ RpV%J dry'G y'SrgbJ fplawJ sj r[irj s[Sj hg Rpdya a[ l.Fr h{ m#f>ujWg lP`g wjdr ba[ Ligba$ \1980@ hidu.si dl>z dT,v'G|@ #f>ujWg lP`g wjdr ba[ RplsjdfA'wC$ 1981 \lIs bvg b,Wjl uvjvfpig|@ #bjdtbj igs V[$ 1984 \qph.qs bjl` tJ|@f>ujWg lP`g wdraj sj dW.W-drr[w$ \1989| a[ #f>ujWg lP`g wjdr s[ dW.W f{BiV$ 1992@\wpvuga L{vg|@ #lP g q,a a[ lP g wjdr$ 1993 \cj! Vi[L|@ #lP g vdhi ba[ v'w y[aVj$ 1993@#WjWj igs sg sp,t y[aVj$ 1996 \lriV dl>z f+s[lg|@ #q,Zwjvg ljdha dy>aV$ dqaghgS a[#q,Zwjvg f>ujWg ljdha drr[w$ 2001 \bqiuga dl>z wJe|@ #f>ujWg lP g wjdr f+ryV$ \l.fj!2005| a[ #L[? igs sj wjdr f+ryV$ 2003 \cj! ueuga dl>z|@ lP`g q,a dlvdlv[ a[ ljZw@2002 \epv;ji dl>z w.e|@ #f>ujWg lP`g wjdr-iPf drdebjVw bdZb{V@ 2003 \RPZq dl>zljhg|@ #lP`g v'w ^ dHdahjlw@ ljdhaw@ dlZJaw fdif[t$@ 2005 \dhis[uga dl>z F'ev|@#lP gbjVj bsWg irjdHa$ 2012@ \l.fj! ZVr.a w"i|@ #Wp,v%[ Ljh sj wjdr-Ljlai dyhV drdebjVbdZb{V$@ 2013 \dHwWjv dl>z e'sjij|@ #f+qp,t f>ujWg lP`g wrg^ dy>aV ba[ ugrV$@ 2013\epiyiV dl>z avrjCj| ba[ #f>ujWg lP g wjdr hjLgH[ sj l.rjs$@ 2015 \cj! wqvf+ga w"i|bjds m dHV%J laiJ s[ v[tw sgbJ fplawJ - #f>ujWg wdraj fpVi l.rjs$ \1999|@ #Fjiag lP gfi.fij a[ ljdha$ \l.fj! 2010| ba[ #f>ujWg wdraj f+agi'Z sj f+ryV$ \2013| dry f>ujWglP`g wdraj s[ wjdr-Ljlai@ lVjaVg ugrV-qp,v@ RpfjlVj drZgbJ@ debjV fi.fijrJ a[lVjaVg wjdr-Ljlai a'G drsi'h ba[ lojfag f+ag f+agi'Z s[ lpi sg dVLjVs[hg wiV sjIaV h'dHbj h{ m

lqwjv dry f>ujWg lP`g ljdha sg t'u a[ bdZb{V vHg r,cg ypS"ag dHh h{ dw biWg@`jilg a[ RpisP bjds FjLjrJ s[ debjV a'G l,tSg h'S wjiV VrgG fgC%g sg dHV%J ;pWjVj s[ljdha a[ qPv li'aJ a,w iljHg VhgG m sPuj q,Zwjvg dHdahjl W'Z@ H[LgbjHg dt,a[ sgbJ sjiLdVwa[ Zjidqw fi.fijrJ f+ag br[lv[fS ba[ Fjia s[ lJN[ e.ej-uqVg ldFbjyji f+ag drdebjV@ajidww a[ uVrjsg ds+LBgw'S s[ bjFjr wjiV VrgG fgC%g vHg Feag a[ lP`g ljdha w'HgbjwiLS VhgG i,tsj m fi ldoag sj sPuj fdhvP rg h{ - lPyVj *Jag ba[ awVjv'ug s[ dHlIp,e dry lP g li'a e+.oJ a,w fhp.y lptjvg h'Hg h{ m dH.BiV{B ba[ w.dfRPBi awVjv'ug V[ FjLjHgbjsjV-f+sjV ba[ bVprjs sg f+dwdibj liv@ a[u ba[ l"tg WSjHg h{ m VrgG fgC%g s[ t'ug a[bjv'yw VrgbJ b>ai-ds+LBgbJ ba[ fhp.y drZgbJ Vjv lP`g ljdha sj bdZb{V ba[ fpVi-dy>aV wi ih[ hV@ dHl sg dqljv hjv hg dry AfgbJ - #dHLw sg dlbjla ^ f>ujWg lP`gwdraj sj f+ryV drLv[LS$ \Wvdr.si dl>z| ba[ #f>ujWg lP`g wjdr ^ hjLgH[ sj l.rjs$\wqvf+ga w"i| fplawJ hV m wqvf+ga w"i V[ lWjvBiV; sg ds+LBg a'G f>ujWg lP g wdraj sjbda qjidqw drLv[LS a[ qp,vJwS wgaj h{ m

f>ujWg lP`g wjdr bdZb{V ^ fi.fij a[ lqwjv sMvwd-04 48

²

f>ujWg b,vJ ^bio@ wjiu ba[ dliuS f+dwdibj

b,v } wpVJ uJ vwW rg dwhj uJsj ] m b,v drbwag@ fdirjia[ FjHgyji[ Vjv l.W.dZa h' lwsg ] m dwl[ s[ VJ Vjv fp,nj VJ u'CV sgdHh bjsa hi Rpqi s[ W,DdybJ@ qisJ ba[ b"iaJ dry hp.sg ] m b,v sjriajij dli` f>ujWg FjHgyji[ a,w lgdqa Vhk ] Wvdw drLr s[ lji[FjHgyjdibJ dry drsqjV ] m f>ujWg ugrV dry df>cJ@ s'laJ s[lqPhJ ba[ lwPvJ-wjvuJ dry dHV%J sg Firk hj;ig s[tS } dqvsg] m Ldhig ldFbaj s[ drwjl ba[ drbwagwiV s[ f+r[L Vjv dHV%Jsg dliuSj ba[ ria'G sj ipNjV zBsj uJsj ] m

b,v sj wjiu lqju r,Dv'G dwl[ drbwag@ fdirji uJ FjHgyji[} l;j uJ lVqjV s[Sj hp.sj ] m dHlsj sPlij wjiu Rpl} sPldibJVjv'G r,tij wiw[ s[tSj rg hp.sj ] m dHlsj aguj wjiu lqju s[ h'iv'wJ Rpl drbwag fdirji uJ FjHgyji[ s[ drL[L dwisji l.W.Zg lpy[awiVj rg hp.sj ] m

hi lqju dry dwl[ sg tPWg tjai lVqjV ba[ upiq tjai l;jsg drrloj hp.sg ] m bjZpdVw ldqbJ dry dHh wjiu l.lojrJ ba[dVbJ drrloj spbjij wgaj uJsj ] m wHg ?PWgbJ uJ upiq bduh[ hp.s[hV duV%J rjla[ l.lojrJ ba[ dVbJ drrloj dry dHVjq uJ luj s[Ssj f+W.Z Vhk hp.sj m dHl hjva dry dHh wjiu b,vJ spbjij wgajuJsj ] m RpsjhiS ru'G ?jl tPWgbJ s[ qjvw dwl[ drbwag } v'w#z{GB$ bjtS v,es[ hV m qjC[ bdZbjfw sj drdsbjiogbJ spbjijfp,nj VJ i,t ds,aj uJsj ] m

drbwagea b,vJ drbwag sg q"a Vjv qi uJsgbJ hV mfdirjiw b,vJ shjdwbJ W,Zg fdirji Vjv upCgbJ idh>sgbJ hV mdHo'G a,w dw dHw fdirji a'G s' uJ da>V fdirji WS ujS sg lPia dryrg b,v ?aq Vhk hp.sg Wvdw lji[ fdirjiJ Vjv upCg idh>sg ] m wHgrji dwl[ fdirji r,Dv'G wgaj debj w'Hg VrJ wjij Vrk b,v } uVqs[ ds>sj ] m bduhg hjva dry fpijSg b,v Fpvj ds,ag uJsg ] m

b,v l.W.dZa drbwag uJ fdirji } Fjr[G fl.s Vj h'r[ fi Wjwgv'w dHl} WC[ lpbjs Vjv Rpyjis[ hV m b,vJ } l.W.dZa FjHgyji[ sgliW l.qag rjvg f+rjVeg hjlv hp.sg ]@ dHl vHg bjq a"i $a[ dHll.W.Zg ypevg Vhk wgag uJsg fi.aP ws[ wsjHk l.W.dZa drbwag }faj v,eS a[ vCjHg NeC[ rg h' uJs[ hV m

cj! Wvdu>si Vlijvgf>ujWg drFje@bjiBl x{wvBg@ds,vg IPVgridlBg@ds,[email protected]

49 sMvwd-04 ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 49-54) julweI-dsµbr 2016


b,v sj f{sj h'Sj drbwag@ fdirji uJ FjHgyji[ s[ tjS-fgS@ bjsa@ fdhijr[@W'vyjv@ ligiw WSai@ zBVj@ spizBVj bjds a[ bjZjdia h' lwsj ] m dHw df>c@ lwPv uJwjvu uJ FjHgyji[ sgbJ b,vJ sPldibJ Vjv dqvsgbJ upvsgbJ rg h' lwsgbJ hV a[r,tigbJ rg m b,vJ sg dliuSj v'w lqPh spbjij wgag uJsg ] m Fjr[G dwl[ b,v } LpiP dry dHwdrbwag r,Dv'G hg dlidubj uJsj ] fi.aP dHh v'w lqPh a'G firjVeg f+jfa wisg h'Hg v'wlqPh sg lJNg dliuSj WS uJsg ] m

b,vJ } dZbjV Vjv rjydsbJ dHV%J s[ dliuShjdibJ b,e[ dli Npw uJsj ] m dHh b,vJdHl e,v sj rg lWPa hp.sgbJ hV dw bwv@ lqN uJ dliuSjadqw Lwag dli` fC%[ dvdtbJ s[dh,Dl[ Vhk bjHg hp.sg bVfC% uJ z,B fdC%bj W.sj rg dHhVJ sj qjvw h' lwsj ] m f>ujWgFjHgyji[ dry f+ydva wpN b,vJ h[nJ dryjigbJ eHgbJ hV ^

1| Ve';[ bjsaJ s[ bjZji $a[ ^ hJ dHw df>c dry s' lw[ Fij idh>s[ lV m Rph s'r[G h'i dwl[Vjv z,B r,Z hg W'vs[ lV m fi.aP bjfl dry Rph dH>VgbJ e,vJ wis[ idh>s[ dw qp,wsgbJhg Vhk lV m wSw ep,cs[ lq[G Rph e,vJ wis[@ f,n[ wpais[ lq[G Rph e,vJ wis[@ dHo'G a,wdw Bi{wBi $a[ uJdsbJ dHw uSj yvj dihj hp.sj sPuj qeijB \q,cejic| a[ W{nj VgrJ h'w[ Rpls[ w.VJ dry w'Hg e,v lpSj dihj hp.sj m v'wJ V[ v'w lj;J@ Ve'd;bJ s[ bZji a[@RphVJ sj Vjq #Ve';[$ fj ds,aj m dHh RphVJ sg bjsa } aJ bjfSg WSai dry lq"Gsjhg ] Wvdw dHh RpV%J sg v'wJ Vjv Whpa[ Vj tp,vS rjvg bjsa f+ag i'l[ Fdibj f+eBjrjrg ] m v'w dHl b,v sg ria'G h[n dvtg dwlq s[ rjwJ dry wis[ lV ^

_Ve'd;bJ V[ wSw r,T vHg b{ m_b,u Ve';[ Ldhi } uj ih[ Vg m

2| a'ig xp,DdvbJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji s[ ugb d;bjsj fgv[ i.e sgbJ f,eJ W.Vs[ lg a[ zi sgbJb"iaJ fgvgbJ yp.VgbJ v{GsgbJ lV m RpV%J s[ zi s[ lji[ q{GWiJ V[ b>dq+a Adwbj h'dHbjlg m dHl fgv[ i.e lswj RpV%J sj VJ #a'ig xp,DdvbJ s[$ f{ debj m

3| vjdCbJ s[ ^ dHw df>c dry yji Fij idh>s[ lV m RpV%J dry'G s' Fij dwl[ sPu[ df>c sg wpCgw,T dvbjH[ m zi bj w[ s'r[G bjfl dry vCV v,e fH[ dw #dHhsj vjCj q{G hJ@ sPujwdh>sj dHhsj vjCj q{G hJ m$ dHh yiyj bjv[ spbjv[ s[ epbJTgbJ V[ rg lpS vHg m Rps'Ga'G RpV%J sj VJ #vjdCbJ s[$ f{ debj m

4| c'vP dwbJ s[ ^ dwl[ df>c dry dHw drbjh dry zi sg w,Tg h'Hg LijW y,vsg lg m RphVJV[ LijW c'vP dry fj w[ qdhqjVJ vHg i,tg h'Hg lg m Rpl[ df>c sj dHw qdhqjV LijW c'vP} qP>h vj w[ hg fgS v,e debj m Rps'G a'G hg Rpl sj Vj #c'vP w[$ f{ debj m

5| zfdvbJ s[ ^ dwl[ df>c s[ dHw fdirji sg W'v-yjv wpN bduhg ] dw Rph e,v } fPigai%J lj`-lj` Vhk W'vs[ m e,v s[ df,Av[ dh,Dl[ } qP>h dry i,t w[ hg epS-epS duhg wids>s[ lV m RpV%J sj VJ df>c dry #zfdvbJ s[$ f{ debj m

6| e'vg qji w[ ^ dwl[ df>c s[ dHw W.s[ w'v W.sPw i,tg h'Hg ] m us'G hg Rplsg dwl[ Vjv A'Bgq'Bg vCjHg h' ujr[ aJ Rph dHh' cijrj ds>sj lg- e'vg qji sP. m Fjr[G RplV[ e'vg ws[ rgdwl[ s[ Vhk qjig m Rpls[ dHl rjiajvjf wiw[ Rplsj VJ #e'vg qji w[$ f{ debj m

7| dzY tjdSbJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji s[ q{GWi dzY sg ria'G d;bjsj wis[ lg m Rph yjh rgdWVJ dzY a'G Vhk fks[ lg m dHl ugF s[ lpbjs V[ RpV%J sj Vj #dzY tjdSbJ s[$ fjds,aj m

sMvwd-04 51

8| r,DdBbJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji s[ s' Fij lV m s'r[G y'ig wis[ lV m RpV%J V[ dHw sPu[ sj F[aFdibj VJ i,Ddtbj h'dHbj lg@ dw y'ig wis[ lq[G us'G hg w'Hg zi sj q{GWi bj ujr[ uJw'Hg h'i ?aij dsl[ aJ q{G a{} r,Bj wdh w[ brj; qjiP a[ sPu[ sj VJ z'BSj i,Ddtbj lg mh"vg-h"vg df>c rjdvbJ } RpV%J s[ dHV%J epfa VJrJ Wji[ faj v,e debj m Rps'G a'G RpV%Js[ fdirjiJ Vjv dHh VJ upC[ yv[ bj ih[ V[ m hpS Rph bv,e-bv,e s' fdirji hV m dHwfdirji sj VJ #z'BdSbJ s[$ a[ sPu[ sj r,DdBbJ s[$ ] m

9| FPaJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji s[ q{GWiJ } bjsa lg dw Rph bjfS[ d;bjsj w.q ija } wis[ lV mRpV%J } dHh yg; bV.s ds>sg lg dw v'w lr[i[ wSw Wgug hg s[tS@ t[a rjdhbj hg dsl[@Vrk dvbJsg q,N wgv[ a[ tCg hg dsl[@ dHh Vj faj v,e[ dw dHh w.q wdibj ws'G debj mW,l bV.s sg Ws"va RpV%J sj VJ FPaJ s[ f{ debj m dwl[ h'i df>c dry rg dHw fdirji }FPaJ s[ dwhj uJsj lg fi Rpo[ dHl wpVJ s[ upC ujS sj wjiV h'i lg m Rpl fdirji s[ wpNq{GWiJ } #wli$ hp.sg lg bioja Rpl fdirji s[ q{GWiJ dry FPa W'vs[ lV@ dul wjiVv'wJ V[ RpV%J sj Vjq #FPaJ s[$ fj ds,aj m

10| lBjx q{GWiJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji s[ s' FijrJ } W,l sj dwijdHbj WyjRpS vHg NPn W'vS sgbjsa lg m Rph w.cwBi } bjfS[ bjf } lBjx q{GWi \bioja RpV%J s[ hg qdhwq[ dryw.q wiV rjvj| s,ls[ lV m wpN ljv aJ dHh dlvdlvj y,vsj dihj m x[i rji'-rjig s'r[GuS[ fwC[ eH[ m v'wJ V[ s'rJ FijrJ sg b,v #lBjx q{GWiJ s[$ fj ds,ag m

11| lBPc{GB s[ ^ dHh b,v lj} u.qP t[ai s[ dHw fhjCg df>c dry dqvg m u.qP wLqgi dryf>ujW rJe W,l fjl Vhk WSs[ m drdsbjiogbJ } b,Zj dwijdHbj qj` hp.sj ] m dHwb,ZtC F'v[ Fjv[ fhjCgH[ V[ bjfS[ df>c s[ fjdC%bJ sg igl[ bjfS[ bjf } lBPc{GB s,ls[h'H[ b,Zj dwijdHbj s[S sj IaV wgaj m Vagu[ ru'G w.cwBi V[ Rplsg W[dH;ag wi ds,aga[ df>c s[ v'wJ V[ Rpl} #lBPc{GB$ wdhSj LpiP wi ds,aj m

12| cjwPbJ s[ ^ dHw df>c dry yji-f>u fdirjiJ } #cjwPbJ s[$ dwhj uJsj ] m b>ei[;g ijulq[G dHh fdirji dHw fdirji hg hp.sj lg m dHV%J s[ s' W;pie cjw[ qjis[ lV m v.qJ lqJu[v% dry rg ih[ m Rps'G a'G dHl fdirji } v'w #cjwPbJ s[$ wdh>s[ hV m h{ijVg sg e,v ] dwdHV%J fdirjiJ rjv[ dHl b,v Rpfi Vj; wis[ hV m u[wi RpV%J s[ qP>h Rpfi w'Hg dHh b,vRpyji ds>sj ] aJ Rph ep,lj Vhk wis[ m Wvdw dHl e,v sj qjS wis[ hV dw RpV%J s[W;pie cjwP lV m bduhj dHl wjiV ] dwMdw v'w-Zjij dry cjwPbJ f+ag ldawji ba[ev{qi updCbj h'dHbj ] m cjwP bjq a"i a[ ijhegiJ } rg vp,B sj dLwji WSjMs[ bjH[hV m bduh[ cjwPbJ } v'w dailwji sg V;i Vjv hg s[ts[ hV m

13| epC tjdSbJ s[ ^ dHw df>c dry dHw fdirji s[ ugbJ } rZ[i[ epC tjS sg bjsa lg mMu fpijS[ uqjV[ dry df>cJ dry epC ljcg tjZ tpijw sj drL[L b>e lg m Rps'G lji[ v'whg epC tJs[ lV m fi dHl fdirji s[ ugb@ drL[L wiw[ qis@ v'wJ sgbJ zpvjCgbJ \epCWSjRpS rjvj l.s-f+W.Z| a[ ujw[ tjlg-tjlg qjaij dry epC tj uJs[ lV dul wjiVdHV%J } \epC tjS[| dwhj uJsj lg m dHl fdirji s[ hpS bejh f>u A[ zi WS yp,Dw[ hV mhpS rjvgbJ fgC%gbJ epC Vhk tJsgbJ m b,u w,v% dHV%J df>cJ dry zpvjCgbJ rg Vhky,vsgbJ fi.aP dHh b,v bu[ rg dHV%J fdirjiJ Vjv upCg h'Hg ] m

14| ojS[sji w[ ^ dHw df>c s[ dHw W.s[ V[ Vwvg ojS[sji WSw[ w'Hg n,eg qjiV sj IaVwgaj m Rph n,eg qjiV dry aJ lxv Vhk h' ldwbj fi Rpls[ Vjq Vjv hq[LJ vHgojS[sji LWs upC debj m

f>ujWg b,vJ ^ bio@ wjiu ba[ dliuS f+dwdibj


15| rwgvJ s[ ^ dHw df>c dry dHw fdirji s[ qisJ } ;Pv WdhlS sg bjsa lg m Rph l,odry uJ h'i ojrJ a[ dwl[ rg y,vsg e,v dry v,a xljRpS vHg qLhPi lV m Rph uvsgwga[ bjfSg e,v a'G qpCs[ rg Vhk lV m v'w dlbjSf V[ RpV%J } #rwgvJ s[$ sj vwWW?L ds,aj m dwl[ h'i df>c dry bduh[ fdirji #wp.dcbJ s[$ rg dwhj uJsj ]@ Fjr wp.cgxljRpS rjv[ m

16| ujEkbJ s[ ^ 1980 a'G fdhvJ s[ lq[G dry df>cJ s[ v'w ljs[ w,fC[ hg fdhVs[ lV m LpwgVgdli` Ldhi ujS@ lwgig dry ujS uJ dxi u.E yC%V r[v[ hg vjHg uJsg lg m dwl[ df>c s[s' dF>V FijrJ } hi lq[G hg LpwgVg vjRpS sj L"w lg m v'w lqNs[ lV dw dHh hi lq[G hgujEk \Wijag| WS[ idh>s[ hV m dHl f+wji v'wJ V[ RpV%J sg b,v #ujEkbJ s[$ fj ds,ag m

17| FjVgqjiJ s[ ^ f>ujW s[ Whpa[ df>cJ dry dHl dwisji rjv[ v'w dqv uJs[ hV duhC[ v'wv'wJ s[ qp>dcbJ-wpCgbJ s[ diLa[ Vj h'S s[S RpV%J } FjVgqji dwhj uJsj ] m FjVg LWssj bio ] Rph NPn duhCj dwl[ sj drbjh h'S a'G i'wS vHg W'dvbj uJsj ] m bduh[ v'wqp>c[ uJ wpCg dry NPng-qPng s[ w; \b"epS| s,lS v,es[ hV m Vagu[ ru'G diLaj wiVrjv[ df,A[ hB uJs[ hV m qjVdlw a"i a[ hg bduh[ v'wJ } dwl[ sj zi rlsj y.ej Vhkv,esj m wHg rji aJ dHh v'w dWVJ fp,A[ rg FjVgqjiV vHg bev[ s[ zi[ uJ W[ejV[ df>cfhp.y uJs[ hV m

18| rdhqgbJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji s[ ugbJ } dV,wg-dV,wg e,v sj rdhq wiV sg bjsa lg mbjfS[ rdhqJ sj dHvju wiV vHg Rph ljZJ-l.aJ w'v api[ hg idh>s[ lV m u[wi dwl[bJTg-epbJTg sj w'Hg w.q ?ijW h' ujH[ aJ rg Rph w'Hg Vj w'Hg rdhq s,l ds>s[ lV mv'wJ V[ RpV%J s[ fdirji sj VJ #rdhqgbJ s[$ fj ds,aj m

19| q,tg ^ dHw wjvu dry dHw f+'x{li sj Vjq drdsbjiogbJ V[ #q,tg$ fjdHbj h'dHbj lg mfp,AS a[ faj v,ej dw Rph drdsbjiogbJ } W'vsj z,B lpSsj lg@ Rplsg Fk-Fk d;bjsjlpSsg lg m dHh bjrj; q,tg sg bjrj; Vjv dqvsg upvsg lg m

20| WjWi ^ dHw wjvu bdZbjfw bjfSj drLj dHdahjl fC%jMs[ lq[G #WjWi$ s[ Vjq sgria'G rZ[i[ wisj idh>sj lg@ drdsbjiogbJ V[ Rplsj Vjq #WjWi$ fj ds,aj m

21| WJsiJ s[ ^ dwl[ df>c s[ dHw fdirji s[ V{S-VwLj dry'G qVp<t s[ fPiru WJsiJ sjNjRpvj duhj f{Gsj ] m Rpl df>c s[ v'wJ V[ RphVJ sj Vj #WJsiJ s[$ fj ds,aj m

22| V,w r,DdTbJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji s[ Fij bjfl dry vC fH[ m dHw Fij V[ sPu[ sj V,w r,Tds,aj Rps'G a'G RphVJ sj VJ #V,w r,DdTbJ s[$ f{ debj m

23| Wv'yJ s[ ^ l.V l.ajvg a'G fdhvJ bu'w[ fjdwlajV sg lB[B Wv'ylajV a'G rfjig v'wf>ujW dry rfji wiV bjMs[ lV dur[G b,u-w,v f>ujW dry wLqgi s[ Ljv r[yS rjv[bjMs[ hV m f>ujW sgbJ yji f+dl,Z f+[q whjSgbJ dry'G s' s[ VjdHw fp} a[ qhgrjvWv'y hg lV m Wv'y v'w v.q[ a[ h,cJ f{iJ s[ tp,v%[ hp.s[ lV m bu'wg f>ujWg ;pWjV dry#Wv'y$ LWs RpKy[-v.q[ qp>dcbJ vHg ep,Dl[ s[ f+eBjr[ ru'G qphjri[ s[ a"i $a[ ridabj uJsj]^

_H[cj Rpyj-v.qj Wv'y WdSbJ dfb{G@ bwv a{} spbjVg sg Vhk m

dHw df>c dry fdirji s[ lji[ qis hg RpKy[ v.q[ a[ h,cJ f{iJ s[ tp,v%[ lV m dHl fdirjivHg #Wv'yJ s[$ b,v riag ujS v,eg m

sMvwd-04 53

24| dT,cvJ s[ ^ u[ dwl[ fdirji s[ ugbJ s[ dT,c rZ[ h'S aJ bduh[ fdirji } f>ujW s[ df>cJdry bjq a"i a[ #dT,cvJ s[$ b,v Vjv Ijs wgaj uJsj ] m

25| v.dqbJ s[ ^ dul fdirji s[ Whpa[ ugb v.q[ h'S Rpl fdirji sg b,v #v.dqbJ s[$ f{ uJsg] m u[wi fdirji dry dHw b,Z q{GWi v.qj h'r[ dxi dHh b,v Vhk f{Gsg m

26| W"dSbJ s[ ^ u[wi dwl[ fdirji s[ Whpa[ qis q{GWi A'B[ w,T s[ h'S aJ Rpl fdirji vHg#W"dSbJ s[$ b,v u'C ds,ag uJsg ] m

27| dWdvbJ s[ ^ u[wi dwl[ fdirji s[ dHw a'G r,Z ugb dW,vgbJ b,tJ rjv[ h'S aJ bduh[fdirji } #dWdvbJ s[$ dwhj uJsj ] m

28| WhPqjiJ s[ ^ dHw fdirji V[ bjfS[ qp>c[ sg WhP sh[u z,B dvbjRpS wjiV qji ds,ag lg@dul wjiV df>c s[ v'wJ V[ RpV%J s[ fdirji sj Vjq #WhP qjiJ s[$ fj ds,aj m bduhg b,vsg ria'G a[ f+Fjr } h[n dvt[ rjiajvjf dry s[dtbj uj lwsj ] ^

_ blk hiVjq dl>z s[ zi ujSj ug@ RpV%J sj zi dwhCj ] (

_ ljc[ df>c s' hiVjq dl>z V[ dHw debjVg hiVjq dl>z ]@ sPuj WhP qjiJ sj hiVjqdl>z@ aplk dwls[ zi ujS{ (

_ blk RpV%J sj qp>cJ s[tS bjH[ bJ m

_ b,DdAbj debjVg s[ aJ qp>c[ drbjh[ h'H[ V[ aplk #WhP qjiJ s[$ ujSj h'H[ej m

_ dHh #WhP qjiJ s[$ sj wg qavW ] (

_ dHV%J V[ ug r,c[ qp>c[ sg WhP sh[u dfA[ qji ds,ag lg m

_ b,Aj ug ) x[i blk bjfSg wpCg dHl zi Vhk drbjrJe[ m

29| WjigbJ s[ ^ l.ajvg s[ WBrji[ a'G Wjbs Whpa lji[ v'w f,Aqg f>ujW s[ Wji s[ dHvjdwbJa'G RpujC[ sj dLwji h'w[ fPiWg f>ujW dry bj rl[ m bduh[ fdirjiJ } #WjigbJ s[$ sgb,v Vjv WpvjdHbj uJsj ] m

30| VdrbJ s[ ^ u[wi dwl[ df>c dry w'Hg fdirji Wjhiv[ df>c'G bjw[ rl ujr[ aJ bduh[fdirji } #VdrbJ s[$ sg b,v Vjv l,Ddsbj uJsj ] m

31| b,e v,eg rjdvbJ s[ ^ dwl[ s[ zi } dHw rji b,e v,e eHg lg m Rpl zi s[ q'hig\vjS[sji| s[ Vjv-Vjv dqvs[ upvs[ Vjq df>c dry h'i rg lV m v'wJ V[ b,e[ a'G RphVJ} h'iJ Vjv'G r,tdibjRpS vHg #b,e v,eg rjdvbJ s[$ wdhSj LpiP wi ds,aj m dHh b,v Rplfdirji Vjv dfAv[ yjvg ljvJ a'G y,vg bj ihg ] m dHw h'i df>c dry rg dHhg b,v dHwfdirji vHg W'vg uJsg ] m dHo[ wjiV r,tij ] m Rpl fdirji s[ ugbJ } hi lq[G Whpagwjhvg wiV sg bjsa ] m Rph dHl ai%J F,u[ V,n[ dxis[ idh>s[ hV dur[G b,e WpNjRpS r[v[v'w F,u-V,n wis[ hV m v'wJ V[ RphVJ s[ fdirji Vjv #b,e v,eg rjdvbJ s[$ sg b,vu'C ds,ag m

32| ujqS rjdvbJ s[ ^ dwl[ s[ drhC[ dry ujqS sj RpKyj vsji si,ta v,ej h'dHbj lg mdf>c s[ W,Dy[ RpV%J s[ drhC[ dry ujqSj a'CV uJs[ lV m W,DdybJ V[ RpV%J s[ fdirji sgb,v #ujqS rjdvbJ s[$ fj ds,ag m Wjbs dry us'G dHh si,?a w,B ds,aj debj aJ h"vgh"vg dHh b,v rg z,B riag ujS v,eg m h"vg-h"vg ?aq hg h' eHg m

33| wjqi[cJ s[ ^ f>ujW dry y,vgbJ wdqRPdVlB vdhiJ Vjv df>cJ s[ fdirjiJ s[ fdirji

S

f>ujWg b,vJ ^ bio@ wjiu ba[ dliuS f+dwdibj

upC[ ih[ hV m bduh[ fdirjiJ } #wjqi[cJ s[$ sg b,v Vjv Ijs wgaj uJsj ] m

34| b`liJ s[ ^ dHw WjfP } rji rji dHh wdhS sg bjsa lg dw q{G aJ bjfS[ qp>dcbJ }b`li WSjRp m qp>c[ wjvu fC%s[-fC%s[ dreC eH[ m Rph WjfP sg dH,Aj qpajdWw b`liVhk WS lw[ fi v'wJ V[ #b`liJ s[$ vwW RphVJ s[ fdirji } W?L ds,aj m dHl ai%Jb`li Vj WSV s[ WjruPs WjfP s[ qp>c[ v'w ugrV dry b`li WS[ ih[ m

35| debjVgbJ s[ ^ df>c dry Whp-deSag zi dl,tJ s[ lV fi.aP dHw fdirji h'iJ s[ qpwjWv[dl,tg idha qdiIjsj Vjv rZ[i[ updCbj h'S wjiV #debjVgbJ s[$ bjtw[ WpvjdHbjuJsj lg m dHl fdirji s[ lji[ ugbJ V[ b>dq+a Adwbj h'dHbj lg m b"iaJ w[lwglujMsgbJ lV m wHg df>cJ dry bduh[ fdirjiJ } dl,tJ s[ uJ dl>zJ s[ rg dwhj uJsj] m

dHl f+wji b,vJ f>ujWg ugrV L{vg sj dHw drv,tS fdhvP hV m dHV%J s[ bdZb{V ijhkf>ujWg lpFjb s[ e,DpN[ F[a lqN[ uj lws[ hV m dHV%J sg FjLjHg WSai dry l;j ba[ lVqjV s[b>LJ s[ Ljqv h'S wjiV dHV%J sj lqju Ljlaig bdZb{V f>ujWg lqju s[ drv,tS fdhvPbJ }ljhqS[ dvbj lwsj ] m lqJ WgaS Vjv b,vJ W'vyjv sj ldhu b>e WS uJsgbJ hV fi.aPdHh ws[ Vj ws[ l'yS vHg quWPi ;iPi wisgbJ hV m

f>ujWg b,vJ ^ bio@ wjiu ba[ dliuS f+dwdibj sMvwd-04 54

²

gurmiq sMgIq ivc qMqI swzW dI mhqqwsMgIq dI pirBwSw

bol-cwl dI BwSw AMdr sMgIq nUµ kyvl gwien hI smiJAwjWdw hY, ikMqU sMgIq-jgq AMdr gwien, vwd Aqy inRq iqMnW dy smUhnUµ sMgIq kihMdy hn [ ies qrHW nwl sMgIq dy iqMn muK AMg hoey:- gwxw,vjwxw Aqy nwc [ p`CmI dySW AMdr sMgIq nUµ kyvl gwien Aqy vwdnhI smiJAw jWdw hY [ au~Qy nwc nUµ sMgIq dI vMngI AMdr nhI r`ØiKAwigAw [ gwien, vwdn Aqy inRq ienHW iqMnW dw Awps ivc bhuqgihrw sMbMD hY [ ieh iqMnoN iek dUsry dy pUrk hn [ gwauNdy-vjWdy smyNBwvW nUµ ivAkq krn leI QoVw-bhuq h`Q clwauxw, gwauNdy smyN mMUhdI koeI AwikRqI bxwauxw Awid inRq dy ivAwpk ArQ khy jw skdyhn [

hux qk sMgIq dy iviBMn AMg d`sy gey hn, pr pirBwSw nhI [sMgIq dI pirBwSw ies qrHW nwl kIqI jw skdI hY:- sMgIq auh lilqklw hY, ijs ivc sur Aqy lYA duAwrw AsIN Awpxy BwvW nUµ pRp`k krdyhW [”1 hr iek klw ijvyN sMgIq, mUrqIklw, ic`qrklw, vwsqU klwAMdr mnuKI BwvnwvW nUµ ivAkq qW kIqw jWdw hY, prMqU swirAW AMdrausdw mwiDAm bdl jWdw hY [ jykr rMg, pYNisl, kwgz Awid duAwrwBwvW nUµ ivAkq jIqw jwvy qW icqrklw dI rcnw huMdI hY [ ies hI qrHWjykr sur-lYA duAwrw Awpxy BwvW nUµµ pRgt kIqw jwvy qW sMgIq dIrcnw huMdI hY [ so ieh gl qW spSt hY ik klw dw mwiDAm bdldy swrhI klw dw nW vI bdl jWdw hY [

sMgIq nUµ lilq klw vI ikhw jWdw hY [ lilq klw dI SyRxIAMdr pMj klwvW AwauNdIAW hn:- sMgIq, kivqw, ic`qrklw,mUrqIklw Aqy vwsqUklw [ ienHW lilq klwvW AMdr sMgIq nUµ sB qoNaupr mMinAw igAw hY [ ies qrHW nwl sMgIq swrIAW klwvW qoN srbau~chY [

jIvn Aqy sMgIqjIvn qoN Bwv mnu`KI jIvn nwl hY, iksy jnOr dy jIvn nwl

nhIN Aqy sMgIq qoN Bwv kyvl SwsqrI sMgIq hI nhIN, sgoN BwvsMgIq, i&lmI sMgIq, lok sMgIq Awid nwl vI hY [ BwrqI jIvnAMdr pYr-pYr ‘qy sMgIq ivAwpq hY [ ieh jnm qoN mOq qk swfy nwlbixAw rihMdw hY [ ijs GVI bwl ies sMswr AMdr pihlI jwx-pCwxpRwpq krdw hY qw auh sMgIq duAwrw (rox dy rUp ivc) Awpxw ABwrivAkq krdw hY Aqy ijs smyN mnuK ies sMswr qoN ivdwiegI lYNdw hY

cj! wqvuga dl>zbdllB{B f+'`{lif>ujWg drFje@dsbjv dl>z wjvu@ds,[email protected]



qW sMgIq dy rwhIN ausnUµ rwm-nwm jW vwihgurU dI mihmw d`sI jWdI hY [ ieMnW hI nhIN, mn`uKIieiqhws AMdr jdoN BwSw dw jnm qk nhI hoieAw sI, aus vyly Awps ivc BwvW dw Awdwn -pRdwn sMgIq duAwrw hI sMBv sI [

swfy jIvn AMdr ivAwh, bwl dw jnm, mOq dw smW jW Aijhw koeI vI auqsv hovy,auhnW dw ArMB Aqy AMq sMgIq nwl hI huMdw hY [ Aijhw koeI vI iqauhwr nhI, ijs ivc sMgIqnw hovy [ sgoN sMgIq dy ibnW iqauhwr ADUrw rih jWdw hY [ Cotw-v`fw koeI vI auqsv mnwieAwjwvy, aus ivc sMgIq lwzmI huMdw hY, BwvyN sMgIq Dwrimk Ardws qweIN hI ikauN nw sIimqhovy [ idn Br dy kTor imhnq qoN bwd Swm vyly iksy vI qrHW dy sMgIq dI iek mDur DunI srIrdw swrw QkyvW mukw dyNdI hY [

sMgIq kyvl suxn dI hI vsqU nhIN, sgoN ieh Aijhw AnMd hY ijs rwhIN swnUµ Awqm suKdI pRwpqI huMdI hY [ ies leI sMgIq BgqI dw AiBMn AMg hY [ ijqny vI Bgq swihbwn hoey hn,auh sB sMgIq pRymI Aqy sMgIq swDk sn [ ies leI sMgIq mn dy itkwE Aqy SwqI leIsrvo~qm swDn bx jWdw hY [

sMgIqk p`DqIAWBwrq AMdr muK rUp ivc do qrHW dw sMgIq pRcilq hY, ijsnUµ sMgIq p`DqI AwiKAw jWdw

hY, auh hn au~qrI jW ihMdUsqwnI sMgIq p`DqI Aqy d`KxI jW krnwtkI sMgIq p`DqI [au~qrI sMgIq p`DqI:- iesnUµ ihMdUsqwnI sMgIq p`DqI vI ikhw jWdw hY [ ieh p`DqI

au~qrI ihMdUsqwn AMdr pMjwb, bMgwl, ibhwr, auVIsw, au~qr prdyS, hirAwxw, gujrwq, jMmU-kSmIr Aqy mhwrwStr pRWqW AMdr pRcilq hY [

d`KxI sMgIq p`DqI:- iesnUµ krnwtk sMgIq p`DqI vI ikhw jWdw hY [ ieh qwimlnwfU,mYsUr, AWDrw prdyS Awid d`Kx dy pRWqW AMdr pRcilq hY [ ieh dovyN p`DiqAW Alg huMidAWhoieAW vI bhuq smwnqwvW dIAW DwrxI hn [2

sMgIq dy rUphr iek klw dy mu`K do rUp huMdy hn- ikirAw Aqy Swsqr [ ikirAw dy AMqrgq ausdI

swDnw ivDI Aqy Swsqr dy AMqrgq ausdw ieiqhws, pirBwiSk SbdW dI ivAwiKAw AwidAwauNdI hY [ sMgIq dy vI do rUp hn :-

ikirAwqmk rUp:- sMgIq dw ikirAwqmk rUp auh hY, ijsnUµ AsIN kMnW rwhIN suxdy hW jWA`KW rwhI vyKdy hW [ dUjy SbdW AMdr ikirAwqmk sMgIq AMdr gwxw, vjwxw Aqy n`cxwAwauNdw hY [ gwien Aqy vwdn nUµ AsIN suxdy hW Aqy nwc nUµ vyKdy hW [ ikirAwqmk rUp AMdrrwg, gIq dy prkwr, Awlwp-qwn, srgm, Jwlw, rylw, tukVw, Awmd, gq, mINf Awid dIswDnw AwauNdI hY [ sMgIq dw ieh p`K bhuq mh`qvpUrn hY [

Swsqr p`K:- ies AMdr sMgIq sMbMDI iviSAw dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY [ iesdy doprkwr hn-ikirAwqmk Swsqr Aqy Su`D Swsqr [ ikirAwqmk Swsqr AMdr ikirAwqmksMgIq dw AiDAYn AwauNdw hY, ijvyN rwgW dI jwx-pCwx, gIq dI sur ilpI ilKxw, qwn-Awlwp, imldy-juldy rwgW dI qulnw, tukVw, rylw Awid [ ies Swsqr duAwrw ikirAwqmksMgIq ivc v`fy Xogdwn dI pRwpqI huMdI hY [ Su`D Swsqr AMdr sMgIq, nwd, jwqI, Awroh-Avroh, sur, lYA, mwqrw, qwl, KwlI Awid dI pirBwSw, sMgIq dw ieiqhws Awid dw AiDAYnAwauNdw hY [

gurmiq sMgIq : jwx-pCwxis`K Drm ivc gurmiq sMgIq nUµ pRDwnqw pRwpq hY [ gurmiq sMgIq rwhIN hI AjokI

sMvwd-04 57

mnuKqw bwxI, kIrqn nwl juVdI hY [ gurmiq sMgIq p`DqI is`K Drm ivc iek ivSyS prMprwdy rUp ivc ivksq huMidAW Sbd/kIrqn dy srUp rwhIN iek invyklI qy ivl`Kx p`DqI vjoNsQwpq hoeI[ gurmiq sMgIq dI AmIr ivrwsq “sRI gurU gRMQ swihb” ivc mOjUd hY Aqy gurmiqsMgIq dw vjUd jW pwswr ies qoN ibnW sMBv hI nhIN sgoN nwmumikn hY [ swihb sRI gurU gRMQswihb dI bwxI dw sMkln pMjvyN gurU swihb sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny 1604 eI. ivc kIqw Aqyies AMdr Swiml kIqI bwxI nUµ 30 rwgW ivc drj krvwieAw [ AgWh cl ky swihb sRI gurUgoibMd isMG jI ny nOvyN gurU swihb sRI gurU qyg bhwdur jI dI bwxI nUµ swihb sRI gurU gRMQ swihbivc AMikq kridAW ies ivc jYjwvMqI rwg nUµ drj kIqw [ ies nwl swihb sRI gurU gRMQswihb ivc rwgW dI igxqI 31 ho geI [ gurmiq sMgIq dI prMprw BwrqI sMgIq dy q`qW auprAwDwrq sI [ ies dy nwl hI gurU gRMQ swihb AMdr drj bwxI dw AwDwr vI rwgwqmk hY [ iesivc drj bwxI 31 rwgW Aqy CMdW Awid dy sumyl nwl suSoibq hY [

gurmiq sMgIq prMprw dw AwrMB cOdvIN sdI ivc swihb sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI qoN hoieAwmMinAW jWdw hY [ aus vyly qoN hI ieh iek ivl`Kx sMgIq prMprw rUp ivc auBr ky swhmxyAweI [ ies g`l dw AMdwzw sihjy hI ies nwl vI ho jWdw hY jdoN swihb sRI gurU nwnk dyv jIikhw krdy sn ‘mrdwinAw ! CyV rbwb bwxI AweI hY’3 Aqy iesdy nwl mrdwny dy rbwb vjwx’qy gurU nwnk dyv jI AweI ielwhI bwxI dw gwien AwrMB kr idMdy sn [

gurU gRMQ swihb ivc drj bwxI dy gwien leI v`K-v`K SYlIAW dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY [ienHW SYlIAW dw audyS klwqmk qW huMdw hI hY prMqU ies dy nwl-nwl iesdw mUl mnorQAiDAwqmk AnMd dI pRwpqI krwauxw vI huMdw hY [ iesdy pVHx, suxn Aqy gwien nwl iekivSyS rs Aqy AnMd dw AnuBv hoxw iek lwzmI g`l hY [

iesy qrHW nwl gurmiq sMgIq ivc BwvyN BwrqI sMgIq prMprw dI mOjUdgI srvivAwpkhovy, pr lok-sMgIq dI pRqI DunIAW dI BrpUrqw vI ies ivc suxweI idMdIAW hn [ lok-sMgIqdy AMqrgq Awaux vwlIAW gwien SYlIAW GoVIAW, muMdwvxI, AlwhuxI, pihry, iQqI, vwrW,bwrwmwh, CMd Awid Aijhy kuJ pRcilq rUp hn jo ik gurU gRMQ swihb AMdr drj hn Aqy iesdynwl hI pVqwl Awid bwxIAW nwl ies g`l dw pqw cldw hY ik ieh bwxIAW qwl-b`D vIhn [

mUl rUp ivc gurmiq sMgIq dw audyS sm`ucI kwienwq nUµ AnMd dI pRwpqI krwaux dynwl-nwl prmwqmw dw AnuBv krwauxw hY [ ies qrHW nwl ieh g`l sihjy hI sp`St ho jWdI hYik ieh AmIr kIrqn prMprw sB nUµ prmwqmw Aqy prm AnMd nwl joVdI hY [

gurmiq sMgIq dy moFI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny AwpxI bwxI AMdr sMgIq nUµ hmySw qrjIhid`qI hY [ aunHW Anuswr jo mnu`K ‘nwd’, ‘byd’, ‘gIq’, ‘rs’ qoN vWJy huMdy hn Aqy sUJ-bUJ qoN hIxyhuMdy hn jW A`Kr Byd nUµ jwxn v`l ruicq nhIN hMudy, auh AslI Koqy (Asl Kru) dy smwn hn [ies g`l dI puStI gurU gRMQ swihb ivc drj aunHW dy slok rwhIN sihjy hI ho jWdI hY :-

ieknw nwd n byd n gIA rsu rs ks nw jwxMiq ]

ieknw suiD n buiD n Akil sr AKr kw Byau n lhMiq ]

nwnk sy nr Asil Kr ij ibnu gux grbu krMiq ]Ä] 4

gurmiq sMgIq dI mhwnqw dw Jlkwrw sihjy hI gurU gRMQ swihb ivc vyKx nUµ imldw hY [ies prMprw ADIn gurU swihb gurU gRMQ swihb dy AMq ivc ‘rwgmwlw’ isrlyK hyT bwxI nUµ drjkrky rwgW nUµ vifAweI bKSdy hn [ ‘rwgmwlw’ bwxI ivc rwgW, rwgxIAW Aqy aunHW dIbMswvlI dw klwqmk vrxn mOjUd hY [ ijvyN ik:-

epiqda l.ega s[ b>aiea a.ag lj;J sg qh,aaj


rwgmwlw

rwg eyk sMig pµc brMgn ] sMig Alwpih AwTau nMdn ]

pRQm rwg BYrau vY krhI ] pµc rwgnI sMig aucrhI ]...

Kst rwg auin gwey sMig rwgnI qIs ]

sBY puqR rwgMn ky ATwrh ds bIs ]Ã] 5

AwDuink kwl q`k phuMcidAW hoieAW gurmiq sMgIq dy AMqrgq Awaux vwlI sMgIqprMprwvW dw ivkws pUrn rUp ivc ho cuikAw sI [ ies ivc inrMqr pirvrqn huMdy rihxwsuBwvk g`l sI [ gurU swihbwnW smyN ieh sMgIq prMprw gurUAW duAwrw jwxn-bUJx qy is`Kx dIrhI hY prMqU AwDuink kwl ivc AwauNidAW swr hI iesdy ivc kuJ qbdIlIAW Aw geIAW [ies dOrwn keI swDnW dw ivkws hoieAw Aqy nwl hI AwDuink kwl ivc gurU rUp ivc gurU gRMQswihb dI prMprw hoNd ivc sI [ iesnUµ smJx-bUJx leI inrMqr hoey ivkws swDnW Aqy gurU gRMQswihb ivc drj bwxI qy qrqIb dy sumyl rwhIN hI iesdy ivc hoey pirvrqn Aqy ivkws dymwpdMfw nUµ aulIikAw jw skdw hY [ ies sumyl nwl Avlokn kridAW ieh g`l sihjy hIs`pSt ho jWdI hY ik AwDuink kwl ivc gwien SYlIAW ivc pirvrqn AwieAw Aqy aunHWnwl v`jx vwly vwd jW sMgq krn vwly swzw dI rUp ryKw ivc vI bdlwA Aw igAw [AijhIAW qbdIlIAW dw Aw jwxw smyN dI mMg Anuswr suBwvk huMdw hY [

gurmiq sMgIq Aqy qMqI swz : jwx -pCwxqMqI-swz:- qwrW rwhIN ijnHW swzW ivcoN Avwz jW DunI auqpMn huMdI hY, qMqI-swz AKvwauNdy

hn [ gurmiq sMgIq prMprw ADIn qMqI swzW AMdr sB qoN pihlW rbwb bwry g`l krnw zrUrI hojWdw hY, ikauNik rbwb pihly pwqSwh swihb sRI gurU nwnk swihb vyly BweI mrdwnw jI pwsoNvjweI jWdI sI [ gurU Arjn dyv jI srMdy dw vwdn krdy sn Aqy swihb sRI gurU goibMd isMGjI duAwrw qwaUs nUµ pRXog ivc ilAwieAw jWdw sI [ gurU kwl vyly ienHW qMqI swzW dw pRclnAwm sI [ prMqU Ajoky smyN qMqI swzW nUµ is`Kx jW isKwaux dw ruJwn idn-b-idn Gtdw jwirhw hY [ A`j keI nvIn swzW dy hoNd ivc Awaux nwl qMqI swzW v`l lokW dw ruJwn GitAwhY [ iehnW nvIn swzW nUµ isKxw vI sOKw hI huMdw hY [ nwl hI Ajoky smyN kIrqnIey vI rwgwqmkp`DqI nwl kIrqn nhIN kr rhy, ijs krky qMqI swzW dI sMgq dw hoxw lgBg nwmumikn hocuikAw hY [ Ajoky smyN rwgwqmk SYlI ivc kIrqn krn vwly kIrqnIey bhuq hI durlB hn [jdoNik iesdy ault gurmiq sMgIq dI buinAwd hI rwgW aupr ADwirq hY [ ies AmIr prMprwdI hoNd nUµ brkrwr r`Kxw Ajoky smyN iek cuxOqI BirAw kwrj ho igAw hY [ pr ies AmIr prMprwnUµ qW hI sur`ØiKAq riKAw jw skdw hY jykr ienHW swzW dI pUrn mwlUmwq hr iek sMgIq pRymInUµ hovy jW iesdI shI isKlweI sMgIq pRymIAW nUµ idqI jwey [ qMqI swz swfy Dwrmk, AiDAwqmkAqy klwqmk ivrwsq hn Aqy Ajoky smyN nvIn pIVHI nUµ ies nwl joVn dI bhuq loV hY [gurmiq sMgIq prMprw ivc pRcilq kuJ pRmuK qMqI swz Aqy auhnW dw sMiKpq vyrvw hyTW idqwjw irhw hY [

rbwbrbwb iek Aqsiqkwrq Aqy hrmn ipAwrw swz hY Aqy ieh gurmiq sMgIq nwl

sMbMiDq swz hY [ ieh swz Awkwr ivc Cotw hu Mdw hY Aqy ieh vzn ivc vI hlkw hu MdwhY, ijs krky iesnUµ ikqy vI lY ky jwieAw jw skdw hY [6 ies krky vI audwsIAW smyNgurU nwnk dyv jI ny ies swz nUµ cuixAW ikauNik iesnUµ nwl lY ky jwxw sOKI g`l sI [jnm swKI ivc vI ies g`l dw hvwlw id`qw igAw hY ik BweI mrdwnw rbwb vjwaux

sMvwd-04 59

ivc mwihr sn [ ijvyN AsIN pihlw vI izkr kr cuky hW ik gurU nwnk dyv jI ieh dwieh kihxw ik mrdwinAW CyV rbwb ! bwxI AweI hY ! vI rbwb nUµ is`Dy qOr ‘qy gurmiqsMgIq nwl joV idMdw hY [ ies qrHW nwl rbwb gurU nwnk dyv jI Aqy BweI mrdwnw dyjIvn dw iek AiBMn AMg bx igAw sI [ iesdy clidAW ieh swz iek AwdrXog swzbx igAw [

swrMdwmhwnkoS Anuswr “swrMdw” iek cMgI sur dyx vwlw qwrdwr swz hY jo g`j dy

nwl vjwieAw jWdw hY [7 ieh swz lok-prMprw dy AMqrgq rwjsQwn ivc vDyry pRcilqhY [ swrMdw swz nUµ gurmiq sMgIq dy nwl-nwl BwrqI sMgIq jgq ivc vI iek ivSySQW pRwpq hY [ gurmiq kwl dy dOrwn ies swz nU µ sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny gurmiqsMgIq prMprw ivc pRcilq kIqw [ ies g`l dI puStI BweI kwhn isMG nwBw kridAWilKdy hn:-

gurU nwnk dyv jI dI clweI kIrqn dI rIq nUM Amr krn leI,

sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny swrMdw h`Q PV ky is`KW nUM sMgIq ividAw isKweI [8

swrMdw swz gurmiq sMgIq dy AMqrgq Sbd kIrqn leI Aiq FukvW swz hY [ ies swzdy suqMqr rUp ivc vwdn dI prMprw ivksq nhIN ho pweI prMqU gwien dy p`KoN ieh swz bhuq hIaupXukq hY [

qwaUs‘qwaUs’ &wrsI dw Sbd hY ijsdw ArQ hY ‘mor’ [ iesdy clidAW keI ivdvwn sjwvt

leI ies swz dy fMfy dy ipCly pwsy mor dy KMB vI lgw idMdy hn [ ieh swz cwr qwrW vwlw huMdwhY Aqy iesdI qblI lkV dI huMdI hY [ ies ivcoN surW dI auqpqI g`j nwl huMdI hY [ qwaUs auprl`gy pridAW aupr K`by h`Q dIAW auNglIAW nUµ PyridAW v`K-v`K sur k`Fy jWdy hn [ ieh gwienAqy vwdn dohW SYlIAW ADIn vrqoN ivc ilAwieAw jWdw hY [ gurU swihbwn ny ies swz nUµgurmiq sMgIq dy AMqrgq ivSyS QW pRdwn kIqI hY, ijs krky ieh swz Awm lokweI qweINpRcilq hY [

hvwly qy it`pxIAW :1. gfj'pUnj JhokLro] jkx ifjp; Hkkx&1

2. gfj'pUnj JhokLro] jkx ifjp; Hkkx&2

3. idAwl isMG (ipRM.), gurmiq sMgIq swgr (Bwg-3), pMnw : 164. sRI gurU gRMQ swihb, pMnw : 12465. auhI, pMnw : 14296. C.R. Day, The music and musical instruments of Southern India and the Decan,

page-127

7. BweI kwhn isMG nwBw, #mhwn koS$, pMnw-9258. BweI kwhn isMG nwBw #21vIN is`K AYjUkySnl kwnPrYNs dw pRDwngI BwSx$, pMnw 129. pRo. krqwr isMG, #gurbwxI sMgIq drpx$ BUimkw

epiqda l.ega s[ b>aiea a.ag lj;J sg qh,aaj

²


f>ujWg l.r[sVj ba[ lqwjvg ljdha\VjBw #h,w$ s[ hrjv[ Vjv|

us'G aplk wpN lpSs[@ s[ts[@ fC%s[ uJ l'ys[ h' aJ Rph bVpFraphjc[ b>si u' FjrVjrJ uejMsj ]@ RpV%J FjrVjrJ sg fC%a hgl.r[sVj btrjMsg ] m u{V bjldBV s[ Vjrv #l{Gl b{Gc l{Gl[dWvBg$sj bdZb{V wiV rjv[ wHg drsrjVJ V[ c{Lrpc F{SJ s[ drhji s[bjZji $a[ l.r[sVj } l'Ng s[ drfiga i,t w[ s[tS sg w'dLL wgag m wgl.r[sVj \dilf"dlrV{Kl| l'Ng \br[biV{Kl| Vhk uejMsg ( dwMdwbduhj dVt[C wiVj qpLdwv ]@ dHl vHg rlaPbJ@ drbwagbJ ba[riajdibJ f+ag qjVrg/lqjug hp.eji[ ba[ Rpl[ dry'G Rpaf>V h'Hg l'Ng} hg l.r[sVj s[ iPf dry lqdNbj ujSj yjhgsj ] m dwMdw qVp<t }lqju a'G bvdhsj wiw[ Vhk s[dtbj uj lwsj@ dHl vHg l.r[sVj }drbwagea hp.eji[ s[ iPf dry fC%Vj rg ngw Vhk h'r[ej m drbwagearg lqjduw dxVjqVj hg ] m f>ujWg l.r[sVj sj bio f>ujWg W.s[ sglqjduw l.r[sVj hg ] m

dwMdw f>ujWg lqju s[ Vjv~Vjv f>ujWg l.r[sVj rg a[;gVjv aWsgv h' ihg ]@ dHl vHg lqwjvg ljdha sg dwl[ B{wlB } v{w[@ Rplsg fC%a s[ bjZji $a[ f>ujWg l.r[sVLgvaj s[ iPfJaiS ba[Rpl iPfJaiS s[ lqju~bjidow~ijuVgdaw f+FjrJ/f+agwiqJ }lqNSj hg ljc[ dHl fiy[ sj qV'io h'Sj yjhgsj ] m

B{wlB w'Hg h'i rg h' lwsg lg fi dwMdw q{G lrijuWgi s[VjBw #h,w$ } hpS[~hpS[ fC% w[ hdBbj hJ@ dHl vHg Rpls[ dHl VjBw} hg dHl dryji-yiyj sj bjZji WSj v{Gs[ hJ m

lrijuWgi dcwv[bi wisj ] dw Rplsj dHh VjBw 1972 a'G1975 a,w s[ lq[G dry x{dvbj h'dHbj ] m sPlig e,v dHh dcwv[biwisj ] dw dHh lqJ aWsgvg sj lqJ lg us'G LdhiJ sg i"LVg df>cJ }$rjuJ qji ihg lg m Rph dvts[ hV

e,v RpVg l" Wh,ai a[ fu.ai s[ drywji sg i"LVg LdhiJ sg@df>cJ } rjuJ qjisg@ lpfdVbJ sgbJ dwLagbJ@ l'yJ sg fjSgdry Rpajisg m fjMsg dVa dvWjl Vr[G@ qp,t bjfSj RphdVhjisg@ Vj xCg uJsg Vj fC%g uJsg@ Rph du,asg ws[ Vjhjisg m i"LVg Ldhi sg/df>cJ } rjuJ qjisg mlrijuWgi Fjr[G wpN rg wdhS fi blk ujSs[ hJ dw f>ujW

bqiuga dl>z ei[rjv6-Wg@ lpe.Z drhji@f,Dt'rjv i'c@vpdZbjSj [email protected]

lqwjvg l.siF

(f>! 60-63)

sMvwd-04 61

dry 1972 a'G 1975 a,w sj lqJ LdhiJ sg Vhk@ df>cJ sg yC%a sj lqJ lg m hi[ dHVwvjW sgdL?i sj lqJ lg m dHh Rph lqJ lg us'G wSw/N'V[ s[ Vr[G WguJ@ Vrk awVjv"ug@ VrgbJqLgVJ@ Bi{wBiJ@ oi{LiJ@ dBRPWr{vKvJ@ lCwJ@ bVju q>cgbJ@ t[ag iljdHSJ@ iPivdHv{wBigxgw[LV@ wi{dcB V{KBriw ba[ fdhvJ h'Hg qpi,DW[W.sg bjds V[ w[rv xlvJ s[ NjC ba[df>cJ sg f+ag ugb bjqsV dry W[dqljv rjZj hg Vhk wgaj le'G f+ag ugb tfa dry WijWisj rjZj wiw[ Ldhi } df>cJ r,v firjl s[ ila[ rg fj ds,aj m f>ujW s[ f[GcP dHvjdwbJ dryf{sj h'S rjvgbJ VrgbJ rfjiw ba[ ip;eji lhPvaJ sg Ws"va Ldhi df>cJ r,v } s[t ih[lV m wdhS a'G Fjr ] dw df>c LdhiJ r,v } Vhk@ Ldhi df>cJ r,v } wPy wi ih[ lV m Ldhidf>cJ } Vhk@ df>c LdhiJ } rjuJ qji ih[ lV m

fi us'G dHh laiJ ehp Vjv fC%gbJ aJ uj w[ dwZi[ lqN fHg dw lrijuWgi LdhiJ sgVhk@ LdhiJ sg i"LVg sg e,v wi dihj lg m LdhiJ sg Vhk@ LdhiJ sg l.r[sVLgvaj sg e,v widihj lg m dHl vHg Ldhi Vhk@ LdhiJ sg i"LVg Fjr Ldhig l.r[sVLgvaj df>cJ } rjuJ qjiihg lg m dWVJ L,w df>c Ldhig l.r[sVLgvaj r,v bj*dLa h' ih[ lV m df>cJ sj LdhigwiV hp.sjljx dstjHg s[ dihj lg m lCwJ Rpfi ldoa duhC[ df>cJ dry bVju q>cgbJ lojdfa h' ihgbJlV@ Rph df>c Vr[G wldWbJ dry iPfJda=a h'S s[ ila[ f{ yp,w[ lV m q{wVjHgu[LV@wqiLgvjHgu[LV@ qjciVjHg;[LV@ dvWivjHg;[LV@ w.d;RPqi wvyi@ f+'x{LVv b{uPw[LV bjdslF biWVjHg;[LV/Ldhig wiV s[ f+jl{Kl } a[; wi ih[ lV m Ldhig l.r[sVLgvaj } f[GcP qVJdry rlj ih[ lV m l' dHl VjBw s[ fdhv[ b>w s[ fdhv[ ds=L dry@ q>y Rpfi u' ueqe ueqewisgbJ i"LVgbJ dstjHg s[ ihgbJ hV@ Rph Ldhi sgbJ i"LVgbJ Vhk@ LdhigwiV/qjciVjHg;[LV/dvWivjHg;[LV s[ iPf dry Ldhig l.r[sVLgvaj sgbJ b,tJ } yp.dZbj s[SrjvgbJ i"LVgbJ lV m dZbjV i,tS rjvg e,v ] dw df>cJ dry x{v ihg dHh Ldhig l.r[sVLgvajw'Hg Ldhig ldFbjyji sj bVpwiV Vhk lg le'G df>cJ sg qjciVjHg;[LV@ dvWivjHg;[LVbjds sj f+agwiq lg m

VjBw fCdsbJ dHh e,v rg Whpa ]ijV wisg ] dw u[ dHh VjBw dli` t[ag s[ bjZpdVwiVba[ Rpls[ xvliPf f>ujW s[ f[GcP lqju dry x{v ihg Ldhig l.r[sVLgvaj sg hg e,v wi dihj] aJ x[i wSw/N'V[ sg dHVB{Gdlr b{eigwvyi sg oJ RpujC ih[ WjeJ sg woj dwo'G bj eHg (u[wi bjfJ dHh lqNgH[ dw WjeJ } bjZpdVw t[ag s[ dyhV ru'G hg dvbj uj dihj ] aJ x[i dHllpbjv sj upbjW v,FSj fr[ej dw t[agWjCg sj bjZpdVwiV ba[ f[GcP drwjl sj f+jl{Kl aJ1975 a'G Wjbs b,lg aw rg b{wlvi[B wisj ] m fi dHl VjBw s[ b>a dry Fjr 1975 a,waJ Wje r,T w[ Ziag V.eg wi ds,ag uJsg ] m

VjBw dry WjeJ s[ qjvw lisji iAfjv dl>z s[ dHl l.rjs r,v dZbjV s[S sg v'C]@ #dV,wP \q[ij fp,a| bjtsj lg Wje r,T w[ VrgbJ WlagbJ rlj dsbJ m u[ q{G WjQ r,T ds>sj aJdHh e,v Vj hp.sg m dV,wP ) xjh[ v,eS rjvj H[ a[ duhCj qjdibj debj@ Rph rg q[ij hg fp,a lg mdHl vHg hpS q{G dHh WjQ Vhk A,cS[ m lji[ s[ lji[ r,T s[S[ V[ m$ a[ Rph WjQ r,T rg ds>sj ] a[VjBwwji bjtsj ] dw WjQ aJ r,DT[ hg ujS[ lg m dHl Wji[ Fjrpw h'S sg v'C Vhk m

wg WjQJ sj r,DdTbj ujSj t[agWjCg s[ l.wB sj l.w[a wisj ]@ upbjW ] dWvwpv Vhk mdwMdw t[agWjCg } aJ Rpl rwa w'Hg l.wB sif[L hg Vhk lg m yC%a sj lqJ lg m siblvdHh WjQ f+g~dHVl{GdBr b{eigwvyi Fjr hi[ dHVwvjW a'G fdhvJ hg t[agWjCg ba[ Rpl Vjv

f>ujWg l.r[sVj ba[ lqwjvg ljdha


upCg idhav r,v l.w[a wis[ hV@ duls[ drVjL ijhk hi[ dHVwvjW ba[ Rpl Vjv upCg qjciVidhav uJ qjicV l{Gl[dWvBg sj bjej; hp.sj ] m VjBwwji dvtsj ]@ #WjQJ s[ Vjv~Vjv Rphlqjduw idhav rg ?aq h' eHg u' WjQJ Vjv upCg h'Hg lg m Rph IjsJ@ drLrjlJ@ a[ bjlJRpqgsJ s[ l.lji u' WjQJ wiw[ duRPGs[ lV@ ?aq h' eH[ m dV,wP sj dwisji WjQJ a[ W[QjV[ h'ujS rjv[ W.s[ sj dwisji ] m$ w[rv dV,wP hg W[QjVj Vhk hp>sj@ WjQJ Vjv upC[ lF[ dwisjiW[QjV[ h' uJs[ hV m siblv WjQ t[aJ r,v Vhk@ hi[ dHVwvjW a'G fdhvJ s[ t[aJ sg idhav@dwl[ h,s a,w u;qjVg diLdabJ Rpfi dBwg f[GcP Hgwjv'ug r,v l.w[a wis[ hV m f+g~e+gVi{rPv[LV drv[u Hgwjv'ug r,v a[ dHh VjBw dVLy[ hg uuqjVg iLdabJ Rpfi dBwg drv[uHgwjv'ug s[ v[Wi~igv[LV; Rpfi dBw[ t[agWjCg s[ fP>ugrjsg f+W.Z dry fhp.y w[ dV,wP s[ Wjflisji iAfjv dl>z \qjvw| ba[ Wgi[ sj Wjf \lgig| dryvj ldhI'e dV,wP ba[ Wgi[ dryv[f+agI'eg b{GBje'dV;q dry aWsgv h' uJsj ] m dHh b{GBje'dV;q wav sg woj ijhk WjQJ s[drVjL Fjr fpijSg drv[u Hgwjv'ug s[ ?jaq[ ijhk Vrk f[GcP l.r[sVLgvaj s[ bjeqV vHglf[l dabji wisj ] m drv[u Hgwjv'ug } w[rv q{Bgigbv uJ l'Lv Hgwjv'ug a,w zBj w[ Vhks[dtbj uj lwsj m dHw fPig y[Gu s[ iPf dry hg lqNSj fr[ej m f>ujWg l.r[sVLgvaj s[ B'BviPfJaiS s[ iPf dry hg lrijuWgi dvts[ hV ^

f>ujW s[ df>cJ dry rls[ v'w lJN ba[ FjHgyji[ \u;qjVg diLdabJ| sg idhav a[duMs[ lV m dHl idhav dry hi dHw drbwag/dli/uja/uqja sj bjfSj dHwlojV ]@ dul ijhk Rplsg fdhyjS uJ hlag lojfa hp.sg ] m dHl fdhyjS uJ hlag }q[VB[V wiVj hg Rplsg yjha \dc;jdHi| WSg idh>sg ] m ujegiP l.r[sVLgvaj dHldc;jdHi sj dH>;V ] m Vrk awVjvug ba[ Vr[G f{sjrig diLdabJ s[ bjeqV Vjv dHhl.r[sVLgvaj Wsv uJsg ] m ldhI'e f+daI'e dry aWsgv h'S vesj ] m FjHgyjiwajdrbwagrjs sj iPf Zji v{Gsg ] m r,ti[r[G sj iPf Zji w[ dHw sPli[ sj dT,c fjCV a,wfhp.y uJs[ hV mdf>c sg dwl[ h,s a,w bjaqdwaj ba[ Rpls[ FjHgyji[ sg lr{ dViFiaj q>cg s[ q,s[V;i

dry iPfJdaia h' uJsg ] m q>cg Rpfi dViFiaj wjiV wjigei ujaJ LdhiJ/wldWbJ dryqjdHe+[B wi uJsgbJ hV m u' idh uJs[ hV Rph t[a q;sPiJ dry iPfJda=a h' uJs[ hV m df>cwjLawiJ ba[ t[a q;sPiJ dry r.c uJsj ] m dHl ai%J df>c sg Hgwjvug ba[ l.r[sVLgvajfPig ai%J aWsgv h' uJsg ] m

FjHgyjiw lr{-dViFiaj s[ drbwagea qpVjx[ dry aWsgv h'S Rpfi>a drbwag w'vdHwVjdqw ei'o a'G dHvjrj h'i w'Hg r{vIP hg Vhk idh uJsg m dHwVjdqw ei'o hg RplsgugrV-q"a h' dVWCsg ] m q>cg@ q"lq ba[ lB[B x{wBiJ RpKfi dViFiaj h'S wjiV qpVjx[ RpKfiRplsj bjfsj w'Hg dV,ug w.Bi'v rg Vhk idh>sj m #s,W w[ rjh@ i,u w[ tjh$ whjra s[ w'Hg Whpa[bio Vhk idh uJs[ m qpVjxj Rplsg ugrV Ijaij } a'ig i,tsj ] m us'G dw sPli[ fjl[ zjBj/wi;j ba[ h{vfV{Klv{Kl Fjr wpN rg Vhk h' lwsj sg qjVdlwaj Rpl } l{vx clBi,wLV r,vv{ uJsg ] m bjaq h,DdabjrJ@ dHl[ ai%J Rplsg Vrk hjlv wgag l.r[sVLgvaj s[ dilf"Gl s[ iPfdry hg lqNSgbJ f{SegbJ m dwljVJ s[ bjidow l.wB } bjaq h,DdabjrJ s[ iPf dry dilf"GlwiV sgbJ zBVjrJ } l.r[sVLgvaj dry bjHg aWsgvg a'G dWVJ wsjdya rg Vhk lqdNbjuj lwsj m

sMvwd-04 63

rZ[i[ lqNS rjvg e,v dHh ] dw l.r[sVLgvaj sg dHh w.lBi,wLV@ cg-w.lBi,wLVba[ ig-w.lBi,wLV w[rv bjaqwaj Fjr fP>ug sg f{sjri@ tfa ba[ liwPv[LV Rpfi hgdViFi Vhk wisg@ bioJ sg f{sjrji@ tfa ba[ liwPv[LV Rpfi rZ[i[ dViFi wisg ] m u'ljdha/l,DdFbjyji sj t[ai ] m

u[wi blk f>ujW s[ q"uPsj l.wB } lqNSj ] aJ dHl} w[rv bjiow l.wB s[ iPf dry hgVhk@ le'G bjiow l.wB } bjaq h,DdabjrJ@ VL[t'ig@ FiPS h,DdabjrJ bjds s[ iPf dry dilf"GcwiV rjvg l.r[sVj ijhk rg lqNSj h'r[ej u' bioJ sgbJ WSgbJ h'HgbJ woj whjSgbJ ijhkw.lBiwB ba[ liwPv[B hp.sg idh>sg ] m dwMdw drbwagea qpVjx[ s[ dHl Ipe dry bjiowaja'G fi[ s[tS sg ljc[ dry lqi,oj hg Vhk ihg m blk bioJ s[ dViqjS ba[ RpV%J sg liwPv[LVs[ qh,ar } Fp,v yp,w[ hJ m dHl[ vHg bjfS[ l.wBJ RpKfi wjWP fjRpS a'G blqi,o hp.s[ uj ih[ hJ mLWs s[ qh,ar } lqNgH[ m fP>ug Vhk@ LWs ljcj epiP ] m fP>ug w'v Vhk@ LWs w'v hg ljc[ sp,tJsj sjiP ] m

f>ujWg l.r[sVj ba[ lqwjvg ljdha

²


koxy dw sUrj :im`Q dIAW ivrlW 'c pey ibrqWq dI kivqw

mohnjIq dI 2012 ivc CpI 'koxy dw sUrj' iek ivl`Kx kwivpusqk hY ijs ivc auqkl dys Bwv aufIsw dy koxwrk mMdr dy ieiqhwsnwl juVIAW do imiQhwsk kQwvW dw kwiv ibrqWq hY [ jdoˆ koeIivAkqI AwpxI kwiv ikrq leI imQ nUµ ADwr bxwauˆdw hY qW auhieko vyly AOK Aqy sOK dohW rsiqAW dy cOrwhy aupr KVw huMdw hY [ imQiek pwsy qW kvI nUµ bxI bxweI khwxI idMdI hY [ kvI ny isrP aus nUµAwpxI BwSw ivc punr kQxw huMdw hY [ dUsry pwsy imQ ivc kuJ vInvW nhIˆ huMdw, kvI ny AwpxI kwiv kuSlqw nwl Awpxy pwTkW leIkuJ nvW isrjxw huMdw hY [ ies smyN kvI kol iqMn rwh bcdy hn [ sBqo pihlW imQ ismrnw, Bwv ijvyN imQ mOjUd hY, aus nUµ ausy qrW hI pySkr dyxw Aqy Awpxy swry klw hunr dw jor kQw kihx dy AMdwz Aqyaus nUµ kwiv AlMkwrW nwl sjwaux ivc Krc kr dyxw hY [ dUsrw FMgkQw nUµ ivsqwr dyx dw hY ijs ivc kvI imQ dw ivsqwr krdw hY,iek qrHW nwl Kud imQ isrjdw hY, imQ dy K`py Brdw hY [ AspSt AqysMkyqk ArQW nUµ Awpxy smkwlI Xug-boD Anuswr spSt kridAWkhwxI lok-mnW ivc muV p®clq krdw hY [ qIsrw FMg imQ dy mMfnjW mMfnI ivsqwr dI QW KMfn krn dw hY ijs ivc kvI p®c`lq imQnUµ isr Bwr kr idMdw hY [ Aijhw krn leI kvI nUµ v`fw ijgrw cwhIdwhY Aqy ieh ijgrw aus dw ivAkqIgq nhIN huMdw sgoN ieh aus dysmkwl dI cyqnw dw prqO huMdw hY [ audwhrn vjoN kwdrXwr ny pUrnBgq dw ik`sw p®c`lq rvwieqW Anuswr hI iliKAw Aqy ies nUµ keIhor kvIAW ny vI duhrwieAw, pUrn isMG ny khwxI qW auhI r`KI pr ausivc Awpxw rMg Br id`qw sI jdoN ik iSv kumwr ny khwxI dw qrk hIaultw id`qw sI [

'koxy dw sUrj' dI sMKyp khwxI ies qrHW hY ik auqkl mOjUdwauVIsw rwj dy 13vIN sdI dy rwjy nrisMh dyv ny sUrj dyv dw mMdrbnwauxw sI ies leI aus ny pujwrI S®yxI jW hwkm SRyxI dy kihx qyswry iSlpIAW nUµ mMdr bnwaux smyN b®hmcwrIAw Dwrn krn Bwvkwm-vwSnw qoN dUr rihx dy AwdyS id`qy sn [ ies ivSwl mMdr dwinrmwx hoieAw Aqy ieh Bwrq dy 7 AjUibAW ivc Swml hY [ iespusqk dIAW dovyˆ kQwvW iesy mMdr dy inrmwx ieiqhws dy ipCokVivco jnm lYNdIAW hn [

fw. rwijMdr pwl isMGp®oPYsrpMjwbI ivBwg, pMjwbIXUnIvristI,pitAwlw [09815050617,[email protected]

(f>! 64-69)

sMvwd-04 65

rwjy dw AwdyS sI

mµdr dy bxn qIk Aµg su`cy r`Kxy

g®ihsQ qoN pUrI qrHW sinAws sI

ies qrHW hI dyvqy ny rIJxw

rwjy nr isµh dw ivSvws sI

iSlpI dI dSw kuJ hor sI

b`cy nUM vyKx qy kIhdw jIA nhIN krdw (pMnw 18-19) swfw lyKk rwjy dy iSlpIAW nUµ g®ihsQ qoN dUr r`Kx dy PYsly nUµ AinAWpUrn smJdw

hY, auh pqI-pqnI, p®ymI-p®yimkwvW dy duv`ly ibrhoN du`K nUµ p®gtwauˆdw hY [ hux sB qoˆ pihlwmslw pYdw huMdw hY ik kI ieh rwjy dw PYslw sI ? pujwrI S®yxI dw PYslw sI jW rwjw S®yxI dwPYslw sI Aqy sB qoN v`D ies PYsly dw ADwr kI sI? swry hI DrmW ivc G`t jW v`D nrmweI jWsKqweI nwl srIrk ieMdirAwvI suK nUµ duinAwvI KwihSW smJ ky p®hyj r`Kx dI slwh id`qIjWdI hY [ kuJ DrmW Aqy iPrikAW ivc ieh bMDyj sKq hY ijvyˆ jogIAW ivc [ pr AsIN ieh vIjwxdy hW ik smu`cI vsoN dI kwm-ik®Aw aupr mukMml pwbMdI sMBv nhIˆ, ieh gYr p®ikrqk hY [ies leI hr Drm jW pujwrI S®yxI ny CotW vI dy r`KIAW hn [ AwiKr ieh rwjw, pujwrI Aqys`qwDwrI kwm aupr pwbMdI ikauN lgwauNdy hn [ ies dw pihlw p®Sn ieh hY ik kwm-SkqI nUµp®ikrqk isrjxw nwl sµbµDq hox dy bwvjUd GtIAw Apiv`qr, glIj ikauˆ smiJAw jWdwsI, ieh ivroDwBws ikau sI? v`D qoN v`D ieh ivAwiKAw id`qI jWdI hY ik ies kwm SkqI nUµ jyrok ilAw jwvy qW hor isrjxwqimk (jW qbwhI) dy kMmW ivc vrqI jw skdI hY [ siQqI dIivfMbnw hY ik ieh PwrmUlw swrI AwbwdI aupr qW lwgU nhIˆ kIqw jw skdw pr hwkm S®yxIAWAMSk AwbwdI ^ws krky p®iqBwSwlI lokW aupr ies nUµ jbrdsqI lwgU krdIAW hn [ iekpwsy sUrbIrW, BlvwnW, POjIAW vrgy srIrk blSwlIAW nUµ Aqy dUjy pwsy klwkwrW, Drm-AcwrIAW vrgy bOiDk kMm krn vwilAW aupr sKqweI kIqI jWdI rhI hY [ Swied ies dwkwrn ieh sI ik kwm nwl ivAwh Aqy AOlwd juVI hoeI hY [ AOlwd nwl bMdw b`J jWdw hYikauNik AOlwd nUµ dUijAW ivAkqIAW aupr Aqy hor kwrjW qo pihl dyxI kudrqI p®ivrqI hY [suqyis`D hI ivAkqI iksy musIbq smyN rwjy Aqy rwj dI QwvyN AOlwd nUµ cux jWdw hY [ ies leIieh rwjw S®yxI dy ihq ivc sI ik SkqISwlI, p®iqBwSwlI, klwkwr Aqy bOiDk ivAkqIAOlwd qoˆ dUr rihx [ ies duinAwvI loV aupr AiDAwqimk k`jx pw ky ies nUµ mukqI nwljoV ky ivAwiKAw id`qI jWdI hY [ p®ymI joVy qW suBwA qoˆ hI bgwvqI huMdy hn [ auh rwj, DrmAqy smwijk sMsQwvW nUµ Awpxy ipAwr (p®ikrqk jzby) A`gy qu`C jwxdy sn [ iesy leI swryhI smwj ies qy is`DIAW jW Ais`DIAW, sKq jW nrm rokW lgwauNdy sn [ ieiqhws ivcPOjIAW nUµ pirvwr qoˆ dUr r`ØiKAw jWdw sI [ v`fy sMq mhWpurS pirvwr nUµ iqAwg idMdy sn jWAws kIqI jWdI hY ik iqAwg krn [ koeI ieh iqAwg AMSk krdw sI, koeI pUrn krdw sIAqy koeI c`kr ivc krdw sI [

kI kwmnw SwhkwrI dy rwh ivc Atk hY?

kI imln suhj dy rwh dI rukwvt hY?

kI sONdrX dy rsqy ivc mmqw phwV hY? (pµnw 21)pihlI kQw ivc iSlpI ivsU mhWrwxw dI pqnI grBvqI hY pr aus nUµ rwjy dy hukm

Anuswr pqnI C`f ky mMdr inrmwx leI jwxw pYˆdw hY [ iesy smyN drimAwn pu`qr Dmpd pYdwhuMdw hY [ v`fw huMdw hY Aqy ipqw nUµ imlx clw jWdw hY [ A`gy mMdr mukMml hox vwlw hY, isrP

w'S[ sj lPiu ^ dq,o sgbJ drivJ $y fH[ dWiaJa sg wdraj


isKr aupr guMbd itkwauxw bwkI hY [ auh guMbd itk nhIN irhw [ puqr AwpxI jugq nwl guMbditkw idMdw hY Aqy iPr auh ipqw dy gOrv kwiem r`Kx leI mMdr dI C`q qoN cMdrBwgw ndI ivcCwl mwr ky Awqm-h`ØiqAw kr lYNdw hY [ ies kQw ivc ibrhoN dw p®gtwvw qW sihj hI hY [ iesibrhoN nUµ pYdw krn vwly AinAW nUµ mohnjIq ny sMvydnw nwl icqrq kIqw hY [ aus dy kuJibrqWqk p®sMgW ivc KUbsUrq p®gIq pYdw huMdw hY [ ies ivc koeI S`k nhIN ik BvnW, mMdrW dwinrmwx qW Awm lokW dI imhnq Aqy iSlpIAW dI klwkwrI nwl huMdw hY pr aus dw nW rwjydy Kwqy pYNdw hY [ Aijhw kridAW Awm lokW aupr jo srIrk mwnisk qS`dd huMdw hY aus nUµ lyKkny mwrimk FMg nwl icqirAw hY [

ikrqIAW ny KwihSW ieCwvW mwr ky

p`QrW ivc rUh dI kivqw ilKI hY [ (pµnw -22)

iSlpIAW dw nwm nhIN huMdw

klw huMdI hY jW ikrq

imsr dy iprwimfW dy iSlpI kOx sn

mYksIko dy mwieAw BvnW dy ikrqkwrW nUM kOx jwxdY

kOx sn cyiqAw BvnW sqUpW qy iSlwlyKW

imnwrW AjMqw, Alorw AYlIPYNtw hor lwTW sqMBW KujwrwhoN

qwjmihl dy ausr`eIey?

kOx nhIN jwxdw

nwm rwijAW hwkmW qwnwSwhW jwrW dy huMdy ny (pµnw 65)pr mYnUµ jwpdw hY ik rwjy dy julmW, ikrqI dy nW dw nw hoxw, ibrhoN dw icqrn ieh kQw

dy mUl srokwr nhIN hn [ imQ dw mUl srokwr imQ dI guMJl Aqy ies dw sulJwE hY [ ipqw mhwniSlpI hY, rwjy dy AwdyS dw pwlxhwr vI hY, swry kwrj l`gBg mukMml vI kr lYNdw hY prAwKrI isKrI Coh tIsI qy guMbd itkwaux ivc AsmrQ rihMdw hY [ ieh kwrj aus dw pu`qrkrdw hY [ ieh krnw suBwivk sI, aus AMdr iSlpI dw KUn sI, aus ny iesy klw dI is`ØiKAwleI sI Aqy sB qoN v`D mhwn kMm krn dI p®yrnw sI [

Dmpd p`Qr drwSdw/in®q klw vI is`K irhY

hwv Bwv dw Byd pw irhw/lokW ivc ivcrdw hY

DunW dw guhj pw irhw/lokW dw mrhm smJdw

mrm isrjxw dI rUh hY/ Aµdr dw rh`s jgw irhw (pµnw 30)ies qoN vI A`gy lyKk ny iliKAw hY

ivSU iSlpI AwgU sI/dUr AMdyS brIkbIn jugqmµd

p`QrW dI rmj sJxdw/suBwA p®ikrqI rMg rUp

ieh sB g`lW pu`qr nUM d`sIAW (pµnw 57)iksy kwrj leI vMS, vwqwvrn qy p®yrnw hI muK kwrk mMny jWdy hn [ ies ivc njwiezævI

kuJ nhIN sI sgoN ieh klw prMprw dI lgwqwrqw sI [ pr pu`qr ipqw dw nW au~cw r`Kx leIkurbwnI idMdw hY [

lok ivSvws hY/bwp ivsU dy gOrv leI

Dmpd ny mµdr dI C`q qoN/cMdrBwgw 'c Cwl mwrI

sMvwd-04 67

jl jl smwDI leI/smJ nhIN AwauNdI (pµnw 64)

ieh iks iksm dw dbwA sI? ieh ikhVy mu`l p®bMD dI d`s pwauNdw hY ? ij`Qy pu`qr jyipqw dy ADUry kMmW nUµ pUrw kr dyvy qW aus nUµ sul`g jW spu`qr kihx dI QwvW p`g qy dwgsmiJAw jwvy ijs dy is`ty vjoN aus nUµ Awqm-h`ØiqAw krnI pvy[myry qo ieh guMJl h`l nhIˆ hoeI [ikauˆik iek pwsy qW lyKk dw m`q hY ik

sWJ dI jY sI/muVky dI iqAwg dI jY

sbr dI jY/Dmpd qW mwiDAm sI isrP iek nW...

swirAW dw imlxw hI koxwrk sI (pµnw 64)BISm ny ipqw dI kwm-KuSI leI sdw leI b®hmcwrI rihx dI ksm Kw leI sI [ rwm ny

Awpxy bwp dsrQ dy vcn inBwaux leI Kud bxvws Dwrn kr ilAw [ r`b A`gy iebrwhIm nyiezwk dI kurbwnI dy id`qI sI [ hrIS cMdr ny Awpxy hI pu`qr nUµ dPnwaux qoN ienkwr krid`qw sI [ ienHW swry hI p®sMgW ivc Drm iek v`fy mu`l p®bMD vjoˆ hwzr hY [ ipqw dI KuSI dIie`Cw, p®clq ivDwn, r`b dI mrjI mh`qvpUrn hY pr ies imQ ivc qW puqr Awp hI ipqw dIkIrqI vDwaux leI mr jWdw hY [ ieh imQ iks cIjæv`l sMkyq krdI hY? mYN smJ nhIN sikAw [ij`QoN qk b®hcwrX dI Dwrnw nUµ inrwrQk swbq krn Aqy ies nwl aupjdI ibrhw nUµ icqrnAqy Ap®oK rUp ivc AinAW ivru`D Avwj auTwaux dw p®Sn hY lyKk ny kmwl kr id`qI prlyKk ny ies p®Sn nUµ AxgOilAw kr id`qw ik AwiKr puqr dI kurbwnI ikauN? ies p®Sn ny iespusqk dy AMiqkw lyKkW nUµ vI qMg nhIN kIqw [ mYnUµ ies p®Sn ny bhuq qMg kIqw hY [ mYN AwpxIqMgI quhwfy nwl sWJI kr id`qI hY [ qusIN A`goN qMg huMdy ho jW nhIˆ ieh quhwfy qy inrBr hY [ iehkQw kI iksy purwxy p®mwixk pwT dw vI ih`sw hY jW ieh kyvl gweIf dI GVI khwxI hY [ ijvyNhr ikly ivc surMg dw hox Aqy ikly dy bxn smyN iksy dI kurbwnI dw ijkr gweIf Aksr hIkrdy rihMdy hn jdoN ik ieiqhwsk Aqy aus smyN dy iemwrqswjI Anuswr bhuqIAW iemwrqWivc surMgW nhIˆ sn [

dUsrI kQw dw sµbµD vI BwvyN ausy koxwrk mMdr Aqy ausy b®hmcwr vwlI kwm vrjxwnwl hY pr aus dI guMJl ivAwh qoN iqMn idn pihlW hI rwjy dy AwdyS kwrn ivAwhy jwx vwlyjoVy kml mhWrwxw Aqy cMdrBwgw ivc pYx vwlw ivCoVw hI nhIN sgoN aus kQw dI mUl guMJlqW rwj-in®qk s®Id`q dI puqrI iSlpw dw Awpxy GridAW qoN corI Aqy ieh vI suJdw hY ik sBqoˆ corI dyvdwsI (dyvdwsI p®qIrUp bx skdI hY) nw huMidAW vI mMdr dI mUrqI leI p®qIrUpbxnw hY [ ieh corI rwjy Aqy rwjy dy Aihlkwr ijnHW ivc aus dw ipqw dI Swml hY, qoN qW hoskdI hY pr swQI iSlpI klwkwrW qy p®qIrUp bxn Aw rhIAW hor dyvdwsIAW qoN vI hovy, iehsMBv nhIN jwpdw [ hwl dI GVI ieh mMn vI ilAw jwvy qW muK g`l isrP eynI hI rih jWdI hYik kI iSlpw Aqy iSlpI Awps ivc ipAwr ivc sn jW aus iSlpw AMdr isrP bu`q rUp ivcsiQr ho ky Amrqw g®ihx krn dI illk sI [ ijs dw pqw l`gx aupr aus nUµ ies dI kImqdyS inkwly vjoˆ hMFwauxI pYNdI hY [ mYN ies kQw nUµ kwm, kwmnw Aqy ipAwr qoN pry Amrqw dIillk vjoN dyKdw hW [

Awid mnuK qoN lY ky A`j qk hr smyN hr cIz nUµ sonw bxw dyx vwly pwrs p`Qr Aqy iekvwr Kw lYx nwl sdw leI Amr ho jwx vwly Pl dI ie`Cw mOjUd rhI hY [ Amr hox jW G`to G`tdIrG AwXU qW A`j qk ivigAwnIAW dI iK`c dw kwrn bxI hoeI hY [ pr jy Awp ijauNdy nw rhyqW iesy illk dw dUjw p`K Awpxw sdIvI inSwn C`fx dw hY ijs nwl j`g qy rih jy g`l [ieh Bu`K pUrI krn leI iek pwsy inauN jVH kwiem r`Kx dw rwh qW sMqwn auqpqI dw hY, dUjw



sdw cyiqAW ivc rih jwx vwlI sdIvI Xwd bxn leI huMdw hY [ XwdW nUµ siQr r`Kx leIsQUl vsqW shweI huMdIAW hn [ sQUl vsqW (buq, Bvn, qsvIrW) Drvws idMdIAW hn [ sQUlvsqW nwSvwn srIrW Aqy srIrW AMdr vwpr rhy mwnisk ik®AwvW dw is`Dw jW p®qIkwqimkAiBivAMjn hY [ AwDuink Xug ivc vI ieh Bwv mOjUd rihMdw hY [ sYlPI iesy dI isKr hY [ sYlPIqoN vI A`gy Ajoky Xug ivc sMnI ilEn vrgI Adwkwr dI ngn iPlmW qoN ihMdI isnymy vwieAwib`gbOs ivc dwKly dI khwxI vI rldI imldI jwpdI hY [ ikqy nw ikqy Awqm moh hY [nwriszm ies svY-moh dw bOiDk ivSlySx hY [ ies bwry bhuq kuJ iliKAw ivcwirAw igAw hY [ieh Awqm moh Awpxy leI SISw l`Bdw hY [ ieh SISw p®ymI hI ho skdw hY, Awm p®ymI p®ym plWivc SISw huMdw hY [ p®qIibMb sur`ØiKAq nhIN kr skdw [ p®ymI dy dUr hMuidAw hI sB kuJ CweI-mweI ho jWdw hY [ klwkwr (kvI, ic`qrkwr mUrqIkwr, AwDuink kYmrwmYn, inrdySk) ausp®qIibMb nUµ icrsQweI kr idMdw hY [ iesy krky klwkwr-p®ymI p®qI AwkrSn vDyry ho jWdw hY [iSlpkwr qW kQw mwmly ivc Alp ik®irAwSIl hY [ smwijk dbwE Aqy ivAkqIgq lukwEbwry Prwief swnUµ bhuq igAwn idMdw hY [ swrI Gtnw dw pqw l`gx qy iSlpkwr nUµ szw nhINhoeI, mUrqI nhIN qoVI geI pr iSlpw nUµ dyS inkwlw dy id`qw jWdw hY [ jy kQw ieQy Kqm hojWdI qW kQw sDwrn rih jWdI hY [ kQw dw mh`qvpUrn Bwg ieh hY ik dyS inkwly smyN jhwzivc jwx Aqy qUPwn qoˆ bcwE leI jdoN auh kurbwnI idMdI hY qW aus dI kurbwnI prvwn pYjWdI hY Bwv auh jq-sq dI p`kI sI, kI aus AMdr kyvl kwm Kyf dI QW Amr hox dI lwlswsI ? ieh p®Sn iDAwn dI mMg krdw hY [

rwjs`qw dy Awpxy inXm hn [ iksy dI Xwd bxn nhIN idMdI [ iksy dI jbrdsqIbxwauNdI hY [ pitAwly dy mhwrwjy ny hrm ivc Awaux qoN ienkwrI iek Dobx nUµ jbrdsqI cukilAWdw [ aus ny KudkSI kr leI qW mhwrwjy ny aus dI ngn AvsQw dw buq SryAwm bwrWdrIivc g`f id`qw sI [ smyN bwAd kuJ Bwg 'qy k`pVw pw id`qw igAw [ KwVkU lihr smyN auh buq bMbnwl aufw id`qw igAw [ so sQUl inSwnIAW kyvl Amrqv dI lwlsw ivcoN iek pwisauN nhINjwgdIAW sgoN ieh s`qw dy dmn nUµ icqrq krn leI vI hoNd ivc AwauNdIAW hn[

ibnw S`k mohnjIq ny imQ-BMjnw nhIN kIqI pr aus ny imQ ismrnw vI nhIN kIqI [ ausny m`D-mwrg cuixAw hY [ aus ny imQ dy ivc mOjUd K`ØipAW nUµ Awpxy ArQW nwl BirAw hY [pihlI kQw ivc aus dw zor ibrhw icqrn aupr hY Aqy ies ivc auh sPl vI hY [ ikqy nw ikqyies kQw ivc ipClI sdI dy pihly A`D dy p®gqIvwdI ivcwrW dI p®qIDunI vI suxweI idMdI hYik AwiKr ivSwl klwik®qW dI isrjxw qW mnuKI h`Q hI krdy hn pr aunHW dI bjwey nW hmySwrwijAW dw pYNdw hY [ ibrhw icq®x Aqy rwijAW dy AinAWSIl ivvhwr dy nwlo nwl ies rcnwivc mMdr dI Swbidk icqrkwrI vI hY ijs ny mMdr nhIN vyiKAw Aqy auh ies dIAW qsvIrWvI nhIN vyKxw cwhuMdw auh mohnjIq dy SbdW ivcoN mMdr dI klw vyK skdw hY [ ies kQw dwisKr qW puqr dw mrnw hY [ socx vwlI g`l hY ik ieh mrnw ipqw leI hY? rwjy leI hY? jW iPrieh hzwrW iSlpIAW leI hY ?

dUjI kQw p®clq nYiqkqw-AnYiqkqw qoN pry ivcrdI hY [ iSlpI dI p®yimkw ijsnypqnI bxnw sI, ibrhw mwrI qW hY auh s`s v`loN durkwrI vI hY [ aus dI durkwr ip`Cy s`c jW JUTp®yimkw dI durwcwrnw hY [ kuJ p®Sn lyKk ny Awpxy hI FMg nwl C`f id`qy hn jW kih lE ikAwpxI hI ivAwiKAw dy id`qI [ kvI Anuswr cMdrBwgw dy sµbµD ivc s`s v`fI doSI jwpdI hYjdoN ik ikqy nw ikqy iSlpkwr v`fw doSI hY [ pihlW cMdr Bwgw nUµ klpnw qoN buq ivc skwrkrdw hY, iPr auhI iSlpw nUµ bu`q rUp ivc GV ky vI bygunwh mwsUm rihMdw hY [ pr AMq jdoN auh

sMvwd-04 69

cMdrBwgw nUµ pCwx ky vI nhIN ApxwauNdw qW auh v`fw doSI swbq huMdw hY pr jwpdw hY ikkvI ikqy mrdwvyN smwj dI Awm Dwrnw dw iSkwr hoieAw hI ilK jWdw hY :

bySk kml nUM mW ny ikhw sI ik mr cu`kI hY

s`s qW eyho cwhuMdI hY/eyho aus ny ikhw hY

auh ibrhn dI rg nUM nhIN pihcwn

nhIN jwxdI sucm kI huMdI hY

kMvwrwpx kI huMdw hY

vwh nI iksmqy ijs nUM vyiKAw eI nhIN

aus sMg p®xweI geI

ijs nUM kdy Aµg nhIN lwieAw

aus nwl ivAwhI geI

cMdr Bwgw dI ieho hoxI hY

nwrI hI nwrI dI duSmx hY [ (pµnw 108)ibnHW S`k aus dy ibrqWq ivc AwauNdI ibrhw dI p®gIqk vydnw ivSyS iDAwn mMgdI

hY [

Aw nI sKIey/vyK nI sKIey

kOx p®whuxw AwieAw

nwly swfw ic`q lY igAw

nwly lY igAw kwieAw (pµnw 74)ieh kwiv kQw iek icr sQweI p®Sn nUµ vI muV-muV jgwauNdI hY ik klwkwr dw XQwrQ

nwl sMbMD ikho ijhw huMdw hY [ klpnw ivc AslIAq Aqy klw ivc klpnw dw kI Xog hY?ieh rh`s nUµ nij`Tx dw kwrj ieh kwiv kQw krdI hY [ koxy dw sUrj pusqk rwhIˆ mohnjIq nykoxwrk mMdr nwl juVIAW do imQk khwxIAW nUµ pyS kridAW keI mUl BUq p®Sn auTwey hn [pUrv AwDuink Xu`g ivc iemwrqW, mMdrW, mInwrW, BvnW dw inrmwx aunHW dy aupXogI jWvpwrk p`K nwloˆ vDyry rwj s`qw dy p`K nUµ sQwpq krnw sI [ Aijhw kridAW rwjw S®yxI l`KWikrqIAW, kwrIgrW qo nw kyvl srIrk muS`kq hI krwauNdy sgoN aunHW dw mwnisk auqpIVn vIkrdy sn ijs dw isKr mMdr bnwaux smyN b®hmcwrX dw pwlx krnw sI [ ieh p®Sn vIauTwieAw igAw hY ik ienHW ivSwl iemwrqW dy isrjxhwr qW Awm ikrqI klwkwr sn pr nWlOikk jW AlOikk rwjy dw hI v`jdw sI [ ieh vI p®Sn auTdw hY ik mMdr dIAW dyvdwsIAWkOx Aqy ikvyN bxweIAW jWdIAW sn, kI AmIr auckul dIAW AOrqW vI dyvdwsIAW bxdIAWsn jW nIvIN kul dIAW lVkIAW nUµ hI rwjw S®yxI Aqy pujwrI S®yxI dw gTjoV AwpxI srIrksyvw leI mwnisk qOr qy gulwm bxwauNdw sI [ ieh Aqy ies iksm dy p®Sn mwrksvwdI Aqysbwltrn icMqn dy hn pr ieh kQwvW pVHidAW kuJ hor p®Sn vI auTdy hn [ ijvyˆ iSlpw dwdyvdwsI nw huMidAW vI Amr hox dI lwlsw ADIn p®qIrUp bxnw hY [ klwkwrW dy AMdr rwjydw AwdyS mMnx dI mzbUrI dy nwlo nwl AwpxI klw dy jOhr ivKwaux dI ie`Cw vI kMm krdIhY [ ieMj ieh pusqk koeI bMd b`Dy-ruDy ArQW dI QwvyN nvyN p®Sn pYdw krdI hY [ iek qrHW kvI nyp®wpq kQw dy K`ØipAW nUµ qW BirAw hY nwl dI nwl nvyN p®Sn vI pYdw kIqy hn [ mYN kvI dw ieskQw nUµ pMjwbI ivc sWJI krn leI DMnvwd krdw hW [


²


AwDuink pMjwbI swihq dI smwijk swrQkqwswihq Aqy smwj dI AMqr-sMbMDqw qy AMqr-sMbwidqw sjIv

suBwA vwlI hY ijs dy is`ty vjoN ieh dovyN iek duUjy dy suBwA, sMvydnwAqy swr dI pCwx leI shweI huMdy hn ikauNik swihq AwpxI k`cIsm`grI (vsqU-rUp ivc) smwj ivcoN hI gRihx krdw hY, ies leI iehijQy Awpxy smyN dy jIvn-s`c qy soc ivcly AMqr-ivroDW dw AwBwskrvwauNdw hY, auQy Awpxy prqvyN rUp ivc ieh Awpxy smyN dI smwijkcyqnw dy ivkws qy smwijkI qbdIlI ivc vI Awpxw bxdw XogdwnpwauNdw hY [ ieauN, swihq mnu`K dy inry suhj-suAwd jW mn-prcwvy dyswDn vjoN hI nhIN, sgoN smwijk pirvrqn dI qOr qy qrIikAW ip`CykwrjSIl qy pRvwhmwn pdwrQk qy ieiqhwsk loVW, pRBwvW Aqy dbwvWAwid dI jwxkwrI dy iek ivSvws Xog qy pRmwixk sRoq vjoN vIAwpxw mul Aqy mh`qv r`Kdw hY [

sMq, sUrmw qy ShId pMjwbI suBwA dw Aijhw iqRvyxI-sMgm hYijhVw pMjwbI mwniskqw ivc iek srvoqm qy ApxwauxXog mu`lvjoN pRvwn hY [ ieho hI kwrx hY ik pMjwbI jIvn ivc jdoN vI iksysMkt smyN ies dI prK GVI AweI hY qW pMjwbIAW ny ies mu`l dIsQwpqI dw sbUq idqw hY [ pMjwb dw gOrvmeI ieiqhws, gurU swihbwnWdw sMq, sUrmy qy ShIdI vwlw jIvn Aqy m`DkwlIn pMjwbI swihqdIAW iviBMn kwiv-DwrwvW ivclw kwiv-ibMb ies dI pRwmwixkqw ƒpu^qw rUp ivc sQwipq krdw hY [ AwDuink simAW ivc vI pMjwbIsuBwA dI AijhI ivl`Kx ivBUqI dI klwqmk ibMbwkwrI AwDuinkswihq dy iviBMn rUpW ivc aupl`bD hY, ijhVI Awpxy prqvyN rUp ivchr vMgwr, ibpqw Aqy ivprIq siQqIAW ivc vI swfI pRyrxw dw sroqbxdI rhI hY [ ieauN Awpxy AwrMB qoN hI pMjwbI swihq ijQy AwpxIsmkwlI sMvydnw ƒ sMBwln dw dsqwvyzI mu`l r`Kdw hY [ auQy ies dImuK-sur mnuK dI hoNd Aqy h`kW auqy Cwpw mwrn vwly s`qw dy hr qrHW dydwby, dmn Aqy SkqI dy ivroD pRiqroD vwlI rhI hY [

pMjwb ivc AwDuinkqw dIAW jVHW 1849 eI qoN bwAd lgxIAWAwrMB hoeIAW jdoN Bwrq dy Aw^rI rwj auqy vI brqwnvI swmrwj dwkbjw ho igAw [ p`CmI siBAwcwr, p`CmI is`ØiKAw Aqy p`CmI swihqdy pRBwv rwhIN jo nvW igAwnvwd ieQy phuMicAW, aus pRqI pMjwbIicMqn dI phuMc-idRStI AMnHI SrDw jW AMnHy Anukrn vwlI nhIN rhI,sgoN sMbwidqw vwlI sI [ iehdI XQwrQ-boD dI ivigAwnk qyqwrikkqw vwlI idRStI ƒ AwpxI prMprw Aqy ieiqhws dI punr-Koj

fw. suirMdr kumwr dvySvrpRo&Ysr

pMjwbI ivBwg, pMjwbXUnIvristI,cMfIgVH [[email protected]

(f>! 70-76)

sMvwd-04 71

Aqy punr-ivAwiKAw leI vrqdy hoey, ies rwhIN AwpxI prMprw dIAW audwrvwdI, mwnvvwdIqy mu`lvwn kdrW-kImqW Aqy jIvn-SYlI ƒ srl Aqy suKwvW bxwaux vwlIAW mwnvqwvW,DwrnwvW Aqy ivhwr dI pCwx krdy hoey ienHW dI sWB-sMBwl Aqy AmlI rUp ivc ienHW dyApxwey jwx dw qrk pyS kIqw [ dUjy pwsy, AwpxIAW smwj-siBAwcwrk sImwvW dI pCwxkrdy hoey ienHW ƒ iqAwgx dI vkwlq vI kIqI [ qIjw, pMjwbI icMqn ny p`CmI icMqn ƒ iekviFau iqRskwirAw nhIN sgoN ies icMqn dy aunHW p`KW, rUpW sMklpW Aqy ivDIAW ƒ gRihx krndI ihmwieq kIqI ijhVIAW swfy sUJ-sMcwr, SKsI AwzwdI Aqy ivAkqIgq qy smUihkS^sIAq dy ivkws ivc shweI huMdIAW hoeIAW swfIAW smkwlI sm`ØisAwvW dy sulJwaux ivcshweI ho skdIAW sn [ cOQI g`l, pMjwbI icMqn ny Awpxy klwqmk mwiDAmW, ivSyS krkypMjwbI swihq dy iviBMn rUpW, rwhIN pMjwbIAq ƒ kyNdr ivc rKdy hoey rwStrI cyqnw ƒ auBwirAw,ijs dy PlsrUp pMjwbIAW ny jMgy-AwzwdI ivc pihlkdmI vI kIqI Aqy rwStrI-AMdolnivc Awpxw BrvW sihXog Aqy blIdwn vI id`qw [

BwrqI ieiqhws ivc 1857 dw vrHw auh kRWqIkwrI vylw hY jdoN brqwnvI swmrwj ivruDpihlw ibgul bjwieAw igAw [ pMjwb dI rjvwVwSwhI ny BwvyN Awpxy injI ihqW leI AMgryzWdw sQw id`qw, prMqU 13 ApRYl 1857 ƒ kUikAW dy AwgU bwbw rwm isMG jI ny ‘sMq Kwlsy’ dwpRkwS krky iek AijhI lihr pYdw kIqI ijs ny brqwnvI hwkmW dI nINd hrwm kr id`qI [bwbw rwm isMG jI ƒ jlwvqnI Aqy iesdy pYrokwrW ƒ BwvyN qopW dy goilAW nwl bMnH ky ShIdkIqw igAw, prMqU ienHW duAwrw ijhVw nw-imlvrqn dw rwh ApxwieAw igAw, iehI rwhbwAd ivc kWgrs duAwrw clwey gey mhwqmw gWDI dy SWqmeI AMdoln dw AwDwr bixAw [kUkw/nwmDwrI lihr dw pMjwbI swihq dI auswrI ivc vI swrQk Xogdwn irhw hY [ gaU-h`ØiqAw qy bu`cV KwinAW dw ivroD, AMgryzI swmrwj ivru`D iq`KI n&rq, srkwr nwl nw-imlvrqn Aqy svdySI, vsqW dI vrqoN ƒ Apnwaux dy nwl-nwl kUikAW dy swihq ivcrwStrI cyqnw, AwzwdI dI lgn, Awpxy jlwvqn kIqy gurU bwbw rwm isMG jI pRqI AQwhibrhw qy SrDw, smwijk burweIAW dI inMdw, srl izMdgI dI is`ØiKAw, AOrq dI kdr AwidQIimk pwswrW vjoN swkwr hoey sn [ bwbw rwm isMG jI ny Awpxy jlwvqnI dy smyN ijhVyhukmnwmy AwpxI sMgq ƒ Byjy aunHW ny pMjwbI BwSw qy gurmuKI ilpI ƒ Awpxwaux dI pRyrxwid`qI [ bwbw cMd isMG dy bwrwmwh, inhwl isMG dw bwrmwh Awid mu`FlI rcnwvW hn [ ies qoNielwvw ies lihr qoN pRBwivq hor vI swihq pRwpq hoieAw hY ijs dI muK-sur auprokq suBwAvwlI hY [ ieauN nwmDwrI swihq ny rwStrI cyqnw Aqy prMprw dI pCwx dw mu`Flw qy mu`lvwnpRvcn auswrn qy pRcwrn ivc Aihm BUimkw inBweI [

19vIN sdI dy A`TvyN dhwky ivc swmrwj dIAW BwrU nIqIAW, p`CmI sMsikRqI dy vDdypRBwv Aqy eIsweI imSnrIAW dIAW v`D rhIAW gqIivDIAW dy pRqI au~qr vjoN pMjwb ivc jopunr surjIqI dIAW lihrW pYdw hoeIAW, auh pMjwb dy m`D vrg dI jwqI bxqr qy jwqI ih`CWkrky suBwA p`KoN BwvyN sOVI soc qy qMgidlI dIAW iSkwr ho geIAW, prMqU ^uSiksmqI vwlIg`l ieh hoeI ik bhuq jldI hI pMjwbIAW ny AwpxIAW ienHW sMsikRqk sImwvW ƒ smJ ilAw [pMjwb dy Aijhy sMktmeI ieiqhwsk dOr ivc jdoN iek pwsy pMjwb smucy Bwrq smyq brqwnvIswmrwj dIAW SoSxkwrI qy dmnkwrI nIqIAW ivruD jUJ irhw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy auh AwpxIAWsmwj-siBAwcwrk sImwvW qy kmzorIAW dw burI qrHW iSkwr sI, qW pMjwbI icMqn AwpxIDwrimk sOVI soc ivcoN inkl ky pMjwbI dI lMmyrI qy ivSwl prMprw ivc peI aus nroeI qymulvwn soc ƒ ApxwauNdw hY ijs dw suBwA mwnvvwdI qy audwrvwdI hY [ pMjwbI soc qy icMqndw ieh pRvwh aus smyN dy ivksq ho rhy smUh pMjwbI swihq rUpW ivc sp`St idKweI idMdw hY,

bjZpdVw f>ujWg ljdha sg lqjduw ljiowaj


ijs ny AwpxyN prqvyN rUp ivc brqwnvI swmrwj ivru`D iek ivAwpk p`Dr ’qy jnqk qysiBAwcwrk muhwj auswrn ivc AwpxI mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBweI [

is`KI AsUlW dI pUnr-surjIqI leI pMjwb ivc 187 eI. ivc isMG sBw lihr dI sQwpnwhoeI [ ies lihr ny is`KI dy Drm pRcwr, smwj qy siBAwcwrk suDwr, ividAk aunqI, pMjwbIBwSw dw pRcwr qy pRswr, pqrkwrI Aqy swhiqk KyqrW ivc jQybMDk qy sucyq rUp ivc mhqvpUrnkMm kIqw [ pMjwbI BwSw ƒ is`ØiKAw dw mwiDm bxwaux, skUl/kwlj Awid KolHx dy nwl-nwlA^bwrW, rswly, pYNPilt, pusqkW dI CpweI Awid ƒ hor pR&uilq kIqw [ pMjwbI swihq dy bhuqymu`Fly ausr`eIey iesy lihr dI dyx hn [ ienHW dI sB qoN v`fI smwijk pRwpqI ieh hY ik ienHWduAwrw isrjy swihq ny ijQy is`K jgq ivc nvIN jwigRqI pYdw kIqI, auQy Drm qy smwj suDwrdy iviBMn iviSAW rwhIN smwijk qbdIlI ivc Awpxw bxdw Xogdwn pwieAw [ BweI id`qisMG, BweI vIr isMG, mohn isMG vYd, crn isMG ShId, swDU dXw isMG Awid kuJ AijhypRiqinD lyKk hn ijnHW pMjwbI swihq dI smwjk swrQkqw dy nwl-nwl AwDuink swihqrUpW dIAW rUpgq sMrcnwvW dy klwqmk mwflW ƒ inrDwrq krn ivc vI pihl-kdmIkIqI [

gdr lihr pMjwbI icMqn qy cyqnw dw Aijhw kRWqIkwrI pRgtw sI ijhVw bwbw sohxisMG Bknw, bwbw gurid`q isMG, krqwr isMG srwBw qy pRo. lwlw hridAwl Awid dy XqnWnwl AmrIkw dy Sihr swn-PRWissko ivc 1912-13 ivc gdr pwrtI dI sQwpnw nwlAcwnk jW sMXog nhIN, sgoN ies dI ip`T-BUmI ivc brqwnvI swmrwj dIAW auh dmnkwrI qysoSnkwrI nIqIAW sn ijnHW dy PlsrUp pMjwb dI CotI ikswnI dI kMgwlI qy mMdhwlI vwlIhwlq bxI [ SwhUkwr qy srkwrI krjy dy boJ ny ies dI AwriQk kMgroV qoV C`fI sI [ AijhIsMktgRsq hwlq ivc ies kol do hI ivklp sn- pihlw, K`tx-kmwaux leI ivdySW ivcjwieAw jwvys dUjw, brqwnvI POj ivc BrqI hoieAw jwvy [ iek AMdwzy Anuswr AijhIdurdSw qoN bcx leI pUrbI pMjwb qy keI ijilAW dy kuJ is`K ikswnW ny dys iqAwg ky dUr-pUrb dy mulkW Aqy AmrIkw qy kYnyfw Awid DnI mulkW ivc jwxw SurU kIqw [ 1904-05 qoN1906-07 ivckwr lgBg 2950 ikrswn bwhr jw cuky sn [ 1914 eI. qk bwhr gey BwrqIAWdI ku`l igxqI vIh l`K sI, ijnHW ivc is`K ikrswnI dI igxqI bhuq izAwdw sI [

ienHW mulkW ivc jw ky pMjwbIAW ƒ Awzwd mulkW dI Awzwd i&zw dw Aihsws hoieAw [ieauN, gurbq, iglwnI qy gulwmI BrI izMdgI qoN Cutkwrw Aqy AwzwdI dI qWG hI gdr lihrdy pRyrxw sroq bxy [ gdr pwrtI vloN jnvrI 1914 ivc gurmuKI pRYs kwiem krky gdr gurmuKIivc CwipAw jwx l`gw [ BwvyN ieh lihr iek qoN izAwdw kwrxW krky kwmXwb qW nhIN hoskI, prMqU ies lihr dIAW isAwsI kurbwnIAW, ieiqhwsk rol Aqy swihq-siBAwcwrk dyxauswrU qy auqSwhjnk rhI [ ies lihr dy pRBwv vjoN jo swihq pYdw hoieAw, ausny pihly sMswrXu`D qoN bwAd pMjwb ivclyy Dwrimk, rwjsI Aqy smwijk AwzwdI leI ivFy GolW ivc nvINrUh Aqy SkqI Br id`qI [ gdr dI gUMj, b`br gUMj, gdrI qy kwmw, b`br kwiv-sMgRih, mUnSw isMG: jIvn qy rcnw, fwierI bwbw hrI isMG ausmwn, dyS BgqW dI bwxI Awid kuJ Aijhy sMgRih hnijnHW ivcoN swƒ AwpxI gdrI dyS BgqW dI brqwnvI swmrwj ivruD auTI bvwgq dI juJwrUsur pRwpq huMdI hY [ ienHw sMgRih ivcoN iek`ly gdr dI gUMj (spqwihk qy mwhvrI p`qr) dIAW s`qpusqk lVIAW, ijnHW dI igxqI 1,21,000 bxdI hY Cwp ky gdr pwrtI ny dunIAW dy swrydySW ivc, ijQy vI pMjwbI vsdy sn, mu&q vMfIAW [ Aijhw kRWqIkwrI qy juJwrU swihq dyS-ipAwr qy lok-ih`qW dw pRyrk bixAw Aqy iesny Aijhy swihq dy hor ivkws leI zmIn vIiqAwr kIqI, ijsny smwj dIAW lokrwjI prqW dy kRWqIkwrI jzibAW ƒ pRiqibMbq vI kIqw

sMvwd-04 73

Aqy pRyrnw vI id`qI [ srdwr Bgq isMG vrgy kurbwnI dy puMj Aqy jMgy-AwzwdI ƒ nvW moVdyx vwly ShId sUrimAW ny ies lihr ivcoN AwpxI AwrMBlI pRyrxw gRihx kIqI [

iesy Arsy dOrwn 1917 eI. dy rUsI ienklwb ny dunIAW Br dIAW ikrqI qy Soisq kOmWAqy mulkW ivc AwpxI gulwmI dw jUlw auqwr ky vgwh mwrn leI ivigAwnk smwjvwdIcyqnw dw sMcwr kIqw [ BwrqI icMqn, BwrqI swihq qy klw Aqy Bwrq dy suqMqrqw AMdolnauqy ies kRWqI dw ivAwpk pRBwv ipAw [ ienHW ivcwrW ny gdrI bwibAW Aqy pMjwb dInOjvwn ikrqI qy ikrswn vrg auqy vI Awpxw gihrw Asr pwieAw [ pMjwb ivc sohx isMGjoS Aqy srdwr Bgq isMG ny mwrksvwd dIAW jVHW p`kIAW krn Aqy mwrksI siBAwcwr ƒv`D qoN v`D lokW q`k phuMcwaux ivc sB qoN v`D mh`qpUrn BUimkw inBweI [ 1928 eI ivc pMjwbAMdr ikrqI ikswn nW dI pwrtI hoNd ivc AweI [ ikrqI nW dI iek pMjwbI h&qwvwr rswlwAwrMB kIqw ijhVw bwAd ivc 1925 ivc sMgiTq hoeI BwrqI kimaUinst pwrtI dy ivcwrWqy pwilsIAW dw pRcwr krdw irhw [ pMjwbI p`qrkwrI dy Kyqr ivc ijvyN hVH Aw igAw [PulvwVI, kvI, pRIqlVI, prBwq, lwl FMforw Awid Aijhy h&qwvwrI qy mwisk p`qr hn ijhVy1935-36 eI. qk pRkwiSq hoxy SurU hoey [ ies qoN ielwvw kuJ hor swihqk sMsQwvW hoNd ivcAweIAW ijnHW ny swihqk cyqnw, pwTk vrg ’c vwDw Aqy AgWhvDu smwijk ivcwrDwrw dwivsqwr kIqw [ ienHW ivc pRYs qoN ielwvw kvI drbwrW dw AwXojn, p`CmI swihq dw pRBwv,AwDuink FMg dy pusqkwly Aqy ivigAwnk Koj-sMsQwvW Awid dI sQwpnw Swiml hY [ smwijkqOr ’qy ies smwijk qy bOiDk cyqnw ny hr qrHW dy smwijk AinAW, BUpvwdI smwj, rUVHIvwdIsiBAwcwrk kdrW-kImqW Aqy swmrwjI soSx dw ftvW ivroD, sMquilq smwj qy ivAkqIqvdI auswrI Aqy suqMqrqw dI Bwv-cyqnw ƒ hor qIbrqw qy pRcMfqw pRdwn kIqI [ ies dy nwl-nwl AMqr-rwStrI p`Dr ’qy dUjy ivSv XuD dw mMflw irhw BYA, &wsIvwd qy nwzIvwd dI qMg-nzr kOm pRsqI, pUMjIvwdI audwrvwdI lokqMqr ƒ pYdw hoieAw Kqrw Aqy smwjvwdI blwkivSyS krky rUs ƒ Kqm krn dIAW swizSW Awid Aijhy kwrn sn, ijnHW ny prspr AMqr-sMbMiDq huMdy hoey AMqr-rwStrI pDr auqy jn-ihqkwrI ivcwrDwrwvW qy mhqv ƒ idRV krvwieAwAqy aus dy qrk-sMgq pRgtw dy nvyN pRiqmwn isrjy [ ivSv Amn qy sihhoNd dI Bwv-cyqnw ƒjgw ky jMgW-XuDW ivruD Awvwz ƒ bulMd kIqw [ iesy swihq ƒ pRgqIvwdI swihq ikhw igAw [Bwrq ivc Aijhy swihq dI mMg pRgqISIl lyKk sMG (1936) dI sQwpqI smyN ies dy sMsQwpkWvloN jwrI mYnIPYsto ivc kIqI geI [ swihq ƒ mwnv-ihqYSI kImqW nwl joVn Aqy swihqkwrWƒ swihq ivc ivigAwnk qrkSIlqw dw vwDw krky dyS ivc krWqI dI Bwvnw dy ivkws dIhmwieq krn dI ApIl kIqI geI [ ienHW pRBwvW sdkw pMjwbI swihq ivc vI pRgqIvwdIivcwrDwrw dw pRBwv lgwqwr vDx l`gw [ 1960 eI q`k pMjwbI dy Anyk nvyN qy purwxy lyKkWny pRgqIvwdI swihq isrjnw dy iesy mwfl ƒ ApxwieAw ikauNik ieh swihq smwjk mnorQWƒ Awpxw pRXojn bxwky isrijAw igAw, iesy leI iesny smwijk cyqnw dy auBwr qy pRswrivc swrQk kwrj kIqw [ ies swihq dI buinAwdI ivDI qy idRStI XQwrQvwdI sI [ ies krkyies ny pMjwbI smwj dIAW ivAkqI qoN lY ky smwijk smØisAwvW ƒ aunHW dy smwj-siBAwcwrkpRsMgW ivc inrUpq krdy hoey ienHW ivcly AMqr-ivroDW dI inSwndyhI vI krvweI [ swfIjwqI-jmwqI qy ip`qrI smwjk-AwrQk bxqr, swfIAW siBAwcwrk qy smwijk ruUVHIAW,swfy smwj ivclw ilMgk ivqkrw ivSyS krky AOrqW nwl, pirvwrk msilAW Awid dy nwl-nwl rwjsI cyqnw Aqy AwzwdI qoN bwAd swfI s`qw Aqy dysI srmwieAwdwrI dw jmwqIikrdwr, sMprdwiek rwjnIqI Aqy hor Aijhy AnykW, smwijk, AwrQk qy rwjnIqk msilAWdI BrvIN ibMbwkwrI ies swihq dI ivSyS pCwx qy pRwpqI hY [ ies ny nwl-nwl jmwqI cyqnw



qy jmwqI sMGrS rwhIN jmwq rihq smwj dI isrjnw dw tIcw vI imiQAw [ ieauN, pMjwbI dypRgqIvwdI swihq ny lµmy smyN qk swfI smwjk qy rwjsI cyqnw dy ivAwpk pwswr leIAwpxw bxdw ih`sw pwieAw [

1960 eI q`k dy smucy swihq dIAW iviBMn rUp ivDwvW ivc ijhVy swihqkwrW ny BrvWqy vrxnXog Xogdwn pwieAw aunHW ivc BweI vIr isMG, pRo. pUrn isMG, lwlw ikrpw swgr,DnI rwm cwiqRk, ibRj lwl SwsqRI, pRo. mohn isMMG, AMimRqw pRIqm, bwvw blvMq, dIvwn isMGkwlypwxI, nwnk isMG, gurb^S isMG pRIqlVI, gurmuK isMG muswi&r, sujwn isMG, sMq isMGsyKoN, krqwr isMG du`gl, kulvMq isMG ivrk, sMqoK isMG DIr, nvqyj isMG, suirMdr isMGnrUlw, jsvMq isMG kMvl, sohx isMG sIql, AweI. sI. nMdw, fw. hrcrn isMG, blvMqgwrgI, joSUAw &zldIn, ipRM. qyjw isMG, ipRM. joD isMG, lwl isMG kmlw AkwlI, kpUr isMG,fw. blbIr isMG Awid dy nW Swml hn [

1960 qoN bwAd dy simAW ivc keI qrHW dy pirvrqn vwpry [ cIn qy pwiksqwn dyhmly, rwjnIqk p`Dr ’qy kimaUinst pwrtIAW ’c duPyV, nkslvwdI lihr dw hiQAwrbMdienklwb dw nwhrw, Bwrq ivc rwjnIqk qy siBAwcwrk isstm dy fUMGy ho rhy sMkt, pMjwbivc AiqvwdI i&rkU lihr dw auBwr, rwjnIqI ivSyS krky s`qw dI rwjnIqI dy suAwrQ,KyqrI pwrtIAW dI sOVI rwjnIqI Aqy ies dy nwl nwl grIbI, byruzgwrI, iBRStwcwr, BweI-BqIjwvwd Aqy kunbwpRsqI Awid Aijhy kwrn hn ijhnW ny swfI vsqU-siQqI ivc swfwbu`DIjIvI ies dy sulJwau dw koeI ivvykmeI mwfl pyS krn qoN AsmrQ irhw [ auh jW qWAMqrmuKI ho igAw Aqy jW inj-suAwrQ, prMqU ienHW ivc swfw swihqkwrW dw vrg sI ijs nyies qrHW dI jmUd bxI siQqI dI iBAwnkqw ivc swfw mwrg drSn kIqw [ pMjwbI swihqkwrWivc Aijhy swihqkwr A`gy Awey ijnHW ny AwpxIAw rcnwvW ivc koeI mn-ieiCq rumWs isrjFky swDwrn bMdy ivc pYdw ho rhy ienHW siQqIAW pRqI ros, roh jW ivdroh dI bycYnI ƒ KuMFw nhINkIqw, sgoN qnwau hMFwau¤dy swDwrn bMdy ƒ AwpxIAW rcnwvW dy kyNdr ivc rK ky aus dwsmUrqn ausdy smwj siBAwcwrk pRsMgW ivc ausdy glpI-ivvyk ivc kIqw [ dUjy ArQW ivcies swihq ivc pyS hoieAw [ mnu`K BwvyN qnwau-qRwsdI hMFwauNdw hY prMqU ies dy kwrn ausdyin`jI ivAkqIqv dI Kot ivc nhIN, sgoN ivvsQw dI Kot ivc hn [ ieauN ieh swihq BwvyN is`DyrUp ivc koeI syD nhIN idMdw, prMqU pwTk vrg ivc AijhI ivvsQw pRiq n&rq pYdw krkyaus ƒ ausdy h`l leI bycYn krdw hY [ ieauN ies swihq ny BwvyN ^ud iksy nwiek dI isrjnwnhIN kIqI prMqU pwTk vrg ivc nwiek dI sMBwvnw jgwauNdw hY [ pMjwbI nwvl, khwxI,kivqw, nwtk Aqy vwrqk dy dUjy hor muK rUpW ivc Aijhy Bwv-boD dw hI pRiqibMbn hoieAw hY [guridAwl isMG, krmjIq isMG kusw, rwm srUp AxKI, dlIp kOr itvwxw, virAwm sMDU, mohnBMfwrI, AjIq kOr, AYS qrsym, gurbcn isMG Bu`lr, pRym pRkwS, Ajmyr isMG AOlK AwidswihqkwrW ny swihq isrjn dy auprokq mwfl dI qrjmwnI kIqI hY [ ies smyN dOrwn kuJ horswihqkwr hn ijnHW ivc pwS, hirBjn isMG hlvwrvI, sMq rwm audwsI, jgqwr, AmrjIqcMdn, surjIq pwqr Awid Swml hn ijnHW ny Awpxy swihq ivc smwjk pirvrqn leIhiQAwrbMd kRWqI dw ivvyk isrijAw hY [ aunHW ny swfIAW lotU, zwlm qy lok-Gwqk SkqIAWdy Axmnu`KI ikrdwr Aqy kwr-ivhwr ƒ AwpxI juJwrU kwivk sur ivc vMgwirAw [ srkwrIdmn Aqy lok-hmwieq dI Gwt kwrn BwvyN ieh lihr m`TI pY geI prMqU swfI smwijk cyqnwƒ pRcMf krn ’c ies ny, inrsMdyh, Xogdwn pwieAw hY [ pMjwb dy dihSqgrdI vwly kwlysimAW ivc vI pMjwbI swihq dI mu`K sur mwnvvwdI audwrvwdI suBwA vwlI rhI ijsnyAijhy Asur`ØiKAq qy AsuKwvyN mwhOl ivc BweIcwrk sWJ dw sMdyS id`qw [

sMvwd-04 75

AwriQkqw dy ivSvIkrn, in`jIkrn qy audwrIkrn dy smkwlI dOr ivc iek pwsyivigAwn qy qknwlojI qy KyqrW ivc igAwn qy auqpwdn dw ivsPot ho irhw hY Aqy dUjy pwsysUcnw dy pRcwr qy pRswr leI ibjleI swDnW ny ienklwbI p`Dr qk Awpxw pRBwv pw r`ØiKAwhY Aqy ienHW rwhIN Kpq siBAwcwr dIAW sqrMgIAW qy cuMiDAW dyx vwlIAW roSnIAW dypRdrSn rwhIN bMdy dI soc qy rucI ƒ Brmwaux qy luBwaux leI pYsy qy pdwrQ ƒ AMiqm mul vjoNsQwipq kIqw jw irhw hY [ auqr AwDuinkqw dy nW ’qy cyqnw dy swry rUpW ƒ ivSvI-AwriQkqwdy AnuswrI bxwieAw jw irhw hY [ ieiqhws, qrk qy mhW-ibrqWq dy qm hox dy AYlwn iessoc dw ivcwrDwrk pYNqVw hY [ ies smu`cy vrqwry dI mwr hyT hr Cotw ikswn, kwmw, kMmI,krmcwrI, kwrKwnydwr jW dukwndwr/vpwrI Aid hY [ siQqI dI ivfMbnw ieh hY ik ienHW ivcmwl-klcr dI smr`Qw nhIN Aqy Awpxy Coty nwl aunHW dw ruzgwr dw guzwrw nhIN [ swfy sucyqswihqkwrW ny ies qrHW AmwnvI vrqwry dy AMqr ivroDW qy qnwvW ƒ Awpxy smkwlI swihqdw ivSw qy vsq bxwieAw hY Aqy ivSvIkrn qy audwrIkrn dI idK vwly Kol ivc CupyswmrwjI ifzwienW dy Aml dI kUt-nIqI qy rx-nIqI dy swr qy suBwA dw prdw&wS vIkIqw [ iesy krky pMjwbI dw ieh smkwlI swihq AwriQkqw dy ies swmrwjI ivSvIkrndIAW SoSnkwrI qy dmnkwrI nIqIAW pRqI ivroD-pRiqroD dw klwqmk ivvyk isrjdw hY [bldyv isMG, im`qr sYn mIq, kyvl klotI, Avqwr bilMg, jsbIr Bu`lr, suKvMq kOr mwn, kyAYL grg, AqrjIq, bldyv DwlIvwl, AwqmjIq, gurSrn isMG, Ajmyr AOlK Awid Aijhyswihq dI pRiqinDqw krdy hn [

prvwsI pMjwbI swihq dI Dwrw vI hY [ rGubIr FMf, rivMdr rvI, qrsym nIlgIrI,svrn cMdn, AmrjIq cMdn, drSn DIr, hrjIq Atvwl, jrnYl isMG, Amn pwl swrw,vInw vrmw, prvwz sMDU, inrMjn isMG nUr, AjYb kMvl, Ajmyr rofy, dyv, SsI smuMdrw, mihMdrisMG Awid Aijhy swihqkwr hn ijnHW ny Awpxy swihq ivc prvwsI jIvn dy aus XQwrQ ƒmUrqImwn kIqw hY ijQy AwpxI AwpxI loV qy mjbUrI ivc &isAw bMdw prvws dw qnwau¤hMFw irhw hY [ ieh qnwau AwpxI DrqI pRiq moh qy audryvyN dw hI nhIN, sgoN prvws ivcrihMidAW pIVI-pwVy krky siBAwcwrk mulW dy tutx dw vI hY [ auQy ieh lok nsl ivqkirAWdy iSkwr hn, ruzgwr qy vyqn ivc vI ivqkry hn [ ies qoN ielwvw aunHW dIAW mjbUrIAW,smØisAwvW, ivAkqIgq kmzorIAW, pirvwrk irSiqAW ivc AwieAw ivgwV, Drm qy sMsQwvWdy nW auqy AwpixAW dI hI lu`t, AOrq dI vsqU bwxI siQqI Awid prvwsI jIvn dy AijhyBrvyN rUp ivc prvwsI swihq ivc rUpmwn hoey hn [

ieauN, pMjwbI swihq Awpdy AwrMB qoN hI inrMqr gqISIl qy pRvwhmwn irhw hY [ aus dwieh byrok pRvwh ijQy swihq dI vsq, ivDI qy idRStIAW p`KoN vMn-suvMnw hY, auQy ieh hmySw hIAwpxy smwijk mnorQvwd nwl prnwieAw irhw hY [ hux q`k pMjwb ivc auTIAW lihrW, pYdwhoey sMkt Aqy loVW ivc ies dI BUimkw sjIv qy swrQk suBwA vwlI rhI hY [ pMjwbI swihq dIiek vrnx-Xog ivl`Kxqw Aqy ies dw mIrI gux ies dI audwrvwdI qy mwnvvwdI rcnw-idRStI hY ijsny hmySw Awpxy swihqk krq`v ƒ sOVI soc jW sMprdwiekqw q`k Gtx nhINidqw [

pusqk sUcI :1. aupwiDAwey, ivSv im`qr, Bwrq dI AwzwdI dI lihr qy rUsI ienklwb, nvXu`g pbilSrz,

id`lI, 1980

2. krmjIq isMG, AwDuink pMjwbI kwiv-DwrwvW dy ivcwrDwrweI AwDwr, gurU nwnk dyvXUnIvristI, AMimRqsr, 1982


3. ikRpwl isMG ksyl, primMdr, pMjwbI swihq dw ieiqhws, lwhOr bu`k Swp, luiDAwxw

4. joigMdr isMG, AwDuink pMjwbI swihq dI rUp ryKw 1850-1970 (Bwg qIjw), pMjwbIXUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 1982

5. qwrw cMd, BwrqI suqMqrqw AMdoln dw ieiqhws (Bwg dUjw), BwSw ivBwg, pMjwb, pitAwlw,1974

6. dvySvr, suirMdr kumwr, pRgqIvwd, lokgIq, pRkwSn, cMfIgVH, 2010

7. -------------, smwj, s`qw qy smkwlI nwvl, lokgIq pRkwSn, cMfIgVH, 2005

8. Attar Singh, Secularisation of Modern Punjabi Poetry, Punjabi Prakashan, Chandigarh,

1988

9. Bipen Chandra, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India, People's

Publishing House, New Delhi, 1972

10. Rai, Satya, M., Punjabi Heroic Tradition 1900-1947, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1978

bjZpdVw f>ujWg ljdha sg lqjduw ljiowaj sMvwd-04 76

²

uldr>si dl>z sgbJ whjSgbJ ^fdirjiw Bp,B-F,u sj qlvj

uldr>si dl>z sg fdhyjS dHw ldFbjyji drdebjVg ba[y[a.V lqgdtbjwji ru'G WSg h{ m dHl Rpfi.a RplV[ dliuSjaqw ljdhar,v dZbjV w[Gsdia wgaj m cj! iuVgL Whjsi dl>z bVplji@ ##bduh[dfA'wC Vjv updCbj dliuw ljdhaw iPfjwji f+ag ba[ lqjuwriajdibJ f+ag rZ[i[ lpy[a hp.sj h{ m1 Rplsg fdhvg whjSg #fis[lg$dliuSj iljv[ dry Afg m dHl Rpfi.a dliuSj@ lqsiLg@ lisviljdvbJ dry AfgbJ whjSgbJ V[ fjnwJ } bjfS[ r,v dtKdybj muldr>si dl>z s[ tPh-tja[ ba[ zi sj ugb s' whjSg l.e+dh Af ypKw[hV m Rpls[ fdhv[ whjSg l.e+dh tPh-tja[ } FjLj drFje f>ujW rKv'G#lir'aq fplaw fpilwji$ dqv ypKdwbj h{ m uldr>si dl>z f+qp,t a"i a[Iojiorjsg whjSgwji h{ m RplsgbJ whjSgbJ sj w[Gsi q,Z riegqVp<t h{ m #q,Z rieg v'wJ s[ drLrjl@ Wsvsg qjVdlwaj@ Ws[L ujSVjv l.W.Za li'wjiJ@ fdirjiw l.wBJ@ sPhi[ dwisji rjv[ v'wJ@ sdvav'wJ s[ Iojiow ugrV Vjv l.W.Za qlv[ dHV%J whjSgbJ sg qp,t lpiWSs[ hV m$2

fdirji lqjuw l.lojrJ sg qp,Tvg dHwjHg h{ m FjHg wjV% dl>zVjFj V[ fdirji sj bio ##dwl[ fpiL } z[iV l.W.Zg@ wpB.W@ B,Wi@ iju[s[ bjl-fjl idhS rjv[ V"wi yjwi3 s[ iPf dry wgaj h{ m bji! b{lq{wjHgri ba[ yjivl b{y! f[; bVplji@ ##fdirji dHw bduhj lqPhh{ u' dw dv>ew l.W.ZJ Rpa[ bjZjdia h{ ba[ dH>Vj A'Bj ba[ lojHg h{ dwdHl dry WKdybJ sg Rpafag ba[ RphVJ sj fjvS-f'LS h' lwsjh{ m$$4

fdirji l.loj rJe drbjh rg dHw f+jygV l.loj h{ m drbjh }fdirji sg VgGh dwhj uJsj h{ m drbjh l.loj sg h'Gs fdirji ba[lqju s'hJ vHg ;iPig h{ dwRpGdw ldFbw lqju tp,v%[ dv.ew l.W.ZJ }f+rjVeg VhgG ds>sj m FjHg wjV% dl>z VjFj qhjV w'L dry drbjh sjbio ##F'eS sg d*bj@ dHlaig } dfaj s[ zi'G v{S sg d*bj5 s[bioJ dry wis[ hV m Campton's by Britannica bVplji@ #drbjh sjw'Hg dHw uJ h'i iPf veFe hi lKdFbaj dry q"uPs dihj h{ m drbjhdHw wj}Vg ba[ lqjuw fpLBg f+jfa l.z h{@ u' dHlaig ba[ fpiLdry fjdHbj uJsj h{ m dHh l.z lqju ba[ lqju wj}VJ@ dVIqJ@dirj;J@ drLrjl ba[ ragdibJ/ir,HgbJ spbjij dVI.aia wgaj uJsj

cj! idq>si w"if+'`{lif>ujWg bdZb{V lwPv@epiP VjVw s[r IPVg!b>[email protected]

ijuWgi w"it'u drdsbjioS



h{ u' ugrV ljogbJ drywji bdZwjiJ ba[ wi,arJ sj bjs[L ds>s[ hV m$6

fdirji lqju sj qh,arfPiV ba[ f+jodqw lqPh h{ m qVp<t s[ V{daw lqjuw drwjl drylF a'G fdhvJ dh,lj fdirji spbjij hg fjdHbj uJsj h{ fi fdirji sj fpijaV liPf riaqjVlq[G dry Whpa h,s a,w Wsv debj h{ ba[ dHl Wsvjb sj d;bjsj Npwjb fdirji sg Bp,B-F,ur,v h{ m fdirji l.loJ sg Bp,B-F,u uJ drenV vHg Whpa lji[ d;q[rji wjiV hV m dHl t'uf,ai sj qPv qp,sj fdirjiw Bp,B-F,u s[ wjiVJ } uldr>si dl>z sgbJ whjSgbJ s[ l.siF dryujVSj h{ m Rpl s[ s'hJ whjSg l.e+dh tPh-tja[ ba[ zi sj ugb dry'G #tPh-tja[$@ #fis[lg$@#bjrje"S$@ #tji[ fKaS$@ #W[i riej xv$@ #wlaPig$@ #f{vJ fjRpGsj l,f$@ fdirji sg Bp,B-F,u sglqKdlbj Vjv l.W.Za whjSgbJ hV m

ljc[ s[L dry W[ip;ejig dH,w bdhq lqKdlbj h{ m fdirji sg Bp,B-F,u dry W[ip;ejigdH,w bdhq wjiS h{ m ##f>ujW dry W[ip;ejig drbjfw f,Zi $a[ rZg h{ m dHl rjZ[ V[ drbjh vHgdVLdya Rpqi h,s dry Fjig Wsvjb dvbJsj h{ dwRpGdw drbjh ip;eji s[ qlv[ Vjv updCbjh'dHbj h{ m lqju s[ bji.dFw s"i dry Wjv drbjh sg ipyg f+ydva lg m dHl wpigag a'G ApBwjijfjRpS vHg Fjiag l.drZjV dry drbjh vHg vCw[ sg Rpqi zKB'-z,B 21 ljv a[ vCwg sgRpqi zKB'-z,B 18 ljv dVLdya wgag eHg m riaqjV lq[G dry W[ip;ejig s[ qKs[V;i drbwags[ ip;eji f+jfa wiV vHg veS rjvg s[ig wjiV fC%[-dvt[ fdirjiJ dry 30 ljv sg Rpqi a'GWjbs drbjh hpS bjq duhg e,v h' eHg h{ m$$7 ip;eji sg f+jfag Vj dli` drbjh wirjRpSvHg bdVrjig h{ Wvdw drbjh Rpfi.a W[ip;ejig sg lqKdlbj rKl[-rljH[ ziJ } rg aWjh wids>sg h{ m #fis[lg$ whjSg sg dHlaig fjai ulrgi hi qjC[ y.e[ lq[G dry bjfS[ fag wiqdl>z Vjv tC%sg h{ us'G Rpl w'v Wjhiv[ qpvw a'G wqjH[ h'H[ f{l[ hp.s[ hV m drbjh a'G Wjbs Vjwiq dl>z Wjhi uJsj h{ a[ Vj hg w'Hg w.q wisj h{ m btgi wiq dl>z sg W[ip;ejig a[ zi sgdVzisg hjva r,v s[tsg h'Hg Rph bjfS[ WKy[ s[ rZgbj Fdr,t } ljhqS[ i,t w[ wiq dl>z }A,c w[ yvg uJsg h{ m wiq dl>z } Wjhi'G bjH[ h'S wiw[ wHg diLa[ bjRpGs[ lg fi W[ip;ejigulrgi ba[ wiq dl>z sj diLaj Bp,BS sj qp,t wjiV WSsg h{ m

hRpq{G qVpKtg lpFjb sg bduhg wq;'ig h{ u' qVpKtg diLdabJ sgbJ uC%J } wq;'i wids>sg h{ m RpKyg drdsbj@ RpKyj lqjuw ipaWj@ q;WPa bjidow hjva@ ligiw lph,fS bjdsbduh[ wjiw hV u' Vjwjiaqwaj e+dhS wiw[ bjfSj qh,ar erj ds>s[ hV m dqvriaV@bjflg lJN ba[ dfbji sj f+agw #fdirji$ dHw A'Bg duhg #hRpq{G$ iPfg WpijHg Vjv Bp,B uJsjh{ m #tPh-tja[$ whjSg sg i';g bjfS[ lqjuw@ ijulg ipaW[ wjiV bjfS[-bjf } dqlBi ei[rjvVjv'G RpKyj lqNsg h{ m dHhg hRpq{G Vj fag } fag sj siuj ds>sg h{ Vj hg rKdcbJ s[ bjsilVqjV dry Npwsg h{ m ei[rjv s[ qjq[ Vjv buVWgfV rjvj drrhji #hRpq{G$ sj hg dl,Bj h{ m

#wlaPig$ whjSg dry dfbji-drbjh Bp,BS sj qp,t wjiV fag-faVg sg bjfSg-bjfSgdrbwagea hRpq{G h{ m W[Lw drbjhpaj l.W.ZJ dryvg fdhvg siji dfbji[ s[ drbjh Wjhi[l.W.ZJ wjiV f{Gsg h{ fi s'hJ dryjv[ dHh siji s'hJ sg hRpq{G wjiV r,Zsg uJsg h{ m s'r[G hgNpwS vHg dabji VhgG hV m

f+[q u.e dry ljWwj f+[qg fPi[ u'L'-ti'L Vjv aV' qV'G Z.V' upB[ h'H[ lV a[ RphVJ s[ rwgvRphVJ a'G rg yji wsq b,e[ m8

whjSg dry lpiga sg sjsg lpiga } avjw Vj v{{S vHg lqNjRpGsg h{ m dHl dfA[ bjfSgh,c-Wgag bjfSg f'ag } s,lsg h{ dw dwr[G RplV[ lpiga rJe hRpq{G wjiV bjfSg urjVg drybduhg evag wgag lg dul wjiV RplV[ bjfSg d;>seg s[ wHg wgqag ri%[ bjfS[ fag a'Gb,ve idh w[ WiWjs wi dsKa[ m fC%g-dvtg h'S wiw[ bjfS[ sq $a[ d;>seg ugrg fi btgi zi

sMvwd-04 79

sg zjB } qdhlPl widsbJ a[ rKdcbJ s[ wdhS $a[ lhpi[ zi rjfl bj eHg m Rph lpiga }#hRpq{G$ AKcS vHg lqNjRpGsg h'Hg wdh>sg h{ -

lF wpN i{cgq[c VhgG dqvsj@ q[ig epKc' ) dHh ugrV - H[h diLa[ w'Hg i{cgq[c wqg;Vg!!!h,Bg a'G tigsg a[ yjC% vHg - H[h fv-fv vhP Vjv dl>uS[ f{Gs[ V[ - H[h ljwdV,wgbJ-dV,wgbJ A'hJ lhji[ !!!r,c[-r,c[ dlswJ spbjv[ fvis[ V[ m9

fi hpS a,w wjxg s[i h' ypKwg lg m hRpq{G r,l dfbji[ a[ lpiga s[ diLa[ dry siji f{ yp,wglg m lpiga s[ qjf[ hq[Lj vHg lpiga a'G bjfSj diLaj a'C ypKw[ hV m Vj hpS Rpls[ w'v lhpij zih{ Vj hg f[wj zi m dfbji[ Vjv diLaj a'CV sj RplV[ {lvj v{ dvbj h{ ba[ RpZi Rplsj WjfRplsj Vjq a,w lpVS a'G dHVwjig h{ m y.eg d;>seg sg Fjv V[ Rpl} h'i FBwSj dry fj ds,aj m

f>ujWg lqju LpiP a'G qis-f+ZjV lqju dihj h{ m bduh[ lqju dry b"ia } fag sgbZgVeg dry idhS vHg q;WPi h'Sj f{Gsj h{ m #fis[lg$ whjSg dry zi s[ dreC[ hjvja }lpZjiV vHg ulrgi w'Hg ip;eji LpiP wiVj yjhp.sg h{ fi fi wiq dl>z dHl } bjfSgqisjVeg sg h[ng lqNsj h{ m Rplsj zi eigWg s[ ijh[ dfbj aWjh h' uJsj h{ fi Rph ulrgi} zi sg qdiIjsj a'G Wjhi uj w[ w.q wiV sg f+rjVeg VhgG ds>sj m

H[l W[Liq i.V V[ q{} dwa[ u'ej Vg AKdcbj m ws[ q{cq WS-WS Wdh>sg bj@ ws[ siuS m10

diLdabJ dryvg wW;[ sg FjrVj diLdabJ dryvj dV,z lqjfa wi ds>sg h{ m f>ujWglqju dry duo[ s' faVgbJ dry Hgitj a[ wW;[ sg FjrVj fjHg uJsg h{ Rpo[ qJ sj diLaj rgdHl[ Hgitj s[ b>aiea hg dryisj h{ m #tji[ f,aS$ whjSg wW;[ sg FjrVj adha Bp,DB[ fdirjisg sptJaw ejoj h{ m whjSg diLdabJ drywji daw'S dtysg h{ m qJ fp,ai a[ bjfSj h,wlqNsg h{ a[ faVg bjfSj m W[Lw wpvaji bjdebjwjig fp,ai h{ fi qJ vHg dHh e,v bldh h{dw fp,ai sj bjfSg qJ Vjv'G vejb z,Bsj uj dihj h{ m qJ fdhvJ rjv[ fp,ai sg wjqVj wisgh{ fi fp,ai } s'hJ dZiJ sj dZbjV i,tSj f{ dihj h{ m bjfS[ bdZwji sg rjflg sj q"wj qJ }Rps'G dqvsj h{ us'G Rplsg }h zi w'Hg b"vjs VhgG hp.sg m Rph fp,ai $a[ u'i fj w[ Rpl} sPli[drbjh vHg qVj v{Gsg h{ m bSq>V[ qV Vjv wpvaji sPlij drbjh aJ wij v{Gsj h{ fi dsV-W-dsV qJ a'G sPi hp.sj uJsj h{ m RpZi sPlig faVg s[ bjRpS Vjv hjvja h'i dreC uJs[ hV mljij fdirji dHw' zi dry idh>sj h'dHbj dHw sPli[ a'G sPi h' uJsj h{ m dHl lF NeC[ drywpvaji lF a'G Yfij h' uJsj h{ m fp,ai sg V[Caj } ailsg qJ bjfSg d;,s a[ q;WPig r,lh"vg-h"vg fp,ai } hq[Lj vHg bjfS[ a'G sPi wi v{Gsg h{ m

wpvaji q[ij hpwq rujRpGsj dihj!!!dVLjVg s[S sj !!!fi q{o'G tpl debj!!!ipn debjm dHw'zi dry blg vjfaj h'H[ fH[ lJ m Rphs[ dyhi[ a[ cP.zg dLwV Rpai bjHg m!!!!qjlPq q'h-t'igbJ b,tJ dry a,flrg rieg dri,wa W[ dvhj; wn'iaj m q{G Rpls[ V[C[ h'S }ailsg!!!Yphsj sis r.cjRpGSj v'ysg!!!!qqaj s[ rjla[ fj!!!Rph u'egbJ rJe Wjhiv[Wji'G fia uJsj m11

b,u diLdabJ dry fdhvJ du>Vg LdhVLgvaj VhgG ihg duo[ dw diLdabJ dryvg RPy-Vgy \zjB-rjZ| } WisjLa wgaj uj lw[ m whjSg dry #qJ$ V[ ljig Rpqi fag sg q"a a'GWjbs bjfSg bSt s[ sq $a[ ugrV ugdrbj m dwl[ a'G hji VhgG q>Vg m }h s[ bjRpS a'G WjbsRpl} bjfS[ hg zi dry'G lisjig ep.q hp.sg ujfsg h{ m dHw fjl[ tjVsjV s[ rjZ[ vHg b"vjs };iPig lqNsg h{ m sPli[ fjl[ fp,ai sj sPlij drbjh wiw[ bjfS[ h,w } fp?aj wiVj yjhp.sg h{ mljig Rpqi bSt Vjv w,Bg d;>seg } Rph b>av[ lq[G W[bStg Vjv VhgG ugb lwsg fi bjfSgd;,s fpejRpGsg-fpejRpGsg btgi hq[Lj vHg bjfS[ fp,ai } bjfS[ a'G b,ve wi v{Gsg h{ m

bjZpdVw lq[G dry fdirji s[ Bp,BS vHg d;>q[rji wjiVJ dry #dfbji drbjh$ drL[l

uldr>si dl>z sgbJ whjSgbJ ^ fdirjiw BpKB-FKu sj qlvj


FPdqwj bsj wisj h{ m b,u drdsbj s[ fjlji wjiV wpCgbJ-qp>c[ Rpy bwjsdqw bsjdibJdry dH,wn[ fC%s[@ w.q wis[ hV m Rpo[ RphVJ dry bjflg bjwiLS rKZsj h'dHbj h"vg-h"vgdfbji dry aWsgv h' uJsj h{ m dfbji l.W.ZJ ijhgG s'hJ dry bduhj lpfVqHg l.lji Rplisj h{u' Iojio a'G Whpa sPi h{ m Fjrpwaj r,l zidsbJ sj dri'Z wiw[ Rph hq[Lj vHg drbjh s[ W.ZVdry W,N ujSj yjhp.s[ hV m dHl ai%J s[ x{ldvbJ s[ Whp-f,tg dlKB[ dVwvs[ hV m #wlaPig$ whjSgdry lpiga sj bjfS[ qjdfbJ Vjv'G diLaj Bp,BS sj dHhg wjiV h{ m qjf[ bjfSg dH,;a a[ d;,sdry diLaj lrgwji wiV a'G dHVwjig h{ m sPli[ fjl[ lpiga dfbji[ Vjv drbjh wiV vHgWjd;s h{ m btgi lpiga dfbji[ Vjv drbjh wi v{Gsg h{ m dul s[ dl,DB[ ru'G lpiga s[ qjf[ hq[LjvHg lpiga a'G diLaj a'C v{Gs[ hV m dHo'G a,w dw lpiga sj Vjq lpSVj rg erjij VhgG RphVJvHg m

wjhsg fCjHg FPbj ug@ H[o[ df>cJ dry!!!wjvu wvjlJ VgG vesgbJ!!!dBRPLV vHg w'HgyKu sj f+' {li VhgG dqvsj m !!!q{G dfaj ug } Wo[ij dwhj@ #h'lBv fj s'@ h'i Vg FPbj w'vfdBbjv[ F[u s'$@ wps w[ fH[@ #?Wisji u[ qpCw[ VJ dvbj aJ!!! m12

us'G dHw fpiL sgbJ dHw a'G d;bjsj faVgbJ h'S uJ dHw dHlaig s[ dHw a'G d;bjsjfag h'S@ Rpl} Whp-drbjh dwhj uJsj h{ m Fjiag/f>ujWg lqju dry Whp-faVg drbjh sgf+oj f+ydva ihg h{ m ##Whp-drbjh sj lF a'G r,cj wjiV fp,ai sj Vj h'Sj lg m Fjia dry aJWhp-faVg drbjh sj qp,t wjiV dHh' lg dwRpGdw dh>sP Ziq-drrloj dry dHh lqdNbj uJsj h{dw fp,ai hg dfaj } ViwJ a'G WyjRpGsj h{ m13

#tji[ f,aS$ whjSg dry wpvaji s[ zi Bp,BS dry dHhg f+qp,t wjiV h{ m }h s[ b"vjs Vjh'S wiw[ wpvaji sg qJ wpvaji sj sPlij drbjh wij ds>sg h{ fi zi s[ hjvja l.riV sgWujH[ h'i Wsai h' eH[ m s'hJ }hJ sg hi lq[[[[[G sg vCjHg wjiV zi sj qjh"v tijW hp.sj debj mbduh[ qjh"v dry #zi$ lwPV sg ue%j Vj idh ldwbj le'G hi lq[G dHl zi dry sq zp,BSv,ej m

!!!q[i[ zi!!!duo[ hi w'Hg dHw sPli[ } WSjRpSj Fp,vg W{n[!!!H[h W'v Wpvjij!!!H[h dy.ejCj!!!i,Wjt{i VhgG m14

s'hJ faVgbJ sg vCjHg dry qJ-fp,a W[Wl h' uJs[ hV m qJ fp,ai s[ sPli[ drbjh s[ x{lv[a[ fAajRpGsg h{ fi hpS hjvja rKl'G Wjhi h' ypKw[ hV m

b,uwv drbjh l.W.Z ba[ fdirji Bp,BS dry lF a'G qh,arfPiV wjiV drbjh Wjhi[l.W.Z hV m drbjh l.loj sj bji.F hg qVp<t sgbJ u{drw v'CJ sg fPiag wiV vHg h'dHbj h{ mf>ujWg lKdFbjyji dHw W.s lKdFbjyji h{ m dHo[ tpKv%[ dv.ew l..W.ZJ sg qVjhg h{ m drbjh l.lojs[ lpyjiP drwjl vHg fag-faVg sj dHw-sPli[ vHg dHqjVsji h'Sj ;iPig h{ m us'G rg s'hJdry'G w'Hg dHw Wjhi[ l.W.Z i,tsj h{ aJ drLrjl daCw uJsj h{@ u' fdirji sg Bp,B-F,u vHgd;q[rji hp.sj h{ m bduh[ diLdabJ } f>ujWg lKdFbjyji dry ridua q>dVbj debj h{ m #riduadiLdabJ s[ b>aiea Rph diLa[ bjRpGs[ hV duV%J Wji[ V{daw a"i a[ l'dybj rg VhgG uj lwsj mdur[G zi-fdirji dry'G Vusgwg diLdabJ drywji bI'e l.W.Z h'Sj m$15

#bjrje"S$ whjSg diLdabJ sg zp>qSz[ig dry xl[ a+jldsw fdirji sg whjSg h{ mwhjSg fag spbjij wga[ drLrjlzja s[ dlKB[ ru'G fPi[ fdirji $a[ bjHgbJ qplgWaJ ba[ diLa[s[ daCws[ dW>W } bduh[ wipSjqHg T.e Vjv dWbjV wisg h{ dw fjnwJ s[ aKlri dry rls[#zi$ sj l.wvf dWtiVj LpiPP h' uJsj h{ m dHw fjl[ duo[ fag sg W[r`jHg wjiV l.a' sj dsvBp,Bsj h{ Rpo[ liwjig V"wig a[ v,e[ fag a'G bv{hdseg bjidow a"i a[ Rplsg hjva } h'ifavj wi ds>sg h{ m dHl lF s[ WjruPs Rph bjfS[ lhpi[ sg lhjdHaj ba[ dqhVa-qpL,wa Vjv

sMvwd-04 81

zi aJ a'isg h{ fi qjVdlw a"i a[ fPig ai%J fgC e+la h{ m fag sg wiaPa Ijs bjRpGdsbJ hga+jh Rpnsg h{ m

d;>seg dry fdhvg rji RplV[ W[r`jHg sj lpbjs ydtbj m wjdHVja Vjh hp.sg ujfg mqV dry zpq[i yCg!!!Vgq W[h'Lg dry Rph dav dqvjHg m !!!bjH[ eH[ r,v h'iP h'iP Njwsg&duRpG wpN eprjdybj v,F ihg h'r[ m fi Rphsj #zi rjvj$ qpC Vj fidabj m16

#wlaPig$ whjSg dry lpiga a[ dfbji[ s[ diLa[ dry fdhvg siji dfbji[ s[ Wjhi[ l.W.ZJwjiV hg bjRpGsg h{ m lpiga a[ dfbji[ sj dfbji drbjh h'dHbj h'S s[ WjruPs dfbjij WjhiV;jdHu l.W.Z i,tsj h{ m dul} lpiga WisjLa Vj wisg h'Hg dfbji[ } lWw dltjRpS vHg Rpla'G avjw rg VhgG v{Sj yjhp.sg fi avjw sjdHi wiw[ Rpl} bsjvaJ dry tpbji wiw[ bjfSjWsvj v{Sj yjhp.sg h{ m

!!wsjdya VhgG ) u[ Rph} avjw s[ aj !!!Rph aJ Rpl i.cg Vjv zi rlj w[ WdhuP !!!dsVgbj WdhS )17

bjZpdVw fP>ugrjsg f+W.Z V[ #fdirji$ l.loj s[ drenV dry wjiuLgv FPdqwj dVFjHgh{ m ##qVp<tg diLaj Vjaj f+W.Z lqjuw-bjidow wsiJ wgqaJ sg qPv-WSai RpKa[ dlKZ[ uJbdl,Z[ bjZjdia hp.s[ hV Fjr[G dHh l.W.Z dWvwpv dl,Zj uJ qwjVwg VhgG hp.sj m bjZpdVwugrV-ujy V[ lqpKygbJ bjidow fdildoagbJ } Wsv w[ dVi'v q>cg dllBq bZgV wi ds,ajh{ m lqjuw ugrV dry FjHgyji[@ lqPdhw ugrV ujy ba[ fdirji s[ fPiWv[ fi.fiw bio qPv'GWsv eH[ hV m dHl Wsvsg ldoag V[ duo[ ugrV s[ hi t[ai dry fdiriaV dvbJsj h{ Rpo[Vjv hg dHlV[ ljc[ bda dVwB ljwjsjig l.W.ZJ ba[ RpV%J l.W.ZJ } dViZjdia wiV rjv[qV'ioJ@ f+daqjVJ ba[ wgqaJ } Wsv ds,aj h{ m$18 bKu qVp<t vHg tPV s[ diLdabJ sj w'Hgqh,ar VhgG dihj m q>cg lKdFbjyji V[ qVp<t } dV,urjsg WSj ds,aj h{ ba[ bjfS[ dVug xjdHs[vHg Rph bjfS[ V[C[ a'G V[C[ wigWg diLdabJ } rg ria lwsj h{ m

uldr>si dl>z sgbJ whjSgbJ qVp<t sg fsjiorjsg l'y } diLdabJ s[ f+l.e dry f[LwisgbJ hV m #tPh-tja[$@ #fis[lg$@ #W[i riej xv$ whjSgbJ dl,DZ[ a"i $a[ dHl lqKdlbj Vjvl.W.Za hV m #wlaPig$@ #f{vJ fjRpGsj l,f$ bjds whjSgbJ rg bduh[ dryjiJ sg fpLBg wisgbJhV m

#tPh-tja[$ whjSg bjZpdVw fP>ugrjsg Ip,e dry fsjiorjsg l'y s[ adha fdirjiwdiLdabJ dryvg qjVdlw sPig sg whjSg h{ m ei[rjv sg bqgi faVg bjfS[ fag s[ eigWdiLa[sjiJ w'v'G sPig i,tSj yjhp.sg h{ m ei[rjv yjhp.dsbJ h'dHbj rg qjq[ sg q,ss wiV a'Gblq,io idh>sj h{ m bjfSg blq,ioj a'G sptg h'dHbj ei[rjv qjVdlw wLB F'eS vHg q;WPih{ m Rph Vj aJ baga Vjv dHVlj` wi ldwbj a[ Vj hg riaqjV a'G l.apLB h' ldwbj mbduhgbJ qjiP ldoagbJ Rpl} qjVdlw i'eg WSj ds>sgbJ hV m #fis[lg$ whjSg dry diLdabJdryvg lrjiog dWiag Vj dli` lJN[ fdirji } a'Csg h{ Wvdw fag-faVg s[ diLa[ } rgtaq wi ds>sg h{ m wiq dl>z zi sg eigWg sPi wiV vHg q;WPig r,l fis[l uJsj h{ m f>u ljvdsV-ija dqhVa wiw[ Wjf sj ypKdwbj wi;j q'Csj h{ fi us'G Rph zi fiaVj yjhp.sj h{ aJh'i f{l[ sg ei; wjiV fdirji rjv[ Rpl} rjfl bjRpS a'G qVj wi ds>s[ hV m btgi dWVJzidsbJ sg qi;g s[ A[ ljv Wjbs Rph rjfl bj uJsj h{ m zi bjRpdsbJ hg fdhvj r,cj Fija[ dxi A'Bj Fij b,c h' uJsj h{ m dHlsj bli wiq dl>z s[ drbjhpaj ugrV $a[ rg f{Gsj h{ m#xjiV diBiV$ s[ B{e h[n ulrgi \faVg| sj wiq dl>z Vjv h'dHbj drbjh rg h"vg-h"vg taqh' uJsj h{ m

!!!Wvs[ h,oJ Vjv dvt w[ ds,aj avjw a[ dWvP a'G bjfSj h,w m dHh fv Ijs bjRpS a'G



fdhvj hg Rphsg iPh wpivj Rpnsg m lji[ ljw l.W.ZgbJ@ q'haWiJ $y'G w'Hg rg RplsjdhqjdHag aJ wg hqsis rg Vj WdSbj m19

#W[i riej xv$ whjSg rg fsjiorjsg a[ lrjiog diLdabJ sg sjlajV h{ m whjSg dHwlJN[ fdirji sg whjSg h{ m dul dry dfbji s[ diLdabJ sgbJ e.TJ lpbjio wjiV dT,vgbJ f{eHgbJ hV m wjqi[c wiq dl>z sj dqhVa a[ dfbji Vjv rljdHbj zi dul dry RplsgfaVg \FerjV w"i| s[ fpKai \hiW.l a[ wpvr.a| }hJ@ f'a[-f'agbJ lptg-lptg idh ih[ hV m lFa'G fdhvJ hiW.l bjfSj dh,lj v{ w[ b,c h' uJsj h{ m A'B[ wpvr.a dl>z sg q"a a'G Wjbs wiqdl>z rg fp,ai lsqj Vj lhjisj h'dHbj yv rdlbj m hpS FerjV w"i dul } lji[ WgWg l,ss[hV@ A'Bg }h x"uS Vjv idhS v,e eHg m RpZi hiW.l sg A'Bg Zg sj diLaj Wjhiv[ qp>c[ VjvwiV Rpfi.a lji[ fdirji s[ qV dry Wjhi ujS sg dH,Aj uje Rpnsg h{ m Wjhi sgbJ lriege,vJ lpS w[ WgWg rg Wjhi ujS s[ lpfV[ s[tS v,e f{Gsg h{ m Wjhi ujS s[ vjvy dry Rph x"uSsj zi A,c w[ dWVJ sKdlbj rKc[ fp,ai r,v bj uJsg h{ m W[Lw rKdcbJ } WgWg sj bjRpSj y.ejVhgG v,esj fi WgWg dhKl[ bjRpGsg ujdHsjs lJFS ba[ Wjhi ujS Rpfi.a zi sg itrjvgWgWg h,o A,c w[ ujS s[ dtbjv wjiV WgWg sj bjRpSj rZ[i[ VhgG yp,Fsj m btgi Wjhi ujS s[lji[ dH>aujq wiw[@ bjfSj qavW w,T@ us'G ljij fdirji WgWg } bvdrsj wdh w[ apisjWSsj h{ aJ WgWg sgbJ b,tJ ljhqS[ l,yjHg bjRpGsg h{ m

dHVljV vjvy r,l dH>Vj lr{-w[Gsdia h' yp,wj h{ dw l.lji s[ lF a'G fdrai qJ s[ diLa[} rg Z'tj s[S a'G VhgG cisj m qJ sj diLaj rg vjvy s[ lVqpt dw>Vj W"Sj h' debj h{ m whjSgtPV s[ diLdabJ s[ fjSg h' ujS sg sjlajV h{ m

#f{vJ fjRpGsj l,f$ whjSg dryvj fag-faVg sj diLaj fsjiorjsg dWiag } f[Lwisj h{ m lrg s[ qJ-Wjf rg Wjhig spVgbj sg fsjiow dt,y wjiV hi lhg-eva aigw[ VjvWjhi r,lSj yjhp.s[ hV m

uja-fja sg WpijHg f>ujWg lqju $a[ bduhj Z,Wj h{ dulV[ f>ujWg lKdFbjyji s[ liPf }drejC w[ i,t ds,aj h{ m Vj dli` fpijS[ lq[G dry Wvdw VrgG lsg s[ fC%[-dvt[ v'w rg uja-fja s[ W.ZVJ dry WKN[ h'H[ hV m ljc[ lqju s[ uja-fja s[ W.ZV dH>V[ q;WPa hV dw qVp<t dHla'G dV;ja fjRpS dry blqKio h{ m ##f>ujWg lKdFbjyji dry f+[q drbjh vHg qjdfbJ sgldhqag dqvS dfKA[ d;.q[rji wjiVJ dry drijlag ujdHsjs s[ bdZwji Vjv'G rZ[i[ wji;Lgva,a s'hJ dZiJ sg #bjidow Vj WijWig$ h{ fi.aP bjidow Vj WijWig Vjv'G dwa[ r,cj wjiVuja-fja s[ W.ZV hV m f>ujWg v'w bjidow Vj WijWig } aJ dwl[ h,s a,w ldhS wi lws[hV fi.aP uja-fja } drljiVj RphVJ vHg w'Hg lptjvj wjiV VhgG m f>ujWg lqju dry uja-fja s[ W.ZV bu[ rg duRpG s[ daRpG wjdHq hV m fC%[-dvt[ fdirjiJ dry dHh W.ZV Fjr[G wpN wpdTKv[ hV dul wjiV Ldhig lKdFbjyji dry b>ai-ujag drbjhJ sj dri'Z wpN wp zKdBbj h{fi df>cJ dry ldoag bu[ rg dVijLjuVw h{ m20 #wlaPig$ whjSg dry lpiga sj bjfS[fdirji Vjv'G diLaj Bp,BS sj wjiV #b>aiujag drbjh$ hg h{ m lpiga s[ qjdfbj vHg dfbji[ sjdwl[ h'i uja sj h'Sj@ RphVJ sg u,Brjsg hRpq{G } l,B v,eSj h{ m Rph hi hjv dry lpiga sjdrbjh dfbji[ Vjv wirjRpS s[ drip,Z h{ m

us'G zi e,v tp,v%g aJ aPxjV tC%j h'dHbj m dfbji[ sj ijufPa y"hjV h'Sj lF a'G r,cjWhjVj WdSbj m Wjf a[ rKc[ Fij s[ Z"Gl-Fjr[G lpiga } q"a sj f{ejq ujf[ m Rpls[ dfbjis[ ujVv[rj m sjsg V[ Wo[ig w'dLL wgag!!!! qjqvj dVW[CV sg !!! fi s'r[G dZiJ bCtv'agbJ m21

btgi lpiga V[ lF diLa[ A,c w[ dfbji[ Vjv #w'iB q{diu$ wirj vHg m wpN dyi lpfVqHg

sMvwd-04 83

l.lji rZgbj v,ej fi s'hJ dZiJ sgbJ wq;'igbJ wjiV diLa[ dryvg q;WPag dT,vg f{ eHg mdHl dfA[ rg lpiga sg ujagea hRpq{G rZ[i[ bli wisg h{ m

##dwl[ dWv[ vj!!!lpiga m$$##dWv[ vj w[ Hg AKcP ) aP. uqJ iKt m fjdHbj lg uKBg Vjv rjh!!!bu[ dHLw r[dtbj H[ uKBgsj!!!hpS rji rg NKv[!!! m$$22

b>aiujag drbjh dfA[ duo[ zidsbJ sj diLa[ a'G dHVwjig h'Sj lpiga vHg bjfSj ziAKcS sj wjiV WSsj h{ Rpo[ tPV dry lqjHg uja-fja sg l'y lpiga a[ dfbji[ sj zi rgVhgG rKlS ds>sg m

Wjhig s[LJ sg yqw-sqw a'G f+Fjdra@ lptg ugrV sg vjvlj wjiV f>ujWgbj sjdfAv[ wpN lq[G a'G drs[L r,v ipNjV rdZbj h{ m Rph hi ujdH;-VujdH; T.e Vjv Wjhi ujSvHg aafi idh>s[ hV m NRI spbjij drbjh wirj w[ wpCgbJ } Wjhi dvujSj bjq duhg e,vh' eHg h{ m ##blv dry drs[Lg diLdabJ } f+jodqwaj s[S dfA[ duo[ f+rjlgbJ sg f{l[ sgbqgig sj a,a wjiuLgv h{ Rpo[ f>ujWgbJ sg dsV'-dsV qjCg hp.sg uj ihg bjidow hjva rgd;.q[rji h{ m f>ujWg tjl wiw[ df>cJ s[ v'wJ dry dHh ZjiVj rg w.q wisg h{ dw vCwg s[ drs[LujS Vjv Wjwg s[ fdirji sj wdvbjS rg h' ujr[ej!!! m dHl[ vjvlj bZgV drs[Lg vjC[ sgRpqi@ dlKdtbj@ bjsaJ@ ydiai bjds qh,arfPiV e,vJ } bSe"dvbJ wiw[ drs[L a'G bjdHbjh'S s[ dHw qjai a,a } f+qp,taj ds,ag uJsg h{ m$$23

#f{vJ fjRpGsj l,f$ whjSg diLdabJ dryvg dH?vjwg deijrB sg alrgiwLg wisg h{ mwhjSg sg qp,t fjai lrg h{ u' yji[ fjdlbJ a'G t'tv[ diLdabJ Vjv dzig h'Hg h{ m qjf[ lpbjiowjiV Wjhi'G bjH[ lirS Vjv lrg sj drbjh wi ds>s[ hV m lrg zi #bq'v$ s[ uVq wjiVRpls[ wV[cj ujS a[ i'w v,e uJsg h{ m lrg s[ Wjhi ujS vHg diLdabJ sj fPij VjBw idybjuJsj h{ m dHl vHg Rpls[ fdhv[ drbjh s[ avjw sj lWPa ;iPig h{ m l' lirS lrg sj bjfS[qjq[ s[ qp>c[ dL>eji[ Vjv NPnj drbjh wij w[ dxi avjw dl,Z wiw[ dxi bjfS[ Vjv drbjh sjsPuj lWPa s[ w[ lrg s[ wV[cj ujS sj ilaj lj` wisj h{ m dHl I'uVj dh,a fdhvj lrg sjlirS Vjv drbjh hp.sj h{ dxi dL>eji[ Vjv NPnj drbjh m lrg dHw VjBwg dwisji rJebjfSj i'v bsj wi ihg h{ m fdrai FjrVj s[ sqV ba[ lr{ devjVg s[ W'N h[n s,Wg lrgbjfSg W[Bg bq'v sg i'S sg bjrj; lpS w[ agli[ drbjh sg aglig vjr dryjv[ A,c w[ lFdiLdabJ sg h'Gs dVwjisg h'Hg bjfSg Zg } lgV[ vjHg q>cf dry'G Wjhi dVwv uJsg h{ m

diLdabJ sg bduhg wiPi l,yjHg f[L wisg whjSg diLdabJ dryv[ t'tv[fS sg Iojioalrgi Rpvgwsg h{ m whjSg dry qjf[ Zg s[ lpfdVbJ a'G dHVwjig hV ba[ fag faVg sgbJFjrVjrJ a'G qpVwi h{ m lqju siLw WdSbj VjBw sgbJ NjwgbJ r[t dihj h{ m

#fis[l$ whjSg dry fis[l sj l.wvf sPli[ ds=LBgw'S a'G f[L wgaj debj h{ m zi sghjva lpZjiV vHg wiq dl>z fis[l uJsj h{ fi ldoag sj sptJa dHh h{ dw dHw rji fis[lgh'S a[ Rpl vHg rjflg s[ lji[ ila[ W.s h' uJs[ hV m dHl W.s ila[ dfA[ wj}V VhgG le'G tPV s[diLa[ d;>q[rji hV m fdirji rjv[ wiq dl>z } wqjHg sj ljZV lqNs[ hV m qi;g Vjv rjflbjRpS a[ ljij fdirji h"vg-h"vg Rpl Vjv'G diLaj a'C v{Gsj h{ m b>a dH,wvaj s[ bjvq drywiq dl>z bjfSg fi W[ejVg Ziag } A,c w[ spWjij fijHg Ziag $a[ ujS sj {lvj wi v{Gsjh{ m

#W[i riej xv$ whjSg fis[l ujS sg vjvlj wjiV fdirji s[ q{GWiJ dry bjHgdeijrB } f[L wisg h{ m hiW.l a[ Rplsj fdirji Wjhi ujS dfA'G zi sg l.Fjv vHg bjfSglwg qJ } hdobji rJe riasj h{ m #W[[W[$ Wjhi ujS vHg drZrj A'Bg }h sj zi A,c w[ r,c[



fp,ai r,v bj w[ idhS v,e uJsg h{ aJ u' Rph rg RphVJ Vjv Wjhi sg d;>seg sg q"u qjS lw[ mblv dry hi diLaj sPli[ diLa[ } bjfS[ qavW vHg ria dihj h{ m fis[l sg aJz@ fdirji} dwr[G V{daw f,Zi a'G deij ds>sg h{@ } whjSg ijhgG Zijav $a[ dvbJsj debj h{ m

fdirji sg Bp,B-F,u sj lF a'G rZ[i[ f+Fjr WKdybJ a[ f{Gsj h{ m qjaj-dfaj zi sgWpdVbjs hV du.V%J sgbJ wsiJ-wgqaJ } hg beJh WKdybJ V[ bfSjRpSj hp.sj h{ m u[ b{Kl!dqv bVplji@ ##fdirji dHw bduhg l.loj h{ u' lap.aiaj s[ lsepSj } tp,v w[ Ypujei wilwsg h{ m h'Sj dHh yjhgsj h{ dw fdirji filfi hqsisg ba[ f+[q-fPirw dHw sPu[ VjvduRpSj dltjRpS rjvg dHw fjnLjvj h'r[@ dHls[ vHg ;iPig h{ dw lF a'G fdhvJ dHh eKvqjaj-dfaj s[ bjflg l.W.ZJ Rpa[ vjeP h'r[ m Rpl a'G Wjbs hg dHh lsepS RphVJ s[ qjdZbqVjv WKdybJ a,w fhp.y w[ fdirji s[ bjsqgbJ dry lap.ai@ hqsisg fPiV ba[ lsFjrVj Fi[l.W.ZJ sg VgGh iKt lws[ hV m$$24

#tPh-tja[$ whjSg s[ WKdybJ \cjvi a[ f"Gc| sj bjfhpsij h'Sj@ qJ-Wjf sg fi[LjVg }V;i-b>sj; wiVj@ bjfS[-bjf dry qla idhSj s[ dfA[ qpt wjiV qjaj-dfaj sj drrhjih{ m qjaj-dfaj dry bjfS[ WKdybJ vHg lV[h h'Sj Whpa ;iPig h{ fi Wjhig yqw sqw sgspVgbj@ dfbji@ l.lwjiJ a'G l,tS[ W,y[ qjdfbJ a'G sPig lojfa wi v{Gs[ hV m

q>qj vCVj H[ aJ bjfS[ W{c-iPq dry ujRpp m ljij q;j tijW wi aj!!!! m25

#bjrje"S$ whjSg dry dfaj s[ Wjhi[ l.W.ZJ ba[ zi s[ dabje V[ WKdybJ s[ qV dryhq[Lj vHg Rpl f+ag V`ia f{sj wi ds,ag m dfaj sg qjCg ailI'e hjva rg WKdybJ sj qVdfzvjRpGS dry VjwjqIjW ihg m LijW fg w[ zi rjfl bjH[ dfaj $a[ RphVJ } h,o yp,wS a[rg w'Hg Liq qdhlPl VhgG hp.sg le'G Rplsj bjRpSj@ RphVJ sg V`ia } h'i rZj ds>sj h{ m

zi dry wphijq qdybj dfbj lg m qV'u@ Rplsg faVg a[ s'r[G A'BgbJ F{Sj@ wJaj a[iuVg drhC[ dry bjfS[ Wjf } TjHg W{n[ lV m dul s[ h,o u' bjdHbj yp,w dvbj m up,ag@y,fv uJ h,og cdh dfbj m dVwg iuVg dt,y-dt,y w[ zlp.V dBwj ihg lg m26

btgi blg wdh lws[ hJ dw uldr>si V[ bjfSgbJ whjSgbJ ijhgG fdirjiw Bp,B-F,u s[bV[wJ wjiVJ sg dVLjVs[hg wgag h{ dur[G W[ip;ejig@ eigWg@ hRpq{{G@ dfbji drbjh sgbl`vaj@ drbjh Wjhig l.W.Z@ wW;[ sg FjrVj@ fsjiorjsg l'y@ Whp-faVg drbjh@ fis[lsg dt,y@ lr{-w[Gsiaj a[ lr{hgSaj@ b"ia sg bj;jsg@ bSt tjdai Bp,Bs[ diLa[ bjds hV m

uldr>si dl>z dHw dVif,t whjSgwji h{ m RplV[ dHlaig ds=LBgw'S a'G rg whjSgbJdvtgbJ hV ba[ qis ds+LBgw'S a'G rg m whjSgbJ V[ duo[ b"ia s[ sptJa #bjrje"S$ \l.ag|@#f{vJ fjRpGsj l,f$ \lrg|@ #wlaPig$ \lpiga|@ #W[i riej xv$ \x"uS| } dyajdibj h{ Rpo[ qis s[sptJa #tPh-tja[$ \dqlBi ei[rjv|@ #fis[lg$ \wiq dl>z|@ #tji[ f,aS$ \wpvaji| } rg dVif,tajldha dWbjV wgaj h{ m uldr>si dl>z s[ fjai qjVdlw sptJa } h.TjRpGs[ hV m fjai drhjiwba[ wjiug f,Zi a[ VhgG zWijRpGs[ fi qjVdlw f,Zi a[ Bp,Bs[ f+aga hp.s[ hV m

v[tw V[ drbjh l.loj } s' aigdwbJ Vjv Bp,Bs[ h'H[ dstjdHbj h{ m fdhv[ bVplji fag-faVg dry uJ aJ avjw h' yp,wj h{ \fis[lg| uJ avjw h'S rjvj h{ \wlaPig| uJ dWVJ avjwdHw sPli[ a'G b,ve idh ih[ hV \bjrje"S| m sPlij f,t dul dry fag faVg dH,wn[ aJ idh ih[hV fi qjVdlw sPig dH>Vg d;bjsj h{ dw s'r[G dHw A,a h[n idh>dsbj rg dHw sPli[ a'G w'hJ sPihV \tPh-tja[| m whjSgbJ s[ fjai s' ai%J s[ hV m fdhv[ u' drsi'h dlius[ hV m sPli[ u' hjvjarKl dH>V[ q;WPi hV dw drsi'h wiV a'G blq,io hV m #fis[lg$ whjSg dry dHlaig fjai\ulrgi| bjfS[ ba[ bjfS[ W,y[ s[ Fdr,t vHg wiq dl>z a'G avjw v{ v{Gsg h{ m #wlaPig$ whjSgdry lpiga hi hjv dry bjfS[ dHlaig h,wJ sg ijtg vHg dfbji[ w'v'G Wsvj v{S sg lqi,oj

sMvwd-04 85

i,tsg h{ m #f{vJ fjRpGsj l,f$ whjSg sg lrg dHw h,s a,w diLdabJ Vjv hp.sj dtvrjC WisjLawisg h{@ fi bldh ldoagbJ } ldhS Vj wisg h'Hg lF diLa[ dabje w[ bjfSg W,yg VjvbjfS[ ijh[ f{ uJsg h{ m sPli[ fjl[ #tPh-tja[$ whjSg sj fjai dqlBi ei[rjv yjh w[ rg VjbjfS[ qjq[ sg lhjdHaj wisj h{ Vj hg i';g } dHl sj d;.q[rji dl,Z h'S a[ lWw dltj lwsjh{ m #fis[lg$ whjSg sj wiq dl>z rg diLdabJ hKo'G hjdibj qVp<t h{ m #bjrje"S$ whjSg sjfjti y.s evag Rpfi.a WKdybJ hKo'G W[dH;ag sj Fjegsji WSsj h{ m #tji[ f,aS$ whjSg sjwpvaji zi s[ q{GWiJ sg dt,y-ZPh dry xdlbj qjVdlw sptJa F'esj h{ m #f{vJ fjRpGsj l,f$ sjlirS wj}V dry W,Nj bjfSg bSt s[ drip<Z rjfisj riajij s[tS vHg q;WPi h{ m whjSgbJfC%V-rjyV Rpfi.a dHh rg s,Ddlbj debj dw uldr>si dl>z sgbJ whjSgbJ s[ qis fjaidHlaig fjaiJ sg apvVj dry wq;'i fjai hV m

awVgw fKt'G uldr>si dl>z sgbJ whjSgbJ l`v whjSgbJ hV m drL[ bVplji bjwjia[ drloji h{ m FjLj sg l,DdFbw a[ bdab>a ?PWlPia ria'G whjSg } i'yw WSj ds>sg h{ m v[twspbjij ridabj drb>e fjnw sg lPN } dat[ij wisj h{ m whjSgbJ s[ b>a sptJaw b>a hV@ u'fjai/qVp<t sg h'Sg } Iojiow aigw[ Vjv f[L wis[ hV m #zi$ sg Bp,B-F,u vHg d;>q[rjiwjiVJ } fjnwJ s[ lVqpt wisj h{ m whjSgbJ tp,v%[ b>a rjvgbJ hV@ u' whjSg wvj sj drL[LepS h{ m whjSgwji V[ bjLjrjsg lpi ijhgG fjaiJ s[ Tdh>s[ qV } Tjil ds,ag h{ m v[tw sgbjLjrjsg lpi Rpl} driw Vjv apvVjRpGsg h{ m ugrV yvs[ idhS sj Vjq h{ m qjVdlw@Fjrpw@ bjLj sg dwiV Wp,Nsg ugrV dy>ejig } qzj ds>sg h{ m

hrjv[ ba[ dB,fSgbJ ^

1! cj! iuVgL Whjsi dl>z@ lqwjvg f>ujWg whjSg ^ fjnea bdZb{V@ f>Vj 151!2! f+'! Wvs[r dl>z l.ZP@ Vr[G aiwJ -draiwj s[ lVqp,t ^ zi sj ugb@” x'wl ^ yiyj dHw dwajW

sg@ Vrj uqjVj@ uv.Zi@ dqaghgS m3! FjHg wjV dl>z VjFj@ qhjV w'L@ f>Vj 753!4. The family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to

provide for the procreation and upbringing of children. The family, MCP, Page 238.

5. FjHg wjV dl>z VjFj@ qhjV w'L@ fVj 105!6. In one form or another marriage has existed almost as long as civilization itself. Marriage is

a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman. This union is

regulated by society and society's law, rules, customs, beliefs and attitudes prescribe by

right and duties of the partner. Comptan's by Britannica, Vol 14, Page 14

7! epdi>siWgi dl>z@ f>ujWg drbjh l.loj ^ Wvsj fdif[t@ t'u sifS@ f>Vj 27!8! uldr>si dl>z@ wlaPig@” zi sj ugb@ f>Vj 72!9! Rphg@ f>Vj 84!10! uldr>si dl>z@ fis[lg@ tPh-tja[@ f>Vj 33!11! uldr>si dl>z@ tji[ fKaS@ tPh-tja[@ f>Vj 109!12! wlaPig@ f>Vj 84!13! dqdLu ldr>siuga w"i@ lqju drdebjV Vjv ujS-fdhyjS@ f>Vj 237!14! uldr>si dl>z@ tji[ fKaS@ tPh-tja[@ f>Vj 110!15! cj! uldr>si w"i dW.sij@ qV'drdebjV ba[ f>ujWg whjSg@ f>Vj 79!16! uldr>si dl>z@ bjrje"S@ tPh-tja[@ f>Vj 42!


17! uldr>si dl>z@ wlaPig@ zi sj ugb@ f>Vj 75!18! cj! hiW.l dl>z ZgqjV@ y[aV ldFbjyji dLvfg ^ cj! uldr>si dl>z dHw whjSg ^ dHw

l.rjs@ f>Vj 241!19! uldr>si dl>z@ fis[lg@ tPh-tja[@ f>Vj 34!20! epdi>siWgi dl>z@ f>ujWg drbjh l.loj ^ Wsvsj fdif[t@ t'u sifS@ f>Vj 19-20!21! uldr>si dl>z@ wlaPig@ zi sj ugb@ f>Vj 74!22! Rphg@ f>Vj 70!23! epdi>siWgi dl>z@ f>ujWg drbjh l.loj ^ Wsvsj fdif[t@ t'u sifS@ f>Vj 15!24! u[ b{l! dqv \bVprjsw epiuga dl>z l.ZP| epvjq b"ia@ f>Vj 57!25! uldr>si dl>z@ tPh-tja[@ tPh-tja[@ f>Vj 18!26! uldr>si dl>z@ bjrje"S@ tPh-tja[@ f>Vj 39!

uldr>si dl>z sgbJ whjSgbJ ^ fdirjiw BpKB-FKu sj qlvj sMvwd-04 86

²

dH,wgrgG lsg sg f>ujWg whjSg ^dsLj ba[ ds+LBg

w'Hg rg drbwag uJ riajij dHdahjl a'G qpwa VhgG hp.sj mdHdahjl s[ r[e Vjv dwl[ rg lqjduw lqPh sg drLr-ds+LBg drydVi.ai fdiriaV sg f+dwdibj ujig idh>sg h{ m dfAv[ s' wp shjdwbJa'G f>ujWg drLr-ds+LBg } lF a'G rKZ f+Fjdra wiV rjvg dryjiZjijRpai-bjZpdVw dy>aV a'G f+[dia whg uj lwsg h{ m dHl vHg rlaP-Iojio } lqNS@ WsvS ba[ f[L wiV s[ a"i aigdwbJ dry rKcgaWsgvg bjHg h{ m dHw fjl[ Vr-ljqijug lojfag spbjij qV-dHKdAaIojio \Hyper Reality| ijhgG bjfSg sjW[ rjvg blvgba } Apfjw[ qVpKt-fKtg qt"B[ Vjv lKaj hjlv wiV sg wjqVj qP>h;'i h'Hg dslsgh{ aJ sPu[ fjl[ sdqa rieJ s[ l.ziL s[ Vr[G Vr[G ujag-uqjag iPff+eB h'S vKe[ hV duV%J ijhgG RpV%J aKoJ ba[ f+[iwJ } fpVi-lpiugawgaj uJsj h{ duhdCbJ } Lwagri dZiJ V[ tjq'L wi w[ dHdahjl sgwWi dry s`V wi ds,aj lg m Rpai-bjZpdVw s"i s[ f>ujWg lqjudryv[ bduh[ aSjb@ F[C ba[ li'wji f>ujWg whjSg s[ rlaP-ueasj bdVKtC b>e WSs[ hV m dHV%J F[CJ } f>ujWg whjSgwji Rpai-Iojiorjsg drZgbJ Vjv evf-dW.W dry Tjv w[ f[L wi dihj h{ m

dH,wgrgG lsg dry y"o[ fCjb sg f>ujWg whjSg bjfS[ dlti }APh ihg f+aga hp.sg h{ m dVly[ hg dHl whjSg s[ qp,Tv[ VwL f>ujW drydrLrgwiV sg f+dwdibj a[u h'S a'G Wjbs rghrgG lsg s[ b>av[shjw[ s[ bji.Fv[ ljvJ dry f+eB h'S v,e[ m dHl whjSg V[ bjfS[ a'GfPirvg f>ujWg whjSg a'G epSVjaqw drv,tSaj sj FirJ lWPa ds,ajh{ m dHl whjSg s[ RpFir[G VwLJ s[ bdZb{V ijhgG blgG f>ujWg whjSgsg dsLj sg B'h vj lws[ hJ m r,cg deSag dry dvtg uj ihg lqp,ygf>ujWg whjSg sj lir[tS wiw[ Rpl sgbJ lqPh L[c; } fAjS lwSjaJ dHl hov[ IaV dry l.Fr VhgG@ dHl vHg wpN wp f+agdVZ ba[wvjaqw whjSgbJ s[ VqPV[-qjai bdZb{V ijhgG bjfSgbJ qPvZjiVjrJ } ldybjRpS vHg w'dLL wgag ujr[eg m

bu'wg f>ujWg whjSg s[ lqpKy[ qhJ-ds+,L Rpa[ Nja fjHgH[ aJb>ai-ijLBig fdif[t dry dryi ihg dHl whjSg s[ da>V f+qp,t b>eV;i bjRpGs[ hV@ dur[G Fjiag@ fjdwlajVg ba[ firjlg f>ujWg whjSg mdVil.s[h dHV%J s[ b,e'G wpN e"vSI'e Rpf-b>e rg dZbjV dt,ys[ hV@dur[G Fjia dry u.qP-wLqgi sg f>ujWg whjSg@ fjdwlajV dry

cj! Wvs[r dl>zZjvgrjvf+'`{li@ f,ai-drhjidldtbj drFje@f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@fdBbjvj [email protected]

187 sMvwd-04 julweI-dsµbr 2016ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>! 87-98)


lijdHwg whjSg ba[ dwl[ h,s a,w firjlgbJ sg bxigwg qpvwJ ba[ bjlB+[vgbj dry dvtguj ihg f>ujWg whjSg m

f>ujWg rKl'G sj lF a'G r,cj b,n-V"G wi'Cg Fje fjdwlajVg f>ujW dry rlsj h{ fif>ujWg whjSg sj lF a'G r,Z fAC[r[G qjdibj b>e fjdwlajVg f>ujWg whjSg sj h{ m dHldri'ZjFjlg ldoag s[ Whpa lji[ wjiV hV fi qPv'G hg ;jhij wjiV fjdwlajV sg ijLBig ba[FjLjHg ijuVgag Vjv updCbj h'dHbj h{ dul wiw[ Rpo[ f>ujWg ljdha sg w'Hg f,wg-fgTgfi.fij VhgG Rpli lwg m dl,B[ ru'G fjdwlajVg f>ujWg whjSgwji sg Iojiorjsg y[aVj sjdrwjl VhgG h' ldwbj m Rpl sg B[w bu[ rg ipqJywjig iyVj-ds+LBg Rpa[ h{ m Rph bu[ bu'w[udBv ugrV-Iojio sgbJ cP.zgbJ a{hJ a,w Njw w[ Whp-fiag evf-dW>W dliu lwS s[lqiKo VhgG h' ldwbj m dHl vHg Whpag fjdwlajVg f>ujWg whjSg dxRPcv idhav dry'G RpFi[f[GcP fjaiJ s[ qjVrg i{v rjv[ blZjiV wjiuJ } ipqJdyw V;igH[ ijhgG rdcbj w[ f[L wiVr,v ipdya h{ m VqPV[ ru'G qwlPs ljdwW sg whjSg #WjWj epdubjdSbj$ sj hrjvj ds,aj ujlwsj h{ m WjWj #WCj r,cj y'i H[ a[ l.V%J qjisj H[$ fi bjfS[ f,e-r,B Fij ba[ Rpls[ fdirjiVjv bjfSg lJN fPi[ Fi,fS ba[ e"irqHg qjVrg qjfs.cJ bVplji fPij Rpai w[ dVFjRpGsj h{ mdHl vHg RpV%J s[ ;qgV s[ l"s[ s"ijV cp,Wg r,cg iwq qpCrjRpS ba[ dWiaJawji s[ Wjf } ojS[dry'G ApcrjRpS lq[G WjWj epdubjdSbj qjVrg diLdabJ sg v,u fjvS sj lWPa ds>sj h{ mdxRPcv lqju s[ f+l.e dry Rpl lq[G WjW[ } r,cj NBwj vesj h{ us'G Rpl sg Zg ljdhW'@ WjW[s[ hg Ldeis y'i Ljhg Vjv RpDKZv uJsg h{ m WjWj bjfSg hg Zg s[ dli s[ lJHg sj wav wi w[bjfSg dH,;a } vKe[ sje sj Wsvj v{Gsj h{ Fjr[G dHl wiw[ Rpl} q"a sg l;j lpSjHg uJsgh{ m bduh[ q"w[ rg WjWj bjfS[ dHVljVg rc,fS sj drtjvj widsbJ bjfS[ f,e-r,B Iji }w'v Wpvj w[ ljdhW' sg dh`j;a sg d;.q[rjig l"Gfsj h{ m Rpl } faj h{ dw Rpls[ fp,a ljdhW' }qji s[Se[ m dHo'G a,w dw bjfSg cBrgG erjhg Vjv dfY } l;j dsrjRpS rjvg ljdhW' a'Gqpbj`g q>eS vHg bjtsj h{@•##q[ig eKv sj qp,v hpS aP. Hg fjSj H[ ljhW' } bjtgG@ u[ h' lw[ aJdfY } qj` wi AKc[ m$$

WjW[ s[ dli[ sj y'i h'S rjv[ f,t lq[a Rpls[ lji[ v,AS-ljhl@ dVciaj@ Fi,fS@ wpiWjVg@dH,;asjig bjds-dWiaJawji } ipqJdya wis[ hV m bduhg ugrV-ds+LBg wjiV WjW[ sjdf,Avtpig uegiP ir,Hgbj rg dWiaJawji vHg w'Hg qpLwv sj lW,W VhgG WSsj m dHo'G a,w dwWjW[ s[ ljq>ag bdFqjV ljhr[G cB w[ bjfS[ qV-fl.s ri sg y'S wiV rjvg ba[ bjZpdVwajr,v liwsg ljdhW' rg dWiaJawji s[ dryjiZjiw s?v wjiV bjfSg drbwagrjsg l'y VjvvH[ x{lv[ } h'Sg sg wi'fg ba[ yjv wdhS a,w yvg uJsg h{@ •##q[i[ WjWv dsbj rgij@ r[t[ Vgh'Sg s[ wjiV[ m dwr[G ri%g RP blJ dVqjdSbJ a[ m$$

hjvJ dw qwlPs ljdwW f+eagrjsg dryjiZjij Vjv f+SjdHbj whjSgwji q>dVbj uJsjh{ fi dHh eKv rg Rpl } ipqJywjig ds+LBg sj dabje wi w[ fjaiJ s[ ljq>ag bdFqjV Rpa[drb>e wiV vHg f+[dia VhgG wisg m sPu[ fjl[ Rpl sgbJ wpN h'i whjSgbJ dry fP.ugrjsgbioyji[ Vjv faVLgv h' ih[ irjdHag Z.dsbJ Rpa[ Rpsjlg ba[ liqjH[sjig ugrV-ujy Rpa[drb>e s[ Whpa lji[ VqPV[ dqv uJs[ hV m whjSg #dHw lg zKeig$ dry a.sPi rjv[ zKeig sgihKlqHg T.e Vjv h'Hg q"a } Rph Wj;jirjsg ajwaJ sg ljduL lqNdsbJ ipsVqHg vdh;[ba[ drb>e Vjv dvtsj h{

dw.V[ Hg ri%[ dHh oJ dq,Bg zKB[ sj T[i WSg ihg m dwl[ } faj rg Vj dihj fHg dHo[ ws[w'Hg a.sPi rg hp.sj lg a[ a.sPi rjv[ sj VJ z,eig lg m lCw s[ s'hgG fjlgG VrgG ai; sgbJh,BgbJ a[ fvju[ RpliV[ LpiP h'H[ aJ H[o[ rg dHw s' q>;vj lB'i Rpli debj m A[ag Hg dwl[ V[ dHh

sMvwd-04 89

lB'i dwijH[ Rpa[ v{ dvbj a[ dHhs[ dry ;VjVj WKdybJ s[ i{cgq[c wKfdCbJ sg spwjV fj vHg mipqJyw ugrV-ds+LBg by[a uJ lpy[a baga sgbJ wsiJ-wgqaJ } bsidLbj w[

ipqJdya h'S dry lwPV qdhlPl wisg h{ ba[ riaqjV uJ Fdr,t } wpN qjVr-dri'Zg bioJdry v{ w[ F{b ba[ dVijLj sj Fjr l.yjisg h{ m dHl[ ai%J wn'i ujfs[ riaqjV } wvfVj VjvRpv.z w[ qV-dHKdAa lpfV-l.lji dliuS sj Rpfijvj rg wisg h{ m Fjiag f>ujW dry wpNdHl ai; sgbJ #dwhiP sl V.Wigbj$ \epiWtL dl>z f+gavCg| riegbJ whjSgbJ rghrgG lsgs[ y"o[-f>ur[G shjw[ dry dvtgbJ ba[ fC%gbJ uJsgbJ lV m

dHl r.Veg sg fjdwlajVg f>ujWg whjSg sg u' lF a'G dtKy fjRpS rjvg whjSg-upeah{ Rph fPir-fP.ugrjsg s"i s[ slawjig Z.dsbJ rjv[ f>ujWg lqju s[ ugr.a-r[idrbJ } FifPiiPf dry evfg-FjLj sj b>e WSjRpSj h{ m Fjiag f>ujW sg whjSg dry bduhg evfg-FjLjhpS vKeFe bv'f h' ypKwg h{ m fi fjdwlajVg f>ujWg whjSg dry f[GcP idhav Vjv lW.dZadHh r[ir[ bjq wiw[ qjh"v sg alrgiwLg sj wjiu hg wis[ hV@ fjaiJ s[ b>siv[ l.lji }f+agwjaqw bio s[S dry dHV%J r[idrbJ sg f+wjiug qhKaaj } bu[ fPig ai%J fAjdSbJVhgG debj m

RpisP whjSg rJe bjZpdVwaj rKv } hpvjl Vjv aKwS rjvg ba[ bjfS[ lqwjvgudBv Iojio sgbJ h[nvgbJ a{hJ aKw iljHg wiV rjvg fjdwlajVg f>ujWg whjSg Whpadrivg h{@ fi hpS bduhg whjSg rKv Npwjb ;iPi r[tS } dqvsj h{ m V[C baga dry ljhqS[bjH[ wpN whjSg-l.e+dh #wWPai@ WV[i[ a[ evgbJ$ \;pW{i bdhqs|@ #Z'a[ f>dVbJ sg dHWjia$\qwlPs ljdwW|@ #whjSg fijej$ \Vjdsi bvg|@ #oKdwbJ f{iJ sj f>Z$ \bjej bvg qpsKli|@#rBJsij$\epiqptg dry #woj dHw wvIpe sg$ VJ Vjv f+wjdLa| \tjdvs Øihjs Zjigrjv|@#resj fjSg$@ #b>V%j tPh$ \qph.qs qVLj Ijs|@ #lJNg fgC$@ #wKy[ w'dnbJ sj ega$ \l.fj!avdr.si dl>z| wpN bduhgbJ whjSgbJ sg sKl fjRpGs[ hV duV%J dry ipqJyw ds+LBg sjiPfJaiS Vr-dHdahjlrjsg iyVj-ds+LBg dry hp.sj V;igG bjRpGsj h{ m tjl wiw[ RpisP whjSgs[ Vjv Vjv f>ujWg dry dvtS rjv[ qph.qs qVLj Ijs sgbJ whjSgbJ lqwjvg fjdwlajVgf>ujWg W.s[ sg Whp-fKtg LVjta s[ qlv[ } dHdahjl s[ sWjrJ ba[ aSjrJ s[ hrjv[ VjvlqNS sj IaV wisgbJ hV m Rplsg whjSg dry v'w-Zjij s[ q'dB` bjZpdVw ugrV-ujysgbJ epKogbJ } lqNS dry drL[L dwlq sg f+wjiug FPdqwj dVFjRpGs[ hVm dHl f+l.e dryRplsg whjSg #Wpvjij$ } bdZb{V sj w[Gsi WSjRpGs[ hJ m

dHl whjSg dry Rpaq-fpitg dWiaJawji sj yjyj Fjr[G ljq>ag idhav dry tC%j V;ibjRpGsj h{ fi Rplsg aJz Ldhi@ v'w-ijug wsiJ-wgqaJ ba[ bjZpdVwqptg ugrV-drhji sjwvjrj Fi v{S sg h{ m dWiaJawji #q{G$ V"wig s[ dlvdlv[ dry bjfS[ uKsg df>c a'G wigW s'l"”dwv'qgBi sPi dHlvjqjWjs dry idh.sj h{m Rplsg faVg cjwBi h{ m df>c dry dHw fg!lg!YtpKv%sj h{ aJ yjy[ vHg bjfS[ Ldhig Fagu[ Vjv vejaji l.fiw WSjHg iKtS sj ilaj tpKv%uJsj h{ m dHh l.fiw yjy[ } Ldhig ugrV sgbJ WiwaJ f+ag rg ipdya wisj h{ ba[ df>c drylpy[a W.s[ rjvg VrgG fAjS rg ds.sj h{ m us yjy[ } bjfS[ Fagu[ Vjv B{vgx'V a[ eKvWjawidsbJ faj vesj h{ dw Ldhi dry #bKn[ fdhi B{vgdrIV vKdebj idh.sj H[$ ba[ Ldhig v'w#dsV dry wHg rjig bqigwj s[ lsi a[ dlbjdSbJ } zi W{n[ r[t w[ RpV%J sgbJ eKvJ lpSlws[$ hV aJ yjyj f[GcP rl[W[ sg w'Hg rKcg zjB qdhlPl widsbJ fpKAsj h{

##H[o[ dwRpG VhgG dslsgbJ($$ RpV%J fpKdAbjm RpV%J s[ vdh;[ dry Rpsjlg lg m LjdHs RpV%J} bjfSj df>c x[i fAdCbj h'dHbj ujfS vKe dfbj lg m

fi yjy[ sg Rpsjlg sj bduhj rwag bjvq Rpl} dfKAvtpig VhgG WSjRpGsj le'G Vr[G

dH,wgrgG lsg sg f>ujWg whjSg ^ dsLj ba[ ds+LBg


FdrKt f+ag h'i aJzrjV ba[ IaVLgv WSj ds.sj h{ m Rph bjfS[ Fagu[ s[ bli-ilPt s[qjdZbq ijhgG hi rwa beJh rZS sgbJ aiwgWJ l'ysj h{ m b"tj-l"tj #qhgV[ dry s' da.Vrjig v.qgbJ wjvJ$ wi w[ Ldhig ai;[-d;.seg sg ujSwjig hjdlv wiV sj IaV wisj h{ mdf>c dry bjfSg yC%a } rZjRpS tjai bjfS[ Fagu[ } #bjfSg eKcg$ Rpa[ df>c e[Cj qjiVsg #xiqjdHL$ rg wisj h{ m bjfSg bduhg v'yj } dWVJ ApfjH[ Rph bjtsj h{@ #df>c } hg VhgG@lji[ dHvjw[ } faj vKe[@ y"Zig wigq v.WCsji sj Faigbj bjdHbj H[ m$

Fagu[ s[ lWKW Vjv bjfSg dHl dVKa dsV rZ ihg LjV } ijulg ajwa dry WsvSvHg yjyj bjfS[ fC%[-dvt[ h'S s[ bwl s[ dViqjS sg upea rg dHla[qjv wisj h{ m dHvjw[ s[r;gi rKv'G v.WCsjiJ sg WpvjHg qgdB.e dry ujS vHg yjyj duKo[ wKfC[-vgC[ sg h'i dabjigwisj h{ Rpo[ bjfS[ Fagu[ } Rpy[yj Wpvj w[ sla?a wiV sj dHvq rg hjdlv wisj h{ ba[bjfS[ W'v-yjv s[ lvgw[ dry rg bjZpdVw i.e FiVj v'ysj h{ m Rph bjfSg #b>ePnj-Ajf$h'S rjvg fAjS a'G iaj RpaJh h' w[ dryiVj yjhp.sj h{ m yjy[ sgbJ bduhgbJ bjZpdVwqptgdsvylfgbJ sj bli bKe'G Rplsg Wgrg ba[ tjl wiw[ qpdBbji h' ihg Zg xigsj s[ i.e-T.eRpa[ rg f+aKt V;i bjRpS vesj h{ m

y'SJ s[ dsVJ dry df>c s[ qis-b"iaJ sgbJ r'BJ f+jfa wiV vHg yjyj bjfS[ Fagu[ba[ cjwBiVg }h s[ bli-ilPt } riaS vHg bjfS[ Fagu[ } bjtsj h{@•##q[ij a[ ugb wisjH[$$@ RpV%J bjdtbj@ ##q[ig cjwBiVg }h rg Vjv bj ujH[@ df>c sgbJ ;VjVgbJ Rphsg WCgdH,;a wisgbJ V[ m$$

whjSg s[ iPfw } lqNgH[ aJ yjy[ vHg Rplsj Faguj fjvaP uJ #Wpvjij$ WB[i[ sg ai%J h{dulsg q,ss Vjv dLwjigbJ rKv'G Wsvg ip,a dry #bj;js$ WB[i[ wjWP wiV sg upea riaguJsg h{ m bjfSg lxvaj vHg dHh upea hpS yjy[ rJe hg Fagu[ } rg ijl bjRpGsg ujfsg h{ mdHl[ vHg Rph df>c bjRpS a'G fdhvJ yjy[ } bjtsj h{

##yjyj ug ) t{iP qjAg } bjdtbj u[ Wpvjij dabji iKt[ m q{G Rphs[ Vjv ipKa WsvS rjvjdLwji t[cS A[ag bjrJej m$$

fjdwlajVg RpisP whjSg sg ai; a[ v'wZjijHg q'dB`J s[ f+agwqHg bioJ Vjv bjfS[riaqjV sgbJ udBv qjVlw l.iyVjrJ } lqNS ba[ evf-dW.W dry Tjv w[ f[L wi lwSsj bduhj hpVi fjdwlajVg f>ujWg whjSg s[ Fdr,tqptg bjZpdVwrjsg ds+LBg r,v rZS sgwVl'b ds>sj h{ m rghrgG lsg s[ A[r[G@ l,ar[G shjw[ s"ijV Fjiag f>ujWg whjSg dry wpvr.adl>z driw bduhg bjZpdVwqptg whjSg sj dlti dihj h{ m

f>ujWg whjSg s[ sPu[ qhKarfPiV b>e firjlg f>ujWg whjSg sg Rpqi rg fjdwlajVgf>ujWg whjSg rJe hg wigW b,Zg lsg h{ fi dHl sg drwjl-lqi,oj qpwjWvaV Whpa a[ueag rjvg ihg h{ m f>ujWg cjdHlf'ij sgbJ bag ep.Nvsji spdWZjrJ ba[ x{GBlgbJ } Whpw'SJa'G tC% w[ r[tS-ujyS ba[ dxi bA'h lojVw FP-ds=LJ ba[ lqjuw wji-drhji s[ l,ui[dy>V%J-f+agwJ ijhgG VrgG evfg-FjLj sj dliuS wiV sg bjfSg I'eaj lsw[ firjlgwhjSgwji V[ drL[L dZbjV dtKdybj h{ m FP-h[ir[ ba[ buVWgba rie[ bVpFrJ a'G dwa[ be[i[hpS dHh f,Aqg Vr-Wlagrjs sgbJ VgagbJ Vjv RpFi[ ijulg l.wB@ Whp-ldFbjyjirjs sgijuVgag@ Whp-qptg fAjS sgbJ ep.NvJ ba[ VrgG fgC%g sg dfaig ldFbjyji a'G W[qp,taj Vjvl.rjs iyjRpS s[ lxv Rpfijv[ wiV v,eg h{ m

dfAv[ wpN rdi%bJ s"ijV f{sj h'HgbJ VrgbJ ijulg ba[ ldFbjyjiw ldoagbJ s[l.siF dry iyg eHg firjlg f>ujWg whjSg V[ hi[w RpFirgG ypS"ag s[ loPv ba[ lP?qfdhvPbJ } Iojiorjsg ds+LBg Vjv bjfS[ wvjr[ dry v{S sj lxv IaV wgaj h{ m bqigwj

sMvwd-04 91

dry rjfig V"G-debjiJ sg spizBVj ba[ Rpls[ N.u'Cr[G f+FjrJ } f+FjrLjvg T.e Vjv f[LwiV rjvgbJ whjSgbJ dry #N.c[ } vKeg q{v$ \ueuga WijC|@ #Bjri;$ \uiV{v dl>z|@#eijRPGc ;gi'$@ #i[l$@ #wvjl a[ u.e$ \hiFuV dl>z|@ #x{Gl$ \wiq dl>z qjV|@ #wid`RP ujig h{$\ijSg Ve[Gsi| bjds bdhq hV m fKAqg ba[ fPiWg ldFbjyjiJ f+ag dHw' lq[G dtKy ba[ drKo s[sprKv[ aSjrJ Vjv f{GcPvq rJe c'vs[ firjlg f>ujWgbJ sg h'Gs ba[ h'Sg } f[L wiVrjvgbJ whjSgbJ dry #dy,Bg wWPaig sg alrgi$ \ueuga WijC|@ #uC%J$ \uiV{v dl>z|@#;?qg h,o$@ #t,Bg wqjHg$ \Wvs[r dl>z ei[rjv|@ #LiZJuvg$ \wiq dl>z qjV|@ #ldFbjyji s[itrjv[$ \hif+ga dl>z l[tj| bjds qh,arfPiV hV m dHwdhi[ firjlg f>ujWg fdirjiJ dry h'Srjv[ drlx'B } bjfSj w[Gsi-dW>sP WSjRpS rjvgbJ whjSgbJ dry #b,Zg W'av$ \rgVj riqj|@#dlix dHw rji$ \f+r[; l.ZP|@ #epbjy[ v'w$ \uiV{v dl>z|@ #figbJ sj s[l$ \q[ui qJeB|@#v'wjyjig$ \hif+ga dl>z l[tj|@ #ciV[ sg q"a$ \wpvuga qjV| bjds Rpv[tI'e hV m

dHh ljigbJ whjSgbJ firjlg y[aVj s[ dwl[ Vj dwl[ f,t } WjtPWg f[L wisgbJ hV fiw[Gsig lf[l RpV%J whjSgbJ s[ dh,l[ bj ihg h{ duhCgbJ firjlg ugrV s[ dwl[ drbjfwqh,aaj rjv[ l.wvf } bZji WSj w[ drLrg w{Vrl Rpa[ x{vS sg uplauP Vjv vWi[; hV ba[whjSg sg dViqjSwjig s"ijV whjSgwji sg iyVj-ds+LBg a'G drLrdy.aV s[ hjS sj h'S sjlWPa q>esgbJ hV m dVil.s[h dfAv[ wpN ljvJ s"ijV uiV{v dl>z V[ #s' BjfP$@ #fAjS$@ #uC%J$@#Bjri;$@ #fKdabJ Vjv Tw[ dulq$ bjds rKc[ w{Vrl sgbJ udBv whjSgbJ dvt w[ firjlgf>ujWg whjSg s[ Rpfi'wa Vr[G ipNjS } n'l Zijav ds,aj h{m dqljv ru'G Rplsg f+dlKZ whjSg#fKdabJ Vjv Tw[ dulq$ s[ bdZb{V ijhgG bjfSg dHl ZjiVj } lfKLB wiV sj IaV wis[hJ m

f,Aqg ljqijurjs sg Vr-Wlagrjsg dryjiZjij V[ bu'w[ qVp<t ljhr[G drwjl vHgbjiow Whpvaj Vjv ri'ljH[ ba[ RpfF'eg qjVlwaj rjv[ drbwagrjsg qVp<t sj l.wvffi'dlbj h{ m wg dHh qjcv l,yqp,y lj} dwl[ Rpy[ig ugrV-ujy r,v v{ ujr[ej uJ qpC qVp<tgldFbaj s[ LpiPbjag s"i sgbJ bjdsq f+driagbJ sg svsv dry dvuj lpKB[ej ( dHh r,cjf+LV dHl rwa drLrgwiV s[ siLV ljhr[G dli yp,w w[ tC%j h{ m uiV{v dl>z sg whjSg#fKdabJ Vjv Tw[ dulq$ x{LV sg spVgbJ s[ hrjv[ ijhgG dHl rKc[ f+LV } qp?jaW h{@ Fjr[G dwldFbjyjiw aSjb@ fgC%g-fjC%j@ fAjS sj l.wB bjds qlv[ rg e"S iPf dry dHl whjSg sgB{wlB sj b>e WS[ dsls[ hV m whjSg dHlsg qp,t fjai qVgLj sgbJ hwgwg fdirjiw spdWZjrJba[ lpfdVbJ s[ F[C a,w hg lgdqa VhgG idh>sg Wvdw Rpls[ bry[aV sg dViqjSwjig dryf+Fjrwjig WSg Vr-fP>ugrjsg dryjiZjij ba[ ljq>arjsg FJa sgbJ Rpsja qjVrg wsiJ-wgqaJ s[ z'v } rg siljRpGsg h{ m

whjSg s[ bji.F dry qVgLj vjl b{Guvl s[ dHw Whpa r,c[ x{LV-L'b dry Fje v{SuJsg h{ duo[ Rpl} #Bjf-qjcv$ ypS[ ujS sg fPig Rpqgs h{ m dHl qpwjWv[ dry du,a f+jfawiV vHg us'G Rph bjfS[ dc;jdHVi s[ qP>Dh'G #rlaiJ sg oJ qlag$ fdhVS sg l.w[aw q>elpSsg h{ aJ Rph da,Dt[ aSjb sg dLwji h' uJsg h{ m dHw fjl[ Bjf-qjcv rjvj aju h{ dul vHg#f'v-c{Vl$ ba[ #b>eJ a[ dHw dHw f,aj vBwj w[$ #f"iV'eijxg$ s[ ijh } ypSV sg Lia h{ ba[sPu[ fjl[ #Rplsj wvj-e"ir$ h{ dul} RplV[ fdirji AKcS aKw sg wpiWjVg wiw[ rg lJFgiKdtbj h{ m u[ qVgLj sg qpwjWv[sji dqL{v } #f"iV'eijxg$ s[ ijh f{S dry w'Hg hi; V;iVhgG bjRpGsj aJ dxi qVgLj dwRpG dhywyjRpGsg h{ ( dHh V{daw f+LV rg whjSg dWiaJa s[bji-fji x{dvbj dfbj dslsj h{ m dHl sj RpD,ai qVgLj s[ drL[L FJa s[ W.Z[ug dwlq s[ldFbjyjiw qp,vJ ba[ bjZpdVw iyVjaqw f+[iwJ rjv[ sr.sjaqw bry[aV dry dfbj h{ m



Rph dHw Fjiag@ f>ujWg@ t,aig@ `"ug b`li s[ zi u.qg-fvg dHwv"ag ba[ vjcvg Zg h{ m#cijdH>e ba[ bjiB$ Rpls[ #qVFjRpGs[ q;qPV$ ih[ hV m Rph bduhgbJ fdirjiw fdhvajrJrjvg qJ lpVgaj sg Zg h{ duhCg l.wB lq[G bjfS[ fag Vjv devj wisg bjtsg h{@ ##WC[tpsei; h' ug!!! dV,wg-q'Bg hi B{VLV $w,v[ hg lJF v{Gs[ u[ m$$•bjfSg drL[L ugrV-ds+LBgwjiV qVgLj #i"GygV{DKl$ s[ RpvB x{LV ba[ qjcdv.e } #wvj$ s[ t[ai sg rla q>Vsg bjHg h{ mdHl t[ai dry f{i ZiV ba[ b,e[ rZS vHg Rpl} bjfS[ Wjf ba[ rls[-ils[ drbjhpajugrV sg Wvg s[Sg fHg h{ m dHh lF wpN Rpls[ bry[aV dry #i"GygV{D,l$ s[ dri'Z sg FjrVjba[ wvj s[ ;igH[ lojfa h' w[ drtjRpS sj h,n WS w[ dBw uJsj h{ m

dHl sj bio dHh VhgG dw Rplsj bduhj bry[aV w'Hg f,oi sg dl,v% uJ bWsvriajij h{@ Wvdw dHl dry Rpl lq[G h'i Whpa wpN VrJ Ljqv h'S vesj h{ us'G Rph WjwgbJ s[qpwjWv[ fAC[r[G sj dLwji qdhlPl wiV vesg h{ m Rpl r,v'G dc;jHgV wgag wvjqHg u{wB#wqiLgbv$ fKt'G i,s wi ds,ag uJsg h{ m f+jfa h'S rjvg #u"W$ dry Rpl} #w'Hg dxRPyi VhgGdslsj m$ #l{Gcg VJ sg qjcv #fv[bWpbjH[$ dry VeV alrgiJ Afrj w[ Bjf-qjcv sj BjHgBv$Nfp,B w[ v{ uJsg h{ m dqL{v #fpL-bf Wij$ fj w[ qLhPi h'S vesg h{ m #lwPvJ@ wjvuJ ba[IPVgridlBg sgbJ wpCgbJ$ vHg #b{cvB L'b #eiv; e"V rjdHvc$ f+Fjrwjig hp.dsbJ$ #x.V@f{l[ ba[ Lphia$ sj ;igbj WS uJsj h{ m bduhj hg lF wpN wiV vHg qVgLj Rpa[ q>cg sjsWjb rZS vesj h{ aJ W[W,l h'Hg qVgLj #y,v Vg du.s[$ wdhw[ #q{ipbjVj$ s[ VL[ sj lhjij v{Svesg h{ m VL[ VjÛrwag a"i a[ Rplsg #Liq V;jwa dry Wsv$ uJsg h{ m b>a e,v dHo'G a,wfhp.y uJsg h{ dw #lpfi qjcv$ WSV sj lpfVj v{GdsbJ Rph rg lqN"ajrjsg lpi dry fp,Asg h{ ^

##hP.b!!! u[ q{G bjfSgbJ Wjwg bjHgBqJ Vjv fKdabJ rjvg rg widsbJ aJ wg q[ig Bjf-qjcv sg e,v WS ujH[eg ($$•wpl{vg ujfsg w"xg sj zp,B v.zj w[ qVgLj V[ fp,DdAbj m

fi dHl lqN"a[ s[ WjruPs qVgLj bjfSg qpwjWv[sji dqL{v a'G fAC uJsg h{ dwRpGdwdqL{v dHw wsq h'i bKe[ rZdsbJ qpwjWv[ s[ u,u i"dWV uvr[ei Vjv #s[hg uLV qVjRpS$a,w yvg uJsg h{ m

dVi'v #dulq$ h'S ba[ ljWa-lWPaj #qjVr$ WS[ idhS sg u' wLqwL lP?q iPf dryqVgLj b>si yvsg h{ Rpl sj loPv iPf #i"Gy wvyi$ ba[ #lB"f i"GygV{Gl l.loj$ s[ f+lfi dri'Zs[ iPf dry rg dqvsj h{ m s'VJ sj bjfSj bjfSj aiw h{ m i"Gy wvyi s[ hqjdHag dHl} #b{cJijhgG dWuVlJ sg h' ihg ai,wg$ Vjv u'C w[ r[ts[ hV m dHl aiw Vjv #b"ia fi.fijrJ sgbJu.ugiJ a'C w[ bj;js h' eHg$ ujfsg h{ m fi sPu[ fjl[ sg svgv h{ dw #lp.siaj a[ bj;jsg sjh'wj s[ w[ i"GygV{DKl x{vjHg uj ihg H[ m$ dHl ai%J b"ia sg ldoag #h"B IjbVg F'eS-drwS vHgdabji$ idhS s[ apv WS eHg h{ m Vr-Wlagrjs s[ s' rKc[ hdobji #rfji ba[ qgcgbj$dwRpGdw i"GygV{DKl sg df,n Rpa[ hV@ dHl vHg q"uPsj l.ziL dry RpljiP wsiJ-wgqaJ sghqjdHag #lB"f i"GygV{DKl l.loj$ sj hjLgbje+la idh ujSj lpFjrw h{ m whjSg s[ iyVj-drr[wbVplji i"GygV{DKl sg yC%a rjvj bduhj riajij qVpKt s[ #u.ev r,v } qpCV$ rjvg e,v h{ muiV{v dl>z Fdr,trjs s[ VJ Vjv f+yjig uj ihg bduhg Vr-fP>ugrjs sg bagarjsg ipqJywl'y } wBjwL sj dVLjVj WSjRpGsj h{ m

dHl whjSg dry x{LV-uea sj u' rjajriV h{ Rpl sj riVS dwl[ Wj;jiP v[tw s[ h,oJdry ?ps-W-?ps •i"GygV{DKl•\wjq FCwjhB rjvgbJ bjsjrJ-d*bjrJ| sj f+eBjrj WS lwsjlg fi uiV{v dl>z dHl fKt'G bag lpy[a ba[ qjVr-f,tg li'wjiJ rjvj firjlg whjSgwji h'Swiw[ evfg-FjLj sg dliuSj Whpa Vjf-a'v w[ wisj h{ m x{LV uea sg awVgwg LWsjrvgs[ bwjsqw dwlq s[ bVprjs Vjv Rplsg whjSg dry Fjr[G dwa[ dwa[ zjCa sj b>L wpN rZ

sMvwd-04 93

rg uJsj h{ ba[ whjSg wpN wpN qwjVwg l.iyVj s[ s'L sg Fjeg rg WS uJsg h{ fi whjSgbjfSg qjVrg WpdVbjs rjvg dryjiZjiw ds+LBg fKt'G dwa[ VhgG doCwsg m dHl[ drL[ Rpa[WSg qZpi F.cjiwi sg f+dl,Z d`vq #x{LV$ rJe hg x{LV uea Vjv lW.Za drL[L lq,eig\f+jfiBg| ba[ LWsJ sg iPfwg ba[ f+agwqHg ria'G Vjv uiV{v dl>z drdF>V fjaiJ ba[ dZiJs[ bry[aV dry Apf[ dryjiZjiw f{GadCbJ } lqPia wiV sj hpVi oJ-fi-oJ drtjRpGsj h{ mdqljv ru'G x{LV s[ bjfS[ fdhv[ r,c[ L' s"ijV qVgLj us i{Gf Rpa[ qBw Vjv e[Cj ds>sg h{ aJspbjv[ W{n[ f+L.lwJ r,v'G Rpl} #bwjL'G Rpaig fig$ sj drL[LS f+jfa hp.sj h{ m dHl drL[LSgf+agw } cgw'c wigH[ aJ i{Gf Rpa[ qBw Vjv ;vr[ dWt[i ihg qVgLj l,yqpy dlix h,c-qjl sgqVgLj VhgG Wvdw rfjig rie rKv'G dliua w'Hg fig-qVgLj \x{GBlg iPf| rg h{ duhCg siLwJs[ lpfdVbJ dry w'Hg bfhp.y bjHgcv WS w[ dBw lw[egm dHRpG hg lojfag bjfSg dryjiZjiwlirRpyaj \h{u[qVg| vHg dHw LwagLjvg dy>V%-f+Sjvg dliusg h{ ba[ dHl ijhgG bjq v'wJsg ds+LBg } l.q'dha wiw[ bjfS[ r,l dry wisg h{ m RpGu hjLgbje+la rie rg by[a/lpy[adHl Lwag sg ria'G bjfS[ T.e Vjv wis[ idh.s[ hV m us'G Hgrj rKv'G fp,A[ eH[ f+LV dw #w"SWSgG Bjf-qjcv ($ s[ urjW dry qVgLj bjtsg h{@ #wp,ag dqL{v m$@ aJ fjnw b,e[ qpwjWv[ s[dfA'wC dry@ bds,t iPf dry fH[ fPi[ #wp,atjV[$ sj l,y lf,LB h' uJsj h{ m

firjlg f>ujWg whjSg s[ bduh[ Whp-lpig dWiaJaw hpVi ba[ Iojiorjsg ds+LBgeaf+'Taj V[ hg Rpl} qp,t Zjij sg f>ujWg whjSg Vjv ri q[yS sg lqi,oj ds,ag h{ m

fjdwlajVg ba[ firjlg f>ujWg whjSg s[ lqdr,o Fjiag f>ujWg whjSg } qp,t Zjij sjdrL[LS ds,aj uJsj h{ m dHh w'Hg bjv'ywJ r,v'G ds,ag dibjdHa VhgG Wvdw tjl wjiVJ wiw[dHh ;qgVg hwgwa h{ m Fjiag f>ujW s[ v[twJ w'v bjfSg ldFbjyjiw drijla Vjv upC[idhS s[ rZ[i[ q"w[ RpfvWZ hV ba[ RpV%J V[ f>ujWg uea s[ WpdVbjsg d`wiJ } rZ[i[ l.ugsegVjv rg dvbj h{ m dHl[ vHg dHo[ ljdha dliuSj ba[ dy.aV f+dwdibj Wi'-WijWi yvs[ ih[ hVus dw fjdwlajVg f>ujW ba[ drs[lJ dry bduhj z,B hg l.Fr h' ldwbj h{ m dHl Vjv Fjiagf>ujW dry u' bwjsqw qjh"v WdSbj h{ RplV[ dHo'G s[ f>ujWg whjSgwji } dHw fjl[ bjfS[dHdahjl ba[ v'wZjij s[ l'dqbJ s[ ugr.a dliuSjaqw iPfJaiS sg l'Ng f+sjV wgag h{ ba[sPu[ fjl[ drLr-dy>aV Vjv l.rjs f{sj wiV sg lPN@ lqi,oj ba[ ljhl rg ds,aj h{ m bduh[dliuSjaqw bqv dry'G u' whjSgbJ V[C baga dry ljhqS[ bjHgbJ hV Rph dHl ZjiVj sgfpLBg wisgbJ hV dw Fjiag f>ujW sg whjSg s[ evfg li'wji dwl wsi drbjfw qh,aajrjv[ hV ba[ RpV%J } evf-dW>W ijhgG dw>Vg lqi,oj Vjv f[L wgaj uj ldwbj h{ m

f>ujW l.wB s[ f>ujWg bry[aV Rpa[ fH[ Whp-f,tg Fji \Fji@ qdV>si wJe|@ drLrgwiVVjv dwljVg rie sg h'Gs ba[ h'Sg Wji[ f{sj h'H[ qPv f+LV #u[ bjfSg dWioj whP.$ \Wvdu.siVlijvg| #WpvWpdvbJ sg wjLa$ \w[lij ijq| #dA,B wp whjSg$ \uda>si hJl|@ f>ujW dry sdvay[aVj s[ u,B/dl,t ugrV-ds+LBg Vjv dri'Zjaqw b>ai-lW.Z \wp,ag drhCj-qdV>si wJe ba[dHw zi bj;js dh>sgbJ sj-Wvdr>si dl>z ei[rjv|@ l.ajvg sg r.c dry'G f{sj h'H[ bS-VlPi[u?q \dHwWjv hpl{V q'dHbj VhgG-buq[i dl,ZP@ qv%q-lJrv Zjqg|@ f>ujWg qjVlwaj dryrZ dihj dVfp.lwaj sj s?v \ajCg-avdr.si dl>z|@ Vjig qjVlwaj s[ Vr[G fjlji \wje;ep,cj-iLdf>si idLq@ dHw dsV-da+faj w[ dl>z@ fiRpfwji-Wvs[r dl>z TgGclj| f>ujW s[ijuVgaw bry[aV sg dh>ljrjsg l.iyVj \q{G i[f } dH>upbjH[ wisg hJ-lptuga|@ Vr-Wlagrjss[ hrjv[ Vjv Wsvsg Fjia ba[ fjdwlajV s[ diLdabJ sg drbjwiV \dhw bjhg uqVjRpix up.qV tJ-w[lij ijq|@ wLqgi lqKdlbj s[ f+l.e dry RpFisj-dqBsj VjdHwar \ldhq[fvJ sj aqjLWgV@ lpfV[ dry rjflg@ zBVj sj VjdHw-hiFuV dl>z ljei|@ VdLbJ ba[



wjq hjWC[ s[ hC% $y ipC%sg uJsg f>ujWg l.r[sVj \yPC[ rjvg WJh-ulrgi dl>z ijSj@ b>V%gevg sj q'C-epidsbjv svjv|@ hi hgv[ firjl sg f>ujWg vvw \W'Vl-Wvs[r dl>z TgGclj@lPiu sg w'Hg df,n VhgG hp.sg-Wvdr.si dl>z ei[rjv| brlirjs sg F[B yC% ihgbJ tKW[ f,tgf+agW,ZajrJ \dleiB duhg d;>seg-wpvr.a de,v@ *Jag dwRpG VhgG bjRpGsg-Wvdu.si Vlijvg|@f>ujWg qjVdlwaj sj vp.fVgwiV \dW,vgbJ b,tJ sj ujsP-ulrgi dl>z ijSj| bjds rie[bV[wJ d`wi bu'wg f>ujWg whjSg sg dliuSjaqw lqiKoj ljhr[G wlrKBg WSw[ bj tC%[ h'H[hV m dHV%J udBv qldvbJ sj Whp-fiag evf-dW.W dliusg bu'wg f>ujWg whjSg Wji[drlda+a yiyj aJ dHo[ l.Fr VhgG@ dHl vHg lptuga sg drrjs-e+la ba[ LwagLjvg whjSg#q{G i[f } dH.upbjH[ wisg hJ$ s[ hrjv[ Vjv Fjiag f>ujWg whjSg s[ Wsvs[ a[riJ sj VqPV[-qjai bdZb{V wis[ hJ m

dHl whjSg sg Rpavg fia dHw epiP zi s[ qptg rKv'G dHw f>ujWg qpdBbji sj i[f wga[ujS sj dWiaJa ujfsg h{ ba[ whjSg sj dliv[t Rpl wpbjig wpCg rKv'G i[f sj bjV.s qjS[ujS sg u,e'G a[i%rgG ujfsg eKv } ldybjRpGsj ujfsj h{@ fi blv dry dHh s'r[G e,vJ hgb>a a,w whjSg sj iyVj-drr[w VhgG WSsgbJ m hJ@ dHV%J s'rJ e,vJ sg whjSg-upea ru'GqhKaaj W[Lpqji h{ dwRpGdw whjSg s[ bji.F dry hg dHh upea RpfF'eg ugrV-ujy s[ VL[ dryZp,a f>ujWg fjnw } bji vj w[ y"GwjRpGsg h{ m

whjSg s[ b>a a,w fhp.ydsbJ dHh lfKLB h' uJsj h{ dw qPv iPf dry dHh ijulgbry[aV sg whjSg h{ ba[ x{GBlg upea ijhgG bduh[ l,ajqPvw bry[aV sg dViqjSwjig sgf+dwdibj sj Iojiow W'Z rg wijRpGsg h{ m

whjSg s[ rlaPea r[idrbJ bVplji dul c[i[ uJ epiP zi dry zBVjrJ rjfisgbJ hVRpl s[ qptg #l{hW ug l'Tg fjaLjh@ epiP ljdhW sg wpv $y'G V[ m$ bjfSg bduhg drijla Wji[ Rph#dh,w xpvjw[$ sls[ hV m RpV%J sj #awgbj wvjq$ dHw ejv% #F{S y'$ h{ m RpV%J s[ l.yji sj f+qp,tqjdZbq hg ejv%J sg FjLj h{ m h{ijVg sg e,v dHh dw v'w ejv%J sj ep,lj wiV sg oJ RpV%J }#f+ljs$ lqNs[ hV m bduhj dwRpG ( bduhj dHl vHg h{ dwRpGdw upbjig qjVlwaj rjv[ bjqv'w ejv%J a'G wpN drL[L b>wJ sj vKtS vj w[ RpV%J a[ lKB[ sj sjb vjRpGs[ hV m RpV%J } lKB[ijhgG d;.seg dry #f"G-WjiJ$ h' ujS sj Fiq h{ m dHl} Fiq dHl wiw[ dwhj uj lwsj h{ dwRpGdwf>ujW sg v'w-dlbjSf bVplji aJ uPbj ws[ dwl[ V[ VhgG duKdabj m epiqda bVplji rg uPH[sj iPfw bq'vw ugrV s[ hjiV uJ epbjRpS sg f+dwdibj sj lPyw h{ m dxi v'w lKB[ ijhgG #f"GWjiJ$ h' ujS s[ Fiq dry dwRpG hV ( epiqda bVplji bduhj #iIda$ s[ bdebjV wjiV hp.sjh{ dul wiw[ Rph #qpisjip$ s[ apv h' ujsg h{ m whjSg sg iq; bVplji epiqda ba[ v'w-dlbjSf s[ dHl RpljiP a,a } q"uPsj q"wjLVjL v'w drlji ypKw[ hV m u[ Vj rg drljdibj hp.sjaJ rg RpV%J s[ q"uPsj Fiq sg Vdriag VhgG lg h' lwSg dwRpGdw Rpai-bjZpdVw Ipe dry#debjV$ s[ qjbV[ Wsv ypKw[ hV dul sj bjq v'wjHg } w'Hg dHvq VhgG h{ m hpS debjV sjbio Rph lPyVj h{@ dul s[ ;igH[ ajwa hjdlv wgag uj lwsg h{ m

v'wJ s[ qpwjWvaV bduhj spdVbjrg debjV #l{hW ug$ w'v rZ[i[ h{ m dHl vHg Rph dl,tdrijla s[ rjil h'S sg lPyVj #dh,w xpvjw[$ f+yjis[ hV m dl,tg s[ F[t } bjfSg lPyVj sgf+qjSwaj ba[ alsgw vHg dHla[qjv rg Wj?PWg wis[ hV ba[ dxi l,aj f+jfa wiV sg upearu'G rias[ rg hV m Rph dHh rg ujSs[ hV dw ejv% l,aj sg f+jfag vHg Lwagri sj hdobjihp.sg h{ duhCg LwaghgV } #qpisjip$ dry Wsv lwsg h{ m qpisj w'Hg dri'Z siu VhgG wirjRpGsj mr,cj WSV vHg VgyJ s[ #l.e-ljdo$ sg oJ dr,o ;iPig h{ m #l{hW ug$ sg lPyVj bVplji@ dHh v'wF{S y'@ ljv[ wp,a[@ Vgy F{S y'!!! hV m• l' lf,LB h{ dw RpV%J bVplji@ dHh bduh[ Viwg ugrV s[bdZwjig hg hV m

sMvwd-04 95

whjSg s[ qp,Tv[ r[ir[ hg fjnw } f>ujW dry q,Zwjvg dl,t vdhi sg drijla ba[Rpai-bjZpdVw Ipe s[ #l{hW ug$ sg l'y ba[ wji-drhji sg apvVj wiV s[ ijh fj ds.s[ hVmepiqda sj a,a qVp<t b>si iPhjVg Lwag s[ drwjl sj lPyw h{ m dHl vHg Rplsj l.W'ZVgqphjrij rg bdZbjaqw fp,n rjvj qjVrg ajlgi sj h{ m u[ #b>Zg iIda$ } dxBwji rg fjRpSgh{ aJ rg RpV%J LWsJ dry'G l.W'ZV wiaj s[ b>sivg fgC Nvwsg h{ dw v'w' aplgG #qpisjip$ sgd;.seg dwRpG wWPv wi vHg (

fi ujfsj h{ dw whjSgwji sj q>ar epiqda ba[ bu'w[ #l{hW ug$ sg l'y sidqbjVbduhj q'Bj-np,v%j xiw silj w[ dlix drb>e f{sj wiVj VhgG Wvdw dHl dxBwjiqHg ldoags[ sjiLdVw l.siF a,w fhp.ySj h{ m RpV%J lqPh dZiJ s[ #dl,v%$ h' ujS sg fgC sj bdhljlwijRpSj h{ duhCgbJ i[f } dH>upbjH[ wiV v,egbJ h'HgbJ hV m

whjSgwji hpS #v'w$ l.wvf } h.zjvSj LpiP wisj h{ m wg dHh v'w l,yg-lp,yg dwia s[hjqg FjHg vjv' s[ rjil hV ( whjSg sg dWiaJawjij fdhvJ dHRpG hg l'ysg h{@ Rpls[ wdhSbVplji #F'v[ v'w@ dlKZ[@ ljRP dryji[$ hp.s[ hV@ fi bduhj h{ VhgG m wjqi[c aJ dHV%J } v'w hgVhgG q>Vsj dwRpGdw dHh #lqju s[ drwjl sg resg Zjij!!!$@ sg oJ #FgC$ WS ypKw[ hV m blgGlF ujSs[ hJ dw FgC hq[LJ lqjuw V[qjrvg a'G bdF,u vp.fV l'y rjvg ba[ dyhijhgS hp.sgh{ m dHl vHg b>V%[rjh vp,B-t'h@ q"wjf+lag ba[ F'e-drvjl hg dHl sg dsLj dqos[ hV m

FgC } #drwjl sg resg Zjij$ dry iPfJaia wiV sj sjbrj wiV rjvg tKW[-f,tgdZi@ dulsj f+agdVZ fjai wjqi[c h{@ vjvyrKl tps #l{hW ug$ sg LiV vHg W{ng V;ibjRpGsg h{ m hpS Rpl w'v lqju sg dHVwvjWg aWsgvg sj w'Hg H[u.cj Wjwg VhgG le'G tKW[-fKtg dl,ZJa sg dlix lPyVjaqw LWsjrvg h{@ dur[G #v'wJ f+ag dfbji$@ #vpKB-tlpKB$@ #wj`vj$@#qPhivgbJ l`J$@ #dHVwvjW du.sjWjs$@ #v'w-i'h f+y.c h'Sj$@ #lKy[ lqjurjsg$ bjds m fibduhg LWsjrvg ijhgG bjfSj #dl,ZJa lqNjRpGdsbJ$ Rpl} #blvg eKv FpKv$ uJsg h{ mblvg eKv Ijs idh rg ujr[ aJ Rpl sg qji dH.Vg wp h{ dw #l{hW ug$ s[ #bs[L$ bVplji Rphwjqi[c df>c rjdvbJ sj q'hig WS w[ Rpl #wfBg ljZC[$ } ts[C ds.sj h{ duhCj df>c s[ v'wJ }lKB[ s[ ijh fj dihj lg m dHl s[ dHr; dry wjqi[c } #l{hW ug$ rKv'G #dvxj`j$ f+jfa hp.sj h{ m

wjqi[c s[ dHl qjbiw[ Vjv #l{hW ug$ s[ drhjiw debjV sj dHw h'i f,t Rpujei hp.sj h{dw dVi.wpL l,aj@ w[Gsirjs uJ qhJdWiaJa sg lvjqag bjfS[ lqjV.ai RpFi ih[ q,nJ uJvzP-dWiaJaJ sg hlag } dqBj w[ hg idh lwsg h{ m dHl vHg c.c[ sg ria'G ba[ v'wJ sgldhqag duKaS sgbJ s'r[G upeaJ Vjv' Vjv riagbJ uJsgbJ hV m Vr-qjiwlrjsg dy>aVe+jqlwg s[ w[Gsig l.wvf y"Zi \Hegemony| s[ f+l.e dry dHh ZjiVj f+ydva h{ •LjLw riebjfSg y"Zi dlix c.c[ s[ ;'i ba[ sqV Vjv hg VhgG Wvdw bduh[ qajdha v'wJ \Subjects|} f{sj wiw[ rg wisj h{ duhC[ bZgV WSV vHg lr{-dH,Aj Vjv \Willingly| lqifS wids.s[ hV m

df>c dry'G #lKB[ sg W{bWa$ vjRpS rjv[ #WPWV[$ } wTrjRpS sg f+dwdibj ba[ wjqi[c s[Vjv Vjv df>c rjlgbJ sg ldhqag du,aS sj hpVi #l{hW ug$ s[ debjVg l,ajrjV h'S sgerjhg Fis[ hV m #l{hW ug$ rKv'G dHhg drZg Rpaq-fpitg dWiaJawjij s[ dulq } hjlv wiVvHg riag uJsg h{ m Rpl s[ f[w[ fdirji } bqigwj F[uS sj v'F ds,aj uJsj h{@ dWiaJawjij} Fdr,t dry iju-Fje l.FjvS sj NJlj ds,aj uJsj h{ ba[ Vjv hg #ypC[vJ$ riegbJ bjfSgbJlpiKdtbj lhjdHwJ - w.q'G a[ dW.W' - s[ WjhP-Wv sg ria'G rg wgag uJsg h{ m

dWiaJawjij Rpix #WgWg l{hWj$ } rg Wjwg l[rwJ rJe #l{hW ug$ b,e[ lqifS wiVjf{Gsj h{ fi Rph bjfS[ lqifS } Vj aJ Wjwg l[drwjrJ rJe bjfSg W[Wlg WSV ds>sg h{ ba[



Vj hg #fLPrjC[$ s[ #FjRPbJ$ rJeP. F'e-drvjl a,w qdhsPs h'S ds.sg h{ m Rph tps rg dHl }l,aj-f+jfag sg dHw upea ru'G dHla[qjv wiV s[ hpVi ru'G drwla wisg h{ m u[ #l{hW ug$dl,t dril[ sg lPyVjqHg LWsjrvg ba[ F[t } bjfSg Tjv WSjRpGs[ hV aJ #WgWg l{hWj$ w'vqqajqHg b"ia-dyhij h{ m #l{hW ug$ s[ ldhu-debjV sg oJ Rpl w'v #ljHgwjv'ug$ s[ iPf dryRpai-bjZpdVw lq[G s[ hjS sj drZg-r,a debjV h{ u' v'wjHg s[ b>ai-qV sg l.iyVj }lqNS vHg wjiei rlgvj h{ m ejv% sj fi.fiw hdobji Rph #l{hW ug$ a'G f+jfa wi v{Gsg h{dwRpGdw Rph lqN yp,wg h{ dw ejv% dlix qis uJ b"ia sg FjLj VhgG Wvdw lKaj sg FjLj h{ m#epiP zi$ sg ?{ija Vjv qjdlw fiyj w,TS rjv[ wjqi[c sg oJ #WgWg l{hWj$ wjqi[c s[ fp,alpqga } #qPhivgbJ l`J$ dry dvbjRpGsg h{ m #iPl a'G fC%w[ bjH[ ba[ drsrjV$ lpqga V[ Wjf s[qjdlw fKai } #i';jVj b?Wji$ dry Wsv dvbj h{ m RpGu rg Rpl sj ;jhij dW>W bjfS[yjfvPl Wjf s[ RpvB lKy[ ba[ f+agW,Z drbwag sj ujfsj h{ m #WgWg l{hWj$ s[ LWsJ dry@•l,yjW.s{@ l,yg e,v w{hS $y Yh l{hW ugbJ a[ wjqi[c sg rg f+rjh VhgG wisj@ qP>h a[ qjis{@ q{}Yhsg H[hg e,v y.eg vesg b{ m•qgcgH[ sg Lwag ba[ dHq[; s'V'G hg lpqga w'v f+jfa hV duV%Jsg #WgWg l{hWj$ } v'C h{ m

lpqga } r,l dry wiVj #N'Bj y'S$ riej bl.Fr w.q lg fi #WgWg l{hWj$ bjfSg#ljHgwjv'ug$ sg Lwag s[ l.q'hS Vjv bduhg y'Bg rg li wi v{Gsg h{ m dHl lF wpN sg Ws"va#WgWg l{hWj$ hjLgH[ a'G RpD,n w[ w[Gsi dry uj oJ q,vsg h{@ Rpai-bjZpdVw Ipe s[ f+l.e drylqNgH[ aJ vzP-dWiaJa a'G b,e[ uj w[ qhJdWiaJa sg lf[l f+jfa wisg h{ m xvliPf #l{hW ug$sg ajwa dli` dy>V%jaqw iPf dry idh uJsg h{ ba[ #f+ryV$ dlix #WgWg l{hWj$ sj y,vSvesj h{ m dHl Vjv Rpl } tps •ves{ dw lsgbJ a'G b"ia } v,egbJ W[CgbJ@ dHw dHw wiw[Bp,B ihgbJ h'S!!!m• Rpl sg Lwag } alvgq widsbJ wjqi[c sj wdhSj h{@ •lF wpN WgWg ug s[h,o bj@ Vj H[hVj sg iPl q'C[ Vj bqigwj m

dHRpG dHw dZi a'G sPug dZi s[ iPf dry l,aj-fdiriaV aJ hp.sj h{ fi dwl[ epSjaqwfdiriaV bioja v'w-f,tg aWsgvg sj bjFjl VhgG hp.sj m dHl[ vHg us'G lpqga@ #WgWg l{hWj$} #ejv%J$ sg fpijSg Vgag WsvS vHg bjtsj h{ aJ Rph urjW dry bjtsg h{@ •H[h H[Vj l"tjVhgG@ #V{Briw$ b{ fPij m Whpa h,o V[ dHhs[ df,A[@ rKc[ rKc[ v'wJ s[ m q{G AKcsgbJ aJ ljij wpAqpC l{hW ugbJ w'v yvj ujRP m

u[ l,aj-f+jfag sg w'Hg wvj hp.sg h{ aJ l,aj-epbjyS sj rg dHw drZg-drZjV hp.sj h{ mdHh e,v WC[ lP?q iPf dry wpN woj-dy.V%J ba[ drL[L drbwag-drhji ijhgG Rpujei hp.sg h{ mu[ #l{hW ug$ sg wpbji[ dulq F'eS sg qisjrgG ba[ Ljhg vjvlj Rpl } faV s[ ijh fj ds.sgh{ aJ #WgWg l{hWj$ sg Wsvjt'ig ba[ dwl[ rKc[ ij; uJ F[s } b>si Vj fyj lwS sg ;VjVjwq;'ig Rplsg lgqj WS uJsg h{ m L{wlfgbi s[ VjBwJ dry drbwag-drL[L s[ bduh[ lpFjb-s'L rKc[ sptJaJ } uVq ds.s[ hV m Rph #l{hW ug$ sg Zg dlqiV sj #fLPrjC[$ dry i[f wijRpSWji[ aiwgWJ WSjRpGsg h{ ba[ dHh eKv #epKl[ $ s[ #i"Gb $y qKv' q,vg$ Rpls[ #qP>Dh'G dVwv$ uJsgh{ m

bduh[ lpFjb-s'L wjqi[c@ Rpls[ fp,a lpqga ba[ h'iVJ fjaiJ dry rg hV m qlvVlpqga dl,ZJaw iPf dry bqigwg ljqijurjs sj dri'Zg h{ fi dlqiV Vjv drbjh wij w[bqigwj rjlg WSV vHg aiv'q,Ag h{ m fi lKaj s[ dlti Rpa[ W{ng #WgWg l{hWj$ sj epKl[ s[ s"i[lq[G wjWP a'G Wjhi h' w[ bjfS[ fjv[ ep.dcbJ Vjv lpqga Rpa[ hdobjiW.s hqvj wiV vHg y,vf{Sj dHh l.w[a ds>sj h{ dw Rph bjfS[ c.c[ sg ria'G ba[ qjVrg F[t dry Tp,wrJ bVpfjaWSjHg i,tS sj hpVi epbj W{ng h{ m dHl vHg lpqga s[ iPf $y RpFi ih[ l,aj s[ Vr[G w[Gsi }

sMvwd-04 97

dqBjRpGsg dqBjRpGsg bjfSj qptg l{hW rjvj dHq[; hg dqBj W{nsg h{ m rjladrw l.lji Rpa[WSjRpBg Iojio \hjHgfi-dib{vBg| sg f+ZjVaj rjv[ Rpai-bjZpdVw Ipe sg ijuVgawd`vjl`g sg qjqPvg lqN iKtS rjv[ rg dHh Fvg-FJa ujSs[ hV dw dwl[ rla uJ riaji[Vjv'G Rpls[ dHq[; \bwl| sg qhKaaj dwa[ r,Z f+Fjrwjig hp.sg h{ m dHl vHg dHw l,arjV s[ iPfdry #WgWg l{hWj$ rKv'G l,ajhgV rieJ sj i[f wiV ba[ Rpl } #dH>upbjH[$ wiV sj s"i b>av[yiV dry sj?v h' dihj dslsj h{ m l.Fjrg iPf dry u[ #WgWg l{hWj$ s[ f+w'f dry lpqga sjqvgbjq[B h' uJsj h{ aJ l,ajrjVJ sg bevg wCg s[ iPf dry #qp>c[$ Rpix #FjRP$ u' #fLPrjC[$dry w,BgbJ Vjv #l{wlPbv dH>Biw'il$ wis[ siljH[ eH[ hV@ rg Rpqgsrji h' lws[ hV mw[Gsiqptg ba[ i[frjsg l,aj sj bduhg dsLj r,v rZ ujSj bu'wg drLr dlbjla s[ f+l.edry w'Hg bV'tg e,v VhgG ujfsg m

hi[w drbwag b>si ;qgi hp.sg h{ ba[ Rplsg bjrj; } bSlpSg wiV rjdvbJ } b>afLyjajf wiVj f{Gsj h{@ sg q,Zwjvg bdZbjaqw ZjiVj } dHh whjSg us drhjiw qjfs.cJijhgG ldybj w[ r[tS vesg h{ aJ dl,Bj dHh dVwvsj h{ dw ;qgi sg bjrj; bu'w[ qVp<t sgbJl,aj-F'e sgbJ bwJdtbjrJ a'G WØLjvg VhgG hp.sg m dHl vHg dHl whjSg dry f{l[@ F'e-drvjl@ bqigwj s[ rl[W[@ l,aj sg Wpiwg bjds tjai Whpa lji[ fjaiJ s[ b>si'G uJ aJ ;qgi sgbjrj; Rpnsg hg VhgG u[ iaj-qjlj Rpnsg h{ aJ Rph drbwag } dwl[ fLyjajf aKw fhp.yjRpSs[ lqiKo VhgG m dHV%J ;qgihgS[ lqPh fjaiJ vHg #wpKa[$ sj q{Bj`i ridabj debj dqvsj h{ mbduh[ drbwagbJ s[ lqPh } #fLPrjCj$ dwhj debj h{ m dxi fLPrjC[ dry l,aj-f+jfag s[ u'qjfs.c h' lws[ hV@ RpV%J } x{GBlg iPf dry dHh whjSg WjtPWg f[L wisg h{ m dHl whjSg sjw{Vrl dwl[ ujS[-fAjS[ ves[ f>ujW s[ c[i[ a'G bKe[ x{vsj f>ujW/Fjia a,w hg qdhsPs VhgGidh>sj le'G Vr-Wlagrjsg s"i sgbJ qhJ-LwagbJ sg ijulg hrl ba[ i[frjsg dh>lwqjVdlwaj a,w x{vsj V;i bjRpGsj h{ m

dHl whjSg s[ ejv%J rjv[ FjLjHg-f+I'e } v{ w[ dAC[ drrjs s"ijV f+eagrjsg hvdwbJrKv'G dHl} #dy>ajuVw ipNjV$ dwhj debj h{ fi bduhj dHl s[ dy>V%-f+W.Z sg f+wjiug qh,aaj} Vj fAjS[ ujS wjiV h{ m bduhj f+I'e dwl[ bVjCg evfwji s[ h,oJ dry dVly[ hgbLvgvaj ba[ qdh; lVlVg sj lW,W WS ujSj lg@ fi dwRpGdw lptuga Whpa edhij ba[iq;g whjSgwji h{@ dHl vHg Rph bf-FjLj } dh>lj s[ f+eBjr[ sj rjhV WSjRpGsj h'dHbjdHw rdy,ai ba[ ljiow dy>V%-f+W.Z sg dliuSj wisj h{ m dHh FjLj Wpvji[ ba[ li'a[ s[drbwda,ar b>si rZ ih[ dh>lw ba[ vp.fVrjsg aKaJ s[ s?v sg lPyw WSsg h{ m dqljv ru'Gus'G w.u-wpbjig dWiaJawjij #l{hW ug$ } bjfSj ligi l"GfS a'G dHVwjig hp.dsbJ hKs'G-r,Zf+agwiq drtjRpGsg h{ aJ Rph Rpls[ lr{qjS } edhig lKB qjiV vHg bjtsj h{@ •H[o[ F{S y'ljig spVgbJ oKv[ f{S } dxisg b{!!! a[ig F{S y' qKa qjig eHg b{!!!m

dHh rjw Rpl q"w[ drL[L sg ldoag s[ dWbjV a'G beJh x{v w[ lqpKy[ qh"v dry x{v ypKw[vp.fVrjsg f+FjrJ r,v l.w[a wi uJsj h{ m dWiaJawjij us'G aKw dHw lZjiV q,Zrieg fdirjis[ qjh"v dry idh>sg h{@ Rps'G a,w Rpl sg LWsg ba[ ligi sg FjLj Rpl b>sivg qjVrg l.r[sVjs[ bVpwPv h{ m #l{hW ug$ rKv'G #u,BJ sg }h$ } wKTgbJ eHgbJ ejv%J lpS w[ dWiaJawjij sj#qP>h $y yp.Vg$ v{Sj@ #w.VJ a[ hKo Zi$ v{Sj@ #ugF s.sJ oKv[ v{Sj$ bjds uJ dHh wdhSj #v,tvjhVa o'cgbJ lisjigbJ $a[!!!$@ Rplsg qjVrg l.r[sVj s[ fKA[ ujS sg hg erjhg h{ m dxius'G Rplsg l.r[sVj foij w[ #dl,v sg dl,v$ h' uJsg h{ aJ Rph rg ejv%J sg FjLj sj dHla[qjvwiV r,v api f{Gsg h{ m b>a dHh FjLj Rpl } b"ia sg qpwag sj hdobji ujfS v,e f{Gsg h{ mRph bjtsg h{@ l,y s,lJ@ us'G dwl[ qP>h-;'i qis } qP.h Fiw[ ejv% wTsgbJ@ fPig e.sg ejv%@ aJ


lpbjs bj uJs{ m vesj dw lsgbJ a'G b"ia } v,egbJ W[CgbJ@ dHw dHw wiw[ Bp,B ihgbJh'S!!!m• LWs ws[ rg qjlPq@ wpsiag \Natural| VhgG hp.s[ Wvdw dryjiZjiw Lwag Vjv v{l hp.s[hV@ i'vj Wjia sg dHl ZjiVj } dHh evfg-FjLj alsgw wisg h{ m dHl evfg-FjLj sgLwag dHl s[ dHdahjlw@ dryjiZjiw ba[ v'wZjijHg f+[iwJ dry fHg h{ m

f+LV-Rpai sg whjSg upea } rg dHl iyVj dry WC[ dVr[wv[ ba[ LwagLjvg T.eVjv ridabj debj h{ m dHh upea dHw' lq[G fjnw-qpt ba[ li'aj-qpt h{ m whjSg s[ bji.F a'Ghg dWiaJawjij bjfS[ f+LV Vjv w'Hg ih,l f{sj wisg h{@ Rph ih,l dwl[ ujSwjig drL[L sgq>e wisj h{@ dWiaJawjij v'C bVplji dHl T.e Vjv ujSwjig ds>sg h{ dw bev[ ih,l vHgdxi lW,W WS ujr[ m dHRpG ujfsj h{ dur[G fjnw sg udebjlj a'G rjw` w'Hg b>aiIjqg e{WgLwag f+LV fp,A ihg h'r[ m f+LV-Rpai sg dHh drZg qPv fjn dry h'i dw>V[ hg b>ai-fjnLjdqv wiw[ whjSg } Whp-fiag ba[ Whp-fjljig WSj ds>sg h{ m

bduhg f+wjiug evfg-FjLj s[ f+I'e dry Fjiag f>ujW s[ whjSgwjiJ rKv'G fdhvwsqgwiVj lpFjrw hg h{ dwRpGdw dHl} f>ujWg ldFbjyji s[ w[Gsi dry dryis[ h'S sj q"wj lpv,Fh{ m f>ujW s[ dHdahjl@ v'wZjij@ FP-ds+,LJ ba[ i';jVj wji-drhji dry'G xp,BS rjv[ ugr.aq'dB`J a,w dHo'G s[ whjSgwji sg iljHg l"tg ba[ lpFjrw h{ m drLrgwiV s[ f+FjrJ V[ rg dHl}f+Fjra ;iPi wgaj h{ fi bu[ dHl wsi ts[dCbj VhgG dw bjfS[ hdobji dl,BS[ f{ eH[ h'S mdHl s[ RpvB bu[ a,w aJ le'G Vr-Wlagrjs s[ dri'Z dry'G dqvg Lwag hg f>ujWg whjSg s[Vr[G ipNjSJ } dViZjia wi ihg h{ ba[ Fjiag f>ujW sj whjSgwji dHl ypS"ag ljhr[G qPhivgbJl`J dry tC%j V;i bjRpGsj h{ m rlaP-y'S ba[ drZj Ljlai s[ fKt'G wga[ uj ih[ bduh[ Vr[GwhjSg-f+I'e bu'wg f>ujWg whjSg sg epSVjaqw wirB sg dVLjVs[hg wiV rjv[ hV m dHlsg drhjiw fC%a f>ujWg whjSg s[ VrgV woj-Ljlaig f+daqjVJ sg s,l fjRpS rjvg h{ m

dH,wgrgG lsg sg f>ujWg whjSg fC%dsbJ dHh e,v Whpa dL,sa Vjv qdhlPl hp.sg h{ dwy"o[ fCjb sg f>ujWg whjSg bjfSj dlti h.Tj ihg h{ ba[ f>ur[G fCjb sg whjSg sgbJwVl'bJ dqvS v,egbJ hV m dVly[ hg dHl VrgG whjSg sj Wv f>ujWg W.s[ sg lr{-fCy'vRpa[ h'r[ej ba[ evfg FjLj ru'G dHh fjai-wjiu ijhgG bio dliuS s[ f+I'eJ } bjfSgLwag WSjH[eg m dH,wgrgG lsg[ sg f>ujWg whjSg sg wp,t dryvj dHh Wgu T.ePi qjiV vHg hpSWhpaj lqJ VhgG vr[ej m

dH,wgrgG lsg sg f>ujWg whjSg ^ dsLj ba[ ds+LBg sMvwd-04 98

²

iekIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw :pCwx-icMnH

pMjwbI kivqw dy ic`qrpt au~qy ie`kIvIN sdI dw ieh svwdhwkw keI mwAinAW ’c mh`qvpUrn hY [ ijs nvIN pMjwbI kivqw dyAZwz nUµ 1990 dI pMjwbI kivqw nwl joiVAw jWdw hY, hux aus nvINkivqw ny AwpxI zmIn iqAwr kr leI hY ijsdy ADwr ’qy iesdISnwKq dy Tos ADwr im`Qy jw skdy hn [ dUjw mh`qvpUrn nukqw iehvI hY ik ipCly do dhwikAW qoN ies kivqw dI pCwx dy kuJ gMBIrAiDAYn swhmxy Awey hn [ ijhVIAW im`QW ies kivqw dI pCwx bwryvIhvIN sdI dy AMqly dhwky ivc swhmxy Aw rhIAW sn, ie`kIvIN sdIdy AiDAYn ny auhnW im`QW dy iekihry, DuMdly AiDAYn qoN pwr jw ky ieskivqw dI pCwx kIqI [ ie`kIvIN sdI ivc rcI jw rhI pMjwbI kivqwdy iviBMn auBwrW nUµ mYN ivcwrDwrk/ieiqhwsk, kwiv-SwsqrI/iSlpIAqy suhj-SwsqrI pihlUAW qoN smJx dw pRXqn kIqw hY Aqy mYN iesAiDAYn ivc kivqw dy iviBMn ivcwrDwrk pRkrnW dI inSwndyhIkridAW, ies kivqw dIAW iviBMn pRivRqIAW/JukwvW nUµ vI swhmxyilAwaux dw Xqn kIqw hY [ BwvyN ik kwiv-pRivRqIAW Aqy JukwvW nUµiksy mkwnkI idRStI qoN inDwirq nhIN kIqw jw skdw pr qW vIijhVy ivkoilqry, v`Kry kwiv-aucwr ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqwbx rhy hn, auhnW dI inSwndyhI krnI vI zrUrI hY [

(a)ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw dy ijs pRmu`K kwiv-aucwr jW

JukwA nUµ mYN sB qoN mh`qvpUrn smJdw hW, auh aus kivqw dw hYijhVw vrqmwn ieiqhws Aqy vsqUmuK pRsiQqIAW dy iekihry,inScqwvwdI pRvcn qoN bwhr jw ky pwrdrSI XQwrQ dI pySkwrInwl sbMiDq hY [ svY Aqy smUhk sMboDn dI fwiekOtmI nUµ ^qm krnvwlI ieh kivqw vsqUmu`K pRsiQqIAW Aqy svY dy hoNdprk msilAWdw AYksry krn vwLI kwiv-ivDI dw pRvcn bx jWdI hY [

kwiv-pRvcn ies kivqw ivc im`Q isrjxw nhIN krdw sgoNimQW dw ivsrjx krdw hY [ iekvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw dw iek hormh`qvpUrn pihlU ieh vI bxdw hY ik ies ivc AKOqI jSn dwkwiv-pRvcn lgpg mn&I ho cu`kw hY, ijs pRvcn ivc AOrq dISwierI dy nW ’qy mrd dI aupBogI pRivRqI nUµ pyS kIqw igAw sI Aqy

fw. Xogrwj AMgirSpRo&YsrpMjwbI ivBwg,pMjwb XUnIvristI,cMfIgVH [94644-18163

[email protected]

99 sMvwd-04 julweI-dsµbr 2016ISSN : 2395-1273 (f>. 99-115)


in`jI Aihsws vwlw ieh kwiv-pRvcn AiDAwqmIkrn dI Et ivc AOrq dI dyh nUµ aupBogIvsq bxw idMdw sI pr pMjwbI BwrqI smwj dI zmIn AijhI jSn dI SwierI leI AnukUlnhIN [ bxwautI kwiv-pYrwfwiem dI koeI Tos zmIn nhIN huMdI [ ijs m`D-vrg dI ieh jSnmeI SwierI sI, BwrqI pMjwb ivc aus m`D-vrg dI dr 5-7% qoN v`D nhIN hY[ iehI kwrn hY ikie`kIvIN sdI dI SwierI dI BwrU sur Aqy ivcwrDwrk kwiv-pRvcn pRqIroDk hY- A`gy iespRqIroD dy iviBMn kwiv-aucwr bxdy hn [ mYnUµ pRqIroD dy ies kwiv-aucwrn ivc sB qoNSkqISwlI aucwr auhnW kvIAW dw l`gdw hY ijhVy vrqmwn pRsiQqIAW Aqy svY AMdr c`lrhy mwnisk dvMdW dy mnoivigAwnk ADwrW nUµ pwrdrSI kwiv-BwSw ivc pRgt kr rhy hn [ieh kwiv svY-sboDnI huMdw hoieAw smUh dy sMktW nUµ mu^wiqb hY [ kwiv-jugqW Aqy suhj-SwsqrI nzrIey qoN vI iehnW kvIAW ivc iviBMnqw Aqy vMn-suvMnqw hY [ svY-ktwKS AqyzihrI ivAMg qoN lY ky dwrSink sihjqw dI kwiv-BwSw ies kivqw dy kwiv-Swsqr ivcSwiml hY [ pRqIroDk sur ivc ieh kvI BwvyN is`Dy qOr ’qy rwjsI Gol jW ivklpI sunihry smwjdI sQwpnw dy rumwnI supny nhIN isrjdy pr ijs ifkMstrkSn dI BwSw dw inrmwx ieh kvIkr rhy hn, aus ivcoN mwnvI sMvydnwvW Aqy sU^m AihswsW dI pySkwrI rwhIN, vrqmwn mMfIjgq ivcoN nvyN mwnv dI qlwS dy bIj dI sMBwvnw nzr AwauNdI hY [ bMdy dI mkwrI/svwrQI/lwlswmeI/aupBogI rucI qoN lY ky smwj ivc Gt rhy mkwnkI vrqwry dIAW Alokwr GtnwvWdy idRS ic`qr isrj ky, ieh kivqw pRmu`K rUp ivc icMqnI hY, ies leI iesdw mnBwauNdwrUpwkwr vI nzm hY (ie`QoN q`k ik pRm`uK pRgIqk rUpwkwr Zzl dy rUp ivc vI ieh kivqwnzmIAq nUµ pyS krdI nzr AwauNdI hY) ies p`K qoN ies nvIN kivqw ny AwpxI nvIN/nvyklIkwiv-BwSw vI iejwd kr leI hY [ surjIq pwqr qoN ielwvw mohnjIq, pRimMdrjIq, jsvMsdId, drSn bu`tr, jsvMq z&r, AmrjIq kONky, AMbrIS, rivMdr, dyvnIq, gurpRIq, fw.mnmohn, gurdyv cOhwn, ivSwl, nvyN kvIAW ivcoN rwjivMdr mIr, jspwljIq, rivMdr,rwijMdrjIq, pMmdIp Aqy prvwsI kvIAW ivcoN dyv, nvqyj BwrqI, Ajmyr rofy, suKpwl,AmrjIq cMdn, fw. gurmyl, primMdr soFI, drSn bulMdvI, kulivMdr suKivMdr kMboj, suiKMdr,rivMdr shrwA, svrgI drSn ig`l, Avqwr lMfn, mohn ig`l, Awid pRmuK khy jw skdy hn [

jsvMq dId ‘b`cy qoN frdI kivqw’ qoN lY ky ‘Awvwgvxu’ q`k ie`k Aijhy mh`qvpUrnkvI dy qOr ’qy sQwipq hoieAw hY ijsny nvIN pMjwbI kivqw ivc AwpxI nvyklI svY-ktwKSIkwiv-BwSw nUµ isrijAw[ dId dI kwiv-BwSw nMgI hY, pwrdrSI hY, bxwautI k`jxW nUµ auhAwpxI kwiv-BwSw ivc kol Fu`kx nhIN idMdw pr ikauNik auh jo dyKdw hY, Awpxy Aqy AwpxyAwly-duAwly nwl GtidAW, ausdy bwry pRSnW dy Gyry ’c rihMdw hY, iehI kwrn hY ik ausdIkwiv-BwSw ivAMg rwhIN jSn nUµ fIkMstrkt krky pwrdrSI s`c ’qy ADwirq ho jWdI hY,nwtkI sMbwd, khwxI-numw ibrqWq, kwtvW ivAMg Aqy svY-ivAMg Awid kwiv ivDIAW dIddI kivqw nUµ SkqISwlI bxw idMdIAW hn [ ies kivqw dI BwSw pwTk nUµ ckwcOND krkypRBwv isrjdI hY [ nvIN-kivqw ivc jsvMq dId dI kivqw nUµ pwTk mwxdw vI hY Aqy ausbwry SMky vI auTwauNdw hY [ dId smwj Aqy svY nUµ bwhrI sq`hI qOr ’qy pyS nhIN krdw sgoN auhbMdy dIAW Dur-AMdrlIAW mhIn qYhW Aqy vwvroilAW ’c auqrx vwlw kvI hY [ (s`cmu`c auhSbdW dw ifzwienr hY; Aijhw pwrKU hY ij`Qy mnuK dI spwt nzr nhIN pujdI, isr& klp pujskdy hn, dId auhnW ishwA KuMdrW ’c SbdW dy dIvy jgwauNdw hY - ‘Awvwgvxu’ pusqk dyipCly kvr qoN) [ ies kwiv-pusqk ivclI nzm ‘qwVIAW nhIN plIj’ ivcly ivAMg nUµ dyKdyhW :

sMvwd-04 101

mYN eyQy

quhwfy mnorMjn leI iblkul nhIN AwieAw

jy qusIN soco/ik myrI kivqw ’coN

huxy koeI rwm auTygw/jo quhwnUM hsweygw

jW ruAweygw

mYN qW Ajy kbIr dI aulJI qwxI vwLI K`fI

sulJwauNxI hY

nwmdyv dy Twky Amry dI brIk bUtI

quhwnUM dKwauxI hY/qy qusIN suqy-suqy

dwd dyeI jWdy ho/vwh-vwh khI jWdy ho!

lau mYN/AwpxI kivqw smyq

vwps muVdw hW -jsvMq dId (Awvwgvxu)

(A)mW qW isr& Ardws kr skdI sI

kIqI/puq mgr blwvW hI ieµnIAW sn

ik mW nUM smJ nw Awvy

ausdI Ardws Aµdr ksr ik`Qy sI?

AwKr mW ny CwqI sWBI

Bry sMdUk ’coN k`ØiFAw

qWby vwLw KwlI pYsw/sUt k`ØiFAw

puq ny ijhVw id`qw sI pihlI qnKwhy!

jw gurU dy crnI bYTI

gurU dI A`K ’c A`K jw pweI

lY geI mW/Asrdws ’c Brky qwkq swrI

A`j jo cwhy kr skdI hY mW ! -jsvMq dId (Awvwgvxu)

ie`k pRqIb`D juJwrvwdI kvI dy qOr ’qy AwpxI pCwx bxwaux vwlw AmrjIq cMdnie`kIvIN sdI dI nvIN pMjwbI kivqw ivc vI (bdldy pRsMgW ivc) nvIN kwiv-BwSw dw mohrIkvI bixAw hY [ prvws hMFwky AmrjIq cMdn ny ivcwrDwrk lckqw gRihx kIqI hY [ koeIS`k nhIN jVHW (1995), bIjk (1996), guVqI (2000) Aqy AMnjl (2006) dIAW AnykWkivqwvW AwpxI rihql/jVHqw bolI Aqy nroey srokwrW dy hyrvy nUµ pRgtwauNdIAW hn [ guVqIqoN bwAd AMnjl ausdI hor mh`qvpUrn kwiv-pusqk swhmxy AweI hY, ies kwiv-sMgRih dIAWkivqwvW prvwsI jmIn ’qy Awpxy ivrsy dIAW qmwm proeIAW kImqW dIAW ismrqIAW rwhINpMjwbI gOrv nUµ AgrBUimq krdIAW hn [ siBAwcwrk pCwx dI ieh SwierI hyrvy dI nhINsgoN AwpxI rihql nUµ pCwxn dI hY, pMjwbI irSqy, BweIcwrk sWJW, pMjwbI ipMf, pMjwbIBwSw, pMjwbI sMgIq, pMjwb dy Drm, pMjwb dIAW rhu-rIqW Aqy pMjwbI mohprk irSiqAW nUµieh kivqwvW sMvydnw dI kwiv-BwSw nwL pyS krdIAW hn :

dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%


ipqw nwL g`lWqusW isKwieAw mYnUM aUVw ilKxw/KuS-KuS krdw h`Q imrw

Awpxy h`Q ivc lY ky/qusW isKwieAw kYmrw PVnw [

qusIN kYsy prlok isDwey/muVky iPr nw Awey

hux ik`Qy ho/kI krdy E

Aw jwau qW Cu`tI lY ky

mYN iK`cWgw qsvIr quhwfI nwL ibTwky A`K dy iSkwry

Xwd hY AwpxI aus qsvIr

jo kYmry Awpxy - AwpUµ iK`cI

qusIN bYTy mYN gL nwL lweI g`lH nwL g`lH Chwky -AmrjIq cMdn (Aµnjl/11)

pMCIpµCI ny im`tI ivc SwhblUq dw bIj bIijAw

ru`K dy &l dw bIj/pµCI ny ru`K bIijAw………pµCI ny AgnI bIjI/irzk pkwauNdI qn TwrdI

pµCI ny AwlHxw pwieAw/Awpxy Gr muV AwieAw pµCI

sB kuJ hr&oN bwhrw hoieAw

pµCI ny jd Sbd bIijAw -AmrjIq cMdn (Aµnjl/26)

jsvMq z&r smkwlI pMjwbI kivqw dw inrMqr ilKx vwLw mh`qvpUrn kvI hY [ AsINnwnk dy kI l`gdy hW kwiv-sMgRih dI pRkwSnw nwl crcw ivc AwieAw jsvMq z&r, ‘iehbMdw kI huMdw’ kwiv-pusqk ivc ijs bMdy dI qlwS dw pRvcn isrjdw hY aus pRvcn dI ivDIivrycnI (fIkMstrkSn) Aqy ivSlySxI hY [ vrqmwn bMdy dIAW PwieltlweInz ’qy auNglDrky, ausnUµ ivsrijq (fIkMstRkt) krky hI iksy AwdrS bMdy dI qlwS dw pRvcn auswrdw hY [sB qoN v`fw mslw qW z&r leI vrqmwn bMdy dw hI hY [ z&r ies smu`cy kwiv-sMgRih ivcAwdrSk bMdy dI ijhVI pirBwSw GVdw hY auh ies pusqk dI pihlI kivqw ‘bMdw’ qoN SurU hoky AMiqm kivqw ‘koeI iek`lw kivqw nhIN ilKdw’ q`k inrMqr &YldI rihMdI hY, ies pirBwSw’c z&r fwielOjIkl ivDI nUµ vwr-vwr vrqdw hY, AwpxI pihlI kivqw ivc hI z&rAwpxI sMbwdkI (fwielOjIkl) kwiv-BwSw dw ivl`Kx pRXog swfy swhmxy pyS kr idMdw hYikauNik auh ijs bMdy dI qlwS kr irhw hY, auh qlwS inrMqrqw ivc, aus ivc pwTk vISwml ho jWdw hY [ mu`Fly qOr ’qy auh pRikRqI dy smiv`Q ho ky iesdI pirBwSw krn dw Xqnkrdw hY [ bMdw pRikRqI dy swhmxy hY, pRSnW ’c iGirAw hoieAw hY [ pRikRqI/kudrq ie`Qy gqI ’chY; jykr gqI hY qW sMsikRqI hY, bMdw BwvyN ie`k siBAwcwrk pRwxI jW kih lvo cyqn hoNd vjoNkudrq dy krm nUµ jwxdw hY—pr kudrq dy krm nUµ jwxnw hI jrUrI nhIN ausnUµ gRihx vI krnwhY— kudrq qoN is`Kky, kudrq dy krm (gqI, vihxw, gihrweI, SWq rihxw Awid) nUµ gRihxkrn dy lkS qoN auh AwpxI pirBwSw dI SurUAwq krdw hY :

mYN smuµdr v`l vgdy dirAw nUM pu`ØiCAw

ikvyN vg lYNdw hY lgwqwr ?

A`goN dirAw ny puØiCAw/vgxw kI huMdw ?

sMvwd-04 103

dirAw nwL quridAW/smuµdr kol puØijAw

jo cMd v`l v`Kky hI h`s irhw/aus nUM pu`ØiCAw

eynw gihrw ikvyN hoieAw?/smuµdr kihx l`gw

gihrweI kI huMdI hY?/iPr mYN cMd nUM pu`ØiCAw

eynw SWq ikauN hYN?/cMd ny hYrwn ho pu`ØiCAw

ieh SWqI kI cIz hoeI?/rwqIN myry supny ’c

dirAw smuµdr qy cMd Aw ky kihMdy

bMdw bx/mYQoN prq ky pu``C nI huMdw

ieh bMdw kI huMdw ? -ieh bMdw kI huMdw, pMnw : 13

ies kivqw dIAW AwKrI qukW bMdy dy krm ’qy hI pRSn icMnH lwauNdIAW hn[ ‘bMdw bx’ dySMdyS nUµ auh AwpxIAW AglIAW kivqwvW ivc ivsQwrdw hY [ sB qoN pihlW qW z&r vrqmwnbMdy dIAW l`BqW Aqy pRwpqIAW dy AhM (hMkwr) ’qy vwr krdw hY [ ie`k sMsikRqk hoNd v`loNAwDuink qknwlOjI nwL ijhVI SkqI qy smr`Qw ausny pRwpq kIqI hY, z&r dy AwdrSk bMdynwL aus dw myl nhIN [ ausdIAW pRwpqIAW dw Kyqr kuJ hor hY qW SkqI nwL LY`s ies bMdy dwieh hwl hY :

vYsy qW bMdw/b`br Syr nUM vI qMg kr skdw

aus nUM ipµjry ivc bMd kr skdw

pr bMdy qoN blvwn/mu`Cr isµG Blvwn

m`CrdwnI ivc bMdy nUM kYd krdw

Awp KulHI aufwn Brdw/gwauNdw bVHkW mwrdw

m`CrdwnI ivcly bMdy nUM llkwrdw/ik

bwhr inkl ky idKw v`ØifAw bdmwSw -ieh bMdw kI huMdw, pMnw : 15

drSn bu`tr pMjwbI dI nvIN kivqw dw pRmu`K nwmvwr kvI hY [ KVwvW (2001), drdmjITI (2006) qoN bwAd mhWkMbxI (2013) kwiv-sMgRih nUµ Bwrq swihq AkwdmI purskwrnwL snmwinAw igAw hY [ mwnvI sMvydnwvW dIAW sU m qYhW dI qlwS qoN lY ky vfyry smwijkAqy mwnvI srokwr ausdI kivqw dy Gyry ivc AwauNdy hn [ mhWkMbxI nvIN pMjwbI kivqw ivcie`k hor nvW kwiv-pRXog hY ijs ivc drSn butr ny icMqn dI kwiv-BwSw nUµ isrijAw hY [ ieskwiv-sMgRih dI kwiv-ivDI mwnvI jigAwsw Aqy gurUdyv dy sMbwd dy rUp ivc swhmxy AweIhY [ jigAwsw Aqy gurUdyv koeI rvwieqI gur/iSS nhIN ij`Qy ie`k iDr mOn huMdI hY qy dUjI iDrsuxdI hY; sgoN ieh kivqw jIvn dy Tos p`KW dw dupwsI icMqnI sMbwd hY [ ies pusqk dI UbIieh hY ik ieh Awpxy kwiv-sMbwd nUµ qorx leI ijnHW do iDrW ‘jigAwsw Aqy gurUdyv’ nUµmwiDAm bxwauNdI hY aus iksy AiDAwqmk is`ØiKAw jW iksy iekihry ivcwrDwrk pRvcn nUµnhIN isrjdI sgoN ies pusqk dy ivivD QImYitk pwswr icMqkI BwSw ivc jIvn, pRikRqI,mwnv nwL sµbµiDq sdIvI srokwrW nUµ mu^wiqb huMdy hn; BUq/vrqmwn Aqy Biv`K ies kwivivc ie`ko ibMdU ’qy siQq ho ky mwnvqw dI qlwS dy ivivD rsqy qlwSdy nzr AwauNdy hn :

jigAwswsuMlGdw sMvwd/ gurUdyv !

mYN Awpxy ggmgwauNdy swey smyq



qyrIAW ivSwl cwxnIAW dy

rUbrU huMdI hW/pYrW hyToN KurdI jw rhI

BurBury ivSvwsW dI ryq/mYN muµqizr hW

qyrI mu`TI ivclI c`pw ku zmIn dI

guru dyvhy sKI/s`c dI pirBwSw nUM

loV nhIN Sbd jwl dI

qb swirAW dI idlkS iqbwrq

nhIN hY jIvn dw &ls&w

muswiPr iek`lw nhIN huMdw

jo koeI ‘bol’ hms&r ’c ivcrdy

su`cy Sbd/msqkW nUM cIr ky rwh l`Bdy

iekIvIN sdI dI smkwlI pMjwbI kivqw ivc dyvnIq ny AwpxI pusqk hux stwiln cuphY rwhIN ie`k AijhI nvIN kwiv BwSw dw inrmwx kIqw hY ijs ivc vrqmwn msilAW/sMktW/qxwvW dw kwiv-ibrqWq pwTkW dw iDAwn iK`cdw hY [ BwvyN ik SurU qoN hI dyvnIq v`KrI Aqyivl`Kx kwiv-BwSw dw isrjk sI kwgz Aqy kMdrW, XwqrI iDAwn dyx, p`Qr ’qy peI sYksoPonkwiv pusqkW rwhIN aus ny smkwlI nvIN kivqw ivc ivSyS pihcwx bxw leI sI pr stwilnhux cup hY dI kivqw rwhIN dyvnIq ny ijs kwiv-BwSw dw inrmwxw kIqw hY auh aus dI ies qoNpihlW inrimq kwiv BwSw qoN jy iqlWjlI nhIN qW vKrI zrUr hY [ ies kwiv-BwSw ivc AYbsriftIAqy Awqm-muKqw gwieb hY [ kwiv ibrqWq vrqmwn sMktW nUµ ivAMg, ivfMbnw, Aqy auphwskwiv-ivDIAW rwhIN pyS krdw hY [ inkt smkwl ivc ivSvIkrn dI pRikRAw ny ipCly qIhswlW ivc jo siQqI pMjwb dy m`D-vrg hyTly vrg Aqy CotI ikswnI dI bxweI hY ausdy AslynUµ dyvnIq ny iek pRBwvSwlI kwiv-ibrqWq Aqy kwiv-idRSW rwhIN pyS kIqw hY [ ijvyN ik iesikqwb dw isrlyK hux stwiln cup hY vrqmwn ieiqhws ivcoN mn&I ho rhy sMGrS dy pRvcnW dwsMkyq hY Aqy vrqmwn bMdw bzwr Aqy mMfI dy qilsm ivc PisAw XQwrQ nUµ smJ hI nhIN irhw :

ausdy h`Q trYktr dwstyirµg PVw idµdw hY/kihµdw hoieAw;

vyKIN Pyr au~fdI PulkwrI

ausnUM nhIN pqw

ikSqW ikvyN bxdIAW

ikvyN tutdIAW hn

auh qW bs/ ikSqW tu`tdw vyKdw hY

vyKdw hY -hux stwiln cup hY/28

sdIAW qoNkMjk mzdUr Gr bxwauNdw Aw irhw hY

hr Gr dI hr ie`t ’qy

sMvwd-04 105

auhdI CUh-Cwp

ie`tW, gwry ’c auhdI ijsm dI gMD

FUly, r`sy...

auh Awpxy bxwey Gr koloN

AiB`j lMG irhw hY

isDwrQ kbIr, nMjn ’coN kOx

v`fw hY/mYN nMjn nUM v`D jwxdw hW -hux stwiln cup hY/36

ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw ivc AMbrIS ny idRS ibMbW dI nvIN kwiv-BwSw nUµ isrjky Awpxy-Awp nUµ ie`k ivl`Kx kvI dy qOr ’qy sQwipq kIqw hY [ AMbrIS nw qW Awpxy kwiv-suhj ivc AlMkwrW nUµ jVdw hY, ivAMg vI ies kwiv-BwSw ivc icMqnI suBwA dw hY [ Aslivc AMbrIS ie`k Aijhw inpuMn PotogRw&r hY ijs nUµ Sbd-ic`qrW ivc ArQ Brxy AwauNdy hn [kudrq, bnspqI, pSU, pMCI, mwnv, vrqmwn smwj ivc ivAwpq bzwr nUµ iks kony qoN pySkrky kivqw ivc ArQ Brny hn, iesdI dwrSink soJI AMbrIS nUµ hY [ AMbrIS dI kivqw nUµpihlI pVq ivc pwTk sihjy hI pVH jWdw hY pr iPr ausdw iDAwn kuJ AijhIAW sqrW ’qypYNdw hY ijhVIAW pwTk dy icMqn cyqnw nUµ JMjoVdIAW hn [ AMbrIS dIAW kivqwvW bMdy nUµicMqn-mnx ivc pwauNdIAW hn [ pwTk ArQW dIAW AnykW prqW nwl Awpxy-Awp nUµ joVndw Xqn krdw hY ikauNik AijhI kivqw dw inrmwx iekihrI ArQ sMrcnw nwl nhIN hoieAwhuMdw so ArQW dIAW prqW ivc pwTk dI soJI nUµ vI spys iml jWdI hY [ rMg qy ryq GVI AqybRhm-kml ausdIAW dI AijhIAW mh`qvpUrn kwiv-pusqkW hn ijhnW dI hr kivqw kwiv-suhj nwL BrpUr hY Aqy fUMGy mwnvI ArQW dI isrjnw krdI hY [ AMbrIS dw ivcwrDwrkpRvcn mwnvqw dI qlwS ’qy itikAw hoieAw hY; mwnvqw leI ijs kyNdrI gux nUµ vwr-vwrpyS krdw hY auh hY sMvydnw [ Asl ivc vrqmwn aupXogI, aupBogI, KpqmeI soc ny bMdy dIsMvydnw auqy hI hmlw kIqw hY [ AijhIAW pRsiQqIAW dy smwnqr pRqIroD dw jo pRvcn bxdwhY auh sMvydnwvW ’qy hI hoieAw hY [ aus dI ie`k mh`qvpUrn kivqw ‘SwipMg mwl AMdr’ dyivcwrDwrk pRvcn nUµ dyKdy :

SwipMg mwl AMdrisr& DV cwhIdw

pihxwA skIey ijhnUµ

byqrIn k`pVy dI is`lI

cwkU dI Dwr ijauN iq`KIAW

krIzW vwLI

bySkImqI pqlUn

qy aus qoN vI kImqI kot ie`k

rldI nYktweI rySmI

qy kmIz luBwauxy rMg vwLI

isr n loVINdw hux

cmcmWdy aus ivSwl



Swipµg mwl Aµdr

sUt-bUt ’c s`ØilAw puqlw som dw

sufol sohxy DV vwLw

byisr AµbrIS (bRhmkml/21)

ie`k hor pMfipµfoN bwhr k`ØiFAw igAw AwdmI

murdw ipAw

iPµf dI iFkrI qoN

bwhrlI Fwb

ijs qrHW vs jWdy

smuµdr sqHw qoN dIvy

ipµf Sihr dys pUry

ijs qrHW vs jweygI

ieh DrqI swrI

sOr-mµfl iksy

glYksI iksy hor

AwdmI iks vwsqy

bcI nw ipµf Aµdr jgHw

murdw ipAw Fwb

auswry aus p`DrI QW ’qy hux

in`kI koTVI koeI AwpxI

bc leygw QW zrw ku

gW bMnHx leI

ikAwrI ik`kI ie`k

gyNdy gulwb myQI leI

inAwxy dy ryVw clwaux leI vI

QW QoVHI ijhI inkl hI AweygI

ipµfoN bwhr inkl AwieAw AwdmI

nINh Dr irhw

ie`k hor ipµf dI -AµbrIS - (rµg qy ryq GVI/23)

nvIN pMjwbI kivqw dy ipV ivc gurpRIq ie`k Aijhw Swier hY ijhVw AwpxI pihlI hIkwiv-pusqk SbdW dI mrjI dI pRkwSnw nwL crcw ivc Aw jWdw hY [ Akwrn (2001) AqyausdI huxy CpI isAwhI GulI hY (2011) dI kwiv-BwSw dI smr`Qw Aqy ivcwrW dI dwrSinkqwpwTkW dw iDAwn iK`cdI hY [ ausdI kivqw dy pRqIk Aqy kwiv-ibMb, rUpk Aqy mubwlgy ieMnymOilk hn ijhnW dw pihlW pRXog nhIN hoieAw [ inrsMdyh, Ajmyr rofy dy SbdW ivc gurpRIqvsqW qoN sDwrnqw dI ijlHb lhwauNdw hY [ vsqU XQwrQ qoN sDwrnqw dI ijlHb lwhx dw

sMvwd-04 107

krm Asl ivc dwrSinkqw bxdw hY ijhVw gurpRIq dIAW kivqwvW dIAW AMqrIv qYhWivc PYilAw hoieAw hY [ gurpRIq vwrqk muKI kwiv-BwSw ivc nzm ilKdw hY pr ausdI kwiv-BwSw ivclI sMvydnw, sU^mqw Aqy AWqirk irdm ies kivqw nUµ pRvwBSwlI bxw idMdw hY,ikqy-ikqy ieh kivqw pRgIqk bx ky Awpxw pRBwv isrjdI hY [ sDwrn Aqy Awm vsqW nwLsbMiDq Sbd ausdIAW kivqwvW dy isrlyK hn pr kivqw ivc ieh Sbd Aw ky nvyN ArQgRihx kr lYNdy hn [ isAwhI GulI hY kwiv-pusqk ivc auh pRBwvSwlI ibRqWqk kivqw ilKxivc s&l hoieAw hY :

myry kol pVHn AwauNdy b`cymyry kol pVHn AwauNdy

b`ØicAW dy kuVqy

Aksr pwty huMdy

kwjW kwlrW jybW koloN ...[

myry kol pVHn AwauNdy b`cy

ikµny Boly is`Dy swdy

Awpxy vrgy Awp

nhIN iehnW kol

koeI slIkw slUt

mw& krnw DMnvwd

auh mUµh P`t ny

ijvyN jIA Awvy

boldy ny gwlHW k`Fdy

qurdy ny p`QrW nUM Tu`fy mwrdy

Kyfdy ny nsIbW dI gyNd dw kYc C`fdy

lVdy ny glmy ivc h`Q pw lYNdy

ipAwr krn dw ieho FMg

myry kol pVHn AwauNdy b`ØicAW dw

rih rih ky

moh ikauN Aw irhw hY

Aj gurpRIq (isAwhI GulI hY/26-27)

gurpRIq dI kivqw dw mwnvvwd ieiqhws, im`Qhws Aqy vrqmwn ivcoN Aijhy nwiekAqy vyrivAW dy hvwly cuxdw hY ijhVy ausdy ivcwrDwrk pRvcn nUµ pRp`k krdy hn [ ‘isAwhIGulI hY’, ‘rbwbI BweI lwl jI’, ‘qwieAw nwQI rwm’, ‘ipAwr’, h`spurw 3 iklomItr’, ‘ipqw’,pihlI pulWg’, ienklwb dUr nhIN’, ‘klw’, ies p`KoN dyKIAW jw skdIAW hn :

rbwbI BweI lwl jIrbwbI BweI lwl jIslwm qyrI AwSkI



rbwb nUMAvwz nUM

qUM gw ikqy vIhr QW ausy dw Awsxijs nwLqyry puriKAW isdk inBwieAw

BweI lwl jIqUM CyV rbwbjo jwxn qyry poitAW dI CuhCoh Aµdr Akwr lYx rwgrwgW Aµdr ausy dI bwxIausy dI AwigAw AMdr

BweI lwl jI iDAwn DrbMdy dI jwq qoN ibnWnw jwxy koeI jwqkOx ihµdU kOx is`K kOx muslmwnrbwbI BweI lwl jIqyrI AwSkI nUM slwm...!!

smkwlI pMjwbI kivqw ivc mohnjIq iek pRmuK suhj isrjI Swier hY [ fUMGI ivcwrDwrkhuMdI hoeI vI ausdI kivqw Sbd- iSlp dy suhj auqy itkI huMdI hY [ BwrqI ieiqhws, im`Qhws,drSn Aqy klw dw ausnUµ fUMGw igAw hY [ sihkdw Sihr, qurdy-iPrdy msKry, vrkvrIk,gUVIilKq vwLw vrkw, fwtW vwLy bUhy, auhly ivc auijAwrw, hvw ipAwjI Aqy koxy vwLw sUrj rwhINausdI klm dw s&r inrMqr pRvwhmwn hY [ auhly ivc auijAwrw kwiv-pusqk ivc auh‘lIlHwvqI’ nW dI kivqw ivc mohnjIq AOrq dI dyh nUµ vsq ivc rUpWqirq krn dI bjweyAOrq nUµ sKI dy ichn rwhIN cyqnw dy puMj ivc rupWqirq kr idMdw hY [ Asl ivc mohnjIqmrd AOrq dy irSiqAW dI ivAwkrn dy buinAwdI suhj Aqy sMvygW dw mwihr kvI hY [ svwlieh nhIN ik ‘lIlHwvqI’ kivqw ivc lIlHwvqI nUµ sMXog nsIb nhIN huMdw sgoN KUbsUrqI qW iehhY ik lIlHwvqI nUµ AwpxI pIV dw Aihsws hY [ ‘cu`p dI mrzI nhIN huMdI’ dy kQn rwhINmohnjIq ieiqhws Aqy imiQhws ivc AOrq nUµ mUUk bxwaux vwLy pRvcnW v`l vI ieSwrw kridMdw hY :

mYN qW gRMQ prnweI sWmYN qW A`Kr ivAwhI sW

aumrW dy rws mµc ’qy

‘ieiq’ dI lIlHw vyKx AweI sW

mrzI ?

mYN qW bIqI hW, irKIvr !

qy bIqI dI mrzI nhIN huMdI

sMvwd-04 109

Awrzw dI ruq huMdI hY, munIvr !

Awrzw rus jwey qW fUMGI cup huMdI hY, pqIvr !

qy cu`p dI mrzI nhIN huMdI mohnjIq, (auhly ivc auijAwrw)

mohnjIq ny BwrqI smwj ivc ivAwpq Ax-mnu`KI duSvwrIAW Aqy sMktW dy hzwrWic`qr mwnvI idRStI qoN AwpxI kivqw ivc isrjy hn [ jdoN mohnjIq AijhIAW duSvwrIAWAqy Ax-mnu`KI GtnwvW dy hvwilAW rwhIN kivqw isrjdw hY qW auh A`j dy AKOqI ‘siBAkmwnv’ swhmxy pRSn ltkw idMdw hY :

ieh kYsw mwrkw hYik pihlW Gr swVdy ny

vDI nUM koeI bc jwey qW kYNpW ivc qwVdy ny

kMvwrIAW dw sq lu`tdy ny

grBvqIAW nUM nMgw krky

pyt nUM cIk krdy ny

b`ØicAW nUM briCAW CvIAW ’qy Drdy ny

kYNp nUM sUx-^wnw AwKdy ny

ieh ikµny mzhb ny

glW ivc twier pw ky PUkdy ny

m`ØiQAW ’qy iqlk lw ky SUkdy ny

koeI pu`Cy Drm dw nW lY ky kUkdy ny

ieh kYsy iskMdr ny mohnjIq (hvw ipAwzI)

mohnjIq jdoN lokDwrw Aqy im`Qk jgq ivcoN khwxIAW nUµ AwpxIAW kivqwvW ivclYNdw hY qW auh iehnW ip`Cy Cupy AmwnvI ibrqWqW nUµ AYkspoz krky, iehnW khwxIAW dwivcwrDwrk rUpWqrx kr idMdw hY [ ausdI 2012 ivc CpI kwiv-pusqk koxy dw sUrj ivc auhkoxwrk mMidr nwL juVI ieiqhws/im`Qhwsk khwxI nUµ kwivk ibrqWq ivc Fwldw hY [ ieskhwxI ivc rwjw nr isMG ie`k Aijhy ivSwl mMidr dw inrmwx krnw chuMdw hY ijsdw koeIhor mukwblw nw kr sky [ ieh sUrj Bgvwn dw mMidr hY [ iesnUµ bxwaux vwLy ijhVy do klwkwrrwjw nr isMG cuxdw hY iehnW ivcoN ie`k auh hY ijsdI pqnI grBvqI hY Aqy dUsrw klwkwrauh hY ijsny AwpxI pqnI dy huusn bwry Ajy suixAw hI hY Aqy ivAwh krvwauxw hY [ iPaUflinzwm ivc klwkwrW dI mrzI nhIN huMdI, auh rwjy dy hukm ivc bMnHy huMdy hn [ mohnjIqAwpxI ies lMbI kivqw ivc ijhVy ibrqWq nUµ pyS krnw cwhuMdw hY auh ibrqWq aus ibrhw dyibrqWq hn ijhnW ivc iehnW donW klwkwrW nUµ AwpxI pqnI Aqy mihbUbw nwL bwrWvirHAW leI imlx dI mnwhI sI jdoN q`k mMidr dw inrmwx sMpUrn nhIN ho jWdw :

b`cy dI Aws nwL idl ivc aulws sI

pr Aµdr audws sI

ibrhw dw pl vI phwV hY

ieh qW bwrW virHAW dI aujwV sI

rwjy dw AwdyS sI-



mMdr dy bxn q`k AMg su`cy r`Kxy

gRihsQ qoN pUrI qrHW sMinAws sI

ies qrHW hI dyvqy ny rIJxw

rwjy nr isMh dw ivSvws sI

iSlpI dI dSw kuJ horsI

b`cy nUµ vyKx ’qy kIhdw jIA nhIN krdw

AwpxI pihlI AOlwd nUµ!@

mn byqwb huMdw hY

ik aus nUµ CUh ley

pqnI nUµ ih`k dy nwL lwey mohnjIq (koxy dw sUrj 18-19)

smkwlI pMjwbI kivqw ivc pRimMdrjIq ie`k Aijhw kvI hY ijs ny ilKqum pRimMdrjIq(1981) qoN bwAd myrI mwr&q (2000), bcpn Gr qy mYN (2005), myry kuJ hwsl (coxvINkivqw 2007), qn qkIAw (2010) dI isrjnw nwL ie`k pROVH kwiv-BwSw Aqy dwrSinkkwiv-pRvcn nUµ sQwipq krn ivc pRmu`K kvIAW ivcoN hY [ pRimMdrjIq dI kivqw AwpxyAwly-duAwly iKlry rh`sW sMktW Aqy qxwvW nUµ icMqnI sUJ nwL mu^wqb huMdI hY [ ausdIkivqw ivclw ivAMg dwrSink iksm dw hY [ pRimMdrjIq dI kwiv-sMvydnw mwnvI sMvygWdIAW AWqrIv qYhW ivcoN mwnvqw dI qlwS nwL juV jWdI hY [ svY-duAwly inrimq huMdwhoieAw vI pRimMdrjIq dIAW kivqwvW dw QmYitk pswr smwj, ieiqhws, smwijk-sMsQwvW,sMsikRqk dy jIvMq msilAW Aqy rwjnIiqk srokwrW nUµ ie`k ivSyS idRStI qoN pRgt krdIAWhn[ ie`kIvIN sdI ivclI ivSvIkrn dI pRikRAw ny mnu`K dy sMvygW Aqy sMvydnwvW ’qy pRhwrhI nhIN kIqw sgoN sMsikRqk jIvn dIAW buinAwdI AWqirk sMsQwvW au`qy vI svwlIAWinSwn lwieAw hY:

(a)Gr hY

irSqy hn

&rz hn, rsmW hn

pUrn-ApUrn KwihSW

mn dI vrqoN

qn dI vrqoN

nwg dy hoTW ’qy bMsrI

A`g dy pYrW ’c GµugrU

Gr ’c mOsm nhIN

mOsmW dI pYr-cwp AwauNdI

GrW ’c bMdw

jIaUNdw nhIN

jIivAw jWdw

sMvwd-04 111

AwpxI nhIN

dUijAW dI jUn Bogdw

GrW ’c irSqy nhIN

irSiqAW dy mYly ilbws rihµdy

qn dI im`tI nUM Bogdy

mu`k jwvy bMdw

pr kwiem rihµdy

ieh ilbws

vyly kuvyly dI vrqoN leI

(A)GrW vrgwkeI GrW ’c

huMdIAW ny in`kIAW v`fIAW

loVW QuVW

keI kuJ nhIN huMdw

pr hor huMdw hY bVw kuJ

keI GrW ivc

bVw kuJ huMdw ey

loVW dy Akwr qoN ikqy v`fw

pr keI kuJ huMdw hI nhIN

GrW ’c

GrW vrgw hI kuJ hovy

qW Gr bxdy pRimµdrjIq (bcpn, Gr qy mYN 46/51)

BwvyN ik buinAwdI qOr ’qy pRimMdrjIq mwnvI irSiqAW dw kvI hY; Gr, pirvwr, svY-muhbq Aqy irSiqAW nwL sbMiDq ausdIAW sYNkVy kivqwvW dyKIAW jw skdIAW hn priehnW kivqwvW dIAW sU m qYhW ivc aus mnuK dI qlwS hY jo Zlby (Hegmony) dI ivcwrDwrwdy smWqr mUl mwnvI guxW nwL BrpUr hY [ ausdI ies qlwS nUµ mYN pRimMdrjIq dIAW AnykWkivqwvW ivc dyiKAw hY [ ausdy kwiv-sMgRih qn-qkIAw (2010) ivc AnykW kivqwvWAijhIAW hn ijs ivc ausdI ies pRgqISIl kwiv-idRStI nUµ dyiKAw jw skdw hY :

(a)kivqw ilKW-lorI ijhI

ibrD h`QW dI fMgorI ijhI

b`cy nUM skUloN imly

pihly sbk ijhI

DIrj Brosy isdk ijhI



rwhIAW dI ipAws leI pwxI ijhI

izµdgI nUM jIx dy cwvW dy hwxI ijhI

myrI kivqw hovy

inh`Qy dI lVweI ijhI ’c auh hiQAwr

ibdoSy dy h`k ivc id`qI gvwhI hovy

auh iksy vihSI dy h`Q ivc PVy Mjr nUµ

auhdI hI ih`k ivc moV sky

golI nwL ivµnHI iksy inh`Qy dI loQ kol

ausdy kwql dy isrnwvyN sxy bih sky

rok sky auh nPrqI XwqrwvW

KrUdI hjUm qy jrvwxIAW socW dw qil`sm qoV sky

Awpxy h`kW leI inkly jlUs ivc Awml hovy

(A)myrI kivqw nhIN suhjvMqI

morpµKI

kUlI kUlI BwSw sqrMgI

dyh dIAW qYhW ’c nhIN auqrdI

myrI kivqw

(e)BwvyN mYN iksy jn Aµdoln ivc Swml nhIN

nw hI iksy jlUs rYlI ivc nzr AwvW

iksy Drny Bu`K hVqwl ivc nw hovW SrIk

nhIN qxdIAW iksy nwAry nwL

myrIAW bwhvW

h`kW leI lVI jw rhI iksy jMg dw

mohrI vI nhIN mYN

mYN AwpxI iekweI ivc bYTw hjUm hW

byS`k ies sB kuJ ivc

nhIN BwgIdwr myrw ijsmwnI vjUd

pr myry Aµg sµg rhy

myry ih`sy dI i&krmµdI

myry i&krW ’c Swml ey

juiVAw auh sB kuJ

jo bMdy nUM bMdy ’coN hI Kordw ey pRimµdrjIq (qn qkIAw)

sMvwd-04 113

(A)ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw ivc dilq kwiv-pRvcn ie`k pRmuK kwiv-aucwr dy qOr

’qy swhmxy Aw irhw hY, BwvyN ik ies kwiv-aucwr dIAW keI ivcwrDwrk idSwvW hn pr sB qooNpRmu`K mslw qW ieh hY ik kivqw dilq kivqw vjoN AwpxI ijhVI pCwx bxwauNdI hY ausdykI kwrn hn? BwvyN ik ies kivqw nUµ ‘dilq kivqw’ vjoN sQwipq ho jwx dy AnykW ivkoilqrykwrn pCwxy jw skdy hn pr iehnW ivc iqMn pRmu`K khy jw skdy hn :

1. mhW-ibrqWqW qoN moh BMg2. ivSvIkrn3. dilq rwjnIqI

mhW-ibrqWqW qoN moh-BMg hox dI pRikRAw nUµ mYN au`qr-AwDuinkqw nwL joVn dI bjweyivSv dI aus siQqI nwL joVnw cwhuMdw hW ijsny eySIAweI mulkW dy pRogrYisv Aqy hwiSAwgRsqlokW dy supny nUµ BMg kIqw [ ieh smW 1990 qoN bwAd dw hI hY jdoN sovIAq XUnIAn dy ivgTnnwL ivSv p`Dr ’qy smwjvwdI Aqy kimaUinst pwrtIAW dI qwkq nUµ v`fw D`kw l`gdw hY [koeI S`k nhIN ik Bwrq ivc dilq AMdoln dI SurUAwq ikqy pihlW ho cu`kI sI pr qW vIdilq srokwr pRgqI jW pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw dy bYnr hyT hI pRgt huMdy rhy, iehdw kwrnBwrqI, ws krky pMjwbI swihq dy pRsMg ivc mwrksvwdI mhW-ivcwrDwrw dw pRBwv 1940-80 q`k pMjwbI kivqw dy ieiqhws ivc ie`k jW dUjy rUp ivc smo jWdw hY [ 1980-90 q`k dwsmW pMjwbI kivqw leI pMjwb dy qRwsidk sMkt nUµ pyS krn dw hY— ies smyN vI sMXukqpMjwbI siBAwcwr dy nwAry Aqy mwnvqwvwd dy bYnr hyT pMjwbI kivqw pRgqISIl hI rhIBwvyN pRXogvwd Aqy AwDuinkqwvwd Awpo Awpxy ipVW ’c isrjnw krdy rhy [ pr n`by qoN bwAdsupny dw BMg hoxw Aqy BwrqI ArQ-ivvsQw dw Ku`lHI mMfI ivc qbdIl ho ky ivSvIkrn dwsuAwgq krn dI hkIkq ny swihqk Kyqr ivc vI nvIAW vMgwrW KVIAW kr idqIAW [ svY dIkivqw, jSn dI kivqw jW dyh dI kivqw dI SurUAwq ies dIAW imswlW hn [ dilq srokwrijhVy juJwrU-kwiv Aqy pRgqIvwdI-kwiv ivc pRgt ho rhy sn, ny nvW rUp gRihx krnw SurU kridqw [ dilq lyKkW Aqy icMqkW nUµ iek vwr iPr AMbydkrvwdI jW dilq dI AwpxI ivcwrDwrwivc dilq sMkt dy h`l nzr Awauxy SurU hoey [ XUnIvristIAW, kwljW, swihqk AkwdmIAWAqy sBwvW ivc dilq swihq nUµ punr-pirBwiSq kIqw jwxw SurU hoieAw[ ies pRkwr mwrksvwdIivcwrDwrw qoN moh BMg dI siQqI ny pMjwbI dI dilq kivqw nUµ ies smyN ie`k v`KrI pihcwxid`qI [ BwvyN pRgqIvwd jW juJwrvwd vWg ieh kivqw Ajy suqMqr pRivRqI qW nhIN bxI pries qoN ienkwr nhIN kIqw jw skdw ik AjokI pMjwbI kivqw dI ipV ivc dilq kivqw ie`kmh`qvpUrn sur bx rhI hY ijhVI swihq icMqkW leI irjYkSn dw nhIN sgoN Koj dw ivSwbxnI cwhIdI hY [

dUjw v`fw kwrn ivSvIkrn dI auh pRikRAw hY ijsny in`jIkrn rwhIN dilq vsoN qoN auhshUlqW vI Koh leIAW ijhVIAW irzrvySn dI nIqI rwhIN srkwrI AdwirAW ivc auhnW nUµimldIAW sn [ BwvyN ik ies pRikRAw ny Biv`K ’c hor sMkt pYdw krnw hY pr pVHI-ilKI dilqSRyxI ies pRikRAw dy Aml dy is`ØitAW qoN cyqn hY [ dilq kwiv-pwT ivc ivSvIkrn pRqIkrVI pRqIroDk sur dyKI jw skdI hY [ ies pRikRAw pRqI dilq swihq nUµ auBwrn ivc hor blbKSdI hY [ dilq swihq dI ieh aUrjw aus pVHI-ilKI nOjvwn pIVHI dI aUrjw hY ijhVIsMGrS krky nOkrI-pySy ivc AweI hY— ies pIVHI ’coN vI skUl, kwlj Aqy XUnIvristIAiDAwpk Aqy lyKkW dI v`D rhI igxqI dyKI jw skdI hY [ n`by qoN pihlW dilq pCwx



pMjwbI kivqw ivc igxvyN-cuxvyN kvIAW ivc sI pr hux ud dilq lyKkW dI qdwd kw&IvDI hY ijhVy dilq swihq dI pCwx nUµ punr-pirBwSq kr rhy hn [

qIjw kwrn BwvyN swihqk hlikAW ’c Awpxw bhuqw Asr qW nhIN r`Kdw pr ies qoNienkwr vI nhIN kIqw jw skdw ik dilqW dw ie`k au`c-vrg dilq rwjnIqI nUµ swihqkKyqr ivc iljwauxw cwhuMdw hY pr ie`Qy ie`k vwr iPr ieh sp`St hox dI jrUrq hY ik koeIrwjnIqk muhwj iksy Dwrw ivSyS nUµ v`KrI pCwx dyx ivc Awpxw rol jrUr inBwauNdI hYpr swihqkwr aus rwjnIqI nUµ ieMn-ibMn AwpxI tYkst ivc pyS kr dyvy sMBv nhIN [Swied iehI kwrn hY ik smkwlI dilq kivqw nUµ pCwx qW iml rhI hY pr ies nyAwpxIAW jVHW Ajy mwnvqwvwd Aqy pMjwb dI siBAwcwrk rihql ivc jmweIAWhoeIAW hn [

(e)ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw ivc nwrI kwiv-pRvcn ie`k mh`qvpUrn kwiv-aucwr dy

qOr ’qy swhmxy Aw irhw hY [ fw. vnIqw, suKivMdr AMimRq, fw. pwl kOr, mnjIq itvwxw,mnjIq ieMdrw, fw. mnjIqpwl kOr qoN ielwvw kuJ hor mhqvpUrn kivqrIAW swhmxy AweIAWhn ijhnW ivc AmrjIq GuMmx, nIrU AsIm, ieMdrjIq nMdn, ismrq ggn, rwxI nigMdr,fw.jgdIS, Aqy nIqU AroVw pRmu`K khIAW jw skdIAW hn[ kuJ audwhrxW :

(a)mhWvwkmyrI piv`qr kbr nUMnw FwAau~gx dy ies ’qy bUtyiKVn dy kMifAW ’c Pu`ljr lvWgI hwV dI qpS mYNbs ! cu`p rihx dy mYnMU [pRkrmw nw kr qUMnw mu`Kvwk suxwnw myry kdmW hyT qlIAW ivCwbs ! su`qy rihx dy mYnUM [jwgx dw ielm nw duhrwAnw sur nwd bxwnw mhWvwk gwbs ! ArQhIx rihx dy mYnUM [

AmrjIq Guµmx (ibrqI)

(A)Aw c`lAw c`l

idl dI guQlI bxweIey

sUlI cVy swhW dI r`sI bxw

pIfI gMF pweIey

sMvwd-04 115dH,wgrk lsg sg f>ujWg wdraj ^ fAjS dy>V%

qy hvw ivc au~Cwl dyeIey

dyKIN b`dl grjxgy

ibjlI ilSkygI

mINh pvygw

bs qUM iB`jxo ienkwr nw krIN

nIqU AroVw (i&lhwl, Aµk 18, pµnw-22)

ies pRkwr ie`kIvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw aus nvIN pMjwbI kivqw dw Aglw ivsQwr hYijsdw AwrMB 1990 qoN bwAd ivSyS smwijk AwriQk Aqy siBAwcwrk pRsiQqIAW dy suBwAAnukUl huMdw hY [ ies nvIN kivqw ivc kuJ hor pRmu`K JukwA Aqy ivSyS rUpwkwrk kivqw vIpRsMigk hY [ iehnW ivc nvIN pRgqISIl kivqw ijs ivc surjIq j`j, hrivMdr BMfwl,jsvMq z&r, lKivMdr jOhl, gurqyj kuhwrvwlw, ivjy ivvyk, hrBjn isMG rYxU, rivMdrB`Tl, hrmIq ividAwrQI Awid khy jw skdy hn [ iesy qrHW nvIN siBAwcwrk kivqw ijsdwAglw ivsQwr jogw isMG dI kivqw qoN bwAd huMdw hY ijsdy pRmuK kvIAW ivcoN rivMdr B`Tl,gurBjn ig`l, eISvr idAwl gOV dy nW igxwey jw skdy hn [ iesy qrHW nvIN pMjwbI kivqwivc pRgIqk kivqw ws qOr ’qy Zzl ny AwpxI v`KrI pCwx bxweI hY [ BwvyN ik ies pyprivc iehnW JukwvW dw ivsQwr pyS nhIN kIqw igAw pr iesdI pRsMigkqw auvyN hI hY ijvyNauprokq JukwvW dw izkr mYN Awpxy pypr ivc kIqw hY [

²


wjv[ riw[ ^ev'Wvg li'wjiJ sj f>ujWg hp.ejij

ev'Wvg li'wjiJ f+ag f>ujWg whjSg dry tPWlPia wvjadqwhp.ejij dliuS rjv[ wpN dH,w deSr[G ypSr[G VjrJ dry'G uiV{v dl>z sjVjq Whpa RpKzCrJ h{ m f>ujWg whjSg Wji[ drsrjV dHh dB,fSg bwliwis[ hV dw dHh drLr f,Zi sg whjSg Vjv Wi q[ysg h{ m q[ysg h{ uJVhgG q[ysg dHh dH,w r,tig yiyj sj drLj h{ fi dHh e,v n'w ruj w[;iPi whg uj lwsg h{ drLrg f+l.e f>ujWg whjSg dry vejaji A'h[uj ih[ hV ba[ uiV{v dl>z rie[ whjSgwjiJ Ws"va dHh Whpa hgfptaj T.e Vjv dWbjV[ rg uj ih[ hV m duhCg f>ujWg evfwjig Wji[wpN shjw[ fdhvJ dHh dwhj uJsj lg dw dHh f>ujW s[ df>cJ sgbJ uPhJdry xlg h'Hg h{ Rph u[ b,u ev'Wvg li'wjiJ Vjv hqf,vj h'S v,eg h{aJ dHl dry uiV{v dl>z duh[ wojwji sj r,cj h,o h{ m r{l[ Rph WhpaZgqg yjv[ apiV rjv wojwji h{ m$ s' f{i z,B apiVj fi apiVj qCw s[Vjv$ rjvg e,v Rplsg LWswjig s[ dHis deis RpSg dslsg h{ m1999 dry bjHg whjSg fplaw s' BjfP a'G f>u whjSgbJ rjvg Bjri;whjSg fplaw sj lxi Rpl V[ A[ ljv dry fPij wgaj lg m Bjriu a'Gf>u whjSgbJ rjvg wjv[ riw[ sj lxi sl ljv dry fPij h'dHbj h{ msl ljv dry f>u whjSgbJ Fjr s' ljv dfKA' b"laV dH,w whjSg muiV{v dl>z s[ fjnwJ VP. Rplsg dHl #lpla iyVjwjig$ Vjv dHaiju h'lwsj h{ fi dHh dHaiju Rpl r[v[ sPi h' uJsj h{ us RplsgbJ whjSgbJsj fjn wis[ hJ m whjSg fjn wiw[ v,esj h{ dw dHh' duhg whjSgdvtS vHg rjdwbj hg lq[G ba[ lf[l sg ;iPia siwji h{ m lqJ lf[lrg Rph' duhj dul dry u{KB H[u rjvg rjh'sjhg sg WujdH ndhijb ba[dHwjeiaj f,lig h'r[ m w{V[cj rie[ lqju dry idh.dsbJ dHh' duhjlqj®lf[l®dHwjeia dliu lwS[ rg bjfS[ bjf dry dH,w r,tijiyVjadqw l.ziL h{ m uiV{v dl>z dHl iyVjadqw l.ziL VP. dfAv[s' shjdwbJ a'G r,Z lq[G a'G b>ujq s[ dihj h{ ba[ dHl z'v dry hi rjiu[aP h' w[ dV,wvsj dihj h{ m wjv[ riw[ dry Rplsj dHh z'v dw>VjdsLjrJ dry x{vsj@ wg wpN a'Csj u'Csj h{ dHh bjfS[ bjf drydsvylfg Fdibj wjiu h{ m

wjv[ riw[ s[ fCjb a[ bj w[ uiV{v dl>z sg wojwjig Rplqpwjq $a[ fhp.yg ujfsg h{ dul fCjb $a[ bj w[ wojwji w'v whjSg VP.ep.sS@ l.rjiV ba[ dvLwj w[ f[L wiV sj FifPi rKv bj uJsj h{ m

cj! lptfjv dl>z do>sb{l'lgH[B f+'x{li@V!u!l!b!liwjigwjvu@ [email protected]

(f>! 116-122)

sMvwd-04 117

uiV{v dl>z sg wojwjig sg tjl eKv dHh h{ dw Rph dul v.qg whjSg s[ qjcv VP. s' BjfPwhjSg l.e+dh dry v{ w[ apdibj lg Rpl $a[ hg bB.w apdibj uj dihj h{ m Rpl V[ bjfSg wojwjigrjla[ wpN dH,w fKw[ dWiaJaw f+daqjV zC vH[ lV ba[ RpV%J Vjv rxj fjvdsbJ hg RplsjwhjSg l.e+dh Bjir; h'Gs dry bjdHbj lg m dHh rxj wjv[ riw[ dry rg Rpr[G hg fjv%g dslsgh{ m dWiaJaw IpeaJ s[ f,t a'G dHl dry w'Hg Vr[G f+I'e h'H[ VhgG ds,ls[ m Rphg ujdSbjfAjdSbJ b>sj; dHo[ qpC hj;i h{ m fi uiV{v dl>z sg whjSg IpeaJ sg df,Av,e h'S sgWujdH bjfS[ rlaP s[ dVr[wv[ fS sg ajwa Vjv RpKlisg h{ m Rplsg woj sj iyVjrgG rlaP@f>ujWg whjSg s[ f,t a'G H[VJ VrJ@ r.V-lpr.Vj ba[ iyVjadqw W"dZwaj Vjv vWi[; hp.sj h{ dwdHh Rpls[ dViZjia dWiaJaw qjcv dry Tv w[ rg Vr[GfS sj bdhljl uejRpS drywjqIjW idh.sj h{ m f>ujWg fjnw vHg dHl Vr[G fS dry dVbjig eKv dHh rjfisg h{ dw dHhwoj ljqKeig bjfS[ drLrg f+l.eJ wjiS Rplsg W"dZw Ijaij s[ Vr[G dslh,s[ t'v% ds.sg h{ mwojwji sj ev'Wvg li'wjiJ f+ag RpKldibj hp.ejij fjnw s[ qV dry Whpa wpN WgCsj v.zuJsj h{ m lWs dyKaiJ sg dxvq fjnw s[ qV qlaw a[ x{v uJsg h{ m fjnw s[ qV dry dH,whp.ejij Rpaf>V hp.sj h{ m dHh hp.ejij dubjsjai wojwji s[ hp.eji[ Vjv dH,w dq,w h'dHbj ujfsjh{ m dHl dHwdq,waj dry hg uiV{v dl>z sg woj dLvfwjig sg lxvaj sj ih,l Apdfbj h'dHbjh{ m

hC%@ wjv[ riw[@ fKdabJ Vjv Tw[ dulq@ qphj; ba[ #VsgV$ Vjqw f>u whjSgbJ s[q[v-u'v Vjv RpKlig #wjv[ riw[$ woj fplaw sg hi whjSg dry w{V[cgbV d;>seg sj VrJf,t APdhbj debj h{ m Rph w{V[cgbV d;>seg dul sj hpS f>ujWg FjHgyjij Whpa qh,arfPiVba[ bdV,tCrJ b>e WS yp,wj h{ m drL[L e"vSI'e e,v dHh h{ dw uiV{v dl>z sg woj Ijaijs[ hi qpwjq Vjv Rplsg whjSg dVi.ai w{V[cgbV \f,Aqg| d;>seg dry cP.zg tpFsg yvg eHgh{ m Rpls[ li'wji x{vs[ x{vs[ lqp,yg qVp<taj Vjv upC[ ev'Wvg li'wjiJ Vjv iljHg wiV v,e[hV m dHV%J li'wjiJ r,v f>ujWg hp.eji[ VP. Rpa[dua wiV sj qiw; WS[ hV m dHl hp.eji[ Vjvf>ujWg W.s[ sg drLrg lqN WSV vHg ;qgV dabji wiV dry qsseji h'H[ ujfs[ hV m

Rplsg wojwjig dHl qpwjq a[ fhp.y w[ dHl wsi w{V[cgbV i.e dry i.eg eHg h{ dw#wjv[ riw[$ rieg whjSg dVi'v w{V[cgbV d;>seg s[ dH,w sptsjHg y{fBi VP. dWbjVS sjlWKW WS uJsg h{ m w{V[cgbV V[dBrJ sg d;>seg sj Rph sptsjHg fdhvP u' RpV%J sg bjaqj a[cP.zj RpKwdibj h'dHbj h{ m dHl whjSg dry w"Glvi s[ iPf dry f[L h'H[ epiWj; dl>z lh'aj RpixWj; a'G dWVj Wjwg lF fjai V[dBr uJ w{V[cgbV e'i[ hV m lqpKyj rjajriS w{V[cgbV h{ mdHh' duh[ Yfi[ fir[L rjvg whjSg iyVjadqwaj vHg r,cg r.eji f{sj wisg hp.sg h{ m Rplrwa us aphjc[ w'v dlix wpN dH,w slajr[ug ujSwjigbJ aJ h'S fi V[C[ sj bVpFr Vj h'r[aJ r.eji h'i rg r,cg WS uJsg h{ m fi uiV{v dl>z whjSg VP. dH,w f+ju{wB rJe v{Gsj h{ m RphypSg rlaP ljq,eig s[ lF fdhvPbJ sj bdZb{V wisj h{ m dHl vHg Tpwr[G fjai Rpljisj h{ mTpwrJ rjajriS WSjRpS vHg w{V[cgbV d;>seg sj V[Cvj bVpFr Rpls[ w.q bjRpGsj h{ mwhjSg dWbjVS sj Rplsj lojHg qjcv Rpl w'v fdhvJ hg dfbj hp.sj h{ m dHl iv[r[G Vjv RphbjfSg wojwjig s[ Rpl ijh apisj h{ dul Vjv f>ujWg wojwjig VP. drLrg f+l.eJ dry x{vSvHg ijh dqv uJsj h{ m #fKdabJ Vjv Tw[ dulq$ whjSg dry'G rg dHl[ ai%J sg B'h dqvsg h{ m#hC%$ ba[ #qphj;$ whjSgbJ dry w{V[cgbV ba[ f>ujWg d;>seg s[ lJN[/Bjwir[G qlv[ bjfldry tdh.s[ dqvs[ hV ba[ dHV%J sg ieC dry'G dHKw VrgG dvLw'i rjvg f>ujWg whjSg bjfSjliPf ZjiV wisg h{ m #VsgV$ whjSg dVi'v bduh[ w{V[cgbV f>ujWg FjHgyjH[ sg whjSg h{duV%J sgbJ uC%J H[Ziv[ f>ujW Vjv upCgbJ h'HgbJ hV m dHY dHh e,v dV,ai w[ ljhqS[ bj

wjv[ riw[ ^ ev'Wvg li'wjiJ sj f>ujWg hp.ejij


uJsg h{ dw wjv[ riw[ sg wojwjig sj Npwjb w{V[cgbV d;>seg dry cP.zj v,oS r,v h{ m fidHlsg tjlgba dHh h{ dw w{V[cgbV d;>seg f+ag hp.ejij dliudsbJ dHh wojwjig bjfS[li'wjiJ dry ev'Wvg f+l.eJ r,v l[dZa h{ m e,v sg rZ[i[ lf,LBaj vHg wpN dH,w whjSgbJ sgdqljv Vjv e,v wis[ hJ-

wjv[ riw[ whjSg dry e'ij hwPqa rKv'G w{V[cgbV V[dBrJ sg Whpa hg LjaiJVj T.eVjv wgag VlvwpLg sg sis drdobj sgbJ fiaJ VP. xi'dvbj debj h{ m V[dBrJ VP. dlKdtbaba[ ldFbw WSjRpS s[ f+a,t qVlPW[ h[n dur[G RpV%J sg FjLj@ ldFbjyji ba[ ldhu ugrVZjij sj vpfa H[u{Gc[ h[n qvgbjq[B wgaj debj Rplsj Whpa hg sis dr.V%J iPf dHl whjSgdry Rpvgdwbj debj h{ m dHl H[u{Gc[ adha dur[G w{V[cgbV V[dBr WKdybJ sj Ligiw ba[qjVdlw L'LS wgaj debj Rph i"eB[ tC%[ wi s[S rjvg LiqVjw drKdobj h{ m dHh WKy[ aqjqRpqi bjfSg bjaqj a[ fHgbJ lsgrg NigBJ wjiS ws[ rg Vjiqv d;>seg duRPS s[ wjWvVhgG WS lw[ m dHV%J WyfV sgbJ fHgbJ qjVdlw ep.NvJ wjiS dHV%J sg e+dhlo d;>seg bladrbla hp.sg ihg ba[ wpN dHl sj ljhqSj wiV a'G dWvwpv blqio h'H[ bjaq hKdabj wiVaKw vHg vjyji h'H[ m dHh wojwjig dHl f+l.e VP. A[CdsbJ Whpa hg lP?q iPf dry ldFbww{V[cgbV lqju sg dq,o RpKa[ dH,w f+lV dy.V% vej uJsg h{ m whjSg sg sPug fia w{V[cgbVV[dBrJ s[ sp,t/L'LV s[ lPai VP. Fjiag/f>ujWg@ ygVgbJ@ ufjVgbJ ba[ bxigwV firjlgbJ s[sp,t/l'LV Vjv dH,wdq,w wiV dry h{ m dHY dHh whjSg upvq/sp,t/Vlvrjs f+ag L'dLw ba[L'dLa dZiJ sj ev'Wv fdif[t WSjRpdsbJ dHl vHg hp.ejij dliusg h{ m whjSg sj V[dBrfjai qjHgwv dHh' duhg ldoag dry bjfS[ w"Glvi Wj; VP. wdh>sj h{-

##dHhsj qavW e'dibJ V[ z,B dwl[ Vjv rg VhgG wgag m ljc[ s[L $y bj w[ ljcgbJ hguC%J Rpt[C ds,agbJ m$$

\wjv[ riw[@ f>Vj 45|

uiV{v dl>z sg wojwjig sj drL[L v,AS dHl e,v dry h{ dw dHh cP.zg ev'WvgijuVgag sgbJ b>ai-ZpVgbJ bjfS[ dry lqjHg W{ng dslsg h{ m dHV%J whjSgbJ dry dH,wcP.zj ijuVgaw cjdHvje dVi.ai y,vsj h{ m #wjv[ riw[$ whjSg dry e'i[ LjLwJ rKv'G w{V[cj s[qPv WjdL>dsbJ a'G hdobjHg w{V[cgbV Ziag a[ bjfSgbJ uC%J x{vjRpS vHg y,vgbJ lPtqIpeaJ Vjv wjRpGBi l.rjs h'Gs dry bjRpGsj h{ m bjfSg FjLj@Ziq ba[ ldFbjyji a'G drAp.dVbJW.sj dwr[G hgSaj sg svsv dry ZKdwbj uJsj h{ dHh whjSg sg b>aiZpVg a'G Whpa hg lf,LBiPf dry lpdSbj lqdNbj uj lwsj h{ m LjLwg LdFbjyji sg qji h[n bjH[ W.s[ sg bduhgzjCa hp.sg h{ dul dry Rph Wjhi'G aJ fdhvj riej hg dslsj h{ fi b>si'G aWsgv h' debjhp.sj h{ m LjLwg ldFbjyji sg f+FPl,aj qVp<tg cg!b{V!H[! sg bduhg aWsgvg wisg h{ dul dryRplVP. bjfSj lF wpN ap,A ba[ LjLw sj RpKaq ujfS v,e uJsj h{ m dHl ap,Aaj/ RpKaqaj sgb>ai-ZpVg VP. dHl whjSg dry WjtPWg lpdSbj uj lwsj h{ m whjSg dryv[ qp,t fjai qjHgwvsj dfY dH,w rji qjlPq qjHgwv s[ fp,A[ rZgbj d;>seg s[ upbjW dry wdh>sj h{-

##lphSj zi@ y.ej tjS fdhVS@ e'dibJ riegbJ lhPvaJ rjvg d;>seg m$$\wjv[ riw[@ f>Vj@ 41|

ZiagbJ a[ h'dHbj wWuj us qVJ RpKav[ wWu[ r,v x{vsj h{ aJ FjiP ldFbjyji sg du,alojHg WSsg h{ m ZiagbJ sg du,a qV sgbJ WlagbJ RpKavg du,a Vjv hg dBwjRP ba[ lsgrgWSV r,v apisg h{ m dHl dBwjRP WSg du,a VP. #wjv[ riw[$ s[ woj fjn dry'G lpdSbj lqdNbj ujlwsj h{ m

uiV{v dl>z sg wojwjig dy>aV ba[ iyVjadqwaj s[ Tpwr[G lpq[v sg whjSg h{ m us

sMvwd-04 119

qVp<tg riajdibJ f+ag dy>aV h'r[ej aJ dHV%J riajdibJ dfAvgbJ ijuVgaw f[ygsegbJ s[l,y sj h.zjv h'Sj adh h{ m dHh h.zjvS sg f+dwdibj RplsgbJ whjSgbJ sj Rph W"dZw uv"bh{ u' dHl VP. bVPn[ i.e Vjv Fisj h{ m dqljv ru'G whjSg #qphj;$ dry u.e s[ qlv[ $a[ cjdHvjey,vsj h{ m cjdHvje sg w[Gsig lpi #u.e sg Rpydaaj$ Vjv l.W.dZa h{ m whjSg dry wjRpGBicjdHvje f{sj hp.sj h{ dw wpN dH,w u.eJ a'G dHvjrj dubjsjai u.eJ sg dHdahjl dry w'HgRpydaaj VhgG h{ m dHh cjdHvje w{V[cgbV v'wJ rKv'G bjdxejVlajV dry vCg uj ihg u.ea'G x{v w[ Fjia-fjdw sg 1971 sg u.e a,w uj x{vsj h{ m whjSg sg ZpVg dHl l.rjs a'G bKe[apidsbJ dHV%J u.eJ s[ dfA'wC dry wjiuLgv ijuVgag sgbJ fiaJ dry RpKaisg h{ m dHlijuVgag dry hdobji r[yS rjdvbJ sg v"Wg s[ rfjiw dh,a ba[ dHl Vjv upCgbJ dZiJ sgl.lji ijuVgag sj l.rjs whjSg sg b>ai-ZpVg dry lqjdHbj lpSjHg ds>sj h{ m uiV{v dl>zsg wojwjig sj hjlv dHl e,v dry h{ dw dHh ijuVgaw b>ai-ZpVg dwl[ Wjhig yCjH[ t'vrJe wojwjig a[ yC%g h'Hg VhgG le'G dHl s[ ruPs dry lqjHg h'Hg h{ m Wjhi aJ bjq d;>segdry dHl ijuVgag Vjv f+Fjdra uJ fgdCa h'H[ fjai dsls[ hV m Rph fjai u' dHl drLrgdlbjla dry q'hdibJ a'G r,Z wpN rg VhgG m Rplsg wojwjig sg drv,tSaj dHl w[Gsig Vpwa[ VP.iyVj dl,ZJa WSjRpS dry drtjHg ds>sg h{ u' dHh e,v ds+C% wisg h{ dw ev'Wvg dlbjlaw{V[cgbV bjq W.s[ sg d;>seg VP. rg Rpr[G hg e+dhS vjRpGsg h{ dur[G dHh Fjia/f>ujW dryv[bjq qVp<t sg d;>seg VP. vjRpGsg h{ m r{l[ v[tw dHh ngw hg siu wisj h{ dw f>ujW sgbJldodabJ w{V[cj s[ qpwjWv[ dubjsj wn'i uJ dubjsj bqjVrg drawi[ Vjv FigbJ h'S wiw[dHo[ idh ih[ W.s[ sg l.ziL Ijaij h'i rg sp,t Fig h' uJsg h{ m #hC%$ whjSg dry dHl ijuVgawb>ai-ZpVg sg bjrju e'i[ /wjv[ sg spx[C ba[ dHl dry'G dVKwvs[ drawi[ dry'G lpSjHg ds.sgh{ m dHl ijuVgag sgbJ a.sJ bKe[ uj w[ a[v ba[ dLdf>e w.fVgbJ sg vp,B tlp,B ba[ qpVjxjwqjRpS vHg wpsia Vjv wga[ dtvrjC ba[ dHl VP. lif+lag s[S rjvgbJ dZiJ Vjv ujupCsg h{ m whjSg sj b>ai-fjn dHh e,v ds+C wisj h{ dw dHl lqpKyg qVpKtg a+jlsg vHgdu>q[rji dHh' duhgbJ ajwaJ ba[ dHV%J sg ijuVgag h{ m

wjv[ riw[ whjSg l.e+dh sgbJ whjSgbJ sg b>ai-ZpVg dry'G RpKFisg dHh e,v l'ySvjRpGsg h{ dw dHV%J f[L fjaiJ sg wLqw,L df,A[ dwhCg yjvw Lwag w.q wi ihg h{ m dHl Vpwa[r,v fias[ hJ aJ dHl sj dfA'wC tfag riajdibJ dry W.s[ s[ tfa sg rla WS ujS drydViZjia hp.sj h{ m dHh ZpVg hi whjSg s[ dfA'wC dry lpSg uj lwsg h{ m dwRpGdw uiV{v dl>zsgbJ whjSgbJ dry w{V[cgbV d;>seg ba[ firjlg f>ujWg d;>seg bjflg b>aiVja[ dryW,Ng h'Hg h{ dHl vHg dHl dry dHl tfa ldFbjyji s[ qphJsi[ sj i.e w{V[cgbV W.dsbJ ba[f>ujWg W.dsbJ sg d;>seg VP. bjfS[ bjfS[ T.e Vjv f+Fjdra wisj h{ m fi lJNg e,v dHh h{ dwdHh f+Fjdra s'VJ VP. hg wi dihj h{ m dHl e,v VP. #hC%$ whjSg dr,Dy'G dqljv v{ w[ lqdNbj ujlwsj h{ m whjSg dryvg w{V[cgbV fjai b{diwj VP. us bjfSg qJ sg VjHgV-bv{rV hjsl[dry h'Hg q"a Rpfi.a qpbjru[ sg r,cg ijLg dqvsg h{ aJ Rplsj bqigwV i.e dry i.debjlpfVj r[tS I'e h{-

##V' q'i u"W@ Wg! b{q! cWvIP@ l{rV lgig; wji@ edrVyg-ePyg sgbJ B"f wvjl ci{KlJ@lrgdq>e fPv rjvj LjVsji zi!!i,u w[ b{L wiVg bJ m$$

\hC%@ f>Vj 20|

sPu[ fjl[ Rplsj s'la lptfjv \f"v| u' Wjs dry Rplsj fag WSsj h{ Rpl VP. dHl f{l[ VP.dWudVl dry vej w[ f{l[ a'G h'i f{l[ WSjRpS sg lvjh ds>sj h{ m Rph dHr[G wis[ rg hV fif>ujWg lptfjv sg d;>seg dHwKv[ sg VhgG Rpl Vjv dH,w fPij fdirji updCbj h'dHbj h{ m dHl



f>ujW idh>s[ fdirji sg bjidow q>NZji dry xlg dwLag VP. fji v.zjRpS dry Rplsg bjfSge+dhlog sg e,cg qPZ[-qP>h h' uJsg h{ m tfa ldFbjyji dry Zpi a,w Zl[ lptfjv sj l.ziL h'irZ[i[ cjviJ sg vjvlj dh,a bjfSj lF wpN erj WdhS dry dVLya hp.sj h{ m d;>seg dry b{LaJ lptfjv sj rg lpfVj h{ fi Rph bjfS[ ba[ bjfS[ l.W.ZJ s[ V{KBriw dry WKN[ F{SJ@ FjHgbJba[ qjdfbJ sg d;>seg VP. tpLerji WSjRpS vHg rg l.ziL wi dihj h{ m Rpl w'v dxRpcv l'ysj dfA'wCg ajSj- WjSj h{ m dHY Rplsj l.ziL h'i rg f[ygsj ba[ ypS"ag FifPi h{ m dHh dHldwlq sj l.ziL h{ dul sj b>a dwVjij dwa[ Whpa sPi h{ uJ LjdHs h{ hg VhgG m dHl RpwajhBVjv hg Rplsg ba[ b{diwj sg e+dhlog e+dhSg uJsg h{ m d;>seg f+ag V;igH[ sj dHh fjCwhjSg dryv[ fjai u{xig s[ lWsJ dry r[tS I'e ] m

##dHh dH>cgbV W.s[ w.q aJ Whpa wis[ b{ fi d;>seg VP. qjS VhgG lws[ m!!!Vj w'HgdH>ubjdHq{GB Vj w'Hg x.V m dHh rg w'Hg d;>seg b{ m

\hC%@ f>Vj 29|

dHh tfa ldFbjyji dul dry dHh lF fjai duY ih[ hV dli r,Tr[G qpwjWv[ VP. uVqds>sj h{ m dHl qpwjWv[ dry du,a hg bdhq WS uJsg h{ ba[ dHl vHg bfSjH[ T.e aigdwbJdry Rpdya/bSRpdya sg r.c taq h' w[ idh uJsg h{ m V{daw/bV{daw h'S s[ qjf s.c WsvuJs[ hV m q>cg sj aiw ljig e,v VP. w.Bi'v wisj h{ m q>cg sg drL[Laj dHl e,v dry fHg hp.sgh{ dw dHh w'Hg rKc[ q,v dliuS a'G blqio hp.dsbJ fdhv[ dVbji[ qp,v rg t'h v{Gsg h{ m #fKdabJVjv Tw[ dulq$ whjSg dry dHV%J qp,vJ s[ hV sj WCj iPh l,vrJ dy,aiS h'dHbj dqvsj h{ mdHl whjSg dry wvj w"Lvaj/VeVaj/wjqpwaj sj lqpKyj l.rjs dHl i"LVg dry hg RpKlisjh{ m whjSg sg b>ai-ZpVg dHhg e,v ds+C wisg h{ dw d;>seg dry rc[ig lxvaj sg dH,Aj ba[blPvf+lag q>cg s[ dHl Ip,e dry dHwKn[ dVFS[ VjqpqwV hV m u[ q>cg dry sjtv h'r'e[ aJblPv rg q>cg s[ h'Se[@ aiw rg dHlsj h'r[ej ba[ dsLj rg dHl rKv'G hg dViZjia wgagujr[eg m dHl whjSg dry b>ai ijLBig x{LV/qjcdv.e dH>clBig s[ l.W.Z dry u[ ljig e,vRpKlisg h{ aJ #VsgV$ whjSg dry dHhg fdif[t f>ujWg firjl vHg bfSjH[ h,ow.dcbj s[ iPfdry RpKFisj h{ m dHl whjSg dryv[ f>ujWg fjai bjfS[ bjfS[ T.e Vjv tfa riajdibJdry dzi[ bjfS[ bjfS[ f{aC[ a'G w{V[cgbV dH>qgei[LV ijhgG bjfSg bjfSg d;>seg sg u.evCS ba[ du,aS dry v,e[ h'H[ hV m bduhj widsbJ lF dZiJ d;>seg s[ rKc[ qp,vJ a'G dwVjiJwisgbJ tfa sg rla WSsgbJ ujfsgbJ hV m dHl dry H[Vj wpN tva qva h' uJsj h{ dwngw eva sj dVajij wiVj hg qpLdwv h' uJsj h{ m whjSg dry us bjdti dry hiujf VP.bjfSg faVg sg W[rxjHg sg e,v lf,LB h' uJsg h{ aJ whjSg dHl Vpwa[ a[ taq hp.sg h{-

##hiujf b>si dH,w bugW duhg hvyv qy eHg m Rpl sgbJ b,tJ $ y'G h.NP Avw fH[m dHhh.NP tpLg s[ lV uJ eqg s[ @RplVP. faj V%gG lg v,e dihj m$$

\VsgV@ f>Vj 135|

whjSg f>dVbJ a[ taq h' w[ fjnwg qV dry y,vS v,e uJsg h{ ba[ dVi.ai y,vsgidh>sg h{ m

wjv[ riw[ whjSg l.e+dh sg dH,w tPWg dHl e,v dry rg dViZjia hp.sg h{ dw dHl dry'Gw{V[cgbV lqju a[ r,cgbJ zBVjrJ s[ fH[ bliJ sgbJ b>ai ZpVgbJ rg lpSV VP. dqvsgbJhV m dqljv ru'G VjHgV-bv{rV sg bqigwj s[ Bdr.V Bjri; T,nS sg zBVj ba[bxejdVlajV@ dHijw bjds dry h'H[ IpKZJ V[ dwr[G w{V[cgbV d;>seg VP. f+Fjdra wgaj h{ Rphrg dHV%J whjSgbJ dry lqjdHbj h'dHbj h{ m dHl l.e+dh sgbJ whjSgbJ Fjr[G dlKZ[ iPf drydHV%J zBVjrJ Vjv l.W.Za VhgG fi dHV%J sj f+Fjr dHl woj fplaw s[ fjaiJ sg d;>seg Vjv

sMvwd-04 121

lsgrg a"i a[ upC yp,wj h{ m dHV%J r,cgbJ zBVjrJ V[ dwr[G w{V[cgbV v'wJ sg d;>seg dry blifjdHbj h{ dHh e,v by[a[ hg dHh whjSgbJ dliudsbJ dHV%J dry lqj eHg h{ m #hC%$ whjSg sgb{diwj sg qJ sg VjHgV dHv{rV s[ hjsl[ dry h'Hg q"a ba[ dHl s[ dHr; dry Rpl VP. dqvgqpbjruj ijLg Rplsg d;>seg sg a'i Wsv w[ i,t ds>sg h{ m #qphj;$ whjSg sg V{Vlg WiBV s[fag lBgr sg bxejdVlajV dry vCjHg s[ qphj; a[ h'Hg q"a Rplsg d;>seg VP. Wpig ai%JaWsgv wi ds>sg h{ m dHh f>ujWg whjSg sj hjlv h{ dw dHl ijhgG ev'Wvg qphJsi[ rjvgbJzBVjrJ Rpfi.a f,Aqg d;>seg sg i"Gb dry bjHg aWsgvg sgbJ a.sJ f[L h' ihgbJ hV m dHhf>ujWg wojwjig s[ f,Aqg d;>seg dry cP.zj v,oS ba[ dHl Vjv l.rjs sg ldoag Rpaf>VwiV sj lW,W f{sj wisj h{ m dHY f>ujWg whjSg r,cg Ajv qjidsbJ drLrg f+l.eJ s[ h'i V[C[h'Hg ujfsg h{ m

duV%J ev'Wvg li'wjiJ sj RpKfi d;wi wgaj debj h{ RpV%J sg tjl e,v dHh h{ dw dHhwhjSg rieg drZj dry TvdsbJ bjfSg iyVjadqw RPiuj Vjv Fi[ h'H[ hV m Whpa lji[li'wji bduh[ hV u' wvj w"Lvaj sg zjB dry Vgil W"dZw fjn dry aWsgv h' lws[ lV mV[dBrJ sg d;>seg Wji[ e,v aJ Vgil W"dZw v[t dry Wsv lwsg lg m whjSg dry lF wpNzBVjrJ@ fjaiJ s[ qjdZbq oJSg l.rjs ba[ TpwrgG rjajriS Rpljig dry V[fi[ yC%Sj hp.sjh{ m o'C%g duhg wvjadqw RpwjHg whjSg VP. WiWjs wi lwsg hp.sg h{ m fi uiV{v dl>z sgdrL[Laj dHl e,v dry h{ dw Rph whjSg s[ wvjadqw f,t a[ Whpa dqhVa wisj h{ m f[LlqKdlbjwji sgbJ lF fiaJ/f,tJ VP. lqNsj fitsj h{ m dHV%J bVpiPf fjaiJ sg Rpljig widsbJdHl VP. Tpwr[G rjajriS dry q"vS vHg dabji wisj h{ m dHl lF VP. c"vS vHg dH,w drL[LqjVrrjsg ds+LBg a'G lqPh iyVjrgG zjCa wiV sj wjiu wisj h{ m bduhj widsbJ whjSgdryv[ l.lji sj RpnJS LpiP h' uJsj h{ m fjai f[L lqKdlbjwji Wji[ W"dZw l.rjs dry f{Gs[ hV mRph dHl W"dZwaj VP. wjigdeig Vjv iyVjadqwaj s[ sjdHi[ dry dBwjHg e,v b,e[ a'G b,e[ a'iguJsj h{ m Rplsg l.rjsg wjigeig ljhqS[ lF a'G r,cj y{dv.u Rps'G bjRpGsj h{ us' Rph W"dZwe,vWja VP. dliuSj dry Tjvsj h{ m dHl y{dv.u VP. Rph bwli lxvaj Vjv dVFjb uJsj h{ mRplsg whjSg dry Rpl sj wvjadqw hpVi Rpl rwa wpN dT,vj f{Gsj qdhlPl hp.sj h{ us Rphw{V[cgbV fjaiJ s[ bjv[ spbjv[ s[ rjajriS VP. RpljiV r,v r,Zsj h{ m r{l[ dHh e,v bu[Vdu,n h'S rjvg h{ dw dHl dry wlPi Rpls[ FjLjHg w"Lv sj h{ uJ f>ujWg FjLjwjig Vjv dHhlF hg l.Fr h{ u' Rph dliusj h{ m dwa[ f>ujWg FjLjwjig sj bjfSj qPv ydi,ai hg dHl drybjC[ aJ VhgG bj dihj m

uiV{v dl>z sg dWiaJawjig sj dHh v,AS h{ dw dHl dry Rph riaqjV s[ dW>sP a'G LpiPwgag qPv dWiaJaw vCg dry wpN wpN rwdxbJ a[ df,A[ r,v dHY Nja frjRpGsj uJsj h{ dwwhjSg sgbJ dH,w a'G Wjbs sPug@ agug bjds bV.a fiaJ tp,v%SgbJ LPiP h' uJsgbJ hV m dHhdlvdlvj whjSg s[ b>a a'G wpN fdhvJ a,w dHr[G hg y,vsj idh>sj h{ m dHh lgV Wsvg sg t[cRph Whpa wpLv wvjwji rJe t[csj h{ m dHwjei dy,a h' w[ fC%dsbJ aJ Whpa rji dHl lgVWsvg sj faj rg VhgG v,esj ba[ Rph aphjVP. dwa[ sPi v{ debj hp.sj h{ m hJ rjflg ;iPi bwliNBw[ Vjv hp.sg h{ dur[G woj il dry eCP.s[ fjnw VP. uej dihj h'r[ m fjnw ujesj h{ a[ RplsgRpGev xdCbJ bev[ lxi rKv api f{Gsj h{ m dHl lxi sj b>a Rph dwl[ Tpwr[G l.w[a@ dHLji[ uJcP.zg iqN Vjv wisj h{ m lxi s[ b>a a[ Rplsg woj sj dliv[t bwli bjfS[ Whpi.eJ dryfjnwg qV dry x{dvbj hp.sj h{ m dHl sgbJ drdF>V L[cu bjfS[ fPi[ uv"b Vjv yqw ihgbJhp.sgbJ hV m dHh dliv[t fjnwg qV dry dyfw yp,wj hp.sj h{ m dHl lji[ lxi dry Rph bjfS[lqKdlbjwji s[ drdF>V f,tJ VP. wvjadqw dHVljx s[S sj hi l.Fr IaV wisj h{ m Rph dwl[


rg dZi VP. fPiV iPf dry i,s VhgG wisj m u[ Rph dwl[ dH,w dZi VP. i,s wi rg dihj hp.sj h{ aj RplVjv upC[ dwl[ Vj dwl[ bduh[ fjai VP. ;iPi f[L wisj h{ u' Zjij s[ RpvB rdh dihj hp.sj h{ m dHhRplsg ds+LBg uJ whjSg sg qPv yPv sj bVpljig fjai hp.sj h{ m dHl IaV dry Rplsg ds+LBgbVpiPf l.ziLLgv dZiJ sg lpi rg Rplsg hi whjSg dry lpSjHg ds>sg h{ m dHh lpi Fjr[G q,Zqh'r[ uJ da,tg dHh hp.sg ;iPi h{ m dHV%J dZiJ ijhgG Rplsg ds+LBg dryvj bjLjrjs dwa[ Vj dwa[bjfSj ijh avjL dihj hp.sj h{ m dHh bjLjrjs n'dlbj h'dHbj VhgG le'G whjSg s[ tqgi dry'GfVfsj h{ m dHl wjiS hg Rplsg whjSg sj fjn FifPi zqljV ldoagbJ dry rg fjnwgdvLw Vjv lqjfa hp.sj h{ m dHl dvLw dry hg uiV{v dl>z sg whjSg sj ujsP Apdfbj h'dHbjh{ m

uiV{v dl>z wjv[ riw[ dry bjfSg wojwjig sj w{qij dul dW>sP a[ dBwjb w[ lF wpNr[tsj fitsj h{ Rph Rpls[ ds+LBgw'V VP. lqNS s[ Vjv ev'Wvg li'wjiJ Wji[ f>ujWg hp.eji[ sgqh,arfPiV ujSwjig ds>sj h{ m #wjv[ riw[$ whjSg dry Rplsg hqsisg w{V[cgbV V[dBrJ s[Vjv h{ m Rph RpV%J sg a+jlsg dry'G RpKFiV dry qsseji WSVj yjhp.sj h{ m whjSg dry e'dibJsg Vlvrjs tlva VP. wJB[ h[n iKdtbj debj h{ m #fKdabJ Vjv Tw[ dulq$ dry Rph wvjw"Lvaj/l"siI VP. wjqpwaj/VeVa a'G RpKfi i,tS sg rwjva wisj h{ m #qhj;$ whjSg dryu.eJ Vjv rjfisg aWjhg VP. dyardsbJ dHV%J s[ lqp,yg v'wjHg vHg qVp<t dri'Zg dyhi[ VP.V.debJ wgaj debj h{ m #hC%$ ba[ #VsgV$ whjSg dry tfag riajdibJ s[ hC% dry ipCgqVp<taj s[ dV,u a,w lp.eCV Vjv wiPf h'H[ dyhdibJ VP. dyadibj debj h{ m lf,LB h{ wojwjidHl lF a'G RpvB yjh dihj h{ m dHh wpN Rph WpdVbjsg ogqw dHwjHgbJ hV duV%J s[ dHisdeis #wjv[ riw[$ sg lqp,yg dWiaJawjig RpKlisg h{ m dVLy[ hg dHh Rplsg wojwjig sjqjVrrjsg dyhij h{ u' Rplsg qjVrg LpF dH,Aj dry'G f{sj h' dihj h{ m r{l[ dHh lF dH,w ai%Jev'Wvg li'wji hV ba[ uiV{v dl>z ijhgG dHl sj f>ujWg hp.ejij dliu h' dihj h{ m al,vg dHle,v dry h{ dw dHl hp.eji[ sg qPv lpi ZiqJ@ ujaJ@ VlvJ@ dtKdabJ ba[ ldFbjyjiJ sgbJlih,sJ Rpv.zdsbJ lqPh qVp<taj vHg LpF-dH,Aj sj lpV[hj l.yjiV rjvg h{ m dHl lpV[h[ VP.wvjadqw dWiaJawjig dry u'C -WgC w[ l.yjiVj f>ujWg wojwjig sj ?iI'e hjlv h{ m

wjv[ riw[ ^ ev'Wvg li'wjiJ sj f>ujWg hp.ejij sMvwd-04 122

²

s[L-r.c wojrJ sj lqwjvg l.siFba[ #aql$

"Those who forget History find themselves condemned

to repeat it."1

\1|s[L-r.c Fjia s[ hg VhgG le'G spVgbJ s[ dHdahjl sg bduhg

dHdahjlw zBVj h{@ dul V[ lojdfa qVp<tg qjVajrJ VP. uC'G N.u'C w[i,t ds,aj lg m2 dHl a'G Wjbs Fjia ba[ Fjia s[ v'w ws[ rg Rph VhgGih[@ u' Rph dHl a'G fdhvJ lV m d;>seg RpV%J VP. Vr[G iPf dry siLVds>sg h{3 a[ dHl Vjv RpV%J s[ bVpFr ba[ dy>aV sg dsLj hg WsvuJsg h{ m4 dHl zBVj s[ rjfiV Vjv r.c a'G fdhvJ sg lJNgldFbjyjiw fAjS f+Fjrg iPf dry Ziq sgbJ r,trjsg WSaiJ spbjv[dlqB uJsg h{ m Fjia/f>ujW s[ v'w s' s[LJ dry hg VhgG r.c[ uJs[ le'GRpV%J sg fAjS dliuSj dry Ziq w[Gsig FPdqwj ru'G wjiuLgv h'uJsj h{ m s[L sj WBrjij ljZjiV uV-qjVl VP. h{ijVwpV sdhLa ba[F.WvFPl[ dry z[i ds>sj h{ m baga sg dHl r,cg ba[ dyi-wjvg f+FjrJrjvg zBVj VP. lqNSj@ w[rv baga VP. hg lqNSj VhgG le'G riaqjVVP. rg lqNSj h{& w[rv lqNSj hg VhgG le'G dsLj-W,Z rg wiVj h{ m

s[L-r.c sg dHl zBVj sgbJ H[VgbJ d;bjsj ba[ H[VgbJ qhgVfiaJ hV dw du>Vj w'Hg dHl VP. lqNS sj IaV wisj h{@ YVgbJ hgdHl sgbJ h'i blqNgbJ fiaJ ljhqS[ bjRpGsgbJ hV m dHl sg dHhudBvaj hg dHl VP. v'w-y[dabJ ba[ dy>aVg-li'wjiJ dry'G Wjhi VhgGujS ds>sg m s[L-r.c VP. lqwjv dry dlqiV sj qlvj lqwjv sgbJRpV%J zBVjrJ s[ wjiV rg q"uPs idh>sj h{@ duhCgbJ s[L-r.c duhgd`iwP d`aia i,tsgbJ s[L-r.c sg vejajiaj sj bjFjl ds.sgbJhV m riaqjV sgbJ l.wBwjvgV ldoagbJ ba[ zBVjrJ sg FPa sgbJldoagbJ/zBVjrJ Vjv lqjVaj FPa VP. lqwjvg l.siF dry IjswiV sj lW,W WSsgbJ hV m5 l.wBwjvg lqwjv dry FPa V[ dlqi[ hgujSj hp.sj h{@ dHKo[ y'S sj w'Hg qlvj VhgG hp.sj m s[L-r.c wojrJ sgdliuSj ba[ yiyj dHl wiw[ rg q"uPs idh>sg h{ dw dHV%J wojrJ VP.vpwjRpSj RpV%J bevgbJ fgC%gbJ Vjv Z'tj h{@ duhCgbJ Rpl r[v[ RploJ a[ q"uPs VhgG lV@ fi duhCgbJ ljcgbJ bevgbJ fgC%gbJ h'S s[Vja[@ s[L-r.c s[ wjv[-hV[i[ sgbJ cP.zjHgbJ dry fH[ bVpFrJ VP.ujSV ba[ lqNS sgbJ h,wsji hV m

cj! epiqpt dl>zb{l'lgH[B f+'`{lif>ujWg drFje@f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@fdBbjvj m`'V ^ [email protected]



s[L-r.c f.ujWg/Fjiag v'w-qV sj bduhj lsqj h{ dul sg dàia drbwagea rg h{ba[ lqPdhw rg@ wjv ljf[t rg h{ ba[ wjv dVif[t rg m dwl[ lsq[ drL[L VP. F"daw iPf dryh.TjRpS s[ r[v[ a'G wjvea sPig uJ V[Caj@ Rpl lsq[ sg dWiaJawjig VP. aJ dHw tjl h,s a,wf+Fjdra wi lwsg h{ fi w'Hg wjvea sPig dwl[ lsq[ VP. dqBjRpS@ FpvjRpS uJ dWbjVS sjdHKw' dHw wjiw VhgG hp.sg m6 lsdqbJ sg dHw a.s wjv s[ bji-fji `{vg hp.sg h{ m lsdqbJVjv dl,NS sj dHKw' dHw aigwj dHV%J sgbJ wojrJ wdhS dry h{ m lsdqbJ sgbJ wojrJ sjh'Sj@ RpV%J sj lpdSbj ujSj hg bduhg q?lPl f+dwdibj h{@ duhCg lsdqbJ a'G fji v{ ujS sglqiKoj iKtsg h{ m lsq[ us'G wojrJ sg rlaP WSs[ hV aJ wdhS rjvj ba[ lpSV rjv s'r[GfpVi-l.idya hp.s[ hV ba[ bjf' bjfSg #q{G$ a'G sPu[ Vjv upCg #blgG$ r,v lì a{b wis[ hV m#q{G$ a'G blgG r,v sg Ijaij hg lsdqbJ VP. ldhSI'e WSjRpS ba[ RpV%J a'G fji ujS sj bjZjih{ m lsdqbJ sgbJ wojrJ Wga[ Wpi[ rwa sj qjaq wisgbJ@ duKo[ Wpi[ sg WpijHg VP. RpFjisgbJhV@ RpKo[ Wpi[ ldqbJ dry y.debJ sg y.debjHg s[ l.ziL/e"ir VP. rg Rpujei wisgbJ hV mwojrJ ijhgG dliua y.debjHg sj dHh l.ziL/e"ir hg lsq[ dry e+l[ riaqjV VP. duRpSu'ejWSjRpS sj lW,W WSsj h{ m

\2|s[L-r.c sg lqN dh,a hpS a,w duhCg l.yji-drZg rZ[i[ iPf dry riag uJsg ihg h{@

Rpl sgbJ qpt iPf dry s' dsLjrJ hV m fdhvg dsLj dHl VP. ijuVgaw f+W.Z bZgV b>ei[;Jsg fjC' ba[ iju wi' sg Vgag spbjv[ w[Gsia wisg h{ ba[ sPlig dHl VP. bjf-qphji[ sptJawdh>ljaqw zBVj-*q ru'G f[L wisg h{ m fdhvg drZg qpt iPf dry dHdahjlw fjnJ sg lqNba[ dliuSj r[v[ riag uJsg h{ ba[ sPlig ljdhaw dWiaJaJ sg drRpGawjig r[v[ m W[L,ws'r[G hg drZgbJ bda qh,arfPiV hV@ fi dHh s'r[G hg drZgbJ hpS bjfSgbJ lgqjrJ sgs,l fj yp,wgbJ hV m VrgbJ drZgbJ sg wvfVj ba[ RpV%J sj Rps{ Vrg lqN r,v dHLjij widihj h{ m dHl lqN ijhgG Vj w[rv FPa s[ lsdqbJ Vjv dHwlpiaj dWnjHg uj lwsg h{ le'GFPa sg riaqjV a,w vejajiaj s[ drdF>V f+l.eJ/f+wjiuJ VP. rg lqdNbj uj lwsj h{ mVrgG drZg s[ VwL bv'w F,vj s[ t'u-f,ai Memory, History and Fictional

Representations of the Partition, Matti Hyvarinen ba[ h'iJ spbjij l.fjsa dwajW Beyond

Narrative Coherence ba[ Molly Andrews s[ t'u-fKai Beyond narrative : The shape

of traumatic testimony s[ l.I'uV dry'G avjL[ uj lws[ hV m bv'w FKvj bjfS[ t'u-f,aidry dvts[ hV dw ##q{G bjfS[ bVpFr dHl aigw[ siu wiVj yjh.sj hJ dw Rph dHh lpNjRpSdw s[L-r.c s[ wjv[ ljvJ dry rg@ ljZjiV v'wJ sgbJ bjfSgbJ bSdeSa w'dLLJ Rpy[igbJwsiJ VP. duRpGdsbJ i,tS vHg wjiuLgv lV m$$7 dHl[ t'u-f,ai s[ bev[ dhKl[ dry Rphdvts[ hV dw ##q{G dHl a,o VP. f+qjdSa wisj hJ dw bduh[ Whpa lji[ v'w lV duV%J sPdubJsg lhjdHaj vHg bjfS[ bjf VP. sjb a[ vjdHbj a[ duhC[ dHl qjqv[ dry h'HgbJ hjiJwjiV lwa[ dry ih[ m$$8

bv'w F,vj s[ dHh Rpyji s[L-r.c wojrJ s[ bdZb{V dh,a s'hig ds+LBg sg dliuSj r,vl.w[a wis[ hV m dHh ds+LBg dHw fjl[ Fjiag/f>ujWg W.s[ sgbJ bfijZfPiV rdhLg hiwaJ VP.idulBi wi[ ba[ sPli[ fjl[ Rpl sgbJ RpV%J l`v/bl`v w'dLLJ/hqsisgbJ VP. RpFji[@ duV%Js[ yvdsbJ l.wBwjvg ldqbJ dry rg y.debjHg hjig VhgG lg m9 bv'w F,vj ijhg qjlPq i;js[ Vjrv bjZj ejYG dry siu dHl woV sj dw "The tales of riots were concluded, and

the stories of life began-these are the stories which never end" hrjvj ds>s[ lpNjRpGs[ hVdw s[L-r.c wojrJ VP. dh>lj ba[ Vìa s[ l.siF s[ lqjVJai qph,Wa ba[ Rpy[igbJ qjVrg

sMvwd-04 125

wsiJ s[ l.siF dry rg s[dtbj ujSj yjhgsj h{ m s[L-r.c wojrJ dry'G dh>lj/sdhLa s[lqjVJai us'G qph,Wa ba[ qjVrg wsiJ s[ l.ziL VP. avjLSj h'r[ aJ dWiaJa VP. dliuS ba[fC%V sg fi.fijea drZg ila[ sj i'Cj WSsg h{ m fi.fijea bioJ dry dWiaJa bduhgl.ena h'Gs h{@ dulsj dHw dVLya bjds@ qKZ ba[ b>a hp.sj h{ ba[ duhCg dHw d;.seg VP.wjiV-wjiu sg vCg dry fi'Gsg l.edna bio/bioJ sj l.yji wisg h{ m Beyond Narrative

Coherence fplaw s[ f.Vj 148 $a[ dHh dryji siu h{ dw dWiaJa sg dHl ai%J sg WSaiVjv lsdqbJ sg woj Vj aJ whg uj lwsg h{ ba[ Vj lpSg uj lwsg h{ m ljZjiVaj lsdqbJVP. wojwjig dry fjRpSj dHV%J VP. dHwdhig biofPiV dHwjHg dry W.VSj h' uJsj h{@ duhCgdHV%J dry qPvaj hp.sg hg VhgG m lsdqbJ sg dàia dWiaJawjig rJe lj` ba[ bio-FifPiVhgG le'G blfLB ba[ bio-dri'Zg h{ m10 dHl wjiV u[ lsdqbJ s[ hrjv[ Vjv s[L-r.c sgbJwojrJ VP. dliuSj ba[ fC%Vj h{ aJ dWiaJawjig sg lojdfa f+jfa lqN a'G fjlj r,BSj h'r[ejba[ dHl ai%J sg dWiaJawjig sg wvfVj wiVg h'r[eg duhCg l.edna bioJ s[ evW[ bZgVVj h'r[ m s[L-r.c wojrJ VP. hpS us'G lqwjvg l.siF dry s[tSj h{ aJ f+jfa wojrJ s[ RpV%Jf,tJ VP. avjLSj h{ duhC[ f+Fjrg l.edna bioJ Vjv sr.s dry hV ba[ duV%J sg dàiabjfj-dri'Zg h{ m dHl ai%J sg fC%a vHg ljVP. fjn u' wdh>sj h{@ Vjv'G Rpl VP. r,Z lpSVj fH[eju' fjn wdh>sj VhgG@ fi duhCj fjn dry q"uPs ;iPi hp.sj h{ m

\3|FgLq ljhVg spbjij idya Vjrv #aql$ ba[ dHl Vjrv RpKa[ e'dr.s dVhvjVg spbjij

dHl[ hg dliv[t bZgV WSjHg d`vq \Bg!rg! lgigbv| s[L-r.c wojrJ dry bdhq lojV s[ZjiVg fjn hV m l.V 1974 dry Af[ Vjrv #aql$ VP. 1975 sj Fjiag ljdha bwjsqg sjfpilwji f+jfa h'dHbj lg m d`vq #aql$ l.V 1988 dry sPisiLV s[ ijLBig y{Vv a'G B{vgwjlBh'Hg lg m dHh d`vq B{vgwjlB s[ s"ijV hg qp>WHg hjHg w'iB ba[ lpfigq w'iB dry qpw,sq[FpeaS a'G Wjbs s[L-r.c s[ lq[G sg RpKyaq d`vqwjig ru'G lrgd*a hp.sg h{ m Vjrv #aql$ba[ d`vq #aql$ sj rjfiV lqJ 1947 sg s[L-r.c a'G `"iV fdhvJ sj h{ m dHh Rph lqJ h{us'G s.debJ sj rjfiVj LpiP h' ypKwj lg m rjfiV lojV fjdwlajVg f>ujW sj r,cj Ldhi\ijrvdf>cg| ba[ Rpl s[ bjv[ spbjv[ `{v[ df>c hV h{ m dHh aqjq dHvjwj qplvqjV Whp-deSag sj h{@ dh>sP ba[ dl,t z,B deSag dry hV m #aql$ sj LjWdsw ba[ d`vq fjn s.debJsg woj wdhS dh,a Vpwaj-V;i bjq drbwag sj riasj h{ m #aql$ dh>lj s[ ldqbJ dryqjVrg ugrV s[ y.debjHg vHg wga[ l.ziL sg ejoj h{ m #aql$ sj fjn dHl e,v VP. WhpadL,sa Vjv RpFjisj h{ dw s.debJ/dh>lj dry VpwljV hq[LJ bjq bjsqg sj hp.sj h{ m bjfS[dV,ug qp`jsJ dh,a dh>lj/s.debJ VP. f{sj wiV rjvgbJ H[vgB dZiJ bwli lpiKdtba WygbJidh>sgbJ hV m

qVp<t ujag V[ qph,Wa VP. dHl ai%J l.wvdfbj/dlidubj h{ dw dh>lj dHl s[ Vjv hg l.wvfah' eHg h{ m dfbji sj l.wvf dHl ai%J zdCbj dw dHl V[ #sPu[$ VP. uVq ds,aj m du>Vj dwl[ bjfS[vHg dfbji quWPa hp.sj debj@ YVj hg #sPlij$ Vjfl.s rg hp.sj debj h{ m l.l*ag sg dHl zjCaVP. H[VgbJ lsgbJ Wjbs Wsdvbj VhgG uj ldwbj h{ m dh>lj ljcg hqlì h{@ dHh ljc[ bjfj VjWS[ dHl vHg dfbji whjSgbJ hg v'CgGsgbJ VhgG le'G Wga[ dry dh>lj VP. bfSj v{S s[ fAajr[sgbJ whjSgbJ rg v'CgGsgbJ hV m #aql$ dHl fdiojdH Ijs i,tS I'e ljdhaw/ldFbjyjiwfjn h{ m dh>lj ba[ RpujC[ sg Ijaij Fjia sg s[L-r.c sj bduhj sp?s fdhvP h{@ dul sg f[Lwjig#aql$ sg w[Gsig lpi h{ m Vjrv ba[ d`vq #aql$ dHw qjVrg slajr[; h{ m dHh RpV%J v'wJ sgwhjSg h{ duV%J Ziq s[ VJ a[ FCw[ s.debJ s"ijV bSwh[ sis h.TjH[& dHh whjSg h{ RpV%J fvJ sg

s[L-r.c wojrJ sj lqwjvg l.siF ba[ #aql$


duV%J dry v'w lsgbJ sg lJN Fpvj w[ dHw sPu[ sg ujV s[ dfbjl[ WS eH[ m11 dHh whjSg h{RpujC[ Vjv bjidow fKt'G wKt'G h"v[ h'H[ RpV%J v'wJ sg duV%J w'v r.c wjiV dliu[ ujS rjv[ Vr[Gbjaq ba[ Vr[G s[L sg w'Hg wvfVj VhgG lg m dHh whjSg h{ RpV%J v'wJ sg duV%J dh>lj Vjv Fi[ldqbJ dry rg dh>lj VP. hJ Vj whg m dHh whjSg h{ RpV%J aqjq v'wJ sg@ duhC[ y.e[ ba[ Wpi[ sgbJlojdfa V{daw wsiJ VP. A,c bjfS[ V.e[ bjf[ s[ iPWiP h'H[ m

#aql$ whjSg h{ VKoP sg@ duhCj lqjduw siu[W.sg dry W[L,w Whpa Vgr[G lojV $a[ lgfi duhCj qVp<tg e"ir sg V{daw siu[W.sg dry Rpyaq lojV sj ZjiVg WSsj h{ m Rpl sjh'Sj d;>seg s[ qjlPq@ dViAv@ dfbji[ h'S sg Ljhsg Fisj h{ m Rpl w'v dwl[ rg dwlq s[ Rpeiu;dWbJ sj w'Hg u?gij VhgG@ Rpl VP. wpiWjVg/qi-dqBS sj rg wpN faj VhgG@ Rph Wl duRpSjujSsj h{@ dril[ dry'G dqvgbJ wsiJ VP. l.Fraj dVFjRpGdsbJ m epVjh wiVj aJ sPi Rpl VP. aJRpl epVjh sj bdhljl hg duRpS VhgG ds.sj@ duhCj blv dry Rpl V[ wgaj rg VhgG hp.sj m12

V,oP sj h'Sj RpV%J aqjq v'wJ a[ daKtj drb>e h{ duV%J bV[wJ qVpKtg ujVJ ba[ u;W[ dWV%J dwl[bjadqw W'N s[ fvJ dry wav wi dsKa[ m V,oP qph,Wag h{@ Rpl sg qphKWa bjfSg qJ Vjv rgh{ ba[ bjfSg eiFrag faVg Vjv rg m bjfS[ fdirji VP. WyjRpS vHg Rph dul wsiaC`sj h{13 Rpl a'G qVp<tg d;>seg s[ W[Lwgqag h'S sj bdhljl l.yjdia hp.sj h{ m V,oP s[ VjvVjv dHh whjSg hiVjq dl>z sg rg h{ dul vHg bjfS[ hqljdHbJ $y'G RpuCVj fdhvj sptJalg@ RpujC[ sg Ijaij sPuj ba[ VrgG oJ a[ rlSj aguj sptJa lg m Rpl sj sptJa qpC-rl ujSVjv taq VhgG hp.sj@ le'G drAC[ zi ba[ drAC[ ljwJ sg Ijs s[ iPf dry lsj-lsj vHg Rpls[ y[dabJ dry rl uJsj h{ m RpGN RpujC[ sg Ijaij V[ hiVjq dl>z VP. ci/t" ba[ dryjieg s[Vjv-Vjv iju' ba[ b,vjhtjV s[ iPf dry y.debjHg sj bdhljl rg ds,aj lg m14 fP>ug s[ VJ $a[hiVjq dl>z w'v Whpa[ aJ lsq[ hg lV fi wpN wp Rph IjsJ rg lV@ duV%J dry RpV%J v'wJ sgIjs rg lg duV%J Rpl VP. a[ Rpl sg faVg W.a' VP. l.wB sgbJ zCgbJ dry WyjRpS vHg bjfSgujV u'd?q dry fjHg lg m15

#aql$ wigq tjV VJ s[ Rpl fjai sg whjSg rg h{@ duhCj dh>lj sg FjiP hV[ig s[ iptbVplji Vj rdebj a[ dul V[ bjfS[ dl,t s'la hiVjq dl>z ba[ Rpl sg faVg W.a' sg ujVlhg lvjqa #sPli[$ s[L VP. drsj wgag m dHh whjSg Rpl dl,t b"ia sg rg h{ duhCg slr[GfjaLjh spbjij WtLg avrji Vjv bjfS[ epbJT dry rls[ dHw qplvqjV drbwag VP.WyjRpGsg h{ m16 dHh whjSg iju' ba[ Rpl s[ zi rjv[ bv,hji,tj sg rg h{ duV%J dìwP ldqbJdry dìwP hp.dsbJ rg wpN fv dHh' duh[ Wyj vH[ duV%J dry RpV%J #wjìJ$ \hiVjq dl>z ba[Rpl sg faVg W.a'| VP. WyjRpS vHg bjfSj bjfj sjb $a[ vj ds,aj m dHh whjSg b,vjhi,tj s[V"urjV fp,ai s[ Zpi b>si ldhwsg Rpl dHVljVgba sg rg h{ dul s[ wjiV Rph dli[ sj s.eHgh'S s[ WjruPs hiVjq dl>z sj wav VhgG wi fjRpGsj m dHh whjSg uiV{v VJ s[ Rpl fjai sgrg h{ duhCj W[t" ba[ u;W[-FifPi lg@ dul V[ bjfS[ l'y[ VP. Vj w[rv duRpGdHbj le'G Rpl vHgujV aKw wpiWjV wi ds,ag m dHV%J aqjq fjaiJ s[ hrjv[ Vjv dHh whjSg h{ WBrji[ s[ l.wBlq[G Wyg ihg lJNg FjHgyjiw ugrV-ujy sg h{ m dHh ugrV-ujy l.wB lq[G a'G fdhvJ wpN dHwlgqjrJ s[ WjruPs zp,egG rlsg lg m17 dHh whjSg qVp<tg ugrV sg Rpl bio-FifPi lsgrga.s sg rg h{@ dul sj lji-lPai ugrV dry'G y.debjHg sg avjL Vjv Wjrlaj h{ m l.wBldqbJ dry d;>seg W[L,w c'vsg doCwsg h{ fi wpN dyi Wjbs dHh dV,z ba[ lJN VjvvWi[; h' lJrg l.apva a'i apisg h{ m dHh woj w[rv Wga[ sg hg woj VhgG le'G ljc[ b,u sg rgwoj h{@ Rpl b,u sg duhCj tpLgbJ ba[ dV,z Vjv duRpSj yjhp.sj h{ fi dul sgbJ tpLgbJ VP.dìwP ijuVgag sj e+dhS vKdebj h'dHbj h{ m

sMvwd-04 127

\4|#aql$ Vjrv ba[ d`vq sg woj dHw fjl[ lJNg ldFbjyjiw fAjS VP. f[L wisg h{ ba[

sPu[ fjl[ lqwjvg W.s[ b>si rl[ a.e-dsv dìwP fjljiJ VP. updW>L ds>sg h{ m bduh[ fjljiJ VP.duV%J wjiV lqwjvg W.sj l,aj sgbJ dìwP y.debjCgbJ VP. hp.ejij Fisj RpV%J VP. rKcgbJvfBJ dry WsvS dry FPdqwj bsj wisj h{ m Fjiag l.ld*ag s[ WjdL.dsbJ spbjij dìwPdh>lj sg y'S sj qlvj b,u a,w bSlpvdNbj ydvbj bj dihj m s[L-r.c r[v[ s[ dìwP s.debJVP. f{sj wiV dry sPu[ \b>ei[;g dV;jq| sj i'v aJ lF ujSs[ hV@ dHl i'v dry qpldvq vgeba[ wpN h'i dh>sP/dl,t l.enVJ sj i'v rg lqdNbj uj lwsj h{ m fi duhCj i'v ljZjiV uV-qjVl V[ dh>lj VP. hJ wdh V[ dVFjdHbj@ Rph Whpa udBv h{ m dHh Wga[ wjv ba[ lqwjv s'rJ s[hrjv[ Vjv ljc[ ldFbjyji sg lF a'G RpvNrgG sptsjdHw a.s h{ m dul lJNg ldFbjyjiwldFbaj sgbJ blgG lji[ dfAv[ v.q[ lq[G a'G WjaJ fjRpGs[ VhgG o,ws[@ Rpl sj bjvq dHh h{ dwdHl VP. wpN qp,ng Fi v'w Ziq s[ VJ a[ riaS dry wjqIjW h' uJs[ hV m dHh qp,ng Fi v'w hgV"urjV rie VP. dìwP #Wgiaj$ sj fjn fC%jRpGs[ hV m #aql$ sj qjlPq a[ Vj;pw iSrgi drd*aZjidqw Wgiaj s[ hrjv[ Vjv hg wjav dry iPfJadia hp.sj h{ m Rph dWV%J dwl[ wjiV dHair[yS rjv[ dHw W;pie qplvqjV VP. ujV'G qji ds>sj h{ m dHh wjij wiV a'G Wjbs Rph dHw fvvHg cdibj/epVjheji qdhlPl wisj h{ m fi Rpl s[ ljogbJ rKv'G dHw tjl ai%J sg FjLj ijhgGds,ag h,vjL[ig dw aP. WCj Ziq sj w.q wgaj h{@ Rpl s[ ci ba[ epVjh VP. qjS dry Wsv ds>sgh{ m dHl ai%J rfiV Vjv iSrgi dh>lj s[ RpvNr[G y,wi dry lsj dh>lj s[ Fdr,tg lì vHgdHw q'hi[ ru'G dabji hp.sj h{ m

l.wB ldqbJ dry lJNgbJ wsiJ wpN hg zCgbJ dry dwRpG ypiqpij uJsgbJ hV( dHl sj#aql$ sg dWiaJawjig w'v w'Hg RpKai VhgG m dHl VP. lqNS uJ lqNjRpS vHg #aql$ sgdWiaJawjig w'v w'Hg V{daw Rps[L uJ lvjhgba rg VhgG m #aql$ aJ dli` dHl eKv sglqNsjig h{ dw blgG riajdibJ VP. dwr[G e+dhS wgaj ba[ dwr[G RpV%J $a[ bqv wgajm dHh aJlqPh sg ejoj h{@ lqPh a'G drbwag sj lì dHl s[ fC%V a[ s[tS rjv[ V[ tps a{b wiVj h{ mlqPh sg lqN ws[ drbwag sg lqN VhgG hp.sg a[ drbwag sg lqN ws[ lqPh dry iPfJadiaVhgG hp.sg m dV,u us'G lqPh r,v lì wisj h{ aJ Rpl VP. bjfSg dV,uaj s[ wHg fjlji dabjeS[f{Gs[ hV m wojrJ lqPdhw/f+dadVZ Iojio sg e,v wisgbJ lqPdhw/liWlJN[ bVpFr a'G dVKugbVpFr r,v be+li wisgbJ hV m dV,ug lì hg y[aVj s[ bev[i[ fCjrJ VP. uVq s[S sj lW,WWSsj h{ m dV,u r,v rjflg a'G dWV%J dwl[ fdiriaV sj rjfiVj l.Fr VhgG h{ m

\5|#aql$ Vjrv ba[ d`vq s'rJ wojrJ sg tPWlPiag h{ dw dHh hwPqa uJ dwl[ drbwag

drL[L VP. ?vVjdHw s[ iPf dry lojdfa VhgG wisgbJ m dHl drZg sj lji dHl dryjiZjij drydVdha h{ dw ?vVjdHw sg dliuSj ba[ Rpl sg oJ d;>seg sg bduhg VJh-qptaj h{ dul VP.ujSVj aJ ;iPig h{ fi dul VP. dlqiVj VpwljVs[h h{ m y.debjHg s[ bjfS[ li'a ba[ hdobjihV a[ Rph bjfS[ li'aJ ba[ bjfS[ hdobjiJ Vjv Rps'G hg vC lwsg h{ us'G Rph ?vVjdHw s[li'aJ ba[ Rpl s[ hdobjiJ a'G qpwa ih[eg m dHl wjiV #aql$ sg woj tvVjdHw dZiJ a[ 'wlwiV sg WujdH dHV%J spbjij f{sj wgag Rpl dìwP hV[ig a[ `'wl wisg h{@ dul sj w[GsiljZjiV uV-qjVl h{ m #aql$ dry ?vVjdHw dZi sg e{ihj;ig dHw bduhg lf[l h{ dul sgfAjS ba[ fC%a #aql$ sg h'Gs VP. Whp-lpij WSjRpGsg h{ m #aql$ sg wojwjig ?vVjdHw dZi VP.Whpag lf[l ds,a[ dWV%J Rpl s[ ydi,ai VP. VLi wisg h{ m

qpijs bvg VJ sj fjai woj dry dul aigw[ du>Vj wp V;i bjRpGsj h{@ Rpl a'G H[Vj hg



b>sj;j v,esj h{ dw s.debJ VP. f{sj wiV rjvg dZi sj svjv h{ m bduhj svjv dul sj Ziq s[l.lojea iPf Vjv aJ rjlaj h{@ fi dul sj Zjidqwaj Vjv w'Hg rjlaj VhgG m dHl wjiV hg RphlPi VP. qlga bKe[ dl,BS s[ wji[ VP. li-b>;jq ds>sj h{ m Ww"v FgLq ljhVg qpijs bvg rie[ v'wJsj dwl[ Ziq Vjv w'Hg rjlaj VhgG hp.sj a[ bduh[ v'w lji[ hg ZiqJ s[ WjS[ dry q"uPs hp.s[hV m18 b>ei[;g dV;jq s[ f+dadVZ dcfBg wdqLVi diyic; sg dWiaJawjig wpN dHl aigw[Vjv wgag eHg h{ dw Rpl ijhgG b>ei[;g dV;jq sg ljduL aJ li[bjq ds+LBge'yi hp.sg h{ fi tpsdiyic; l'y ba[ bqv sg r.c dry xl[ ba[ fdirjiw aSjb VP. F'e ih[ drbwag drL[L ru'GWhpa hg dryjij duhj V;i bjRpGsj h{ m dHl dwlq sg dWiaJawjig s[ lqjVJai f+yKdva dwlqsg dWiaJawjig dry hi[w b>ei[; hjwq bduhg dZi s[ iPf dry f[L hp.sj h{ dul dry dwl[ spdWZjuJ y.debjHg sg wjai qjai rg q"uPs VhgG m dHl ai%J sg f[Lwjig dWiaJa VP. duRpGH[ uj ih[ugrV sg Rpl ie a'G a'C ds.sg h{ dul dry vwgi dt,y w[ wpN rg VhgG hp.sj m

dHh e,v e"vSI'e h{ dw l,aj s[ fiuj Vjv l.W.Z dHwdhi[ VhgG hp.s[@ Rpl sgbJ bV[wJfiaJ hV m #aql$ dry diyic sg wqgVeg blv dry dW+dBL liwji sg wqgVeg VP. f+dadW>Wawisg h{ m diyic s.debJ s[ FCw ujS WjWa lF ujSsj lg@ fi Rph dHV%J VP. i'wS vHg wpN rgwiV a'G dHVwjig hp.sj h{ m Rph Rps'G a,w yp,f W{nsj h{@ us'G a,w r,c[ f,Zi a[ ujVg a[ qjvgVpwljV VhgG h' uJsj& us'G a,w dHh d`iwjf+lag FjiagbJ s[ dy,a dry lsj lsj vHg f+r[LVhgG wi uJsg m #aql$ dry b>ei[; hwPqa spbjij s.ej fgCa t[ai dry RpCjH[ dHw uhj;Vjv us'G v'w LJa h' uJs[ hV aJ bduhj h'Sj lfLB l.w[a wisj h{ dw u[ b>ei[; hwPqayjhp.sg aJ Rph s.debJ VP. Whpa bjljVg Vjv i'w lwsg lg m s.debJ s[ ipw ujS a'G Wjbsdiyic v'wJ vHg wpN wiV dhKa aafi V;i bjRpGsj h{ m Rpl sg dHh aafiaj s'hij fjljii,tsg h{ m fdhvj@ uV-qjVl s[ epKl[ ba[ bj*'L s[ ci dry'G eagLgv hp.sj h{ ba[ sPlij@ l,ajb>si b>dLw iPf dry q"uPs y.debjHg sg FjrVj bZgV m dHV%J s'rJ fjljiJ s[ yvdsbJ hgs.debJ a'G Wjbs diyic rie[ b`liJ s[ ijhgG b>ei[; hwPqa dHw rji d`i a'G Fjiag uV-qjVl VP. bjfS[ wjWP dry wi v{S dry wjqIjW h' uJsg h{ m

\6|#aql$ sj dHw qh,afrfPiV bdZbjdH df>c lIsfpi s[ dry dl,t b"iaJ s[ tPh dry cp,W

qiV Vjv lW.dZa h{ m s[L-r.c s"ijV b"ia Whpa rKc[ f,Zi a[ dh>lj ba[ sdhLa VP. h.TjRpGsg h{ msPu[ VP. VgrJ dstjRpSj vHg sPu[ sgbJ b"iaJ VP. qjiVj@ RpZjvSj a[ tijW wiVj s[L-r.cs"ijV rjfdibj bjq riajij h{ m s[L-r.c s[ dHdahjlw ba[ ljdhaw/d`vq fjnJ dry b"iasg a+jlsg sg f[Lwjig dVePSg h{ m Whp-deSag fjn qis sg a+jlsg spbjv[ hg w[Gsia hV mduV%J fjnJ dry b"ia-a+jlsg VP. f[L wgaj rg debj h{@ RpV%J dry a+jlsg VP. lqNS ba[l.wvfW,Z wiV sg ds+LBg dfaj-fpitg l.iyVjrJ sg bVpljig h{ m dHl ai%J h'S wjiV b"ias[L-r.c sptJa sg bduhg dZi h{@ duhCg bjfS[ sptJa WjWa FjiP iPf dry bjf aJ tjq'L hgihg h{ m u[ w'Hg Rpl WjWa W'dvbj h{ aJ Rph b"ia-h'Gs s[ f+qjdSw Vpwaj-V;i a'G W'vS sgWujdH dfaj-fpitg l.iyVj s[ Vpwaj V;i a'G hg W'dvbj h{ m dHl f+l.e dry #aql$ sgdWiaJawjig rg bfrjs VhgG m dHh e,v blgG lji[ ujSs[ hJ dw w'Hg rg zBVj ba[ Rpl sgf[Lwjig qjlPq VhgG hp.sg@ Rpl Vjv dryjiZjiw a.ai updCbj hp.sj h{ m #aql$ dry dlKt b"iaJspbjij tPh dry cp,WS sg zBVj QjdvW dryjiZjiw a.ai bVplji dl,t b"iaJ sj u;W[ Fdibjsv[ijVj wjiu h{ m #aql$ Vjrv ba[ #aql$ d`vq s'rJ dry dHl zBVj VP. wpN dHl aigw[ f[Lwgaj debj h{ dw dHl ai%J h'Sj sptJa VP. aJ RpFjisj h{ fi dHl sptJa VP. dV>sSI'e dl,Z wiVsg WujdH dHl VP. e"irqHg dl,Z wisj h{ m Ziq ba[ bSt vHg ds,ag dHw bduhg wpiWjVg s[

sMvwd-04 129

iPf dry@ dul sj sp,t aJ h{@ fi dul sg Vjq'Lg VhgG m Vjq'Lg aJ Rps'G h'Sg lg u[ dl,t b"iaJqplvqjVJ s[ h,o v,e uJsgbJ m f+rjdVa dHh h{ dw b"iaJ V[ Rpl r[v[ tps rg dHl[ ai%J qdhlPlwgaj h'H[ej@ dHl[ vHg aJ Rph dWV%J dhywyjdHbj@ dWV%J cdibJ@ ldaVjq rjdhepiP wdh>sgbJtPh dry AjvJ qji ds>sgbJ hV m

rwa s[ dHl q'C a[ us'G s[L-r.c wojrJ fpVi-bdZb{V s[ w[Gsi dry hV@ wg dHlrjdwbj VP. dHV%J hg bioJ dry s[tSj WSsj h{ ( b"iaJ spbjij lqPdhw lr{-zja s[ f+l.e drylF a'G r,cj lpbjv dHh h{ dw bSt ba[ dH;a s[ dul f+ryV h[n b"ia VP. #sPdubJ$ V[ hg Vhk#bjfdSbJ$ V[ rg qjdibj h{19 uJ Rpl VP. wav/wpiWjV h' ujS sg ujy dltjHg@ wg Rph rjuWlg ( wg aojwdoa bSt uJ dH;a vHg qi uJ qji ds,a[ ujS Vjv'G duRpGs[ idhSj d;bjsjngw VhgG lg ( dxi dHh duRpGs[ idhSj W[L,w RpZjv[ uJ tpbji h' ujS a'G Wjbs hg f+jfa hp.sj mwg ugrV sg dHl a.s dry'G bjl qpwj s[Sg rjduW h{ dw ugrV ws[ rg y.debjHg a'G fPig ai%Jqpwa VhgG hp.sj( bKu us'G ljc[ w'v dHl riaji[ s[ v'CgGs[ f+qjS hV dw dw RpZjvgbJ eHgbJWhp-deSag b"iaJ V[ sPli[ Ziq s[ lqju dry qpwjWvaV dH,;a rjvg d;>seg duRpGHg20@ ljc[hp.ejij dwl ai%J sj h'Sj yjhgsj h{( l,yjHg dHh h{ dw WjruPs dHV%J f+qjSJ s[ dH,;a tjaib"ia s[ qiV qijRpS f+da ljcj V;igbj Wsdvbj VhgG h{ m Fjiag/f>ujWg qV s[L-r.c a'GWjbs s[ H[V[ ljvJ s"ijV bV[wJ qjqdvbJ dry Wsdvbj h{ fi bSt ba[ dH,;a s[ hrjv[Vjv b"ia WjWa Rpl sg l'y fi.fijea hg h{ m QjdvW WSaiJ s[ sjW[ wjiV b"ia s[ bjfS[drv,tS bdhljl ba[ bVpFr ljhqS[ VhgG bj lw[ m

#aql$ dry dl,t b"iaJ s[ tPh dry cp,W qiV WjWa l'y q"a sg WujdH d;>seg sg qpsHgh'Sg yjhgsg h{ \duhCg RpGN $aql$ dry'G RpFisg VhgG| m duRpSj a[ duRpG dw l.ziL wiVj@ qiVuJ qji s[S Vjv'G hq[LJ rKcj hp.sj h{ m d;>seg sg dHl l.FjrVj a'G w"S dHVwjig h' lwsj h{ dwy.e[ rwa bjRpS[ hg hp.s[ hV uJ sPli[ LWsJ dry W.s[ V[ dliu hg v{S[ hp.s[ hV m dHl a'G dWV%JdHh rg aJ ljVP. faj hg h{ dw dH;a/bSt s[ aqjq riaji[ wvf[ hg aJ h'H[ hV@ d;>seg drybjloj WSjHg i,tS vHg dHV%J VP. qpC a'G r,ti[ aigw[ Vjv wvdfbj uj lwsj h{ m dHl wjiVs[L-r.c wojrJ dry qis-l.iyVjrJ s[ dsls[ bdsls[ sjW[ h[n b"iaJ r,v'G bjfS[ bjf VP.qjiV uJ #bjfdSbJ$ hKo'G ypKf-yjf qi ujS s[ f+l.e@ sptJaw fji qjS wiV I'e dryjiZjiwWSai VhgG WSV[ yjhgs[ m dHh d;>seg sg bduhg dzVjRpSg/dV>sSI'e zBVj s[ iPf dry f[Lh'S[ yjhgs[ hV@ duV%J sj dli` qjaq wgaj uj lwsj h{@ qjS VhgG m WBWji[ s"ijV lqPdhwbjaq-hKdabj s[ riaji[ VP. bSt a[ dH;a s[ hrjv[ Vjv qjS wiVI'e lpi s[Sg qjVrgwsiJ VP. df,Av-tpig a'iV rjvg eKv h{ m

\7|#aql$ Vjrv ba[ $aql$ d`vq s[L-r.c sgbJ zBVjrJ s"ijV Fjiag/f>ujWg v'wJ s[

ijuVgaw ydi,ai VP. rg RpFjisgbJ hV m s[L-r.c s[ r[v[ Fjia/f>ujW dry b>ei[;@ wJeilba[ qpldvq vge da>V f+qpt ijuVgaw dZiJ wjiuLgv lV m b>ei[;J sg fjC' ba[ iju' wi' sgVgag Fjia/f>ujW sg qplvqjV vgcidLf ba[ bjq ljZjiV qplvqjV uV-qjVl s[ qV drydHh e,v fjRpS dry wjqIjW hp.sg h{ dw wJeil dh>sPbJ sg uqja ba[ qpldvq vge qplvqjVJsg h{ m qpldvq vge sj aiw lg dw qplvqjV Fjia sg bduhg z,B deSag h{ dul s[ dh,abj;js Fjia dry lpiKdtba VhgG hV m dvhj;j qpldvq vge Ziq s[ bjZji a[ bduh[ r,ti[qpvw sg q>e wisg h{@ duKo[ qplvqjV lpa.ai h' w[ ugb lwS m21 qpldvq vge duKo[ Lp,Z iPfdry Ziq bjZjdia fjiBg ru'G wjiuLgv hp.sg h{@ RpKo[ wJeil lji[ ZiqJ s[ v'wJ sg VpqjdH>segwiV sj sjbrj wisg h{ m22 wJeil fjiBg s[ dHl sjbr[ s[ WjruPs dHl e,v a'G dHVwji VhgG



wgaj uj lwsj dw wJeil dry Whp-deSag dh>sP Ziq s[ v'wJ sg lg m qpldvq vge sg r,ti[qpvw sg q>e VP. bqv dry dvbjRpS dry wJeil fjiBg V[ dw>Vj ba[ dwl ai%J sj i'v bsjwgaj@ dHh bj;jsg a'G v{ w[ hpS aKw y,vgbJ v.qgbJ ijuVgaw WdhlJ sj qlvj h{ m WdhihjvH[o[ dHl sj d;wi dHl ZjiVj sg f[Lwjig dh,a h{ dw s[L sg bj;jsg sg dlbjla hg fdhvjq"wj lg us'G Ziq drdF>V ijuVgaw fjiBgbJ/l.enVJ s[ ijhgG Fjia sg ijuVgag dryLwagLjvg hdobji ru'G ridabj ujSj LpiP hp.sj h{ m dHl hdobji sg da,tg Zji s[ yvdsbJ Vjw[rv Fjia s[ s' dhKl[ hp.s[ hV@ le'G Fjia s[L lsj lsj vHg Ziq bjZjdia ijuVgag s[ yp.evdry xl uJsj h{ m Ziq s[ VJ a[ h'Hg r.c a[ r.c s"ijV h'dHbj wav[bjq Fjia sg ijuVgawf+>fij sj bduhj bji.F lg duhCj dxi dHl a'G Wjbs bV[wJ rji dìwP s.debJ s[ iPf dryFjia sgbJ rKt'-r,t ojrJ $a[ wiPiaj Vjv sphijdHbj debj h{ m

#aql$ s[ s'r[G fjnJ dry@ s[L-r.c r[v[ sg dìwP bjW'-hrj dry wdqRPdVlB fjiBg hgrjhs bduhg fjiBg V;i bjRpGsg h{@ dul V[ bjfS[ l{wPvi ydi,ai s[ hrjv[ Vjv s.debJ VP.i'wS vHg fPig rjh vjHg lg m #aql$ Vjrv ba[ #aql$ d`vq s'rJ dry dHl fjiBg sgbJl{wPvi ba[ bqV eagdrZgbJ VP. drL[L arKu' bZgV f[L wgaj debj h{ m dHl f[Lwjig dfKA[#aql$ s[ v[tw FgLq ljhVg sg qjiwlrjsg dryjiZjij ba[ tKW[-f,tg l.enVJ Vjv dVKugV[Caj sg FPdqwj a'G dHVwji VhgG wgaj uj lwsj m wdqRPdVlB fjiBg s[ i'v VP. f[L wiV s"ijV#aql$ sj fjn dHl fjiBg s[ hJ-qptg ydiKai VP. RpFjisj h'dHbj rg@ Fjiag l.ld*ag VP. lqNSdhKa dHl fjiBg sgbJ dryjiZjiw lgqjrJ/spdWZjrJ VP. oJ ds.sj h{ m #aql$ sg woj dry us'Gs.e[ h' ih[ hp.s[ hV aJ dHw qplvjqV wjqi[c uqgv sj drLrjl fjiBg a'G Bp,B uJsj h{ m Rpl sjfjiBg a[ dHaij; dHh h{ dw fjiBg s.debJ sj wjiV w[rv b>ei[; VP. q>Vsg h{ a[ Rph dHhlqNS a'G dHVwjig h{ dw dHh lojVw v'wJ sgbJ Zjidqw ba[ ;jagea FjrVjrJ sj f+da`vh{ m fjiBg sài dry dWijuqjV wjqi[c bjeP s[rs,a V"urjV wjqi[c sg dHl dB,fSg a'GW"tvjb23 uJsj h{ a[ RpKai dry dH>Vj hg wdh fjRpGsj h{ dw ##uvsWj;g $y w'Hg w.q Vj wi'ljog@ blgG qKZrie s[ v'w hJ@ q,Zrieg l.lwjiJ sj ljc[ a[ cP.zj f+Fjr h{ m qusPi rie s[hp.dsbJ aJ a{VP. dh>sP-qplvqjV sj lpbjv fi[LjV VhgG wisj m$$ qplvqjV wjqi[c uqgv wjqi[cbjeP s[rs,a sg e,v sg firjh Vj wisj fjiBg Vjv'G Vjaj a'C w[ ydvbj uJsj h{ m wjqi[cvgci dHh wdh dw ljog sj dryjiZjiw bjZji w,yj lg a[ ljVP. Rpl s[ yv[ ujS sj b`l'lVhgG wiVj yjhgsj@ dHl e,v VP. taq wi ds>sj h{ m

#aql$ s[ fjn dry aJ dHh e,v H[o[ hg taq h' uJsg h{ fi bjfSg lpNjrgG dàia wjiVdHh eKv lqwjvg fdif[t dry fjnw/siLw sg dy>aV f+dwdibj sj dh,lj WSsg h{ m woj dryV"urjV qplvqjV wjqi[c W[L,w Zjidqw rdhS s[ wjiV s.debJ VP. dh>sP-qplvqjV s[ dVi'vZjidqw NeC[ dry lq[BS sg evag wisj h{@ fi Rpl sj dHh wdhSj dw dHl vHg dh>sP ba[qplvjqV tps bjf d;.q[rji hV@ uJ Rpl sj dHh wdhSj dw ##wjqi[c aplgG dHl qpvw dry wsgrg l'Ldv;q VhgG dvbj lws[@ du>Vg s[i a,w aplgG H[o'G s[ quhW ba[ ;jagea TJy[ VP. fPig ai%JlqN VhgG v{Gs[$$24@ qPv'G hg eva VhgG hV m Fjia s[ dry w.q wisgbJ wdqRPdVlB fjiBgbJsg dHw rKcg lgqj ihg h{ dw Rph Fjia s[ ;jagea ba[ Zjidqw TJy[ ba[ Fjia s[ v'w-qjVlsg u;Wjag q?lPlgba VP. l.W'dZa VhgG h' lwgbJm LjdHs dHl[ wjiV #aql$ dry WjruPsujV-qjirgbJ w'dLLJ s[ wjqi[c l'hS dl>z@ lIsfpi s[ dl,tJ s[ qVJ dry'G ba[ wjqi[cqgisjs@ qplvqjVJ s[ qVJ dry'G dìwP d?bjvJ ba[ NPngbJ b`rjhJ s[ bli VP. taq VhgG wifjRpGs[ m dHh Fjiag W.s[ sg drv,tS ai%J sg u;Wjagba sj hg f+da`v lg dw s.debJ s"ijVRph b`rjhJ VP. rKc[ f,Zi a[ dliusj hg VhgG le'G lrgwji rg wisj h{ m VagujaV b`rjhJ

sMvwd-04 131

s.debJ VP. {vjRpS sj lF a'G r,cj li'a WSsgbJ hV m blv dry Ziq ba[ u;Wja FjiaguV-qjVl s[ ydi,ai sg bduhg cP.zg ih,lqHg a.s h{ dul sj f+I'e Fjiag uV-qjVl s[ydiKaiw Wsvjb vHg wgaj uj lwsj h{ m ljqijurjs sg lqN vj;qg h{@ fi dHl lqN VP.uV-qjVl sg lqN dry fdiridaa wiV vHg uV-qjVl sgbJ Zjidqw ba[ u;Wjag WSaiJVjv lJN fjRpSg vj;qg h{ m #aql$ Vjrv sj LjWdsw ba[ d`vq fjn dul ldhuaj Vjv@dWV%J dwl[ Rpvji s[@ dHl a,o VP. lpNjMsj h{@ Rpl VP. Fjiag dWiaJawjig sg dHw r,cg f+jfagru'G s[dtbj ujSj WSsj h{ m

\8|#aql$ Vjrv s[ LjWdsw ba[ d`vq fjn sg yiyj sj b>daq fCjb #dh>lj$ sg ba[

#qplvjqV bsi$ sg f[Lwjig Vjv l.W.dZa h{ m fdhvJ #qplvqjV bsi$ sg f[Lwjig sg e,vwis[ hJ m s[L sg bj;jsg vHg vC[ l.ziLJ s[ b>av[ s"i dry qplvqjV lqPh dHw z,B-deSaglqPh ru'G l.wvfa hp.sj h{ m dHh l.wvfVj ijLBi dViqjS sg Rpl v'C dry'G uVq v{Gsg h{@ dulbZgV ijLBirjs bjfSg w[Gsigbaj dliuS vHg z,B-deSagbJ sg l.wvfVj wisj h{ m25

r.c a'G Wjbs r.c sj ljij d;>qj hg qplvqjV z,B deSag s[ dli F.dVbj uJsj h{ m s[L-r.cr[v[ rjfig dh>lj rg Rpl[ sj VJ vjHg uJsg h{ m dHh l.wvfVj lq[G s[ rdhS Vjv f,wg hp.sg uJsgh{@ VagujaV Whp-deSag ljdhaw/ldFbjyjiw dliuSjrJ dry qplvqjV W.sj VJh-qptgbJZpVgbJ rjvg iPC%gW,Z \Stereotypical| f[Lwjig hjdlv wisj h{ m dVil.s[h dHl f[Lwjig s[bfrjs q"uPs hV@ fi dHV%J sg deSag W[h,s dVePSg h{ m f[Lwjig sj dHh riajij ljdhawfjnJ s[ qpwjWv[ d`vq fjnJ $a[ d;bjsj r,cg f,Zi a[ vjeP hp.sj h{ m f[Lwjig sj dHh FjiP iPflqwjvg Fjia s[ qplvqjV W.s[ vHg bV[wJ l.wBJ sj wjiV WdSbj h{ m

#aql$ Vjrv rg qplvqjV W.s[ sg f[Lwjig QjdvW l.wvfVj s[ z[i[ bZgV idh w[ hgwisj h{ m dHl Vjrv dry W[L,w dHh l.wvfVj dwa[ rg wiPi iPf btdabji VhgG wisg& fidHl sj hvw[ iPf dry h'Sj rg h'RP fi[ VhgG wgaj uj lwsj m tjl wjiV Rps'G us'G dWiaJawjigsj bjZji s[L-r.c rieg dHdahjlw zBVj h'r[ m #aql$ s[ LjWdsw ba[ d`vq s'rJ iPfJ dryqplvqjV lqPh bduhg $sPlig$ dZi s[ iPf dry hj;i h{@ dul sj bjfj@ dul s[ l.wB@ dul sjl.ziL dVi'v Rpl s[ bjfS[ f+l.e dry a[ Rpl sg bjfSg ds+LBg a'G dwa[ rg hj;i VhgG m s'rJfjnJ sj dWiaJa qplvqjV lqPh s[ b>siv[ z[dibJ dry f+r[L VhgG wisj m dwl[ qplvqjV s[zi sj b>sivj qjh"v siu VhgG wgaj debj m dHl s[ qpwjWv[ dh>sP fjaiJ s[ ziJ s[ b>si a,wfhp.y wgag eHg h{ m dHl[ ai%J dl,t epispbji[ b>si dwl dwlq s[ l.wBJ ba[ li'wjiJ Vjv s' yjih' ih[ hV@ Rpl s[ FifPi r[ir[ hj;i hV m wJeil s[ qpwjWv[ qpldvq vgegbJ VP. eiq d?bjvJrjv[ dyadibj debj h{ m s.e[ wiV rjvg Whp-deSag dZi qplvqjV h{ m Vjrvg fjn dryb"iaJ sg f,a vp,BS ba[ RpV%J VP. qji s[S sgbJ e,vJ qplvqjV wis[ hV m woj s[ dHw fjaidHwWjv dl>z a[ aL,ss wiVj a[ Rpl VP. sdhLag aigw[ Vjv qplvqjV WSjRpSj rg qplvqjVlqPh spbjij wgaj uJsj h{ m

#aql$ s[ s'r[G hg fjnJ dry dlrjdH s' q"dwbJ s[ dwa[ rg hqvjri dl,t uJ dh>sP VhgGhV m Rph hq[LJ qplvqjV hg hV m duV%J s' q"dwbJ a[ dh>sP lqPh hqvj wisj h{@ RpV%J dry'G dHwb>daq iPf dry dl,t b"ia spbjij dHw qplvqjV W.s[ VP. WyjRpS s[ f+l.e ijhgG Fjiag W.s[ s[epSejV dry dlqB uJsj h{ m sPu[ q"w[ $a[ dh>sP lqPh dHw qplvqjV f+'`{li hiPV WtL sgbJdli` dwajWJ VP. uvjRpGsj f[L wgaj debj h{ m dHh hqv[ bduh[ hV duhC[ Whpa Viq hV@ dHV%JVjv dh>sP lqPh sg wiPi dh>lj Rpujei VhgG hp.sg m dh>sP V"urjV l.enV s[ hrjv[ Vjv duldwlq sg dh>lj iSrgi wisj h{@ Rph V`ia Vjv'G r,Z ail sg Fjeg WSsg h{ m dHl sj wjiV



dHh h{ dw dHl dh>lj VP. Vpwaj V;i iSrgi sj ds,aj debj h{ m Rph hjvja s[ bKe[ H[Vj qjlPqV;i bjRpGsj h{@ dw Rpl spbjij wgag dh>lj Rpl VP. ;jvq dlKZ VhgG wisg m dHV%J f[LwjigbJ s[f+l.e dry dHw h'i e"vSI'e a,o dHh h{ dw duhCg dZi #bjfSg$ hp.sg h{@ Rpl sg dh>lj bwliV;igG VhgG f{Gsg@ u[ f{Gsg rg h'r[ aJ Rph #bjfS[$ f+da V`ia sj lWW VhgG WSsg m fi duhCgdZi #sPlig$ hp.sg h{@ Rpl spbjij wgag o'Cg dh>lj rg Whpag V;i bjRpGsg h{ a[ Rpl VP. h'i VJh-qptg iPf s[S dry i'v bsj wisg h{ m dHl ai%J sg ldoag s[ wjiV #sPlig$ dZi sg f[Lwjig tjljl.r[sVLgv qlvj hp.sg h{ m #aql$ Vjrv s[ s'r[G fjn drL[L iPf dry LjWdsw fjn qplvqjV#bsi$ sg f[Lwjig WjWa WjruPs l.r[sVLgv fhp.y s[ f+ydva f+Fjrg l.wvfVj s[ bliJ a'Gqpwa VhgG h' fjRpGsj m

\9|#aql$ Vjrv s[ s'r[G hg fjn \LjWdsw ba[ d`vq| dh>lj s[ ldqbJ sg e,v wiV s[

WjruPs bdh>lj ba[ qph,Wa Vjv bjfSg f+daW,Zaj VP. dVFjRpGs[ hV m #s'rJ hg fjnJ dry dHwrg lgV/lgwpb{Gl dHl ai%J sj VhgG duhCj dh>lj sg dl,Zg f[Lwjig wisj h'r[ m dh>lj sg f[LwjigVP. dy>V%J ba[ f+FjrJ ijhgG RpzjdCbj debj h{ m dHh dy>V% ba[ f+Fjr dh>lj zBS a'G fdhvJ ba[dh>lj zB ujS a'G Wjbs s[ lq[G sg f[Lwjig ijhgG VLi hp.s[ hV m dh>lj s[ zBS rjvj lqJ s'rJhg fjnJ dry'G Q{ihj;i h{ m s'rJ hg fjnJ dry dHw rg lgV bduhj VhgG duKo[ dwl[ V[ dwl[ VP.wav wgaj h'r[ uJ dwl[ V[ dwl[ b"ia sg blqa vp,Bg h'r[ m d`vq rjvj fjn aJ dHl f+l.e dryh'i rg rZ[i[ l.r[sVLgv h{ m d`vq iPfJaiS LjWdsw fjn s[ RpV%J lji[ qihdvbJ VP. f[Lwjig sjdh,lj VhgG WSRpGsj@ duKo[ dulqjVg uJ d;hVg dh>lj s[ agWi r[ir[ uJ zBVj-*q siu lV mdqljv ru'G Vjrvg fjn dry dHw zBVj *q dHwWjv dl>z VP. ;pvqg aigw[ Vjv qplvqjVWSjRpS sj h{@ dHl VP. d`vq fjn dry oJ VhgG ds,ag eHg h{ m dHl[ aigw[ dHw ue%j a[ qplvqjVs.eHg vCw[ vpBgbJ blqaJ ba[ qjigbJ b"iaJ WjWa yiyj wis[ hV@ dHl yiyj sg dh>ljajqwdWiag wjiV dHl VP. d`vq fjn dry'G tjiu wi ds,aj uJsj h{ m

d`vq fjn dry woj VP. dh>lj sg WujdH qph,Wa spbjv[ w[Gsia wiV dh,a V,oP s[ ydi,aidry Wsvjb wgaj debj h{ m Vjrvg fjn dry V,oP w[Gsig fjai VhgG@ Rph s.debJ sg aqjqzBVjrJ sj erjh rg VhgG m Vjrv Rpl s[ Vpwaj V;i a'G f[L VhgG hp.sj h{ m fi d`vq fjn dryWhpag woj Rpl VP. w[Gsi dry i,t w[ rjfisg h{@ siLw Rpl sgbJ V;iJ a'G s[L-r.c s[ sptJa VP.s[tsj h{ m Vjrvg fjn dry Rpl sg Vj aJ qJ h{ ba[ Vj hg Rpl sg faVg eiFrag h{ m fid`vq fjn dry bduhj dHl qwls Vjv wgaj uJsj h{ dw Rpl VP. d;bjsj dV,z[ fag ba[d?bjv wiV rjv[ fp,a s[ iPf dry f[L wgaj uj lw[ m dHl Vjv woj VP. d;bjsj qhp,Wag fdif[tf+jfa hp.sj h{ m Vjrvg fjn dry V,oP sg Ijaij Vjrv s[ awigWV b,Z a,w hg ujig idh>sg h{@Rph Vj aJ qisj h{ ba[ Vj hg Rpl Vjv w'Hg h'i sptJa rjfisj h{@ Wl woj Rpl VP. RpKo[ hg A,cw[ b,e[ api uJsg h{ m fi d`vq fjn dry Rph woj s[ b>a a,w Ijaij wisj h{@ b>a dry Rphs.eHgbj s[ hKo'G qjdibj uJsj h{@ Rpl sg qpisj s[h VP. a,wS a'G wpN s[i Wjbs Rpl sg faVgW,y[ VP. uVq ds>sg h{ m W,y[ sj uVq H[Vg aWjhg a'G Wjbs ugrV s[ qpC a'G duRpS sj l.w[aWSsj h{ m W[L,w W,y[ s[ i'S s[ Vjv hg dfKA'G RpFi ihg s.eHgbJ sg bjrj; dHl Vr[G ugrV VP.bjRpS rjvgbJ qpLwvJ sj l.w[a rg WSsg h{ m V,oP Vjv upCgbJ dHh aWsgvgbJ d`vq fjnsg bduhg f+jfag h{@ dul s[ wjiV dHh fjn LjWdsw fjn s[ qpwjWv[ l.wB ldqbJ VP. Fjrpwba[ u;Wjag fdif[t dry f[Lwjig s[S dry l`v hp.sj h{ m dHh fdif[t hg b>daaj d`vq fjnVP. dHw bduh[ fjn s[ iPf dry lojdfa wi ds>sj h{@ dul a'G dWV%J l.wB ldqbJ sg dwl[wojwjig uJ lqNsjig sg e,v hq[LJ bZPig bZPig ih[eg m

sMvwd-04 133

hrjv[ a[ dB,fSgbJ ^

1. Quoted in film Tamas

2. "As over ten million ordinary people - Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims- were dislocated from

their homes and became refugees, at least a million were killed in retaliatory violence

undertaken by members of all three communities while thousands of women were abducted,

raped, and in many instances, forced to commit suicide to preserve the 'honour' of their

communities.", Priyamvada Gopal, The Indian English Novel: Nation, History, and

Narration, Oxford University press, 2009, p-69.

3. The events of 1947 not only violently uproot the characters in Partition fiction but suddenly

estrange them from those simple words like 'friendship', 'neighborhood', 'peepul tree', 'parrot',

'well', 'Imambara', 'hope', 'love', 'god', which they had carefully nurtured for generations to

craft their world, no matter how difficult it may have been to do so. These words that had

once helped them create their communities are now lost in the bewildering mazes of refugee

towns. Alok Bhalla, Partition Dialogues, Oxford University Press, 2006, p-8.

4! IhPsg uV-l.zji s[ f+l.e dry dwhj dHh woV s[L-r.c s[ qjqv[ dry rg e"vSI'e h{@"Before Auschwitz we were children in our imagination of evil; after Auschwitz we are no

longer children,", Moly Andrews, "Beyond Narraitve: The Shape of Traumatic testimony",

in Beyond Narrative Coherence, Matti HyVarinen, et al. (eds.), John Benjamins Publishing

Company, Amsterdam, 2010, p-162.

5! FgLq ljhVg s[ Vjrv #aql$ sg dliuSj sj wjiV qp>WHg dry dFrJcg VJ s[ lojV a[ h'H[s.e[ WSs[ hV m dHh s.e[ RpV%J VP. Rpl s"i sg Ijs dsrj ds>s[ hV@ dul VP. dwl[ rwa RpV%J V[h.TjdHbj lg a[ duhCj WC[ dyiJ a'G W'v VP. Fjv dihj lg m RpirLg WpBjvgbj vHg 1984 sjds,vg dl,t wav[bjq fjiBgLV WjWa dvtS sj lWW WSsj h{ m Rph bjfSg lpf+dl,Z dwajWThe Other Side of Silence : Voices frome the Partition of India s[ f>Vj 6 $a[ dvtsgh{@ "… It took 1984 to make me understand how ever-present partition was in our lives too,

to recognize that it could not be so easily put away inside the covers of history books. I

could no longer pretend that this was a history that belonged to another time, to someone

else."

6. "While time and narrative are always intricately bound to one another -and if, what and how

trauma is narrated will be influenced by the distance of time from the event - time alone

neither create nor erases the narrative impulse of trauma survivors." Moly Andrews, Ibid,

p-151.

7. Alok Bhalla, "Memory, History and Fictional Representations of the Partition",

www.jstorg.org

8! Rphg9! Rphg10. "The central dilemma for many survivors of trauma is that they must tell their stories, yet

their stories cannot be told. The experience which they have endured defy understanding;

the very act of rendering them into narrative form lends them a coherence which they do not

have… burden is bearable if it can be put into a story; but perhaps the psychological reality

is more complicated."" Moly Andrews, Ibid, p-148.

11. FgLq ljhVg "Random thoughts on Tamas", Indian Express, 15-2-1988

12! qpijs bvg VJ sj dHw drbwag duhCj Vjrv ba[ d`vq dry s.debJ VP. f{sj wiV rjv[


dHw H[u.B s[ iPf dry V;i bjRpGsj h{@ V,oP fjl'G dHh wdh w[ dHw lPi qirjRpGsj h{ dw qdibjlPi lv'aig ljdhW VP. cjwBig wjiu vHg yjhgsj h{ m fi us'G V,oP qi[ lPi VP. lr[i[ qldus s[ljhqS[ dlKdBbj s[tsj h{ aJ Rpl VP. dHh v,eS v,esj h{ dw Ldhi dry d`iwP ;dhi FiVvHg Rph tps bjf d;.q[rji h{ m

13! dHl sg f[Lwjig Vjrv s[ qpwjWv[ d`vq dry rZ[i[ h'Hg h{ m Vjrvg woj dry Vj aJ V,oP sgqJ h{ ba[ Vj hg Rpl sg faVg wiq' eiFrag h{ m d`vq l[ lgwpb{Gl dry dHl ai%J LqPvgbaijhgG d`vq l.wB ldqbJ dry dV,z s[ Wy[ idhS VP. h'i dL,sa Vjv RpzjCsg h{ m

14! dHl ai%J s[ bdhljlJ sg woj di`RPug w{GfJ dry hiVjq dl>z a[ wpN h'iJ rKv'G rji-rjiwhg uJsg h{ m

15! dHl ijl-fP>ug sj d;wi Vjrv ba[ d`vq dry Rpl lojV $a[ dqvsj h{ us'G w{Gf dry RpuCw[ fhp.y[ v'w bjfS[ h'H[ VpwljV sj dWYij s[S r[v[ bjfS[ RpujC[ sgbJ wojrJ wdh>s[ hV mhiVjq dl>z bjfS[ Wy bj ujS vHg fdhvJ bjfS[ s'la wigq tJ sj d;wi wisj h{ ba[d`i fVjh s[S rjvg b"ia v,u' sj m

16! dHh lgwpb{Gl Vjrvg fjn dry siu VhgG h{ m17! aql@ f.Vj-107-10818! FgLq ljhVg@ Rphg19! "Overriding all these was a violence that was hirrifying in its intensity, and one which knew

no boundaries; for many women, it was not only 'miscreants', 'outsiders' or 'marauding

mobs' that they needed to fear-husbands, father, brothers and even sons, could turn killers."

quoted in "Recovery, Rupture, Resistance : Indian State and Abduction of Women during

Partition" by Ritu Menon, Kamla Bhasin, www.jstor.org, Accessed : 19/12/2015

20! dHl s[ f+qjS vHg diaP q{VV ba[ wqvj FjlgV s[ t'u-f,ai ##Recocovery, Rupture,

Resistance : Indian State and Abduction of Women during Partition" df,A[ idh eHgbJ b"iaJ} dqv w[ bjHg b"ia s[ hrjv[ Vjv siu dHh woV Rpv[tI'e ]@ "Of the 25-30 women she

met, she informed us that only one could be said to be unhappy and in unfortunate

circumstances. All the others, though nostalgic and distressed at not being able to meet their

natal family freely, seemed to her to be settled and held in regard both by the community

and their new families. And their were a few among them whose circumstances had in fact

improved. "After all", she remarked "where is the guarantee of happiness in a women's life

anyway?" www.jstor.org, Accessed : 19/12/2015.

21! FgLq ljhVg@ aql@ f>Vj ^ 36-3722! Rphg@ f>Vj-3623! #W"tvjb$ LWs sj f+I'e Vjrvwji spbjij wgaj debj ] m f>Vj - 16524! dHh Rpyji Vjrv dry siu Vhk@ w[rv d`vq dry ] m25! "Partition be read as the culmination of the (Indian) nationalist effort to contain Muslims in

the role of national minority. Nationalism needs and produces its minorities- defined as

such-in order to reinforce and validate its own centre: the presence of oppressed minoritarian

groups is therefore crucial to the self definition of the majority group." Tarun K. Saint,

Witnessing Partition: Memory, History, Fiction, Routledge, 2010, p-43.

²

s[L-r.c wojrJ sj lqwjvg l.siF ba[ #aql$ sMvwd-04 134

prvwsI Aqy pMjwbI smwj:smkwlI srokwr Aqy sMdrB

BwrqI lokW dI rl-iml jwx (Assimilation) vwlI prMprksUJ sdIAW qoN hI BwrqI mwniskqw ivc bhuq fUMGI bYTI hoeI hY qy iesykwrx hr vrqwry jW siQqI dy AnukUl Awpxy Awp ƒ Fwl lYx dIrucI ies ivcoN vDyry auGVdI hY [ ieQy vwd-ivvwd qoN bwAd sMvwdaupjdw hY [ ieho gux pMjwbI ƒ vI Awpxy Awp ƒ hr cOigrdy dyAnukUl ho jwx leI pRyrdw hY [ pMjwbI jdoN prvws krky ivdySW ivcvI gey qW auh kdI vI ies g`loN cyqMn nhIN sn ik aunHW ƒ smwj-siBAwcwrk qOr 'qy sMGrS dw dOr vI vyKxw peygw [ pMjwbI qW prvwsivc jw ky auQoN dy lokW vrgw bxn Aqy aus smwj ivc rL jwx leIpUrI qrHW iqAwr sI pr p`CmI smwj ijs sMGrS AwDwirqsiBAwcwrIkrn dy Aml ivcoN guzr irhw sI, auQy ivAkqI iksy nvyNsmwj dI auswrI vl ruicq nhIN sI sgoN Awpxy prMprk smwj-siBAwcwr dI pCwx ƒ brkrwr r`Kx leI i&krmMd sI [

The inevitable coexistence of diaspora and multiculturalism does

not, however, just remain a topic of public debate, however

provocative it may be. Diaspora presence in multicultural societies

has often been characterised by a clash of cultures ‘as people

wrestle with how to preserve their cultural identities in an

increasingly borderless commercial world.1

pUrbI dySW ivcoN iblkul hI v`Kry rMg-nsl dy bMidAW dy Awauxnwl myzbwn smwj Awpxy siBAwcwr leI r`ØiKAwqmk hox l`gw sI [XUrpI dySW ny BwvyN eySIAw Aqy A&rIkw dy dySW ƒ bsqIAW bxw kyaunHW aupr hkUmq zrUr kIqI sI pr aunHW bsqIAW ivc kyvl &OjIAqy pRSwsk SRyyxI dy lok vDyry gey hoey sn [ Awpxy Gr Aqy Awpxy dySAMdr auh iksy dUjy siBAwcwr dy pRBwv ƒ mihsUs nhIN krdy sn [ iesdy mukwbly pMjwbI BweIcwrw iek AwlmI siBAwcwr bxn Aqy bxwauxdI smrQw rKx vwlw SkqISwlI BweIcwrw hY [ pMjwbI Ajoky smyN ivciek AijhI kOm bx cu`kI hY ijs dI id`K AMqr-rwStrI vI hY qy pyNfUvI, Bwrq ivcoN sB qoN v`D imhnqkS mMny jWdy pMjwbI BweIcwry nydunIAw Br ivc AwpxI mOjUdgI dw Aihsws krvwieAw hY [ prvwsIpMjwbI smwj dy siBAwcwrk pCwx dy msilAW ƒ smJx leIsiBAwcwrk AiDAYn dI smJ bhuq mh`qvpUrn hY [ ijvyN ik p`CmIivdvwn lwrMs grOsbrg dw kQn hY:

cj! idr>si dl>zb{l'lgH[B f+'`{li@f>ujWg drFje@dsbjv dl>z wjvu@ds,vg9810369568

[email protected]



Cultural studies describes how people’s everyday lives are articulated by and with culture.

It investigates how people are empowered and disempowered by the particular structures

and forces that organize their everyday lives in contradictory ways, and how their (everyday)

lives are themselves articulated to and by the trajectories of economic, social, cultural, and

political power. Cultural studies explores the historical possibilities of transforming people’s

lived realities and reaffirms the vital contribution of cultural (and intellectual) work to the

imagination and realization of such possibilities.2

ies nukqy qoN AsIN prvwsI pMjwbIAW dy prvwsI smwjk-siBAwcwrk jIvn ƒ vrqmwnrwjnIqk sMdrB ivc vDyry sp`Stqw nwl smJ skdy hW [ BwrqI lokW dw prvws pUrv-bsqIvwdI kwl ivc v`Krw sI Aqy auh d`Kx-pUrbI dySW vl vDyry huMdw sI [ bsqIvwdI dOrivc ies dI idSw brqwnIAw, au~qrI AmrIkw Aqy AmrIkw vl ho geI sI [ bsqIvwdI dOr dymu`k jwx qoN bwAd jdoN aunHW hI dySW dy lok hor vDyry igxqI ivc XUrpI Aqy AmrIkI dySWivc jwxy SurU hoey qW prvwsI Aqy myzbwn smwj ivckwr qnwE au~Brnw ArMB hoieAw [ iesyleI ArMBk dOr ivc nslI ivqkry dI sm`ØisAw vyKx ƒ imldI hY [ iek Zulwm dyS ivcoN qurky Awpxyy swmrwjvwdI-bsqIvwdI hwkmW dy dyS ivc jwxw, kMm krnw, vsxw, ieh AmlsiBAwcwrIkrn dy iek kudrqI vrqwry qoN ault inrol dbwE vwlw ho in`bVdw hY [ prvwsIAwpxy siBAwcwr aupr pRBwvW ƒ mihsUs krdy hn, kbUl krdy hn, ivroD krdy hn [ nYgoSIeytkrdy hn [ hwlWik ies ivc kbUl krn dI mjbUrI vDyry rihMdI hY [ ies dy ip`Cy nslI,smwjk, rwjnIqk, AwriQk dbwE ƒ mihsUs krn dw kwrx ipAw huMdw hY [ mUlvwsIAW dwsiBAwcwrk-pRvcn (dbdbw) BwrU rihMdw hY [

ivdyS ivc jw ky Awpxy Awp ƒ smwjk qOr ‘qy sQwpq krnw bhuq guMJldwr Aqy kiTnkwrj hY [ BwrqI prvwsIAW AMdr vI bhuq swrIAW smwj-siBAwcwrk iBMnqwvW mOjUd hn Aqyijs QW auh prvws krky gey, aus QW dIAW smwjk pRsiQqIAW vI iviBMnqwvW BrpUr huMdIAWsI [ imswl dy qOr ‘qy jd BwrqI pMjwbI brqwnIAw gey qW pihloN pihl auh mzdUrI krky pYswkmwaux dy ierwdy nwl gey [ ies leI izAwdwqr pMjwbI iek`ly gey Aqy aunHW ivcoN vI jvwnlokW dI qwdwd vDyry sI [ imlW-kwrKwinAW ivc kMm krn qoN bwAd auh Awps ivc hI au~Tdy-bihMdy sI ikauNik ienHW ivc vDyry igxqI Aijhy lokW dI sI jo AMgryzI nhIN jwxdy sn Aqy iesleI sQwnk vsnIkW nwl myl-jol hox dI guMjwieS G`t rihMdI sI [ prvwsIAW AMdr hI aunHWdw smwjk v`KryvW, jwq-pwq, Drm, bolI Awid, bsqIvwdI dbwE hyT Awqm-ivSvws dIGwt, AMgryzI siBAwcwr dI au~cqw dw Aihsws, AwpxI smwjk hIxqw nwl gRsq, Zulwmmwniskqw Awid bhuq swrIAW g`lW prvwsI pMjwbI Awpxy nwl lY ky quirAw sI [

ivAkqIgq pCwx qoN smwjk pCwx qk phuMcx dI pRikirAw iviBMnqwvW Bry dOrivcoN dI guzr dI hY [ ivAkqIgq pCwx qbdIl huMdI hY qW koeI bhuqw ivroD auqpMn nhINhuMdw pr jdoN smu`cI smwjk pCwx ivc bdlwv dw dOr cldw hY qW aus vyly myzbwn AqyprvwsI, dohW smwjW ivckwr qxwE dI siQqI bxI rihMdI hY [ myzbwn smwj sQwpqI dImwniskqw nwl gRsq rihMdw hY ies leI auh mwmUlI Aqy DImI r&qwr dy bdlwv ƒ vI bhuqsMjmqw nwl kbUl krdw hY [ jdik prvwsI BweIcwry dI mjbUrI Awpxy Awp ƒ dUjy smwjAMdr rlwaux dI vDyry huMdI hY [ ies wqr auh bhuq g`lW auqy smJOqy vI krdw hY [ ies qrHW dwbdlwv bsqIvwdI dOr ivc hor vI sMvydnSIl irhw sI ikauNik aus vyly prvwsIAW dIAwpxI koeI Awvwz nhIN sI [ bsqIvwdI gulwmI dy iSkwr nwgirk Awpxy mwlk dy mulkivc iesy qrHW dy AnuBv ivcoN guzry sn [ smwj-siBAwcwrk au~cqw dI mwniskqw nwl

sMvwd-04 137

gRsq myzbwn smwj BwrqI-pMjwbI lokW ƒ BwvyN ihkwrq nwl nw vyKdw hovy pr aus dwnzrIAw brwbrI vwlw vI nhIN sI [

bsqIvwdI dOr dIAW prvwsI gqIivDIAW brqwnIAw ivc v`KrI nuhwr r`KdIAW snjdik kYnyfw Aqy AmrIkw ivc ies dw v`Krw rUp sI [ iesy qrHW d`Kx-pUrbI dySW Aqy A&rIkIdySW ivc vI iviBMnqwvW nzr AwauNdIAW hn [ ieh iviBMnqwvW prvwsI BwrqIAW dIAW AwpoivclIAW iBMnqwvW Aqy myzbwn smwj dIAW vMn-suvMnqwvW krky vI zwhr hoeIAW hn [ijMnW BwrqI prvwsI iek-dUjy nwloN KyqrI, BwSweI, Drm jW zwq Awid dIAW v`KrqwvW krkymyl-imlwp ivc sMkoc krdy sn, aunW hI myzbwn smwj vI ienHW BwrqI prvwsIAW nwlimlx-vrqx qoN sMkoc krdw sI [ myzbwn smwj AwpxIAW hornW mwnisk siQqIAW kwrxBwrqI prvwsIAW nwl dUrI bxw ky r`Kdw sI [ pr ijs vyly BwrqI prvwsIAW ny prvws ƒAwpxw vsybw bxwaux leI Gr bxwauxy SurU kIqy Aqy Awpxy pirvwr ƒ vI nwl r`Kxw SurU kridqw qW prvwsI smwj dy myzbwn smwj nwl myl-imlwp dw Aml bdlx l`gw [ inrol mrdkwimAW dI QW pirvwrW vwly prvwsI pMjwbIAW ƒ Awpxy smwj ivc ivcrdy vyK ky myzbwnsmwj ivc pYdw hoeI ArMBk bycYnI ny nslvwd ƒ iq`Kw kIqw Aqy siBAwcwrIkrn dI idSw ƒiek dbwE vwlI siQqI hyT idSw dyx dw kwrj kIqw [ BwrqI-pMjwbI AijhI siQqI ivcisr& myzbwn smwj dy siBAwcwrk ichnW Aqy AwdqW, rsmW-rIqW dI nkl mwqr krnleI mjbUr sn, ies dw mnorQ Epry smwj ivc rihx Xog QW bxwauxw Aqy Awpxy AMdr iekAwqm-ivSvws pYdw krnw sI [ iesy leI bsqIvwdI dOr ivc gey pMjwbI prvwsI pihloNpihl nw isr& AwpxI pCwx ƒ r`d krdy nzr AwauNdy sn sgoN vwps Awpxy ipMfW ivc c`krlwaux vylyy auh isr& ivdySI siBAwcwr Aqy smwj dI au~cqw drswaux aupr hI zor idMdynzr AwauNdy sn [ ies dw pRgtwvw brqwnIAw ivc ilKy gey mu`Fly nwvlW Aqy khwxIAWivc vyKx ƒ iml jWdw hY [

bsqIvwdI dOr ivc jMmy-ply pMjwbI-BwrqI lokW AMdr svY-Brosy ƒ dbwaux leI ivdySIhwkmW ny aunHW dIAW siBAwcwrk kdrW-kImqW ƒ Aqy rvwieqW ƒ hIx qy p`CVIAW hoeIAWswbq krn dw auprwlw kIqw sI ijs dw Asr fUMGweIAW qk hoieAw [ Awpxy ieiqhws Aqyivrsy dI AihmIAq qoN ivrvy Zulwm mwniskqw nwl Bry bwiSMdy jd kMm-DMidAW leI prvwskrky brqwnIAw jW AmrIkw-kYnyfw dI DrqI ‘qy pujy qW aunHW dw Awpxy Awp pRqI Aqy AwpxyBwrqI-pMjwbI BweIcwry pRqI vrqwrw Aqy nzrIAw hwkmW dI ihkwrq nwl pRyirq ho ky hIivksq hoieAw [ ieho ijhI mwnisk siQqI ivcoN Awkwr lYx vwlw siBAwcwr iek idSw ivchI jWdw hY [ ikauNik vwd-ivvwd-sMvwd dIAW siQqIAW qk phuMcx qoN pihlW hI prvwsIAWdI mnosiQqI hIxqw-gRsq sI [ prvwsI siQqIAW ivc rihx dw Bwv mUlvwsIAW nwl rihxAqy qwlmyl pYdw krn leI iksy sMvwdI siQqI qk phuMcx vwlw huMdw hY pr jd AwpxIsiBAwcwrk pCwx bwry isr& ihkwrq vwlIAW g`lW ƒ hI mUhry rKky prvws ivc ivcrx dIsiQqI bxI hovy qW prvwsI smwj dy Awpxy mUl siBAwcwr dy invykly pCwx icMnHW dw iv`srjwxw jW ivswr idqw jwxw sMBwvI ho jWdw hY [ iesy kwrx prvwsI siBAwcwrIkrn dw AmlbsqIvwd dy iSkwr bwiSMidAW Aqy Azwd mulkW dy bwiSMidAW leI vK-vK AnuBv isrjdw hY [

ies gl ivc koeI do rwey nhIN ik prvwsIAW ny Awpxy myzbwn dySW dI AwrQkqw ƒmzbUq krn ivc bhuq Xogdwn pwieAw hY, ies gl ƒ myzbwn dyS kbUl krdy hn pr ijQyikqy prvwsIAW ƒ Awpxy smwj dw ih`sw bxwaux dw mslw pYdw hoieAw qW aunHW ny keI qrHWdIAW nIqIAW GV ky prvwsIAW dI Awmd ƒ pwbMd r`Kx dw jqn vI ArMB kr idqw sI [ iesnwl isr& myzbwn dySW dy SwskW dI mrzI dI igxqI Aqy mrzI dy kwmy hI prvws krn

firjlg ba[ f>ujWg lqju ^ lqwjvg li'wji ba[ l.siF


lwiek rih gey [ ieh iek qrHW dw inXMqRx vwlw prvws Aml irhw hY [ iek Aijhy vrg dwprvws ijs qoN myzbwn smwj ƒ koeI vfw qrw nhIN mihsUs hoieAw sI [ dohW ivc mukwblybwzInhIN sI ikauNik BwrqI smwj bsqIvwd dy AnuBv ivcoN AwieAw sI Aqy myzbwn smwj s`qwdy mwlkW dw siBAwcwr sI, ijs dI mwnisk pRBus`qw prvwsI kbUl krn leI mjbUr sn [

prvwsI DrqI dy jMm-pl nwgirkqw pKoN BwvyN is`Dy hI myzbwn smwj dw ih`sw bx geyAqy auQy dI is`ØiKAw gRihx krkyy nwl-nwl kMm-DMidAw ivc vI lg gey pr myzbwn smwj nyprvwsIAW ƒ Awpxw ih`sw kbUl nhIN kIqw [ ieh kOVI hkIkq ipCly dhwikAW ivc hoeIAWkuJ AwlmI GtnwvW mgroN swhmxy Aw cu`kI hY [ prvwsIAW dw Awpxy Awp ƒ hI brqwnvI,AmrIkI jW knyfIAweI smJ lYxw hI kw&I nhIN sI jd qk ik myzbwn smwj aunHW dy nsl,rMg, Drm Awid dy vKryvyN ƒ kbUl krky, aunHW ƒ Awpxy smwj dw ih`sw nhIN mMn lYNdw [pMjwbIAW ny BwvyN hr QW Awpxy Awp ƒ aus smwj dy AnukUl Fwl ky aus dw ih`sw bx jwx dwAYlwn kIqw hY pr AwlmI dihSqvwd dy dOr ivc sB qoN v`D ihMsk GtnwvW BwrqI pMjwbIAqy ws qOr ‘qy is`KW ivruD hI hoeIAW hn [ ies ivc kuJ dlIlW Zlq Snw^q dy hvwly nwlvI id`qIAW jWdIAW hn pr hkIkq qW ieh hY ik rMg-nsl-Drm dy AwDwr ‘qy myzbwn smwjny prvwsIAW ƒ hI inSwnw bxwieAw hY [ ies dlIl nwl koeI bhuqw &rk nhIN pYNdw ik koeIis`K muslmwn l`gx kwrx ihMsw dI mwr hyT AwieAw hovy, ikauNik hmlw krn vwly rMg-nsljW Dwrimk ichnW rwhIN pCwx krky hmlw krdy rhy hn [

AijhI siQqI ny prvwsIAW dy swhmxy bhuq pycIdw hwlwq pYdw kr id`qy hn [ iek pwsyqW auh pUrI qrHW myzbwn smwj dw ihsw bxn leI bycYn idsdy hn ijs vwsqy auh hr hIlw krrhy hn [ dUjy pwsy hux AwpxI BwrqI-pMjwbI pCwx ƒ brkrwr rKx dw vI mslw bx igAw hY [jd myzbwn smwj prvwsIAW ƒ vKrqwvW kwrx dUjy pDr dw bwiSMdw mMndw hY qW iPr AwpxIsmwj pCwx ƒ iblkul imtw dyx dw koeI kwrx nhIN [ AmrIkw Aqy kYnyfw vrgy mulkW ivcbwkwiedw muihMm clweI geI qW jo auQoN dy lok BwrqI-pMjwbI-is`KW dI v`KrI pCwx bwry jwxU hoskx [ prvwsIAW leI AwpxIAW AmytvIAW v`KrqwvW ƒ kbUlidAW hoieAW, Awpxy smwj dyv`Krypn dw pRcwr krnw iesy rwjnIqk mjbUrI dw ih`sw hY [ ies nwl iek pwsy BwvyN myzbwnsmwj ivc jwgrUkqw vD rhI hY pr dUjy pwsy vKrqwvW ivc vMifAw BwrqI smwj iPr qoN prvwsivc vI v`KrqwvW Bogx dy rwh qur ipAw hY [ iek-dUjy qoN v`K hox dy dwiery v`Ddy-v`Ddy Drm,jwq, bolI, vrg Awid qk phuMc skdy hn [ prvws ivc ivcrdy Dwrimk grupW ivc ktVvwdiesy leI BwrU ho irhw hY Aqy myzbwn, prvws qoN bwAd Awpxy dyS ƒ vI pRBwvq kr irhw hY [prvwsI smwj Aqy myzbwn smwj pRqK rUp ivc do iDrW vWg pirBwSq ho igAw hY[ prvwsIpMjwbI smwj ivc Swml ho rhI nvIN pIVHI, jo ies vyly prvws krky jw rhI hY AwpxIAW smwj-siBAwcwrk AwdqW Aqy kdrW-kImqW ƒ nwl qW lY jw hI rhI hY sgoN Awpxy qoN pihlW dyprvwsI pMjwbI lokW ivckwr qwlmyl pYdw krn dI koiSS vI kr rhI hY [

siBAwcwr iksy iK`qy dIAW AwrQk-smwjk-Dwrmk Aqy rwjnIqk gqIivDIAW dyAsr ivcoN aupjdw Aqy ivksq huMdw hY, ies leI ivdySW ivc prvws krky gey pMjwbIAWleI bhuq G`t smyN AMdr bhuq kuJ bdl jwx dw AnuBv ipAw hY Aqy ies AnuBv ivcoN hwlypurwxy Aqy nvNy siBAwcwrk icMnHW dw inqwrw krnw kiTn kwrj hY[ Ajoky smyN ivc isrP iesdI idSw vl ieSwrw kIqw jw skdw hY, ijs dy nwl ies g`l ivc mdd iml skdI hY ikpMjwbI BweIcwry ƒ AwpxI siBAwcwrk pCwx hwsl krn dy rwh ivc iknHW msilAW ƒiDAwn ivc r`Kxw cwhIdw hY [ prvwsI pMjwbI smwjk gqIivDIAW dw Asr iek v`Kry AMdwzivc vyiKAw jw skdw hY jd ies gl dI crcw huMdI hY ik kYnyfw, AmrIkw, brqwnIAw jW

sMvwd-04 139

inaUzIlYNf vrgy dySW ivc lok Awpxy prMprk idn-iqEhwr ieqnI ‘mirAwdw’ nwl mnwauNdyhn ik pMjwb jW Bwrq dy hornW rwjW ivcly pMjwbI vI hux nhIN mnwauNdy [ ieh iek Aijhw q`QhY ijs aupr ivcwr kIqy jwx dI loV hY [

All too often cultures are condemned as being fossilised and retrograde versions of the

original. But they are actually modifications of the original and this transition had begun at

the point at which a culture went out of its traditional space into a fresh site. If they appear

to be backward and less progressive than what the culture at home has turned out to be it is

because there is a temptation to make such comparisions on a selective basis. The basic

point remains that these diasporic cultures too are a manifestation of transformation. The

trajectory they have taken is different from the trajectory the culture has taken back home ?3

ieh gl ieMnI sDwrx ijhI nhIN ik ijs ƒ vifAw ky C`f id`qw jwey [ mu`dw ieh hY ikkI prvwsI pMjwbI ‘prMprk’ ivrsy ƒ Awpxy nwl hI lY gey qy hux ieQy dy pMjwbIAW dy rwhnumwbx rhy hn? ies qoN vI A`gy jd AsIN prvwsI pMjwbIAW vloN pMjwb dy vsnIkW ƒ soSl-mIfIAw rwhIN m`qW dyx jw aunHW ivc cyqnw jgwaux dy auprwilAW ƒ vyKdy hW qW ies dwpRBwv bhuq gMBIr rUp ivc pYNdw jwpdw hY [ pMjwb ivc vsdw pMjwbI smwj AwpxI vrqmwnsiQqIAW-pRsiQqIAW qoN pUrI qrHW bw-^br hY qy aus dw mukwblw krn dy pUrI qrHW Xog vI hY [ijnHW ieiqhwsk GtnwvW jW hwdisAW dIAW XwdW (mYmrIz) ƒ dubwrw jgwaux dw auprwlw hoirhw hY, aus dy mnorQW dI idSw suKwlI nhIN hY [ pMjwb ijnHW hwlwq ivcoN Awpxy Awp ƒjIauNidAW rKky bwhr inkldw irhw hY, ausy hnyry ivc vwps prqx dw rwh vyKxw koeI auswrUsoc nhIN hY [ prdys ivc jw ky K`ulHIAW g`lW krn dI sOK nwl Aqy ieQoN dIAW siQqIAW-pRsiQqIAW bwry vI ZYr-izMmyvwrwnw qrIky nwl pRqI-au~qr dyxw pMjwb dy smwj-siBAwcwrkmwhOl aupr gMBIr Asr pwauNdw hY [ Aijhy pRBwvW ƒ Bog rhI vrqmwn Xuvw pIVHI ivcidSwhIxqw vDx dw KdSw izAwdw hY [ bdly hoey AwrQk inzwm dy ruzgwr mOikAW ƒ hwslnwl krn dy ros Aqy ivdyS jwx dy supny dI pUrqI aupr lgdy pRSn-icMnHW dw swhmxw krirhw Xuvw vrg bhuq srlqw nwl gumrwh ho skdw hY [

ieQy iek svwl ieh vI pYdw huMdw hY ik prvwsI pMjwbI smwj pMjwb nwl iks qrHWjuiVAw hoieAw hY Aqy auh ieQy iks qrHW dw Xogdwn pw irhw hY [ ies msly ƒ ivcwrn leIprvwsI smwj dI v`K-v`K QwvW 'qy bx rhIAW gu`tbMdIAW aupr iDAwn dyxw lwzmI hY [prvws krn dy v`K-v`K qrIikAW, v`K-v`K kwrnW Aqy ivSyS krky prvws ivc bxy rihx dImjbUrI ƒ pUrw krn dI j`do-jihd Awid kuJ Aijhy msly hn jo bhuq sMjIdw bihs dI mMgkrdy hn [ ikauNik ienHW dy nqIjy vjoN jo kwrvweIAW prvwsI pMjwbI smwj ivdyS ivcrihMidAW krdw hY aus dw Asr BwrqI pMjwbI smwj aupr pYxw lwzmI hY [ prvwsI pMjwbIpMjwb qoN kdI vI nhIN tu`ØitAw Aqy nw hI tu`t skdw hY [ ies leI ienHW dohW juVy hoey smwjk-BweIcwry ivckwr AMqr-sMvwd dI idSw Aqy dSw bhuq Aihm hY [

hvwly qy it`pxIAW :1. Rifkin, Jermey. Globalisation and identity: Cultures in Collision. Deccan Herald

(Benglore), 3 August, 10.2000.

2. Grossberg, Lawrence. "The heart of cultural studies". Cultural Studies in the Future

Tense. Orient BlackSwan, New Delhi. 2016.

3. Sharma K.L. and Renuka Singh (Ed.). Dual Identity: Indian Diaspora and other Essays.

Dipankar Gupta in From Site to Space. Orient Blackswan, New Delhi. 2013.

firjlg ba[ f>ujWg lqju ^ lqwjvg li'wji ba[ l.siF


fPir lpa.aiaj wjv s[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>Vf>ujWg VjBw sj i.eq>yg fdif[t

fPir lpa.aiaj wjv s[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwJ sj bdZb{Vwis[ lq[G dHh ldhu[ hg lf,LB h' uJsj h{ dw Rpl s"i s[ f+qp,t VjBwwjidlKZ[ iPf dry ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBw dvtS r,v rZ[i[ dsvylfgVhgG dstjRpGs[ m Rph ijulg y[aVj } WC[ vpwr[G@ wvjaqw a[ bdlKZ[T.e Vjv bjfSgbJ VjBwg iyVjrJ dry'G RpFjis[ hV m drw'dvai[VjBwwji dHdahjl s[ Rphv[ dry uJ wpN vdhiJ Vjv l.W.dZa v[twdlKZ[ a"i $a[ rg ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwJ sg iyVj wis[ hV m sPu[fjl[ dHl s"i s[ lqpKy[ VjBw vHg w'Hg V"ij diyci; a[ bjHg!lg! V.sjriej i.eq>y h'i dstjHg VhgG ds>sj m dxi rg dHl s"i dry ijulgy[aVj l.f>V VjBwJ sgbJ q>yg f[LwjigbJ hp.sgbJ ihgbJ hV@ duV%Jsg blgG dHl bdZb{V dry yiyj wi ih[ hJ m

f>ujWg VjBw ba[ i.eq>y Wji[ e,v widsbJ wpN rZ[i[ RpaLjhgdy>aw Fjrpwaj r,l l.ld*a s[ VjBwJ s[ Rpvo[ sgbJ f+lapagbJ sgB'h vjRpGs[ f>ujWg i.eq>y s[ dHdahjl } Whpa df,A[ dvujS sg w'dLLwis[ hV m fi.aP dHh l,y h{ dw u[ Whpaj df,A[ agw dvujS sg lpy[aw'dLL Vj rg wgag ujr[ aJ epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug spbjij bjfSg lr{-ugrVg Vpqj dvtg v.Wg wdraj sj VJ #WdyKa+ VjBw$ i,tSj@ RpV%Jspbjij h.VPqjV VjBw rie[ e+.o sj bVprjs f>ujWg dry wijRpS sjIaV wiVj ba[ RpV%J a'G wpN lqJ Wjbs iSuga dl>z a[ Rpls[ lisjiJr,v'G ijlZjigbJ@ VwvgbJ bjdsw } lVqjV s[Sj a[ RpV%J sgbJVjBw Vpqj f[LwjigbJ } dsvylfg Vjv s[tSj Vr[G f>ujWg i.eq>ysg Zijav ;iPi WSsj h{ m

siblv VjB-ljdha sg l.fPiV lqgdtbj vHg dHls[ dvtafjn s[ Vjv-Vjv dHls[ q>yg f,t } rg dZbjV dry i,tSj bdVrjigh{ m dHl sPhi[ ydi,ai rjvg wvj s[ dliuw Wji[ dwhj uJsj h{ dwVjBwwji sg I'eaj dwl[ VjBw sg q>yg I'eaj dry dVdha hp.sg h{ mbioja dvta fjn dry dVdha t[c fjn sgbJ l.FjrVjrJ } lqNSjbdVrjig h{ m VjBwg fjn ba[ q>yg I'eaj s[ q;WPa diLa[ wjiS hgu[!Wg! fdiLBv[ dHh dryji f+eBjRpGsj h{ dw y.ej VjBw Rph hg h{ u'fjai@ wjiu@ ugrV a[ i.e q>y bjds lji[ f,tJ a'G l.a'tuVw h'r[ m1

dHl vHg i.eq>y w[rv i.eq>y RpKfi f[L h'dHbj wjiu hg VhgG le'G RphbjfS[ dvta fjn b>si hg lq'dHbj hp.sj h{ m s'rJ } dVt[C w[ fitSjVj aJ rjuW h{ ba[ Vj hg l.Fr m

f+'! e'fjv dl>z Wp,BibdllB{GB f+'`{lif>ujWg drFje@vjdHvfpi ?jvlj [email protected]@gmail.com

(f>! 140-146)

sMvwd-04 141

VjBw s[ dHl[ epS wiw[ hg drsrjV dHl} ljdha sgbJ h'i drZjrJ s[ qpwjWv[ rZ[i[ugr.a wvj q>Vs[ hV m f+dl,Z drsrjV qjiu'ig W'vBV (Morjare Boulton) VjBw sg dHl[ tPWgwjiV hg dvtsj h{ dw VjBw fC%[ ujS rjv[ ljdha } VhgG wdh>s[ m dHh Rph ljdha h{ u' ljcgbJb,tJ ljhqS[ apisj dxisj ba[ e,vJ wisj h{ m2 dHl wiw[ VjBw sj dHh f,t Rpls[ drLv[LSvHg dViZjiVg qh,ar i,tsj h{ m

f>ujWg i.eq>y s[ dfA'wC r,v s[tdsbJ dHh a,o RpKFi w[ ljhqS[ bjRpGsj h{ dw f>ujWgi.eq>y wpN f+ydva i.eq>yg fjljiJ a'G bjfS[ VwL dVtjisj h{ m f>ujW dry Zjidqw uJlqjuw ihp-igaJ Vjv l.W.dZa v'w-VjBw fpijaV ldqbJ a'G ydvbj bj dihj lg ba[ RpVgrgGlsg s[ bj?gi aw dHh v'w-VjBw ijqvgvj@ ijl-vgvj@ F.cJ@ qijlgbJ s[ aqjdLbJ wrgLigs[ W..sJ ba[ NedCbJ s[ iPf dry f+lapa dihj m dHl[ lq[G fjilg i.eq>y B'vgbJ rg f>ujW s[LdhiJ dry bjfSgbJ f[LwjigbJ wiV vHg bjRpS v,e fHgbJ lV m

rghrgG lsg s[ bji.F dry dHw r,tij i.eq>yg fjlji Rpl lq[G h'Gs dry bjRpGsj h{ usf>ujW dry idh>s[ b>ei[;J sgbJ b>ei[;g f[LwjigbJ uJ dH>ev{Gc a'G bjH[ wvjwjiJ sgbJb>ei[;g f[LwjigbJ h'S v,e fHgbJ m dHls[ Vjv-Vjv dHl fjlji sj sPuj drlaji Rpl lq[Gh'Gs e+dhS wisj h{ us RpKai fPiW Fjia s[ f[Ljri i.ewiqgbJ sgbJ VjB-q>cvgbJ uJL"wgbj VjB-q>cvgbJ uJ lwPvJ/wjvuJ s[ bdZbjfwJ s[ IaVJ Vjv VjBwJ sgbJ q>ygf[LwjigbJ h'S v,e fHgbJ dHl drlaji sj fptaj lWPa uJ lir'aq f+qjS V"ij diyic;@bjHg! lg! V.sj a[ f+'! u{ e'fjv sg i.eq>yg Bgq h{ m dulV[ f>ujWg i.eq>y sj lhg bioJ dryVgGh f,oi iKdtbj m

Fjr[G f>ujWg VjBw s[ qpTv[ s"i a'G v{ w[ b,u agwi VjBwJ s[ q>yV sg lqKdlbj dwl[ Vjdwl[ iPf dry WSg bj ihg h{ m f>ujWg VjBw ba[ i.eq>y s[ dHdahjl dry w[rv Rphg VjBwwjilojdfa h'H[ hV u' VjBw v[tS s[ Vjv-Vjv q>y dVis[LV s[ wjiu Vjv rg upC[ ih[ m duhC[VjBwwji bjfS[ VjBwJ sj ?ps q>yV Vj wi lw[ ba[ Vj hg dwl[ h'i dVis[Lw V[ dHV%J s[VjBwJ s[ q>yV sg t[yv wgag@ Rph v[tw hjLgH[ a[ hg ih[ m f>ujWg VjBw ba[ i.eq>y sg dHwlsg Wga ujS a'G Wjbs rg f>ujWg VjB-uea dry dHl drZj (genre) s[ c[T s' l" v[tw hVba[ q>y dVis[Lw b,u rg b,Zg siuV s[ wigW hg lieiq hV m dHl e.Fgi ldoag $a[ dVijLjf+eBjRpGdsbJ f>ujWg sj f+daFjrjV VjBwwji epiyiV dl>z ulPuj dvtsj h{!!!

duhCj VjBwwji bjfS[ VjBw } i.eq>y a[ f[L VhgG wi lwsj@ Rpl} VjBw VhgG dvtS[yjhgs[ m dul VjBw } i.eq>y sg A'h f+jfa VhgG h'Hg@ Rph VjBw Rpl bhKdvbj lqjV h{u' dwl[ ijq iPfg cjdHi{wBi sg Rpcgw dry f,oi WdSbj dfbj h{ m3

Rpfi'wa ridSa q>yg lqKdlbj s[ WjruPs wpN bduh[ f+qjS rg dqvs[ hV dw f>ujWgVjBw sj q>yV dVi.ai hp.sj dihj h{ m bf+{v 1916 a'G v{ w[ uVrig 1947 a,w s[ fPir-lpa.aiajwjv s[ VjBwJ dry-iPf w"i@ AvgH[ V{S \q[hi dl>z q[hi|@ vjvg \e'fjv dl>z sisg|@ dHw dl`idl`i ba[ bjaqzja \wiaji dl>z sp,ev| siLV bdFvjLg \debjVg ajij dl>z f+s[lg| WPh[W{ng Zg \epidsbjv dl>z t'lvj| A[ zi \l.a dl>z l[t'G| ugrV vgv%j \hiyiV dl>z| b>V%g VeigW[dVbjHg ijuj \f>! RpGwji Vjo Fjis:ju| wjd`v[ \Vdi>si fjv dl>z ba[ f+Fu'a w"i| bjdswbduhgbJ VjBwg iyVjrJ hV duV%J s[ RpKfi dHh y[ajrVg Rpy[y[ a"i $a[ f+wjdLa wgag h'Hg h{dw dHV%J VjBwJ } dWVJ bjdebj t[cS sg dHuj;a VhgG m bjHg!lg!V.sj riej f+qp,t VjBwwjibV[w ojrJ RpKfi bjfS[ VjBwJ s[ q>yV ba[ h;jiJ siLwJ s[ RpaLjh riZw hp.eji[ sgbjfSgbJ bV[w dvtaJ dry yiyj wisj lg fi dHh rg hwgwa h{ dw VjBwwji s[ VjBwq>yV vHg wga[ ai,ss a'G dWVJ VjBw q>yV a'G rJNj rg idh lwsj h{ m

fPir lpa.aiaj wjv s[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V f>ujWg VjBw sj i.eq>yg fdif[t


FjHg rgi dl>z s[ VjBw ijuj v,t sjaj dl>z } ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBw dwhj uj lwsjh{ m Rpls[ WiajVrg ljqiju sg lif+lag h[n drwdla h' ihg h{ Hg[ljHgba ba[ f,Aqg ldFbajs[ dri'Z } bjq fjnw/siLw rg v[tw rv'G bf+a,t iPf dry wga[ WiajVrg ljqiju s[ dri'Zsj dHw aigwj lqN lwsj h{ m FjHg rgi dl>z ljZVLgv h'S s[ WjruPs rg i.eq>y f+ag l.ugsjds+LBge'yi VhgG hp.sj m bu[ dw dHl lq[G bdq+>ali dry VjBw t[cS vHg q>cPH[ lojdfa h' ih[lV m dur[G dw RpKfi l.w[a wgaj debj 1901 Hg! dry fjilg VjB-q>cvgbJ V[ f>ujW drysgrjvg drljtg s[ q[dvbJ RpKa[ bjfSgbJ VjB-f+siLVgbJ wiV vHg f>ujW dry bjRpSj LpiPwgaj m dHl lq[G VjB-uea dry bdhq zBVj rjfisg h{@ dul Vjv f>ujW dry i.eq>y z[dibJdry dHwsq lieiqg rZ uJsg h{ m dHw fjilg VjB-q>cvg s[ VjBw dry dHw w.uig V[si'fag a[ lgaj sj fjiB wgaj aJ v'w aCx RpKn[ m dh>sP Ziq s[ bjePbJ dHls[ f+agwiq dryoJ-oJ h.VPqjV wv,W ba[ ijq wv,W bjds WSj vHgbJ m ijrvdf>cg s[ dHw iHgl VjVw y.s V[b{vWiB ogH[Bi w.fVg 1908 Hg! dry t'v%g duhCg 1923 aw y,vsg ihg m 1910 Hg! dry Vi{Sdl>z V[ b>dq+ali VjBw wvKW bji.F wi ds,aj m dxi qjhVj dl>z sj q>cPbj h'Gs dry bjdebj m4

FjHg rgi dl>z s[ dfaj ug cj! yiV dl>z sg Vjrvg iyVj LijW w"i sj qtqPi y.s rKv'GVjBwg iPfJa+S wiw[ lxv q>yV wgaj debj m ijuj v,t sjaj dl>z s[ r,c[ f,Zi $a[ q>yS Wji[dwl[ fjdlYG w'Hg n'l erjhg VhgG dqvsg bu[ dw FjHg ljdhW sj dl,t lqju dry WCjldawjiI'e lojV lg a[ dl,t Wp,Zgugrg hvdwbJ dry RpV%J } ba[ RpV%J s[ ljdha } ldawjisg ds+LBg Vjv s[dtbj uJsj lg m dHl[ wiw[ hg RpV%J s[ bjfS[ rKv'G #ijuj vKt sjaj dl>z$ sjq>yS wirjRpS s[ IaVJ a'G dWVJ hg dl,t l.lojrJ rKv'G dHl VjBw sj q>yS hp.sj dihj m dur[Gdw dl,t b{uPw[LVv wjV`i.l s[ q"w[ $a[ ?jvlj lwPv b>Wjvj s[ drdsbjiogbJ V[ dHl VjBw sjlxv q>yS wgaj m5 dHl[ s"i dry sPuj VjBwwji Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z Lp,Z ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwsjqVg sg dliuVj WC[ wvjaqw T.e Vjv wisj h{ m fi Rph rg VjBw s[ q>yV f+ag rZ[i[RpaLjh VhgG dstjRpGsj m RpV%J s[ VjBw sv[i w"i s[ q>yS vHg h'HgbJ ighilvJ s[ lqjyjidqvs[ hV fi dHV`v{Guj x{vS sg ru%j wiw[ dHl sj q>yS Vj h' lKdwbj m

qp,Tv[ f>ujWg i.eq>y dry *Jagwjig q'C Rps'G bjRpGsj h{ us'G dsbjv dl>z wjvu vjh"is[ b>ei[;g s[ f+'x{li dxdvfl bjiV{lB diyci; sg faVg V"ij diyci; bj w[ drdsbjiogbJw'v'G VjBw dvtrjRpS[ a[ dtcrjRpS[ LpiP wisg h{ m duKo'G a,w V"ij ba[ Rpls[ Ljedis bjHg!lg!V.sj s[ q>y sj lpbjv h{ Rph dlKZ[ a"i a[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwJ sg iyVj ba[ ijulgVjBwJ sgbJ f[LwjigbJ a'G lpy[a f,Zi a[ Wys[ hV m dHl sj lf,LB wjiS dHh h{ f+'! diyci;a[ V"ij diyci; bjdHdiL hp.dsbJ ba[ WiajVrg ljqiju s[ dtvj` hp.dsbJ h'dHbJ rg bjfSgV"wig sg ru%j wiw[ dwl[ N.uB dry Vhg lV f{Sj yjhp.s[ ba[ V.sj RpV%J s[ f+Fjr h[n lg m V.sjsg ijulg qldvbJ a'G dViv[f idhS sg fpLBg Lhgs Fea dl>z spbjij 1928 s[ dwiagq{e;gV dry dvt[ dH,w v[t sg dHl Rpwag a'G rg h' uJsg h{ ##wpN dsV h'H[ hV us'G dw vjh"idry lBPc{GBl IPVgbV uJ drdsbjiog lFj rv'G drdsbjiog hxaj qVjdHbj uj dihj lg m RpKo[rg li bWspv wjsi ba[ l+gqjV ug f+'`{li HgLri y.si V.sj V[ dHl e,v a[ ;'i ds,aj dwdrdsbjiogbJ } f'dvdBwl dry dh,lj VhgG v{Sj yjhgsj m6

sPuj bjHg!lg! V.sj s[ bjidow hjvja rg Rpl} liwjig V"wig Vjv upC[ idhS sg f+[iSjhg ds.s[ hV m Rph bduh[ fjai rg f[L wisj h{ u' liwjig V"wig s[ qh,ar } wpN rZ[i[ hgrdcbjHg ds.s[ hV m 1932 dry dvt[ dHwJeg y'i w"S dry Rpl sj fjai dW+u q'hV liwjigV"wig sg oJ qi;g sj t[ai ypSVj yjhp.sj h{ m Rplsj dfaj ijH[ ljdhW wdh>sj h{ dw v'w

sMvwd-04 143

eriq{GB V"wig } yjhp.s[ hV fi dHh VjvjdHw V"wig VPP. npwijRpGsj h{ m7 dHo[ ijH[ ljdhW sjwoV V.s[ s[ dryjiJ sj sifS WS uJsj h{ m ##q{G dHl VjvjdHw vHg wpN VhgG dHl d;>seg drywgaj ( q{G bjfSg ;qgi } rg f{iJ oKv[ qlv AKdcbj dw bxli q{Go' tpL idhS a[ wpN dHlsjWjS} W,N ujH[ m8 sPu[ fjl[ V.s[ sj lqwjvg dwifj ljei Rpl f>ujWg w"qgba s[ bli h[n u'qhjijuj iSuga dl>z iju dry f{sj h'Hg ba[ drwjl f,o a[ apig m duls[ bli h[n hg Ljhqph.qs u.e dl>zJ a[ i.egbJ dry dl,t iju tp,lS a'G sptg V;i bjRpGsj h{ m!!!qhjijuj iSugadl>z s[ f+Fjr f+lapa wisgbJ da>V VjB-iyVjrJ sg dliuSj wisj h{ m qhjijuj iSuga dl>zFje fdhvj@ Fje sPuj@ Fje aguj@ cgc' u.qrjv@ dwifj ljei s[ VjBwJ sg q>yg bVpwPvaj Wji[ejieg sj woV h{

Rpl dry Rph da,tg Iojiow lPN a[ dr.V% lp,BS rjvg ?"xVjw lyjHg VhgG u' f,AqgVjBwwjiJ dry h{ m Rpls[ VjBwJ sj yPv y"tBj rg dHaVj wKdlbj h'dHbj VhgG m fi RpV%Jdry bduh[ VjBwg epS hV dw RpV%J } q>y RpKa[ WCg y.eg ai%J t[dcbj uj lwsj h{ m RplsgbJ iyVjrJ } l"C[ Iojiorjs a'G fitSj Rpdya VhgG m dHh dHl[ ai%J h'r[ej dur[G w'HgwJeC[ sg dyaiwvj } Iojiow dro-lPN a'G fit[ m9

d*fj ljei sg ijulg y[aVj qhjijuj iSuga dl>z Fje aguj \cgc' u.qrjv| agwifhp.ydsbJ s[L sg bj;jsg sg y,v ihg *Jagwjig vdhi Vjv bj upCsg h{ m dHKo[ Rph VjBw sjqp,t fjai rg qhjijuj iSuga dl>z sg oJ $a[ u.qP sg bj;jsg vHg l.ziL wis[ cgc' } hgWSjRpGsj h{ m dHKo[ cgc' s[ qP>h'G cp,ei } l.W'Za h' w[ btrjH[ W'vJ dry Rph dHVwvjWg ljogbJs[ dryjiJ sg ai;qjVg wisj h{ ^

cgc' ^ \dsv dry| q[dibj cpeij ) a{o'G Wdvhji ) a[ig h'Gs sg W[Cg cjdTbJ spWaJ dsbJzp.qV z[iJ dry bj xlg H[ m f>ujWg v'F sg vdhi s[ W[apKw[ RpAjv dHh} W'C fj ih[ V[cw'-c'dvbJ } rji VhgG w[cj Hg T,wg duhj dueij dfbj wiJ x[i rg njnJ sg qji a'GWy VhgG lwsj m Fp,tJ rg N,vgbJ a+[hJ rg lhgbJ@ L[iJ WdzbjCJ rJe t,cJ dry h,c rgtl,c[@ fi cpei s[ Qpvjqg s[ l.ev bu[ aw rg Vj BpKB[!!! m10”vjvj d*fj ljei s[ wjdrw epSJ wiw[ Rpl dry L{vg-W,Z rjiajvjf dvtS ba[

apwJaw W'v iyS sg Lwag lg m Rph zBVjrJ } u'C w[ dHw qhJ-wjdrw VjB sj f+FjrfjRpGsj h{ m Rpl sg wvfVj-Fig q>y RpKa[ z'C[@ AjRpSgbJ@ ijuFrVJ sj bjr[L qpLdwv VhgG m

dHl[ s"i sj sPuj VjBwwji WjWj Wp,Z dl>z Lp,Z ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBw sjqVg sgdliuSj WC[ wvjaqw T.e Vjv wisj h{ m fi i.eq>y f+ag rZ[i[ Rpalpwaj VhgG drtjRpGsj mrghrgG lsg s[ y"o[ shjw[ dry RpFiS rjvj VjBwwji@ l.a dH>si dl>z y,wiriag fPirlpa.aiaj wjv s[ VjBwwjiJ dry'G dHKw'-dH,w VjBwwji h{@ dul V[ dlKZ[ a"i $a[ WiajVrgljqiju sj da,tj dri'Z wiV rjvgbJ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwg iyVjrJ sg dliuSj wgagba[ RplsgbJ VjB-iyVjrJ s[ drw'dvai[ iPf dry q>yg f+siLV rg h'H[ m dHl[ lq[G dry cj!hiyiV dl>z dHdahjl s[ fiAjr[G h[n ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBw ijuj f'il \1938| sg iyVjwisj h{ ba[ Rplsg lgqa duh[ sjdHi[ dry q>yg f[Lwjig rg wisj h{ m dHo[ VjBwwji ijujf'il s[ qP>h a'G dHw s[L f+[q l.W.Zg rjiajvjf btrjRpGsj h{ u' Rpl s"i dry WiajVrg ljqijusg Qpvjqg sg d;,va } RpFjisj h{ m Rph dHl Qpvjqg a'G dVuja fjRpS sg dH,Aj rg drbwawisj h{ ^

f'il ^ Fjia qjaj ) aP. b,u spVgbj dry Z"S RpKyg wiV u'eg VhgG ihg m a[i[ h,o-f{iuwC[ h'H[ V[ m spVgbj s[ WijWi VhgG y,v lwsg m i' yjh[ wgiV[ fj@ a[ig hjv fpwji dwl[VhgG lpSVg aP. bjfSg wp,t $y'G s[L-Fea uS@ a[ig vju i,tS m11



1942 Hg! dry lptiju dl>z sj VjBw y.siepfa q"iIj ljhqS[ bjRpGsj h{@ dul drydHdahjl s[ fis[ h[n hg WiajVrg ljqiju dri'Zg ijulg y[aVj } RpFjdibj debj h{ m fi dHlVjBw sg dwl[ q>yg f+siLVg sg w'Hg ?Wi VhgG dqvsg m blv dry dHl s"i dry WiajVrgLjLwJ rKv'G dH>Vg l?ag wgag eHg lg dw w'Hg VjBwwji uJ q>y dVis[Lw dHh u'?q Fdibjwjiu wiV sj ljhl wiV sg w'dLL VhgG wisj m dHl e,v sj rg f+qjS dqvsj h{ dw 1921dry qpvajV dry dHw ijulg VjBw ;?qg f>ujW 1919 s[ udv%bJ rjv[ WjQ wJc ba[ qjiLvvjb sgbJ zBVjrJ sj f+agwiq lg@ liwjig qVjhg s[ WjruPs t[dcbj debj m dHh RpKFisgijuVgdaw y[aVj r,v l.w[a lg m fpdvl V[ dHl s[ WjiJ i.ewiqgbJ ba[ q{V[ui vjvj W'Ziju u'rwgv lV@ } de+`aji wi dvbj m12

1941 dry f+'! e'fjv dl>z sisg b{Kq!H[! ijSg d;.sJ Vjqw ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBw sgdliuSj wisj h{ m dul dry dl,t iju s[ ?jaq[ l.W.Zg zBVj*q sj drLv[LS widsbJ WiajVrgljqiju ba[ w"qg Q,sjiJ drip,Z i'h } f+agdW>Wa wgaj debj h{ m dHl VjBw dry VjB y"ojNjwg dH,w dry bjq bjsqg wpiWjVgbJ wiw[ hjdlv wgag bj;jsg s[ tp,l ujS a[ sp,t f+eBwis[ siljH[ eH[ hV ^

ijq vjv ^ \n.cj h"wj v{ w[| w,t Fg VhgG dihj mw[hi dl>z ^ hJ WHg r,cgbJ wpiWjVgbJ wiw[ vHg bj;jsg ?aq h' eHg mVPisgV ^ Wpij h'r[ dHV%J c'edibJ sj duV%J dHh drljhzja wiw[ qja f>ujW Vjv Zi'hwqjdHbj h{ mijq vjv ^ ljig QKsjig sg uC% aJ vjv dl>hp a[ a[u dl>hp ljdWa h'H[ V[ m13

fi dHh iyVj rg liwjig sqV sg sdhLa wjiV q>dya Vj h' lwg m dHl s"i s[ ijulgy[aVj l.f>V VjBw f+ag liwji s[ sqVwjig ir,HgH[ sg dqljv ru'G blgG f+ga Vei s[ fPir-lpa.aiaj wjv s[ i.eq>y Wji[ epiW?L dl>z f+gavCg s[ lfp,ai dhis[fjv sg dvta dry'G dHh s'dqljvJ s[t lws[ hJ ^

!!!us'G s[L sg bj;jsg sj b>s'vV fPigbJ dl?iJ A'hS v,ej aJ f+ga Vei V[ rg bjfSji.eq>y Rph} lqidfa wi ds,aj m l.V 1942 sg #f+ga dqvSg$ lq[G us'G epiW?L dl>zidya VjBw ljcg h'Sg sj dvLwjij duhCj bjdHiv{Gc s[ dHw VjBw #w{fW{v bj` dwvq'i$ RpKa[ bjZjdia lg@ q>dya wgaj debj aJ dHhV[ b>ei[; liwji } Wptvj ds,aj m RpldfKA'G f+ga Vei sgbJ lF ljdhdaw a[ ldFbjyjiw lieiqgbJ } WC[ L,w sg V;iVjv s[dtbj ujS v,e dfbj m14

bjfSg dHl[ dvta dry b,e[ dvtdsbJ dhis[fjv i.eq>y f+ag liwjig sqVwjig Vgagba[ Rpls[ drip,Z RpKFisg ijulg y[aVj } dHV%J LWsJ Vjv dWbjV wisj h{ ^

l.ega VjB s[ t[ai sg dHw hlag l+gqag Lgvj FjBgbj rKv'G w"qg FjrVj Vjv FifPi fidHlaig v'w egaJ } bjfSj li'a WSj w[ dabji wgaj debj ega VjB #hpKv[ hpvji[$fdhvJ lJN[ f>ujW sg ijuZjVg vjh"i drt[ dHKo'G s[ i.eq>y RpKa[ wpN wp l{GwC[ siLwJljhqS[ f[L wgaj debj m fi us'G dHh f+ga Vei dry l.V 1943 sg f+ga dqvSg lq[G wHgh;jiJ sg deSag dry bjH[ siLwJ s[ ljhqS[ f[L h'dHbj aJ dHhs[ $a[ hjwq liwji b,e-WePvj h' eHg m dHl f[Lwjig dry Fje v{S rjvgbJ wpCgbJ } v'wJ } FCwjRpS s[ s'LbZgV w{s wi v{S sj hpwq ujig wi ds,aj debj fi dHl hpwq drip,Z u' qpdh>q dACg@Rphs[ b,e[ liwji } b>a NpwSj dfbj a[ wpCgbj } quWPiV dihjb wiVj dfbj m15

dHl s"i dry f>ujWg VjBw ba[ ?jl a"i $a[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBw } i.eq>y Rpl lq[Gf+jfa hp.sj h{ us'G lqjurjsg dy>aV Vjv l.W.dZa dHfBj vdhi RpKFisg h{ m

sMvwd-04 145

dHl s"i dry f>ujW s[ df>cJ aw u[ w'Hg r,cg VjB lieiqg fhp.ysg h{ m aJ Rph dHfBjsgbJ VjB f+lapagbJ hg hV m dHfBj \dH>cgbV fgfv; ogH[Bi b{l'lgH[LV| Fjia drywdqRPdVlB vdhi Vjv updCbj ogH[Bi wvjwjiJ sj l.enV lg m dHl sj qwls wvj LwagbJsg ria'G wiw[ Fjiag uVaj } dVbJLgv lqju sg lojfVj vHg ujedia wiVj lg m dHhFjiag wdqRpdVlB fjiBg sj ldFbjyjiw dr>e lg m 1942 Hg! dry lojfa h'H[ dHl lqPh s[bji.Fw q{GWiJ dry df+org iju wfPi@ dWu[V F,Bj yjigbj@ diadrw zBw@ Rpafv s,a@ trjujbdhqs bjWjl@ ldvv y"Zig@ f>! irg L.wi@ uI'agdi>sij q'dHaij@ dVi.uV dl>z qjV@ a[ijdl>z y.V@ uesgL xdibjsg@ f>! tvgvg@ iju[Gsi izpr.Lg@ lxsi qgi bjds f+qp,t lV m dHV%J V[s[L Fi dry v'wJ } beJhrZP dryjiJ Vjv u'CV vHg df>c-df>c@ Ldhi-Ldhi VjBwJ sgbJq>yg f[LwjigbJ wgagbJ m f>ujW dry dHV%J V[ f+eagLgv VjBwwjiJ a[ Rpf[ij v[twJ sgbJiyVjrJ ijhgG v'wJ } ujeiPw wiV vHg r,cg f,Zi a[ VjBwJ sj q>yS wgaj m dHV%J V[ lqjurjsgdryjiJ s[ Vjv-Vjv bqV vdhi s[ f+yji-f+lji vHg r,cj I'esjV fjdHbj m dHfBj vdhi V[duKo[ lqjduw *Jag } lLwa wiV sj Rpfijvj wgaj RpKo[ i.eq>y s[ t[ai dry rg dHVwvjWgwsq RpnjH[ m RpV%J V[ v'w VjBwJ s[ iPf qpC lpiuga wga[ ba[ RpV%J dry Vr[G drL[ Fi[ m i.eq>yba[ siLwJ dryvg dr,o } taq wgaj a[ wlWg VjBw w.fVgbJ rKv'G rjZP lqN w[ A,c ds,a[eH[ v'w VjBwJ s[ wojwji@ lPaiZji@ egawji ba[ drsPLw qpC ogH[Bi dry rjfl dvbJs[ba[ drdF>V drdLbJ a[ dvt[ VjBwJ } VrgG Lwag ba[ VrJ i.e Fi w[ drbjfw f,Zi a[t[dcbj m dHl vdhi s[ b>aiea h'HgbJ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V f[LwjigbJ Wji[ Wvr.a ejiegdvtsj h{ m

1942 dry IPif a[ Zpi-fPiW dry Vj;gbJ a[ jdLlBJ s[ drip,Z r,cg u.e dACg h'Hg lg mdh>splajV dry Rpl r[v[ v'w b>e+[;g ljqiju sgbJ RpV%J VgagbJ s[ drip,Z vC ih[ lVduV%J wi w[ W.ejv s[ qhJ wjv dry agh v,t bjsqg qi eH[ m lji[ s[l dry ep,lj lg mdHl[ epKl[ Vjv v[twJ a[ wvjwjiJ V[ rg v'wJ sg spisLj } f+eBjdHbj m VjBw rg dHlu;W[ Vjv Ft dihj lg m ugrV dry rjfi ihgbJ spizBVjrJ@ bqgiJ a[ QigWJ s[drywji dsV' dsV rZ ih[ fjC[ V[ Vr[G-Vr[G drL[ lpNjH[ m VjBw ogH[Bi-ziJ dry'G dVwvw[ Wjhi bj debj m wvjwji tpv%[ bjwjL h[n hi oJ VjBw t[cs[-evgbJ s[ q'C RpKa[@ypejVJ dry@ fdi%bJ dry ba[ df>cJ a[ wldWbJ dsbJ odCbJ RpKa[ m siLw hpq-hpqj w[dHh VjBw s[tS bjRpGs[ m t[cS rjdvbJ a[ s[tS rjdvbJ dry dHw' u;Wj w.q wisjlg m VjB-wvj s[ dHh s' Fje-q>y a[ siLw- u' dyiJ a'G dVtC[ h'H[ lV@ qpC dHw lJNdry fi'a[ eH[ m16

Rpfi'wa dryji-yiyj a'G dwhj uj lwsj h{ dw fPir lpa.aiaj wjv s[ VjBw sj i.eq>yFjr[G bjfS[ qp,Tv[ s"i dry hg lg ba[ liwjig sqV sj b>wpL rg wiPi lg fi dxi rg dHl s"idry ijulg y[aVj l.f>V VjBwJ sgbJ i.eq>yg f[LwjigbJ hp.sgbJ ihgbJ ba[ v'wJ rKv'G dHV%Jf[LwjigbJ sj f+Fjr rg wWPdvbj uJsj dihj m

hrjv[ a[ dBKfSgbJ ^

1! J.B. Priestlay, The Art of Dramatist, William Hernemann Ltd. London, 1957, P-14

2! RpZdia@ t'u fda+wj@ epiW?L dl>z f+gavCg LajWsg b>w@ qjiy 1996@ b>w 43@ f>Vj-119

3! epiyiV dl>z ulPuj@ bZPij l`i@ ljdhdaw lr{-ugrVg@ f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@ fdBbjvj@2006@ f>Vj-105


4! w[rv Zjvgrjv@ f>ujWg i.eq>y sj qpKTvj l`i@ y[aVj f+wjLV vpdZbjSj 2014@ f>Vj-13!5! #f>ujWg spVgbj$@ epiWyV dl>z ijhg@ f>ujWg i.eq>y drL[L b>w@ FjLj drFje fdBbjvj@

1982@ f>Vj-1226! ueq'hV dl>z \l.fj!|@ Lhgs Fea dl>z a[ RpV%J s[ ljogbJ sgbJ dvtaJ@ i{cgwv fWdvLi;@

q'ej 1985@ f>Vj-159!7! HgLri y.si V.sj@ lji[ s[ lji[ VjBw@ f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@ fdBbjvj@ 1971@ f>Vj-441!8! Rphg@ f>Vj 444!9! Wvr.a ejieg@ i.eq>y@ VrIp,e fWdvLi;@ ds,vg 2012-f>Vj-175!10! dwifj ljei@ cgc' u.qrjv@ dwifj ljei f+{l@ ijqevg vjh"i 1934!11! f+'! hiyiV dl>z@ ijuj f'il@ dl>z W+si; vjh"i 1946@ f>Vj-92!12! ldW>siuga ljei@ bji.dFw f>ujWg VjBw a[ i.eq>y^ ypS"agbJ ljhqS[ Bg!rg! ba[ f>ujWg

i.eq>y-WhpfKtg bdZb{V@ fWvgw[LV dWRPi'@ f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@ fdBbjvj@ 2002@ f>Vj-21

13! e'fjv dl>z sisg@ b{Kq!H[!@ ijSg du.sJ@ f>ujWg wjvu WpKw dcf'@ ijrvdf>cg@ 1941@ f>Vj-83

14! dhis[fjv dl>z@ f+ga Vei sj i.eq>y@ w[rv Zjvgrjv \l.fj!| b>dq+ali sj i.eq>y@ q>yi.eq>y b>dq+ali@ dqaghgS@ f>Vj - 34

15! Rphg@ f>Vj-3516! Wvr.a ejieg@ i.eq>y@ VrIpe fWdvLi@ ds,vg 2012@ f>Vj! -222!

fPir lpa.aiaj wjv s[ ijulg y[aVj l.f>V f>ujWg VjBw sj i.eq>yg fdif[t sMvwd-04 146

²

nwtk 'bulHw' :Awqmk-SuDI dw sMdyS vwhk

Swihd ndIm pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwtk dy Kyqr ’c jwixAWpCwixAW nW hY [ bhuq swry cricq tI.vI. sIrIAlz qoN ielwvw kwlwmYNfw vys, duKxI, tobw tyk isMG, nXw kwnUµn, ^smW KwxIAW, qIsrIdsqk nwtkW kwrn auhdI vKrI pCwx hI nhIN bxI sgoN iek pRqIbDnwtkkwr hox kwrn AmrIkI Fenchtwanger / Getty &YloiSp (2001)vI ausnUµ hwsl hoeI [ 1978 ivc mwrSl lwA dI ivroDqw krn krkyausnUµ bqOr tI.vI. pRofIaUsr dI nOkrI qoN k`F id`qw igAw Aqy jylH vIjwxw ipAw [ 1999 ’c aus vloN ilKy bu`lHw nwtk ’qy pwiksqwn ’c2001 q`k sYNsriSp l`gI rhI, ijhVI ies g`l dw sbUq hY ik iesnwtk ’c zrUr kuJ Aijhw sI, ijhVw aus smyN dI srkwr nUµ hzm nhINsI ho irhw [ ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl v`loN ilpIAMqr hox auprMq iehnwtk 2004 ’c pihlI vwr BwrqI pMjwb ’c cyqnw pRkwSn vloNpRkwiSq hoieAw [ Swihd ndIm dI hms&r mdIhw gOhr vloN clweyjWdy ‘Ajokw QIeytr’ v`loN ies nwtk dIAW keI kwmXwb pySkwrIAWBwrq ’c ho cukIAW hn [

fw. krnYl isMG iQMd dw ivcwr hY ik 'ies nwtk ivc muZlSwhIdI FihMdI klw Aqy mzHb dy nW 'qy KVHy kIqy JgiVAW nUµ smJx dIkoiSs kIqI geI hY ['1 pr nwtk pVHidAW ijhVI pihlI g`l myryizhn ’c AweI auh ieh sI ik lyKk nUµ ieh nwtk ilKx dI loVikauN peI ? myrI jwcy pwiksqwn dI smwjk siQqI AijhI hY ikauQy sQwpqI i^lw& bolx Aqy ilKx dI AzwdI nhIN hY [ rwjnyqw,&Oj, A&sr, Dwrimk AwgU Aqy jwgIrdwr sQwpqI dy BweIvwlhn [ ies leI iehnW i^lw& g`l Ais`Dy qOr ’qy jW pRqIkwqmk FMgnwl hI kIqI jw skdI hY [ ijvyN myjr ieshwk muhMmd qy njm husYnsXd ny ‘dulHy’ nUµ pRqIk vjoN vrq ky hiQAwrbMd bZwvq rwhIN smwjk-qbdIlI dw sunyhw Awpxy nwtkW ’c id`qw hY, auvyN hI b`ulHy Swh dyjIvn qy auhdIAW kw&IAW nUµ ADwr bxw ky Swihd ndIm ny iehnwtkI-sunyhw isrijAw hY [ pwiksqwn ikauNik iek ieslwmI mulkhY, ies kwrn auQy Awm jIvn aupr Drm dI pkV eynI k`svIN hY ikAwm lok Aqy Azwd soc r`Kx vwly AdIb ieh mihsUs krdy hn ikmuAwSry nUµ cMgw bxwaux leI ijhVy Sr`eI-kwnUµn bxwey gey sn,A`j auhI kwnUµn smwj leI Azwb bx gey hn [ ‘bu`lHw’ nwtk Asl

prmjIq isMG mISw (fw.)AisstYNt pRoPYsr,post-gRYjUeyt pMjwbIivBwg, gurU goibMdisMG ^wlsw kwlj,srhwlI

[email protected]



’c Aijhy Dwrimk dbwA vwly Sr`eI kwnUµnW dy i^lw&, bu`lHy dy bolW dy rUp ’c, AvwmI ivdrohdw, AdbI-iezhwr hY [

AdbI-iezhwr iblkul EvyN hI ijvyN purwxy simAW ’c bwdSwhW nUµ auhnW dy iksy Zlq&Ysly dw ieSwrqn Aihsws krvwaux leI koeI svWg ricAw jWdw sI [ AOrMgzyb dI Dwrimkk`tVqw bwry iksy isAwxy ny hI ieh bwq isrjI hovygI ik jdoN AOrMgzyb ny ‘rwg’ aupr pwbMdIlgw id`qI qW izMdgI ivclI nIrsqw qoN A`k ky lokW ny bwdSwh nUµ smJwaux leI iek msnUeImeIAq iqAwr kIqI Aqy ausnUµ bwdSwh dy mihl hyToN lY ky guzry [ bwdSwh v`loN puCy jwx ’qylokW jvwb idqw ik ‘bwdSwh slwmq ieh rwg dw jnwzw hY [’ bwdSwh auhnW vloN rcy svWg nUµsmJ igAw pr auhny aultw ieh ikhw ik ‘iehnUµ eynw fUMGw d&nwE ik iPr bwhr nw Aw jwvy [’kuJ ieho ijhI siQqI hI pwiksqwnI Avwm dI hY [ auQy cwhy lokqMqrI srkwr hovy jW &OjI rwj,lokW dI Avwz nUµ dbweI rKx leI Drm-ADwirq kwnUµnW dI vrqoN hr srkwr ny kIqI hY [ AijhIsiQqI ’c Drm dw Asl rol kI hoxw cwhIdw hY, ieh g`l smJwaux leI Swihd ndIm ny bulHwnwtk ricAw hY [

jykr auprokq siQqI nUµ iDAwn ’c r`ØiKAw jwvy qW ies nwtk dw ivSw ie^lwkI-igrwvt vwly AKOqI Dwrimk AwgUAW dy Asl kohjy-cirqr qoN lokW nUµ jwxU krvwauxw qy iehg`l smJwauxw hY ik sU&I lok ‘kurwn SrI&’ dI Awqmw nUµ ipAwr krn vwly drvyS sn [SrIAq dI AihmIAq nUµ smJx auprMq hI auhnW ny hkIkq dI mMizl dw s&r qYA kIqw AqyA`lHw dI zwq ’c ud nUµ PnHw kIqw sI [ iehnW sU&IAW dI Dwrimk phuMc dy ault mihz SrIAqdI pwlxw nUµ hI A`lHw dI pRwpqI dw vwhd zrIAw smJx qy pRcwrx vwly kwzI, mulW jW mu&qIlok Awpxy Awp nUµ Awlm drswaux Aqy Drm dy rKvwly swibq krn leI lokW nUµ r`b dy nW ’qyfrwauNdy hn [ ieMj krky auh hwkm jmwq dw is`Dy/ Ais`Dy qOr ’qy swQ dy rhy hn [ hkUmqclwaux leI hwkmW vloN bxwey kwnUµnW nUµ SrIAq muqwibk vwjb Tihrw ky in`jI mu&wdW^wiqr hwkmW dI jIhzUrI kr rhy hn [ Swihd ndIm ies nwtk zrIey svwl KVHw krdw hY ikkI mzlUmW ’qy zulm krn vwilAW dy kwly-kwirAW nUµ vwjb Tihrwauxw Drm hY ? jW zwlm dyzulm i^lw& KVHxw Asl Drm hY [

fw. hrdIp isMG dw ivcwr hY ik ‘Awm lokW leI bu`lHw ij`Qy s`c, ipAwr qy Amn dwsunyhw dyx vwlw hY, auQy Drm pRqI mUlvwdI phuMc r`Kx vwly kwzIAW leI v`fw ^qrw hY,ikauNik auh Dwrimk krmkwfW qy Poky rIqI- irvwjW nUµ BMfdw hoieAw AwpsI BweIcwrk sWJdw sunyhw idMdw hY [’2 smucy nwtk nUµ pVHx auprMq ieh spSt ho jWdw hY ik zulm i^lw& AwvwzbulMd krnw hI Asl ienswnI-smwjI-Dwrimk &rz hY, ijhVw bu`lHy Swh ny bVy spSt FMgnwl qy TokvyN SbdW nwl inBwieAw hY [ Aijhw &rz inBwauNidAW BwvyN auhdw jIvn-pMDkMifAW BirAw bx igAw pr ies pMD ’qy c`lidAW, mrn auprMq vI bu`lHw mirAw nhIN [ Bwvbu`lHy Swh nUµ dunIAW auhdI ivcwrDwrw Aqy krmW krky mrn auprMq vI Xwd krdI hY AqyAgWh vI Xwd krdI rhygI [ ‘auh mr ky vI nhIN mirAw’ dy sunyhy nUµ drSkW nwl sWiJAW krnleI nwtkkwr nwtk dw SuB-AwrMB:

bu`lHy Swh AsW mrnw nwhIN, gor ipAw koeI hor [ 3

sqrW rwhIN krdw hY [ ieh sunyhw Aijhy h`kI-krm krn dy nwl sµbµiDq hY, ijs dIbdOlq mnu`K sdIvI ho jWdw hY [ Drm, ijsdw mu`K srokwr, mnu`K nUµ ienswn bnx ’c shweIhoxw hY qy auhdy ie^lwk nUµ eynw au~qm bxwauxw hY ik ienswn dUijAW ^wiqr Awpxw swrwjIvn vk& kr dyvy [ ieh nwtk ies sunyhy nwl SurU huMdw hY Aqy iesy nwl hI Awpxw Aw^rI surAlwpdw hY :

sMvwd-04 149

...qy iPr qwrI^ ny swbq kr id`qw ik kOx ijaUNdw irhw qy kOx gor ipAw [ 4

auprokq g`l nUµ swbq krn dy rwh ’qy c`lidAW nwtkkwr ny ijhVy msly Cohy hn, auhG`t AihmIAq vwly nhIN [ msln bulHy Swh bwry AKOqI Dwrimk AwgUAW vloN ieh pRcwr krnwik auh SrIAq dw ivroDI sI Aqy ieslwmk srkwr i^lwP kw&IAW rwhIN lokW nUµ bwZI bxwirhw sI [ bu`lHw qW Asl ’c ie^lwkI igrwvt dw iSkwr ho cu`ky kwzIAW jW mulwixAW nUµAwqmk-SuDI dw rwh AîqAwr krn dI g`l AwpxIAW kw&IAW rwhIN kr irhw hY [ lokW nUµ pMjyvkq nmwz pVHx, rozy r`Kx qy hor Dwrimk rIqW pUrIAW krn dIAW nsIhqW dyx vwilAW nUµAwpxy AMdr JwqI mwrn Aqy cMgy krmW rwhIN lokW vwsqy imswl kwiem krn dI slwh dy irhwhY :

PUk mus`lw BMn su`t lotw nw PV qsbI kwsw sotw [ 5

DrmSwlw DVvweI rihMdy Twkur dvwry T`g

ivc msIq kus`qIey rihMdy AwSk rihx Al`g [ 6

B`T nmwzW ic`kV rozy klmy qy iPr geI isAwhI [ 7

lyKk spSt krdw hY ik bu`lHw SrIAq dI rihq mirAwdw dw ivroDI nhIN [ sgoN auhSrIAq hMFw rhy pr AMdroN cMgIAW kdrW-kImqW qoN ivrvy auhnW Dwrimk AwgUAW qoN lokW nUµsucyq krky Asl Dwrimk Prz inBwA irhw hY [ ies bwbq fw. suKdyv isMG dw ivcwr hY ik‘bu`lHy Swh dI vifAweI ies krky hY ik ausny Awpxy smyN dy ivlwsI, dmnkwrI hwkmW, nYiqkAwdrSW qy mnùKI &rzW qoN iQVky pujwrIAW, QoQy rIqIvwdI krmkWf Aqy vylw ivhwA cu`kIsnwqnI igAwn prMprw nUµ cxOqI id`qI [’8 bulHy ny bcpn qoN jvwnI q`k A`pVidAW AOrMgzybI-jlwl dw ijhVw srUp vyiKAw sI, auh SrIAq dI s^q pwbMdI nwl vwbsqw sI [ AOrMgzyb(k`tV suMnI muslmwn) ny pRis`D sU&I srmd dw kql Aqy Awpxy Brw dwrw iSkoh (SIAw,kwdrI sMprdwie nUµ ipAwr krn vwly) dw isr klm krvwieAw sI [ AOrgzyb dI mOq qoN bwAdausdy auqrwiDkwrIAW ny gdI ’qy kwbz hox Aqy bxyN rihx leI ijhVw AiqAwcwr vwlw rwhAîqAwr kIqw ausny muZl smrwj nUµ hor FihMdIAW klw v`l qoirAw [ bu`lHw audoN Br jvwnsI, jdoN bMdw bhwdr (nwtk ’c joigMdr isMG jogI) ny srhMd (1710) &qih kIqI [ jvwnI qoNADyV AvsQw v`l vDidAW ausny nwdr Swh dw Bwrq auqy hoieAw hmlw vI vyiKAw Aqy mOqqoN iqMn swl pihlW (1758) AbdwlI dI lut vI vyKI [ nwtkI sm`grI ivc bulHy dy jIvn nwlsµbµiDq ieh iqMno dOr PlYSbYk dI qknIk nwl isrjy gey hn [ pihlw dOr SrHw dI k`tVqw dyrUp ivc bulHy ny audoN hMFwieAw jdoN ausny srmd qy mnsUr vwly AnAlh`k dy nwAry nUµ AwpxIivrwsq bxw ilAw Aqy AKOqI Dwrimk AwgUAW dy pwj auDyVny SurU kr id`qy :

Br ky vihdq jwm iplwieE

mnsUry nUµ msq krwieE aus qoN AnAlhk Awp khwieE

iPr sUlI pkV cVwieE eI suxo loko [

mYN A`lw vW [ 9

nwtk ’c AOrMgzyb dI hkUmq vyly ‘qOhIn-ey-ûdw’ dy muk`dmy qoN ausnUµ ausdw pihlwmurSd hzrq mOlwnw gulwm mhIaudIn Ais`Dy FMg nwl bcw ky Swh Anwieq kwdrI dI syvwivc lwhOroN dInI pikAweI hwsl krn dI szw vjoN Byjx ’c kwmXwb huMdw idKwieAw igAwpr vyiKAw jwvy qW Asl ’c ausnUµ ksUr Sihr dw Amn BMg krn dI vjHw krky szw vjoN ksUroNk`ØiFAw jWdw hY [

dUjw dOr jdoN q^q dy dwAvydwr bhwdr Swh, jhWdwr Swh (171213), &rKusIAr

VjBw #Wp,v%j$ ^ bjaqw Lp,Zg sj l>s[L rjhw


(1713-19), muhMmd Swh rMgIlw (1719-48) Aihmd Swh (1748-54) bxy qW auhnW dy muk`dmkuiqAW vWg lokW qoN tYks nocdy sn [ lutW-KohW dw bzwr grm sI [ d`Kx ’c mrh`ty, rwjsQwn’c rwjpUq, ruhyl KMf dy ruhyly muZl swmrwj nUµ s^q cxOqI dy rhy sn qy ieDr pMjwb ’c is`KWdy dsvyN gurU vloN QwpVw hwsl bMdw bhwdr (joigMdr isMG jogI) muZl slqnq nUµ kbr q`kphuMcwaux leI hkUmq dI iet nwl iet KVkwaux vwlw rwh A^iqAwr krI bYTw sI [ nwtk ’cjogI qy bu`lHy dI mulwkwq drswaux dw mksd dohW dI hkUmq i^lw& bZwvq ivclI sWJ nUµdrswauxw hY [ jogI dw rwh zulm dw bdlw zulm nwl lYx vwlw hY [ A`g nwl A`g buJwauxvwlw [ jogI qy bu`lHy dIAW g`lW ’coN BwvyN drSkW nUµ jogI dw FMg munwsb nhIN l`gdw pr jogIdw qrk bhuq srl hY[ kI bybsI ’c wmoS rih ky zulm nUµ qm kIqw jw skdw hY ? iesy leIjogI ny bu`lHy dy ault qlvwr nUµ hI AwpxI mwr&q bxw ilAw [ dUjw rwh ipAwr qy muh`bqvMfidAW lokW nUµ pRc`Øilq AMDivSvwSW ’coN bwhr k`Fx Aqy Dwrimk krm-kwfW dy KoKlypx qoNvwik& krwaux vwlw hY [ kwzIAW vloN momn qy kw&r dy kU-pRcwr rwhIN ijhVw smwjk ivqkrwKVHw kIqw jw irhw hY, ausnUµ ‘SkloN momn krmoN kw&r’ dI g`l rwhIN qm krn vwlw hY [ AijhyidKwvy vwly Drm nUµ inMdn vwly rwh dw rwhI bu`lHw hY [

nwtk ’c jogI nwl hoeI dUjI mulwkwq vyly siQqI bdlI idKweI dyNdI hY [ pihlImulwkwq vyly jogI kol b`ulHy dy svwlW dy jvwb nhIN sn pr dUjI mulwkwq vyly bu`lHw cu`pidKwieAw igAw hY [ ieh Swied ies krky ik ies guzry smyN dOrwn bu`lHy ny auh zulm ud hMFwilAw hY, ksUroN k`Fy jwx dI szw dy rUp ’c jW Dwrimk AwgUAW vloN kIqy kU-pRcwr dy rUp ’c [nwtk ’c AijhI siQqI nwtkkwr ny Swied ies krky isrjI hY ik auhnUµ dohvyN rwh AwpoAwpxIjgHw TIk l`gdy hn [ qwkq nUµ qwkq nwl qy ivcwrDwrw nUµ ivcwrW nwl t`kr dyx vwlw rwhpr ivcwr qlvwr nwloN ikvyN izAwdw qrnwk hn, dw AMdwzw nwtk ivclI mu wl& iDr dyiehnW bolW qoN lwieAw jw skdw hY:

AYsy ^qrnwk S^s nUM izµdw jW murdwhwlq ’c vI ieh mOkw nhI id`qw jw skdwik auh lokW nUM gumrwh kry [ 10

auprokq msilAW qoN ielwvw Swihd ndIm do hor Aihm msilAW nUµ ivsQwrdw hY [pihlw mslw zwqpwq dw hY Aqy dUjw AOrq dI smwjk siQqI nwl Ais`Dy qOr ’qy sµbµiDq hY [zwq-pwq dy msly nUµ nwtkkwr bu`lHy Swh vloN Swh Anwieq kwdrI nUµ murSd bxw lYx qoNbwAd Awm lokW vloN auTwey ieqrwz Aqy AKOqI Dwrimk AwgUAW vloN ies msly nUµ DwrimkrMgx dyx nwl juVI siQqI isrj ky pyS krdw hY [ bulHy Swh dy jIvn nwl sµbµiDq ies msly nUµnwtk ivc CyVx dw mksd Ais`Dy qOr ’qy mOjUdw pwiksqwnI muAwSry nUµ ies vMf qoN sucyqkrnw hY [ Aj vI pwiksqwn ’c zwq pwq dw kohV purwxy vyilAW vWg pRcØilq hY [ au~cy Grwxy’c jnm lYx nwl bMdw au~cw qy hyTlI zwq dy Gr jMimAW bMdw hIxw [ lyKk bu`lHy Swh vrgyAzIm sU&I drvyS dI aUc-nIc vwly q&rky nUµ qoVx leI ApxweI s^q phuMc nUµ nwtk ’c pySkrky Avwm nUµ Awpxy AMdr JwqI mwrn Aqy ‘vhdq’ dy sMklp nUµ idloN Apxwaux dw sunyhwdyNdw hY [

ieslwm Drm hzrq mhuMmd ny Arb dy b`dU lokW dy jIvn nUµ ie^lwkI qOr ’qy au~cwcu`kx leI clwieAw sI [ ies leI ieslwm Drm ’c zwq pwq dy q&rky leI koeI jgHw nhIN [bwAd ’c ikvyN lokW ny Awpxy Awp nUµ sRySt d`sx leI ieh q&rky bxwey Aqy sdIAW qoN iehnWnUµ kwiem r`Kx vwlw pYNqVw ApxweI r`ØiKAw [

sMvwd-04 151

ihMdusqwn ’c ieslwm Drm dy pRPu`Øilq hox dI v`fI vjHw hwkmW dI qlvwr nhIN sI,sgoN Bwrq ivclIAW hyTlIAW zwqW dw bRwhmxvwd i^lw& pRqIkrm sI[ sU&I drvySW vloNDrm pirvrqn auprMq imlx vwlI ie`zq qy au~cI smwjk pCwx dw ijhVw supnw pRcwirAwigAw sI, auh A`j q`k swkwr nhIN hoieAw [ A`j vI pwiksqwn ’c hr qrHW dw smwjk q&rkwnw isr& mOjUd hY, sgoN ies dw srUp iek dUjy pRqI n&rq krn vwlw hY [ ieslwm Drm AwpxIsQwpqI dy 1400 swl bwAd vI SIAw-suMnI &swdW nUµ hMFw irhw hY [ AihmdIAw lokW nUµmusmlwn mMinAw hI nhIN jWdw [ 1947 dI vMf qoN bwAd ihMdusqwn qoN ihjrq krky pwiksqwngey lok s`qr swl bwAd vI muslmwn huMdy hoey muhwjr hI hn[ AijhI duKdweI sUrqyhwl nUµiDAwn ’c r`KidAW lyKk nwtk zrIey bu`lHy vloN zwq nUµ C`f ky ielm nUµ id`qI pihl dw mslwlokW swhmxy ilAwauNdw hY [

bu`lHy Swh zwq dy s`Xd sn [ muslmwn s`Xd lokW nUµ pIr dw drjw ies leI dyNdy hnikauNik iehnW dw sµbµD hzrq mhuMmd dy jvweI qy ieslwm Drm dy cOQy lI&y hzrq AlI dypuqrW hsn/husYn nwl mMinAw jWdw hY [ qy bulHy Swh dy murSd Swh Anwieq kwdrI ArweIN zwq(ihMdU kMbo, sYnI zwq ’coN prvriq`q muslmwn) nwl sbMiDq sn[ iehnW dw UnI irSqw ArbI,ierwnI, qurkI muslmwnW nwl nhIN sI [ ies krky iehnW nUµ bhuqI ie`zq dI ingwh nwl nhINvyiKAw jWdw sI [ nwtkkwr smJwauxw cwhuMdw hY ik bulHy Swh nUµ qW auhdy pihly murSd (hzrqmOlwnw gulwm mhIAldIn ksUrI) ny hI dUjy murSd (Swh Anwieq) dy lV lwieAw sI [SrIAq rUpI pihlI mMizl nUµ :

byd kurwn pVH pVH Q`ky isjdy kridAW Gs gey m`Qy nw r`b qIrQ nw r`b m`ky [ 11

dy kQn Anuswr bu`lHw pwr kr cu`kw sI [ qrIkq dI mMizl ’qy phuMcy bu`lHy nUµ Aijhy murSddI qlwS sI, ijhVw auhnUµ mwr&q (igAwn) dy rwz smJwey [ nwtkkwr ny bu`lHy dy jIvn nwlsbMiDq pRc`Øilq swKI nUµ nwtk ’c swkwr krky AwpxI g`l smJweI hY [ pihlI mulwkwq vylySwh Anwieq vloN boly sihj bolW ny hI bu`lHy nUµ smJw id`qw sI ik r`b nUµ hwsl krn vwly rmzBry rwh dI AslIAq nUµ eyny sOKy FMg nwl koeI kwml murSd hI smJw skdw hY:

bu`ØilAw r`b dw kI pwauxw, eyDroN pu`txw qy auDr lwauxw [ 12

ArweIN zwq pMjwb ’c aus smyN AwriQk loVW wiqr KyqIbwVI jW sbzIAW augwaux dwkwrj krdI sI [ gMiFAW dI pnIrI lwauNdy hoey murSd ny sihjy hI b`ulHy nUµ ieh g`l smJw id`qIik iek pwisEN pu`t ky dUjy pwsy vwhI qy suhwgI pYlI ’c pnIrI lwieAW Bwv AwpxI idl-rUpIzmIn ’coN kUV nUµ bwhr k`F ky r`b dI pRwpqI dw i^Awl, pnIrI dy rUp ’c lwieAW r`b hwsl hoskdw hY [

sU&I ivcwrDwrw ’c murSd nUµ ivSyS sQwn hwsl hY [ murSd hI murId dI mwniskkwieAw nUµ kMcn ’c qbdIl krn dy smr`Q hY[ murSd hI murId dy idl ’c r`b dI pRwpqI leIieSk dI icxg lwauNdw hY [ ieSk-ey-ielwhI ( A`lHw dI zwq nwl ieSk) sU&I swDnw dwADwr [ murSd nwl ieSk hI ielwhI ieSk dI SurUAwq hY [ Aijhy ieSk mjwzI dw BwvduinAwvI ipAwr nhIN, sgoN Aid`K r`b dy idKdy srUp murSd nwl ieSk qoN hY [ ies rwh ’qyc`lidAW A`lHw nUµ hwsl krn leI bu`lHw Anwieq Swh ivc Awpxy Awp nUµ AByd kr lYNdw hY [zwq-pwq, hMkwr, AnW, mYN dw AMq ho jWdw hY [ AijhI AvsQw ’qy phuMicAw auh ikvyN AwpxyAwp nUµ au~cw qy murSd nUµ nIvW vyK skdw hY [ sgoN auh qW...

ijhVw swnMU s`Xd s`dy, doz^ imlx szweIAW,jo koeI swnUµ rweIN AwKy, bihSqI pIGW pweIAW [ 13



qy jld hI Swh Anwieq dI SwigrdI ’c bu`lHw

bu`ØilAw AwSk hoieEN r`b dw mlwmq hoeI lwKlog kw&r kw&r AwKdy qUµ Awho Awh AwK [ 14

vwlI siQqI hwsl kr lYNdw hY [ Swh Anwieq, ijsnUµ ud ksUr dy hwkm dI PokI AnWkwrn ksUr C`fxw ipAw sI, hux Awpxy murId nUµ eynw cwhux l`g ipAw hY ik auhnUµ cu`p rihxqy s`c nUµ hzm krn dI hdwieq krdw hY [ mnsUr, srmd jW Sms qbryzI vwlw rwh nwApxwaux dI slwh dyNdw hY [ pr bu`lHw qW bizd hY swirAW nUµ sohxy r`b dy drSn krvwauxleI [ auhdy AMdr s`c BWbV bwl irhw hY [ auh r`b nwl AwSk qy mwSUk vwly irSqy nUµ hMfw irhwhY [ aus nUµ kx-kx ’c r`b nzr AwauNdw hY [ pr lok qW r`b nwl lkq qy wlk vwly irSqy nUµhI smJ skdy hn [ ies leI r`b nwl Awpxy irSqy dw rOlw Awm jIvn dy zwbqy leInukswndwiek hY [ Asl ’c Swh Anwieq bu`lHy Swh nUµ gvwauxw nhIN cwhuMdw [ ies leI auhausdI hor AglyrI ividAw qoN iknwrwkSI kr lYNdw hY, ijsnUµ nwtk ivc pRc`Øilq swKIAnuswr ieMj pyS kIqw hY ik Swh Anwieq Awpxy BqIjy dI cu`k ’c Aw ky bu`lHy vloN mUMh moVlYNdw hY [

ies siQqI ’qy phuMicAw nwtk ijs Aihm msly nUµ CoNhdw hY, auh hY Swh Anwieq dInwrwzgI nUµ dUr krn leI bu`lHy Swh Awpxy murSd dy murSd gvwlIAr dy Swh muhMmd gop dycrxIN pYxw [ ijQoN pRwpq hdwieq muqwbk bu`lHy Swh sMgIq smrwt qwnsYn koloN sMgIq AqymurwdI byZm (qvwie&) koloN nwc dI is`ØiKAw lY ky Swh Anwieq nUµ mnwaux qur pYNdw hY [ huxq`k pwiksqwnI smwj swmMqSwhI qoN jwgIrdwrI pRbMD q`k dw hI s&r qih kr pwieAw hY [ qymOjUdw SihrIkrn ivcoN ijhVw pUMjIvwdI srUp Jlkdw hY, auhdw ADwr vI jwgIrdwrwnw srUpvwlw hY [ jgIrdwrnw- zihnIAq vwly hwkmW ny aus rwj SYlI nUµ hI Apxwauxw, sQwpqkrnw jW pRPu`Øilq krnw hY, ijhVI auhnW dI mrd-pRDwn s`qw nUµ pRvwn krdI hY [ A`j vIpwiksqwnI AOrq qwilbwnI-k`tVqw dy rUp ’c kbwielI smwj vwlIAW szwvW hMFw rhI hY [lyKk Avwm nUµ bulHy dI AOrq pRqI ApxweI phuMc dI audwhrx dy ky smJwauxw cwhuMdw hY ik bulHyny r`b rUpI murSd nUµ hwsl krn leI AOrq nUµ Apxw murSd bxwieAw sI [ AsIN ikauN AOrq dyguxW nUµ nzrAMdwz krn Aqy aus ’qy AiqAwcwr krn vwlw rwh cuixAW hoieAw hY [ nwtkies ivroDwBws nUµ vI bhuq vDIAw FMg nwl auswrdw hY ik iek pwsy SrIAq dI k`tVqw ’qypihrw dyx vwly mulwxy bu`lHy aupr nIvIN zwq vwly nUµ murSd bxwaux, qvwie& koloN inRqis`Kx, ieslwm ivroDI qwkqW nwl nyVqw r`Kx dy ielzwm lwauNdy hn qy dUjy pwsy smwjkidKwvy wiqr auhnW nUµ kurwn SrIP dI rUh nUµ ipAwr krn vwly sU&I drvySW dw drjw vI dyNdyhn [ bu`lHy Swh ny hzrq mOlwnw mhIaudIn dy kihx ’qy hI Swh Anwieq nUµ murSd DwirAw sI [bu`lHw lokW dy ieqrwz bwry socy jW pihly murSd dy hukm dI pwlxw kry [ qy jykr auh murSd nUµmnwaux leI msqI ’c n`cdw hY qW ieMj krn dw hukm vI qW SwhW dy Swh, murSd dy murSd,Swh gop ny hI id`qw sI [ hux bulHw lokW dy myhixAW bwry socy, jw r`b rUpI murSd nUµ mxwvy [ SwhAnwieq aus icSqI sMprdwie nwl sbMiDq sn, ijhVy smwA (ielwhI qwrI& ’c kwPIAWgwaux) nUµ rUhwnIAq dI pOVI mMndy sn[ bu`lHy leI Swh Anwieq nUµ mnw lYxw, r`b nUµ hwsl krlYx brwbr hY [ ies leI bu`lHw swrIAW SrmW q`j ky, n`cdw hoieAw, ieh gwauNdw hY :

kMjrI bixAW myrI ie`zq nw GtdI [ 15

‘bu`lHw’ nwtk dy rcy jwx qoN 27 swl bwAd A`j vI pwiksqwn ’c Dwrimk mwhOl dw

sMvwd-04 153

srUp ausy k`tVqw vwlw hY, ijs k`tVqw kwrn bu`lHy nUµ ksUr Sihr ’c d&nwaux dI AwigAwnhIN sI imlI [ A`j jdoN ies lyK dIAW Aw^IrlIAW sqrW bwry soc irhw hW qW mYnUµ ipClyidnIN krwcI dIAW sVkW ’qy idn-idhwVy kql kr id`qy gey pwiksqwn dy mShUr kvwlAmjd swbrI dI mOq ieh g`l kihx leI mjbUr kr rhI hY ik fYmokryitk ieslwmk styt vjoNidKwvw krn vwly pwiksqwn ’c Drm dw kI rol hY? qwilbwnI-srUp vwly Dwrimk A`qvwdkwrn mhIinAW b`DI (BKU MULTAN) XUnIvrstIAW bMd krnIAW pY rhIAW hn qy ijQy keIAmjd swbrI Drm dy nW ’qy kql kIqy jw cuky hn, auQy Swihd ndIm vrgy h`sws AdIb bulHwnwtk nw ilKx qW hor kI krn !

hvwly qy it`pxIAW :1. fw. krnYl isMG iQMd, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq dw sMKyp jwiezw, pblIkySn ibaUro, pitAwlw,

2006, pMnw 1242. fw. hrdIp isMG, pwiksqwnI pMjwbI nwtk qy mMc prMprw, lokgIq pRkwSn, cMfIgVH,

2014, pMnw 1223. Swihd ndIm, bu`lHw, (ilpIAMqr ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl), cyqnw pRkwSn, luiDAwxw, 2004,

pMnw 234. auhI, pMnw 795. auhI, pMnw 766. auhI, pMnw 767. auhI, pMnw 768. fw. suKdyv isMG, bu`lHy Swh dw pRym ngr: mnu`K hox dw sv`b, Awlocnw, AMk 223, ApRYl-

sqMbr 2010, pMjwbI swihq AkwfmI, luiDAwxw, pMnw 439. Swihd ndIm, bu`lHw, (ilpIAMqr ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl), cyqnw pRkwSn, luiDAwxw, 2004,

pMnw 2710. auhI, pMnw 7711. fw. pRIqm sYnI (sMpw.), klwm bu`lHy Swh, pblIkySn ibaUro, pMjwbI XUnIvrstI, pitAwlw,

2007, pMnw 1512. Swihd ndIm, bu`lHw, (ilpIAMqr ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl), cyqnw pRkwSn, luiDAwxw, 2004,

pMnw 413. kwlw isMG bydI, bu`lHy Swh: Awlocnwqmk AiDAYn, pblIkySn ibaUro, pMjwbI XUnIvrstI

pitAwlw, 1987, pMnw 414. Swihd ndIm, bu`lHw, (ilpIAMqr ArivMdr kOr DwlIvwl), cyqnw pRkwSn, luiDAwxw, 2004,

pMnw 5615. auhI, pMnw 61


²


auqr AwDuink pCmI icMqnp`Cm ’c plYto qoN lY ky pRbu`Dqw q`k AwauNidAW qy aus qoN

bwAd vrqmwn dOr ’c mnuKI smJ ’c v`fw pYrwifgmYitk pirvrqnvwpirAw [ dUjy/hor nwl pYdw hoey tkrwE ’c p`Cm dy srbs`qwvwdIvrqwry Fih FyrI hoey [ ies Kory ’c ivigAwn, siBAwcwr, mwnvivigAwnqy BwSw ’c hoeIAW KojW qy AiDAYnW ny v`fI BUimkw inBweI [ ies nwlswihq dy isDWq qy ivhwr ’c vI nvIAW sMBwvnwvW pYdw hoeIAW [ienHW nvIAW GtnwvW ny dujwqqw qy iPaUzn rwhIN inrpyKIsrbs`qwvwd, siBAwcwrk insic`qqwvW nUµ qoiVAw [ ieh nvWpndUjy/hor qy iviBMnqw v`l vI Ku`lHdw hY [ ikRsqIn dIdy jOhnsn iesnUµigAwnwqmkqw qoN mImWsw v`l dI qor kihMdw hY, jo AOfIpIAl ArQWdw sQ`gn krdI hoeI nvINAW, v`KrIAW qy AkyNidRq mImWswvW leInvIN spys isrjdI hY [ koeI vI isDWq jW Aml sMBwvI AkyNdrIAqwpRqI jIvMq rihx qoN ibnW ArQpUrn nhIN rih skdw [ hr nvyNieiqhwsk dOr ’c nvyN FMg qrIky pYdw huMdy rihMdy hn [ sQwipq sMrcnwvWiksy iek ieiqhwsk dOr dy ivsQwipq vrqwirAW qoN v`D kuJ nhINhuMdIAW [ ipCly simAW ’c inrpyK nUµ qoVdy ikhVy ivsQwpqI vrqwryvwpry, aunHW dw dipMdrjIq rMDwvw AwpxI ikqwb 'Unsettling

Boundries' ’c crcw krdI hY [vIhvIN sdI dI SurUAwq ’c kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn qy

AweInstIn dy swpyiKkqw dy isDWq nwl inrpyKvwd iqVkxw AwrMBho igAw [ inrpyK ’qy pihlw hmlw 1901 ’c mYks plYNk dy isDWq dyAwaux nwl AwrMB hoieAw [ plYNk ny bRihmMf ’c ryfIAYNt q`qW dI KojkIqI [ aus Anuswr bRihmMf ryfIAYNt kwly puMjW ’coN inrMqr aUrjw dyinklx qoN inrimq hoieAw hY [ ies Koj nwl bRihmMf sµbµDI sQwipqidRStIkox ik ieh siQr sMrcnwvW dw sMgRih hY, bwry mu`K bdlwEAwieAw [ plYNk dw ivcwr sI ik aUrjw kuAWqIikRq hY [ iesny nwisr& ivigAwn dy mwdy, aUrjw qy kwrx pRBwv dy mUlk sMklpW nUµJMjoiVAw, blik smwj ivigAwnW qy mwnv ivigAwnW ’c vI v`fIihl ju`l pYdw kIqI [ inaUtn dy bRihmMf sµbµDI sMklp qy idRStIkox’c vI v`fw pirvrqn vwpirAw [ bRihmMf hux mkwnkI nhIN, blikgqISIl aUrijq rUp ’c dyiKAw jwx l`gw [ plYNk dy bRihmMf dykuAWqIikRq idRStIkox ’c nIlz bohr dy ies ivcwr nwl hor vwDwhoieAw ik ieh aUrijq puMj JtikAW qy pulWGW ’c qurdw hY [ bohr dyies ivcwr ik bRihmMf kuAWqm ClWgW AnuBv krdw hY, ny bRihmMfsµbµDI ryKkI ivcwrW nUµ ivsQwipq kIqw [

mnmohn (fw.)[email protected]

ljdha@ dl,ZJa a[ bjv'yVj

(f>! 154-166)

sMvwd-04 155

bRihmMf pRiq ies idRStIkox ik ies ’c ryfIAYNt puMj kuAWqm pulWGW ’c qurdw hY, nynvIAW sMBwvnwvW dI spys KolHI [ iesny ieh sQwipq kIqw ik bRihmMf gqISIlqw ’c c`ldwhY nw ik iksy kwrqysIAn gixq ADIn [ bohr dy bRihmMf AMdr sMBwvI sMBwvnwvW dy isDWq nynw isr& bRihmMf sµbµDI DwrnwvW nUµ hI blik siBAwcwr qy Drm dy ivAwiKAw Swsqr sµbµDIsmJ nUµ vI muV srUipq kIqw [ bRihmMf dI inaUtn dy kwrn qy pRBwv dy ivcwr nUµ vI ivSrwmid`qw [ kopnhYgn AiDAYn skUl dy bohr ijhy hor icMqkW ny pUrkqw dw ivcwr ilAWdw, joArsqU dy sMBwvnwvW dy ivcwr dI Xwd idvwauNdw hY [

bohr dw isDWq ryfIAYNt puMjW dIAW AMqrikirAwvW ’coN Aigxq hoxIAW dIAW sMBwvnwvWdw rwh KolHdw hY [ ieh bRihmMf, ieiqhws, siBAwcwr Aqy swihq nUµ dyKx dy FMgW dIAW KojW qynv-ivDIAW qoN vI jwxU krvwauNdw hY [ ieh hux ryKkI qy insicq sMrcnwvW nhIN rih geIAW [ieh siBAwcwr, pivqr ’c isrjy AOfIpIAl ArQW ’c drwV pYdw krdIAW hn qW ik sbjYkt,ieiqhws, ilMg qy suMdr dIAW bhuvMdIAW m`DA`siQqwvW nUµ Awaux dyx [ ienHW GtnwvW nwlprMprw dI smJ vI sucyq hoeI hY [ prMprw nUµ vI kwrx qy pRBwv sµbµDW dI bjwey keI pulWGW AqyJtikAW dy imSrx vjoN muV soicAw jw skdw hY [ koeI vI siBAwcwr qy ieiqhws ieMJ vsq dysmwnWqr wlIkrn qy joVn dw inrMqr krm huMdw hY [ ieh KojI nIqIAW dw guMJldwr qwxw bwxwhY, jo pwT, BwSw qy ArQW/isimEitks nUµ lgwqwr muV srUipq krdw hY [ koeI Cotw siBAcwr,smUh qy injI bMdw keI sMBvwnwvW dw imlgoBw huMdw hY, jo nvyN rUpW qy pRgtwivAW nUµ jnm idMdwhY [ kuAWqm ivcwr dy ivkws ny muK pYrwifgmYitk qy dwrSink pirvrqn ilAWdy [

kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn dy ivkws ’c iek hor vwDw hIznbrg dy ivcwr nwl hoieAwik mwdy qy ryfIeySn ivc lihr qy kxW dy do gux huMdy hn [ hIznbrg dyS kwl dy isDWq Aqyiesdy mwdy nwl sµbµDW ’c Ainsic`qqw dy sMklp qoN jwxU krvwauNdw hY [ kuAWqm mkwnkI,inaUtn dy mkwnkI pRiq ivcwr qoN Al`g jw ky sMBwivqw dy sMklp nUµ suidRV krdw hY [sMBwivqw dw ivcwr d`sdw hY ik s`c nUµ jwnx leI koeI AgwaUNpn jW ieMdrIAwvI ArQ nhINhuMdw [ bRihmMf siQrqw ’c nhIN smiJAw jw skdw [ inrpyKI cOKty bRihmMf nUµ AgwaUN ArQW ’civiKAwauNdy hn [ AgwaUNpn hmySw ToisAw huMdw hY [ ieh Tosxw dUjy/hor dI v`Krqw nUµ jzb krlYNdw hY [ siBAcwr qy dyh dy bhuvMngI pRvwh nUµ id`qy ArQW/sMrcnwvW ’c GtwA id`qw jWdwhY, ijs nwl v`Krqw qy bhuvMdIAW sMBwvnwvW KIx ho jWdIAW hn [ dUjy/hor dI inrMqrsihBwigqw dI tkrwEmUlk spys nvIAW sMBwvnwvW pRdwn krdI hY [ dRStw qy vsqU ivckwrAMqrikirAw nUµ smJx ’c hIznbrg dI smJ v`fI dyx hY [ dRStw pwqr vI hY qy drSk vI [ieh iek pRkwr dI G`to Gt prpMcmUlkqw hY, jo ivigAwnk KojW rwhIN piricq hoeI hY Aqy iesnwl hI swpyiKkqw qy mwnvI mn dI mh`qqw pYdw hoxI AwrMB hoeI [ hIznbrg ny dRStw dymwnvI mn nUµ siBAwcwr qy inAW dy rUp ’c vI crcw kIqI hY [ guMJldwr mImWsk, igAwnSwsqrIqy dwrSink spys ny cMgy mMdy dy pRqImwnW nUµ pirBwiSq kIqw hY [

isr& sMBwivqw dy isDWq rwhIN hI mOiKk, in`jI qy smwijkqw nwl jo rIqI irvwjW,AwdqW Aqy prMprk sMsQwvW ’c guJIAW huMdIAW hn, nUµ ivAwiKAwieAw jw skdw hY [ hIznbrgny ivSvI cyqnw nUµ vI mh`qv id`qw hY [ iesdw Bwv hY ik dRStw v`loN pRXog kIqy vrgW, BwSw qyspys nUµ vI ivcwrDIn r`ØiKAw jWdw hY [ hr siBAwcwr, ieiqhws, ivigAwn dI ivSySpYrwifgmYitk ip`TBUmI huMdI hY, ijs ’coN ieh augmdw hY [ ieMJ ivigAwnk inrIKx bhuqy p`DrW’qy aupkrnW rwhI bVI G`t m`DA`sQqw r`Kdy hn [ pr ikauNik dRStw ny AMqr siBAwcwrksMvwd dI spys ’c Awpxy Awp nUµ r`ØiKAw huMdw hY, ies kwrx siBAwcwrk swpyiKkqw dw pqwlgdw rihMdw hY [

Rpai bjZpdVw f,Aqg dy>aV


kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn ieMJ Ainsic`qqw Aqy sMBwivqw dy sµbµDW ivcwly bRihmMfdIAW ryfIANYt aUrjwvW dy ivcwr rwhIN AMqr jW krOs siBAwcwrk igAwnW dy dwby qy sdIvqwnUµ pRSn krdw hY [ kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn ny bRihmMf nUµ muV pirBwiSq kIqw hY [ ies ’c koeIryKkI progrwimMg nhIN huMdI[ ieh Ainsicq`qw rwhIN kwrj krdI hY [ ibjleI kxW dy kuAWqmiksy ivAwiKAw Swsqr qoN ibnw ivcrdy hn, pr ieh dUjy nwl sµbµDW qy tkrwvW rwhIN sMrcnwvWqy kyNdrW nUµ AkyNidRq krdy hoey nvIAW sMBwvnwvW isrjdy hn [ ies AkyNdrIkrn ’c isrjxIaUrjwvW Aqy ienHW dy keI mh`qvpUrn rUp huMdy hn [ bRihmMf dI gqISIl aUrjweI pulWGW vjoNivAwiKAw bRihmMf dIAW siQr Aihl smJW nUµ ivsQwipq krdI hY [ ieMJ kridAW ieh piv`qrqy siBAwcwrk ichn nUµ Ainsicq qy bhuvMdI spys rwhIN dyKdI hY [ Drm, ieiqhws qy siBAwcwrhux siBAwcwr qy ivSy ivSys rwhIN hI nhIN blik bhuvcnI pirpyK qoN vI GoKy jWdy hn [

mwrksvwd qy auqr mwrksvwd ny dUjy/hor dy dbwE ADIn smwj-rwjnIqk hoNd dyisDWq dy krItIkl Aml kwrx inrpyKW nUµ qoVn ’c mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBweI hY [ ieMJ iekqrHW nwl mwrksvwd ivroDwBwsI hY [ iek pwsy qW ieh ieiqhws dw audySivigAwnk idRStIkoxidMdw hY pr ienklwb leI dUjy/hor pRqI inrpyKI vI hY [ inrpyKI audyS ivigAwnk idRStIkoxswry ivroDW qy tkrwvW nUµ ^qm krky proloqwrI dw dwbw sQwipq krnw cwhuMdw hY [ mwrksjmwqI ivroD qm krky proloqwrI dI pRmu`Kqw dI g`l krdw hY [ mwrks Anuswr, "hr smwjdI sMrcnw dvMdvwdI ivroDW dI bxI huMdI hY Aqy iesdw h`l isr& proloqwrI ienklwb hI hY [ies nwl swry ivSv ’c jmwqI ivroD ^qm ho jwvygw [" mwrks qy eyNglz ny ieh ivcwrkimaUinst mYnIPYsto ’c id`qw ik dySW AMdrly jmwqI ivroD dy ^wqmy nwl iek dyS dI dUjydyS nwl duSmxI vI ^qm ho jwvygI [ jmwqI ivroD dy h`l dw ieh bVw ryKkI qy iekihrwidRStIkox sI [ ivroDwBwvW dI audyS ivigAwnk smJ ieiqhwsW dI rlgfqw qy bhu siBAwcwrksiQqIAW dI smJ dI qSrIh nhIN kr skdI [ iesy vyly ieiqhwsk pdwrQvwd dy ivcwr rwhINmwrks hr ieiqhwsk dOr dIAW pdwrQk siQqIAW dIAW ivSySqwvW vI ilAwauNdw hY [mwrks dw zor hY ik s`bjYkt dI cyqnqw smwijk auqpwdkI SkqIAW qy auqpwdn drimAwntkrwvW rwhIN srUipq huMdI hY [ smwj dIAW smwijk-ieiqhwsk ivSySqwvW nUµ ilAwaux kwrxmwrks proloqwrI/jmwq dI pihcwx dy pwauVI pRbMD dy Awpxy hI inrpyK dw ivroD krdw hY [ies qrHW mwrks ieiqhwsW, kRWqIAW qy klpnwvW nUµ bxwauNdIAW smwijk-siBAwcwrksiQqIAW bwry sMvwd KVHw krdw hY [ vDIk kImq qy munw&y bwry ivcwr kridAW mwrks pUMjIdIAW iviBMn jYivk bxqrW dI g`l krdw hY ik ikvyN Al`g-Al`g KyqrW dI ieko ijMnI qy iekoijhI pUMjI v`Kry munw&y kmwauNdI hY [ ieMJ mwrks Axjwxy hI if&rWs/v`Krqw bwry auqr-AwDuink ivcwr nUµ pUrvBwisq kr irhw pRqIq huMdw hY [

mwrksvwdI smJ Anuswr, "pUMjI iek siBAwcwrk sroq hY jo smwijk-AwriQk sµbµDW’coN pYdw huMdw hY [" ieh ivSySqw ‘Aiqinsicq ivroDWBwvW’ dy aus auqr mwrksvwdI ivcwr ’chor rUp ’c swhmxy AauNdI hY, jo AliQaUsr ny Prwief qy lwkw dy ivcwrW qoN pRBwivq ho kyid`qI[ AliQaUsr smwijk ieiqhwsk SkqIAW dy vwDU iek`T rwhIN pYdw huMdy auBwr dI g`lkrdw hY [ ieh isr& AwriQk ivroD hI nhIN, jo ienklwb ilAwauNdw hY, blik ieh bhuvcnItkrwvI siQqIAW kwrx vI vwprdw hY [ ivroD nUµ ryKkI/iekihry pwswrW rwhIN nhIN dyiKAw jwskdw, sgoN iesnUµ v`KrIAW qy iviBMn bhuvcnI ivAwiKAwvW rwhIN smJxw cwhIdw hY [

smwj-siBAwcwrk sMrcnwvW, pUMjI dI mMg dy srUpW dIAW ivSySqwvW nUµ if&rWsI pirpyK’qoN lØiBAw jwxw cwhIdw hY [ 'Anti-Oedipus' ’c auqr mwrksvwdI icMqk dYilaUz qy guAwqryinrpyKI AOfIpIAl dw ivroD smwnWqr rUp ’c AwriQkqw dy pRvwh rwhIN KyqrIikRq, AKyqrIikRq

sMvwd-04 157

s`bjYkt/dyh nwl krdy hn [ srbs`qwvdI rwjW dy AOfIpIAlkrn dw ivroD krn leI skIzoAwpxIAW nIqIAW GVHdy hn [ ieh skIzo AOfIpIAl vMSvwd dw twkrw nwbrI aUrjwvW nwlkrdy hn [ ieh AKyqrIikRq mwrks dy ienklwb qoN iBMn hY [ auqr mwrksvwd ’c ienklwb qynwbrI jmwq/pwrtImUlk nhIN hn [ ivroD keI pRkwr dy lokW, smUhW Aqy in`jI bMidAW rwhINAOfIpIAl eyjMsIAW dI spys ’c vV ky kIqw jWdw hY [ ieh AcyqnI lwvy dI isrjxwqmk spysArQW dw auqpwdn huMdw hY [ isrjxwqmk SkqI rwhIN lokW ’c sMGrS qy smwijk klpnw dypRgtwvy dI iek smUihk kwmnw pYdw huMdI hY [ smwijk spys dy swry p`DrW ’qy pYdw hoeI rYfIklklpnw nwl isrjI isrjxwqmk aUrjw isr& jmwq q`k hI sImq nhIN rihMdI [ ieh smwijkklpnw hr pRkwr dy srbs`qwvwdI klpnwvW dy ivroD ’c siQq huMdI hY [ ieh sMGrS srkwrIs`qw qy A&srSwhI qoN pwr jw ky smUihk smwijk Aml bx jWdw hY [ ieMJ ieiqhws cox qyiviBMnqwvW dy iek`TW v`loN smwijk isrjxwvW qy rUpWqrx leI isrjI spys dw nqIjw hoinbVdw hY [

mwrksvwd dy inrpyK nUµ qoVidAW, auqr mwrksvwd ieiqhws qy siBAwcwr dy auQlpuQl vwly dOrW dI Koj krdw hY [ ijQy mwrksvwd ivroDWBwvW dy h`l qlwSdw hY, EQy auqrmwrksvwd ivroDW dy bhuvcnI rUpW nwl srUpy siBAwcwrW, ieiqhwsW qy lokqMqrW nUµ vIsmJx dw Xqn hY [ lwklwE Anuswr, "swrvBOimkqw qy ivSyS iek ivroDwBwsI spys ’civcrdy hn [" AwpxI ikqwb 'Emancipations' ’c auh crcw krdw hY ik ienHW dohW ’c ipAwivDwnk Al`gpn srbs`qw nUµ ivsQwipq krdw hY [ jgq iksy iek swrvBOimkqw nwl nhIN,blik bhuvcnI srUpW nwl bxdw hY [ ieh ivSvI Awaux jwx dI cwl bhuvcnI pihcwxW dypYdw hox nwl vwprdI hY [ ieh bRihmMf KwlI ichnk ’coN auBrdw hY [ AYNfrsn dw kihxw hY ikkOmIAq lokW dy kYlMfrI kwl dy KwlIpn dI smrUpqw ’coN inkl ky kOm dw ivcwr pYdw krdIhY [ lwklE ies pVydwv iekjutqw nUµ KuMJ gey Br`px vjoN lYNdw hY [ aus Anuswr, "swrvBOimkivSySqw ’coN ivsQwipq ivSyS pihcwx dy ApUrn idsh`dy ’coN auBrdw hY [ iviBMn smUh AwrzIqOr ’qy Awps ’c sp`rDw ’c huMdy ny qW ik auh Awpxy ivSyS nUµ pRkwrjI swrvBOimk pRiqin`Dqwdy skx [ swrvBOimk qy ivSyS ’c tkrwvI sµbµD smwnWqr rUp ’c ABwv qy Br`px bx jWdyhn [ swrvBOimk Awpxy Awp ’c koeI Tos v`Q nhIN huMdw blik, ieh qW lokW dy iviBMn smUhhuMdy hn, jo swrvBOimk pRqIin`Dqw dy kwrj nUµ isry cwVHn leI Awps ’c mukwbly ’c huMdy hn ["

ieMJ swrvBOimk XUtopIAn sMBwvnw bx jWdw hY 'jo ik ZYrzmInI tkrwE vwlIAWivSySqwvW dI zmIn hY, jo purwxI snwqnI smJ Anuswr pUrn rUp ’c AOfIpIAl Aqy ZwilbnhIN ho skdI [ dUjy nwl swhmxw hox kwrx srbs`qwvwdI hox dI pRivrqI Tu`s ho jWdI hY [siBAwcwrk ichnkI mImWsw Aqy ivcwr isstmW nwl dUjw/hor inrpyKI ibrqWqW nUµ muVGoKdw hY, ijs nUµ ilaUqwrd lGU ibrqWqW dI Asmmwpqw vjoN ichnq krdw hY [ ilauqwrdPrWissI mwrksvwdI grup dw kuJ dyr leI mYNbr irhw [ ivtjnstweIn dy ‘pirvwrk smrUpqw’dy isDWq nUµ vrqidAW ilaUqwrd mhwibrqWqW dI Awlocnw leI ‘BwSw kRIVw dy kuqrk’ dIsmJ GVHdw hY [ ieMJ auh snwqnI/inrpyKI mwrksvwd dI srbs`qwvwdI phuMc nUµ ic`b pwauNdwhY [

cWql mUPy AwpxI ikqwb 'The Return of the Political' ’c p`CmI qy eySIAweIsrbsqwvwd dy AMq nUµ smJx dw Xqn krdw hY [ aus Anuswr, "ikauNik Aj lokqMqr ivSySvwddw ivsPot dyK rhy hn [ ies leI dUjy/hor nUµ qm kr pwauxw AsMBv ho igAw hY [ klwsIklmwrksvwd dw tIcw dUjy nUµ ^qm krnw hY Aqy keI pUMjIvwdI lokqMqr dUjy dI hwzrI nUµAigAwnqw ih`q nw mMnx kwrn qry ’c hn [ mUPy Anuswr 'AigAwnI bhuvcnvwd AwDuink



lokqMqrW nUµ ivSySqw idMdw hY [ sMGrS/ivroD/nwbrI dI inSwndyhI hux sbjYkt dIAW bhuvMdIAWsiQqIAW qy smwijk klpnwvW nwl huMdI hY, nw ik isr& iek jmwq kwrn [' lwklwE qy mUPyny lokqMqrW nUµ tkrwvI bhuvMdqwvW nwl docwr hox vjoN pirBwiSq kIqw hY [ dUjy/hor nyisrjxwqmk v`KrqwvW dI nvIN spys isrjI hY [ ieh AigAwnI kwivSwsqr v`KrqwvW dIsihhoNd dI nvIN sMBwvnw hY [ siBAwcwr, ieiqhws Aqy pivqr dI ivAwiKAw sMvwdI ivSySqwvWdI v`KrqwmUlk spys qoN hoxI cwhIdI hY [

auqr mwrksvwd ny smwijk klpnwvW, swrvBOimk qy ivSyS drimAwn tkrwvIsµbµDW nUµ kyNdr ’c ilAw ky jmwq dw ivklp id`qw hY [ klwsIkl mwrksvwd jmwq qypihcwx nUµ swrvBOimk krdw hY, pr auprokq nvyN ivcwrW nwl pRiqin`Dqv dI smJ ’cbdlwE vwpirAw hY [ in`j/sbkYkt hux jmwq dI koeI ryKkI pihcwx nhIN rih igAw, sgoNausdI pihcwx bhuvMdI ho geI hY [ ijvyN sbjYkt hux Awpxy Awp nUµ pihcwx dy bhurUpy pRvwhrwhIN dyKdw hY qW sMGrS, nwbrI, ivroD nvIAW qknIkW, ivigAwn, pUMjI Aqy siBAwcwrkdujwqqw dI Awmd nwl siBAwcwrk ivSyS, ivSvI imSrx dIAW nvIAW spysW bxdy jw rhyhn [ auqr mwrksvwd, mwrksvwd dI ies smJ nUµ mMnx qoN ienkwrI hY ik smwjvwdIienklwb nwl kOmI pihcwxW ^qm ho jwxgIAW [ mwrks dw kihxw hY ik iek dyS dI dUjydyS nwl duSmxI ^qm ho jwvygI [ pr keI mwnv ivigAwnIAW v`loN APrIkI, eySIAweIibrwdrIAW dy AiDAYn ieh sQwipq krdy hn ik siBAwcwrk qy kOmI pihcwxW kdy vI qmnhIN ho skdIAW [

dYrIdw AwpxI ikqwb 'Of Grammatology' ’c logos nUµ svwl hyT r`KidAW v`Krqw dIkRWqI dy ivcwr dI g`l krdw hY [ ichn nUµ ifPrWs rwhIN pUrq krn dy ivcwr nwl auh auqrmwrksvwdI v`KrqwmUlk smwijk sMrcnwvW dy isDWq nUµ ivMnHdw hY [ dYrIdw dy sMrcnwvW dI‘kRIVw’ dy ivcwr nwl ieh is`D huMdw hY ik koeI vI iek sMrcnw dy pRgtwvy vwlw pRvcn ho hInhIN skdw [ p`CmI pRvcn mUl rUp ’c msIhI hY jo ik logos dy kyNdr ’c bYTI sbjYkitv hwzrIdw pRgtwvw hY [ dYrIdw hwzrI nUµ dUjy/hor dy trys/inSwndyhI nwl ivsQwipq krdw hY, ijsnwl ArQ dI isrjxw sQ`gq/pUrq huMdI hY [ dYrIdw dw ichn ifPrWs qy trys dw inbyVnbxdw hoieAw, klwsIkl inrpyKvwd dw twkrw krdw hY [ r`b, kudrq, kwrn siBAwcwr qysuhj/sONdrX dy ZYr-logokyNidRq ivAwiKAw Swsqr nUµ rwh idMdy hn [ v`Kry dUjy/hor dI SkqInwl swry kyNdr ivsQwipq ho jWdy hn [

AYfvrf seId qy homI Bwbw ny Awpxy svY-bnvwsI jIvn AnuBvW rwhIN p`Cm dyswrvBOimk qy iekihry pYrwfweImW ’coN bVy isrjxwqmk qy nvIN mh`qqw vwly ivcwr id`qy [AwpxI ikqwb 'Orientalism' ’c seId ny p`Cm dy aunHW igAwn SwsqrI sMrcnwvW qy sMdW nUµpRSnDIn kIqw, jo p`Cm, pUrb nwloN AwpxI v`Krqw sQwipq krn leI keI qrHW dIAWivSySqwvW nUµ ikvyN CuitAw ky dyKdw hY [ ausny bsqIvwdI dOrW v`loN dUjy siBAwcwrW nUµ Fwhlwaux vwly keI cOKitAW nUµ mwrksvwd, auqrbsqIvwd qy PrweIifAn pirpyKW rwhIN smiJAw [seId d`sdw hY ik p`Cm ny AOrIAYNt qy AOksIfYNtl v`Krqw sQwipq krn leI ivDIpUrvkmImWsk qy igAwnSwsqrI Xqn kIqy qW ik pUrb nUµ muV-sMircq krky aus ’qy Zwilb hoieAwjw sky [ p`Cm AwpxI kwm pUrqI leI pUrb nUµ iek kwmuk rKyl Aqy kwmuk QW/BUgoilk spysvWg vrqx l`gw [ p`Cm dI iekpwswrI qwrikkqw ny pUrb dy piv`qr qy sONdrX nUµ ivSySbOiDkqw dw ivSw bxw id`qw [ mwnv-ivigAwnk qy rwjnIqk cOKitAW rwhIN pUrb/AOrIAYNt nUµivAwiKAwaux leI aus AMdr syND mwrI geI [ BUgoilk, siBAwcwrk Aqy smkwilk spysW dwnw isr& ivroD kIqw igAw, blik aunHW dI rmzW nUµ seId dy SbdW ’c lukvyN FMgW nwl

sMvwd-04 159

CyiVAw igAw [ kurwn qy Arb dI dUjqw/horpn nUµ p`Cm dI inZwh ’c GtwA ky pyS kIqw [p`Cm qy pUrb dy sµbµDW nUµ mYN-qUµ dy nukqy qoN nhIN, blik s`qw dI idRStI qoN pirBwiSq kIqwigAw [ pUrbI siBAwcwrW dy pRvwh qy ivSySqwvW nUµ p`CmI AiDAYnkwrW qy KojIAW ny kbzy ’ckr ilAw [ seId ies ’c pUrb dI pRqIin`Dqw ’c swmrwjvwdI Xojnw dy nkS qlwSdw hY [

'Orientalism' ’c seId dI ies bwbq phuMc pUrn rUp ’c dvMdmUlk hY pr auh siBAwcwrW’c ivroD qy dwby dIAW Awr pwr PYlIAW spysW pRqI vI cyqn hY [ fwiesporW dIAW nwrwzgIAWnUµ Awqmswq krdw auh homI Bwbw vWg kuJ suJwA vI idMdw hY [ seId dw ivSvws hY ik mwnvIhoNd dw ivAwiKAw Swsqr siBAwcwrW dy sµbµDW/spysW dIAW JIqW rwhIN do-cwr hox v`l qurdwhY [ aus leI siBAwcwrW ivclI AMqrikirAw iek sursMgqImUlk spys pRdwn krdI hY, ijs’c siBAwcwr kdy vI iek`lw, SuD nhIN, blik dujwqI Aqy bhurUpI huMdw hY [ AOrIAYNtilstW ’qyAwpxy SkqISwlI pRhwr qoN ielwvw auh p`Cm qy pUrb dI siQr duv`lqw qoN vI pwr clw jWdwhY [ ausdI mu`K dyx p`CmI ivAwiKAw p`DqIAW dI vsqUprkqw Aqy inrp`Kqw nUµ byprd krn’c hY [ auh p`Cm dIAW insic`qI, kwbzI nIqIAW dI ausdy inrpyKI isstmW dy pirpyK qoN s^qivAwiKAw krdw hY [

seId ausy siBAwcwr ’c kMm krdy bhuigxqI pYrwfwiemW nUµ vI dyKx dIAW idRStIAWpRdwn krdw hY [ bhuigxqI pYrwfweIm Tosy gey qy GtwEvwdI ho skdy hn [ dwby qy kbzy vwlysmUhW dy gupq hQkMifAW nUµ smJx leI mwnvivigAwnW, smwj ivigAwnW Aqy suhj qysONdrX nUµ muV socy jwx dI loV hY [ seId dIAW ilKqW swfw iDAwn bsqIvwd dy keI p`DrWv`l idvwauNdIAW hn [ p`Cm dy sONdrX, suMdr qy swihq nUµ AOrIAYNilstW dIAW leI Fwh lwaUqknIkW aupr seId dw pRhwr ieh d`sdw hY ik siBAwcwrW vwsqy ZYrkwbz, AigAwnIdrSn, suhjI qy vjUdI spysW dI s^q loV hY [

homI Bwbw siBAwcwrW qy kOmW dI inrpyKI ivAwiKAw nUµ AwpxI fwiespoirk ivsQwpqIrwhIN cxOqI idMdw hY [ aus dIAW ilKqW ’qy PrWz Pwnn qy dYrIdw dw pRBwv hY [ Bwbw Anuswr,‘kOmW iekihrIAW nhIN huMdIAW [ fwiespoirk ivsQwpqI qy ivsPot qoN bwAd kOmW byislislIAWsmkwilkqwvW qy sMGrSI sbjYktW dw idRS bx jWdIAW hn [ koeI vI kOm jW siBAwcwr iekAsmrUpqwvW dw sMgRih huMdw hY, jo is`ØiKAwSwsqrI qy inBwE dI tkrwvIN spys ’coN pYdw huMdwhY [’ Bwbw Anuswr, is`ØiKAwSwsqr pUrv rUp ’c id`qy hoey ieiqhwsk mUl jW Gtnw nUµiekswrIikRqqw ’coN iekjut krdw hY [ ieh inBwE s`qwvwdI SkqIAW ivcwly iek kwtvW kMFwhuMdw hY [ aus Anuswr, ‘kOmW/nySnz qy ibrqWq/nYrySnz inrMqr, iek`qirq smkwilkqwvW,duhrwvW qy AwvrqnI nIqIAW dI duicqI spys bx jWdIAW hn [ ies ivckwrIpn dI doPwVqw’c sQwnk dI hwzrI tkrwE ’c pRvyS kr jWdI hY [ sQwnk smUhW dw tkrwvI ibrqWqlgwqwr s`qwvwdI sImwvW nUµ qoVdw hY [ siBAwcwr/kOmW kdy vI inrpyKI FMg nwl nhINpRgtweIAW jw skdIAW [ dujwqqw, tkrwE qy do-cwrqw hI ienHW dw inrmwx krdIAW hn [siBAwcwrW dw imSrx siBAwcwrk AsmrUpqwvW v`l lY jWdw hY, ij`Qy v`KrqwvW nUµ kdy vIimtwieAw nhIN jw skdw, Bwbw siBAwcwrW dy do-cwr hox dI dujwiqqw leI ‘byislislIAWsmkwilkqwvW’ dw pd vrqdw hY [ ieh auqr-AwDuink AweInsqInI smJ muqwibk dyS kwljuVy huMdy hn [

Bwbw dI kOm/siBAwcwr dI dujwqqw dI smJ AYNfrsn dI ‘kwlpink brwdrIAW’ dyivcwr dy lwgy hY, ijs ’c lok kYlMfrI cwl ’c siQq huMdy hn [ kOmW kwlpink smrUpqwvW dwpRBwv huMdIAW hn, qW ik kOmW dI ^wlI spys BrI jw sky [ kOmW keI pirvrqnW dI bxq



huMdIAW hn, jo BwiSk qy siBAwcwrk pRgtwivAW rwhIN sbwltrn d^l AMdwzI ho inbVdIAWhn [ siBAwcwrW dy JIqI ivckwrIpn nUµ ‘AnrQI spys’ rwhIN drswieAw jw skdw, jo ikv`KrqvW dy iek`Tqw dI kwieAWqrxI spys huMdI hY [ ieh iek AgWvI sihhoNd huMdI hY, ij`QykOmW, siBAwcwr iksy nUµ iekrUp/iekswr kIiqEN ibnw hI sihhoNdSIl huMdy hn [ Bwbw iehisDWq Pwnn dI ikqwb 'Black Skins White Masks' ijhy auqr bsqIvwdI AiDAYnW dypsmMzr ’c GVHdw hY, ijs ’c bsqIvwdI siQqIAW AMdr kwly qy gory Awpo Awpxy siBAwcwrW’c pirvrqn AnuBv krdy hn [ ieh iek qIjy siBAwcwr nUµ jnm idMdy hn, ijsnUµ &rWzPwnn ‘mYnIkInIAn fYlIrIAm/pRlwp’ kihMdw hY [

imSYl PUko dI p`CmI pRvcn dI purwq`qvqw nUµ ‘ieipstIm’ rwhIN Al`g krky dyKxw iekv`fI dyx hY [ PUko Anuswr, ‘‘ieipstIm ‘ieiqhwsk AgwaUNpn’ hY, jo ivcwrW dy Acyqn qy bynwmyrUp GVHdw hY [’’ PUko Anuswr, ‘‘hr ieiqhwsk dOrW vsqW nUµ hukm ’c ilAwaux leI AwpxyieipstIm pYdw krdw hY [ auh ies g`l qoN vI jwxU hY ik iviBMn ieiqhwsk dOrW ’c ieipstImkauq pirvrqn vI vwprdy hn [’’ ausdw kihxw hY ik hr ieipstImk dOr ’c swry igAwn KyqrWivckwr kwieAWqrx huMdw hY [ auh hr ieiqhwsk ieipstImk auqpirvrqn dI ivSySqw qoNjwxU krvwauNdw hY [ nwl hI auh keI s`qw inzwmW dy guMJldwr nYtvrk dI g`l krdw hY [ hrs`qw qy inzwm dUjy nUµ Fwh lwaux leI Aqy kwmuk pRvwh nUµ AnuSwisq krn leI AwpxwivigAwnk inAWiek qMqr bxwauNdw hY [ mwnvI dyh iek idRS bx jWdw hY, ijs ’c drsweykwnUµnW rwhI pRqImwnW AMdr rih ky igAwn dw auqpwdn kIqw jWdw hY [ s`qw dy dwby nUµclwaux leI dyh iek nIqI bx jWdI hY qy s`c vI s`qw dw h`QkMfw bx jWdw hY [ PUko dw kihxwhY ik hr s`qw/rwj sMrcnw AwpxI mwknkI jugq dy ih`sy vjoN Awpxy ivSyS bu`DIjIvI pYdwkrdI hY Aqy iPr iesdy ivroD leI tkrwvIAW jugqW vI GVHdI hY [ PUko mnu`K vwsqy ienHWivGnkwrI AnuSwsnI pRxwlIAW qy AOfIpIAl qknIkW dy ivroD ’qy zor idMdw hY [ aus AnuswrkoeI vI ieipstIm swrvBOimk nhIN [ ieh swrvBOimkqwvW smkwlI qwxy bwxy dy sMigAwnrwhIN qoVIAW jw skdIAW hn [ auh Aqrk qy kwmukqw jo ik pwZlpn qy ivp`Qn dy sroq hn,rwhIN mukqI dI spys qlwS krdw hY [ PUko dw swpyiKk qy ieiqhws-ivSySI ieipstIm swrvBOimkqy inrpyKI ieipstImW nUµ cxOqI idMdw hY [ auh bhujoVI smwDwnk nwbrI v`l vI ieSwrw krdwhY [ PUko dI ies qrHW do qrHW dI mh`qqw bx jWdI hY [ ausdI hr ieiqhwsk dOr dI smJ, joieipstImk auqpirvrqn dI Xogqw rwhIN, ies qQ ’qy bl idMdI hY ik ieiqhws qy siBAwcwrsiQr qy Aih`l nhIN huMdy [ PUko dI ilKqW ieh vI d`sdIAW hn ik styt mSInrI nUµ jwiezTihrwaux leI dyh iek idRS bx jWdI hY [ ilauqwrd dy kihx Anuswr, ‘‘ienHW nUµ kwlvwcIauqyjnwvW nwl qoiVAw Aqy ivkyNidRq kIqw jw skdw hY [ jOrj bwqèI iesnUµ mnùK dI auhKmqw smJdw hY jo ‘vwD’ rwhIN swrIAW sImwvW qoN pwr jWdI hY [’’

jOrj bwqèI jIvn qy mnu`K nUµ gixq AwDwirq sImq AwriQkqw dI A`K rwhIN dyKxleI pUMjIvwdI qy qwrikk pRojYktW nUµ bVI qIbrqw nwl ivsQwipq krdw hY [ bwqèI Anuswr‘‘mwnvI hoNd vwDU aUrjw dy isDWq ’qy AwDwirq hY, ijsnUµ auh ‘kwmuk bhulqw’ kihMdw hY [’’ ausAnuswr, ‘‘swry jIvMq mwdy dUjy pRiq kwmuk kwmnw nwl Bry huMdy hn, jo aunHW nUµ sImwvW nUµ pwrjwx dI AwigAw idMdI hY [ kwmnw dI aUrjw dUjy/hor leI iek sMcwr sµbµD hY [ ieh sMcwr dUjyleI audoN sB qoN auqm pRgtwvw bxdw hY, jdoN kwmuk aUrjw dUjy v`l vwDU rUp ’c PYldI hY [ iesvwD nwl sImwvW Awpxy aulMGx dI AwigAw idMdIAW hn [ ies vwDUpn nUµ keI pRojYktW nyZlq FMg nwl pirBwiSq kIqw hY [’’ bwqèI ies AMdrUnI AnuBv nUµ v`Krqw ivclIAMqrivAwpqw’ kihMdw hY [ dUjy nwl ieh sMcwrI bhulqw jW vwD iksy vI pRojYkt nUµ q`j ky iksy

sMvwd-04 161

vI qrHW dw bildwn dyx dI ie`Cw huMdI hY [ ieh swkwr Ku`lHypn dw swJW sMcwr huMdw hY [ kwmukbhulqw sImq AwriQkqw nUµ ivsQwipq krky svY qy dUjy nUµ eIroz dy plW ’c pw idMdI hY ijsnUµbwqèI ‘piv`qr AnuBv’ kihMdw hY [ ies svY dI svwieqqw dw vI smW huMdw hY, ij`Qy swry tYloznkwry jWdy hn [ dUjy nwl ieh AMqrIvqw ZYr auqpwdnI aUrjw rwhIN aunHW swrIAW sImwvW nUµpwr kr jWdI hY, ij`Qy swry gixq br^wsq ho jWdy hn [ bwqèI ies vwD nUµ jIvn dI aUrjwBwv ZYr auqpwdnI mihmw/SoBw’ kihMdw hY [ ies vwDU aUrjw ny &zUl rc hoxw huMdw hY Aqy iehisrjxwqmk vI huMdI hY qy qbwhkuMn vI [ bw`qeI dw ivcwr hY ik auqpwdn qy aupBog dI sImqAwriQkqw ny swnUµ vsqW ’c GtwA id`qw hY [ ies vsqUikRqqw ’coN inklx leI swnUµ iesnUµkwmuk sMcwr dy AMqrIvI AnuBv rwhIN ivsQwipq krnw pvygw [ ieh ivsQwpn keI vwr bVwihMsk ho jWdw hY [ pr ieh ihMsw jW auQl puQl rwhIN hI guMm cu`kI AMqrivAwpI mihmw nUµ muVsQwipq kIqw jw skdw hY [ bw`qeI Anuswr ‘‘ieh aUrjw isr& kwmuk bhulqw dy kwivkpRgtwvy rwhIN hI muV sQwipq kIqI jw skdI hY [’’ aus dw ivSvws hY ik isrjxw dI vwpsIsImwvW qoN pwr jw ky auQl-puQl qy ivsQwpn rwhIN hI sMBv ho skdI hY [ ieQy ieh d`sxwmh`qvpUrn hY ik eIroz dI nYiqkqw q`k phuMcx leI bwqèI vySvwvW dy kol jWdw sI qy aunHWdy koiTAW nUµ ‘mMidr’ kihMdw sI [

bwqèI dI ‘srwpy ih`sy’ dI smJ swkwry Ku`lHypn dI sWJI spys rwhIN aUrjw dy rc hox ’coNinklI hY [ jykr ieh vwDU aUrjw mukygI/^rc nhIN hovygI qW ies nwl keI ivrUpx pYdw hoxgy [ijhVIAW brwdrIAW/kOmW ies vwDU aUrjw nUµ ^rc nhIN krdIAW, auh qbwhI pYdw krnvwlIAW PwiSst bx jWdIAW hn [ dUjy v`l vwD ’c KulHx nwl AsIN dUjy nUµ ausdy AjnbIpnnwl sivkwr krn dIAW sMBwvnwvW vI KolHdy hW [ bwqèI vloN GVHy ies vwD dy &ls&y nymwnvI hoNd dI bRihmMfI sihj pRivrqI nUµ muV sQwipq kIqw hY [ kwmuk gqISIlqw rwhINbwqèI ny svY qy dUjy nUµ jwiezpn dy pRojYktW qoN mukqI dIAW sMBwvnwvW isrjIAW hn [ bwqèIdw mMqv hY ik sbjYkt kwmuk swhmxy nUµ s`qw dy swry sMGrSW rwhIN Ku`lHidlI qy Awrwm nwliqAwgx dI pYdw kry [ bw`qeI dIAW ilKqW AnuSwsn dIAW mImwswvW nUµ ivsQwpn krnwisKwauNdIAW hn [ jykr hr AnuSwsn AwpxI bhuqlw ’c ArQnvwn hY, qW swrIAW sImwvW nUµihMsk FMg nwl qoV ky isrjxw nUµ mUhry ilAWdw jwxw cwhIdw hY [

bwqèI dI kwmuk bhulqw dI AwriQkqw nwl srUpI mwnvI smJ mwrks qoN v`KrI hY [mwrks Awpxy aUrjw dy sOVy sMklp q`k hI sImq rihMdw hY [ ieh insicq hI mwnvI jIvn qysiBAwcwr dy vwD rwhIN rUpWqrx dI bwqèI vwlI smJ dI kmI hY [ bwqèI dI mwnvI jIvn ’cvwD dI iek v`KrI Koj hY [ ieh vwD swrIAW sImwvW nUµ pwr krdI hoeI mwnvI dyh dy eIroz nUµinXMqrq krdy swry pRojYktW nUµ q`jdI hY [

iemYnuAl lYvInws cyqnqw qoN pihlW iek v`KrI qrHW dI aUrjw dI g`l krdw hY[lYvInws dw nYiqkqw dw sMklp drAsl nw qm hox vwly dUjy nwl nwl rU-b-rU sMvwd hY [lYvInws dI mUlkqw dyh dI srIrk jW dYihk pltqw dI Koj krnw hY [ ijl stOPr qy bYltInwbrgo Anuswr, lYvInws qy nIqSy dovyN hI mihsUs krdy hn ik dyh iksy sMigAwn qoN pihlW hIsMvydnw dw cVHwA AnuBv kr lYNdI hY [ qrk qoN pihlW dw sMvydnw dw auBwr dyh ’c auh vwDinvyS krdw hY, jo cyqnqw dy A`gy A`gy qurdI hY [ ArQ dI vwD kwrqysIAn soc qoN bhuq prHWjWdI hY [ srIrk cwl hI &Yslwkun cwl huMdI hY, jdoN bMdw Biv`K qy BUq dy pRiqauqr leIBiv`KlI Xogqw ’c siQq huMdw hY [ lYvInws leI dyihk ptlqw svY nUµ dUjy pRiq izMmyvwrI dInYiqkqw ’c sQwipq krdw hY [ srIrk vwD ’c svY inAwiek-sdwcwrk inXmW/kwnUµnW dyqoVn dy smwnWqr dUjy dI AjnbIAq nUµ sivkwr krn leI pRqIikirAw krdw hY [ ipCly



simAW ’c dyihkqw ny AMqrivAwpI soc nUµ smJx ’c mh`qvpUrn BUimkw inBweI hY [ nIqSy,Prwief qy normn E brwaun ijhy icMqkW qoN pRBwivq PrWissI icMqkW ny dyh nUµ bVy mh`qvpUrnFMg nwl KoijAw hY [ srIrk aUrjw dw ivcwr bw`qeI dy kwmuk bhulqw dy sMklp dy kw&I krIbhY ijsny ivvykI pRojYktW nUµ ivsQwipq kIqw [ mwnvI dyh dy AMqrIv bwry ieh mh`qvpUrn KojAsl ’c r`b dI mOq qoN bwAd pYdw ^wlI spys nUµ ikvyN Brnw hY, dy pRSn ’coN pYdw hoeI [sMigAwn qoN pihlW dI dyihk aUrjw byzmIny sbjYkt nUµ Drwql pRdwn krn dw Xqn hY [lYvInws leI sbjYkt qy dUjw rU-b-rU sMcwr ’c ho ky ivnYXogqw nUµ cuxOqI idMdy hn [ svY qy dUjydw imlx ’c Awpxw jgq dUjy nUµ dyx dI KulHidlI dy Aml dI drkwr huMdI hY [ ies imlwp ’cdUjw ivnyXogqw dw AMdrUnI mwdw nhIN huMdw, blik dUjw Aijhw pRgtwvw huMdw hY, jo srbIkrndI AigAw nhIN idMdw [ lYvInws Anuswr, ‘‘srbIikRq ivvykI idRStI dy ivruD BwSw hI sMcwrdw ieko iek mwiDAm huMdI hY [ lYvInws dI dUjy leI igAwnmUlk izMmyvwrI bhuvcnI hY Aqyies ’c srbvwdI idRStI dI koeI QW nhIN huMdI [’’ nIqSy Anuswr, ‘‘ieh jIvn suinsicqqw hY,jo svY nUµ kwnUµnW qoN pwr jwx dI iejwzq idMdI hY [ AMqr-ivS`Ak jIvn SkqIAW jIvn dIbhuvcnqw dw jSn mnwaux leI sImwvW nUµ lgwqwr qoVdIAW hn [’’

vIhvIN sdI ’c sQwnk dy ih`qW ’c v`fw cVHwA AwieAw [ kuJ mwnv ivigAwnIAW dyCoty siBAwcwrW ws krky APrIkw Aqy eySIAw dy AiDAYnW ny sQwnk mImWswvW, ieiqhwsWAqy siBAwcwrW nUµ muV pRvcn ’c vwips ilAWdw [ mYlInovskI, mOs, lYvI strws, ivktrtrnr v`loN kIqy mwnv ivigAwnk AiDAYnW ny ieh sQwipq kIqw ik AwpxIAW siBAwcwrkv`KrqwvW kwrx APrIkI qy eySIAweI siBAwcwrW nUµ v`KrIAW sMrcwnwvW vjoN smiJAw jwxwcwhIdw hY [

pUMjIvwdI dy bsqIvwdI qy swmrwjvwdI dOr ’c sQwnk kbzy qy pRqIroD dovW dw sQwnbx igAw [ pr ws qy srvBOimk ivcly tkrwv ny AwpxI BwSw, im`Q Aqy piv`qr dy pRvwhnwl inrpyKI cOKitAW nUµ ivsQwipq krnw SurU kr id`qw [ bhusiBAwcwrk AnuBvW dy AMqrjoVny plYtOink srvBOimkqw nUµ ivsQwipq krnw SurU kIqw Aqy Asrbs`qwvwdI spys nUµ auBwrpRdwn kIqw [ ivSvk qy sQwnk ’c smJOqy dy Xqn Aqy ‘ivSvI soco qy sQwnk kro’ dy nwAryPylH ho gey [ pr iesny iek byislislI klpnw isrjI, jo srvBOimk pYrwfweImW ’c simlqhox qoN ienkwrI sI, lyikn ieh dUjy nwl sMvwd leI KulHI sI [ ies siQqI ’c klIPrf grItzijhy mwnv ivigAwnI ny ‘sQwnk igAwn’ dI smJ ivksq kIqI [ auh AwpxI ikqwb 'Local

Knowledge' ’c d`sdw hY ik igAwn sQwnk rUp ’c QwipAw huMdw hY Aqy ieh Awpxy sMdW AqycOKitAW qoN Alg nhIN kIqw jw skdw [ grItz sQwnk BwSw, ichnW Aqy pivqr dI swmijkpRsMgIkrnqw dI mMg krdw hY [ sQwnk AwpxI ^ws BwSw, im`Q Aqy ivcwr pRbMDW ’c hIAwpxw Awp pRgtwauNdw hY [ grItz ny ieh smJ jwvw, bwlI qy mOrko siBAwcwrW dI ivAwiKAwkridAW ivksq kIqI [ ausny keI SbdW/ichnkW ijvyN bwiqn/lyAr (bwhrI/AMdrUnI), rwhINsmwijk pRsMgIkrnqw nUµ sp`St kIqw [ bwiqn dyh qoN Al`g AiDAwqmkqw dw hvwlw nhINhY, pr ieh bMdy dI Bwvuk jIvn dw pRgtwvw hY [ auh keI hor SbdW, ijvyN-lyk, insbw, dwizkr krdw hY, jo ik Awpxy ArQ smwijk pRsMg ’coN gRihx krdy hn [ ieh Sbd smwijkjIvn dy smu`cy pYtrnW dw ih`sw hn [ ieh siBAwcwr smwijk sMgTnW dy mozyk isstm hn,ijnHW dI ivAwiKAw swr BOimkqw qoN nhIN ho skdI [ AwpxI ivSyS BwSw Aqy AnuSTwnW rwhINsQwnk nw imtx vwlIAW siBAwcwrk ivSySqwvW ’qy b`l idMdw hY [ ieMJ sQwnk iksy vIAOfIpIAl ZwlbI qwxy bwxy ivru`D sbwltrn pRqIroD dI spys bx jWdw hY [ sQwnk nUµsiBAwcwrk mh`qqw dI spys vjoN smJxw iek Aijhw Xqn hY, jo nw isr& siBAwcwr dI

sMvwd-04 163

ryKkI iviAwiKAw nUµ muV pirBwiSq krdw hY, blik ausnUµ AMqrrwStrI idRS ’c vI smJx dwpRXws hY [ sQwnk dIAW siBAwcwrk wsIAqW ny swrIAW inrpyKI srvBOimkqwvW nUµ cxOqIid`qI [ ieh cxOqIAW rwjnIqk ivcwrW ijvyN- mOPy qy lwklE dy ivcwrW ’c vI swhmxyAweIAW [

Alwn ilE AwpxI ikqwb 'Local Transcendence' ’c nvIN qrHW dw ‘sMXogI/FoeIkwiv-Swsqr’ ivksq krdw hY [ nvyN/auqr AwDuink ieiqhwsvwd dI ivAwiKAw kridAW,auh ies nUµ ihkwieq kihMdw hY jo ‘byqukIAW insicqqwvW Aqy insicq byqukIAW dw ivroDwBws’hY [ ieiqhws nUµ iF`ly AMqW qy SurUAwqW dw sµbµDkI sUcnWvI AwDwr dw ieiqhws smiJAw igAwhY [ ilE sMXogI ieiqhwsvwd nUµ insic`qqwvW Aqy ieiqhws ’qoN plwiex dI smwnWqr kRIVwdw moNqwj kihMdw hY [ ieh gMuJl sMBwvnwvW dy dUjy KyqrW dI Koj dI spys idMdI hY [ ilE dIsUcnWvI AwDwr dI phuMc auqr-mwrksvwd Aqy sUcnw qknIk dw imSrx hY [ ausny ieiqhwsnUµ smyN, spys, qknOlojI Aqy sUcnw dy bhuprqI ivsQwpn ’c siQq kIqw, ijs ’c sbjYktAwpxy ieiqhws nwl juiVAw vI hY Aqy ausy qrHW aus qoN bcwE dw rwh vI loVdw hY [ auqr-AwDuink Aqy auqr audXogI qknIkvwd ny ieiqhws dI ryKkI smJ dw AMq kr id`qw hY [auqr-AwDink ieiqhwsvwd tkrwvI Aqy bhuprqI hY, jo iksy tYloz rwhIN nhIN c`ldw [ iehfobU vI hY qy siBAwcwr nUµ ies qoN bcx dI AwigAw vI idMdw hY [ ieh siBAwcwrW nUµ ieiqhwsnwl juVn dI KulH vI idMdw hY Aqy ies qoN mukq vI krdw hY [ A`j ieiqhws AwpxI ZYrhwzrIqy mOq ’c ijaUNdw hY [ ieiqhws byqukIAW ivsQwpnwvW Aqy ZYrhwzrI rwhIN pRgtwieAw jw irhwhY [ ivSySqw Awpxw Awp AivSySqIkrn rwhIN ivAkq krdI hY [ ilE ny Awpxw sMXogIkwiv-Swsqr eI.AYP kof dy AweI. bI. AYm. ’c kIqy kwrj ’qy AwDwirq kIqw hY [ kof dIsµbµDkI ivDI BOiqk Aqy qwrikk sUcnw inrBrqw qoN pwr jWdI hY [ blik ieh qW sµbµDkIAljbry ’qy AwDwirq hY [ sµbµDkI ivDI sUcnw nUµ XQwrQ vloN TosI sImW qoN mukq krdI hY [ kofdI sUcnw AwDwirq ivDI nvIAW sMBwvnwvW dI Koj hY [ jdoN ieh ivDI sONdrXI Aml ’cAnuvwidq huMdI hY, ijvyN ik ilE ny vrzvrQ dI rcnw 'Prelude' dI ivAwiKAw kridAWkIqI qW ieh pwT dI auh ivAwiKAw ho inbVdI hY, jo ies nwl k`svyN sµbµDW ’c nhIN b`JI huMdI [ieh AMqr/kwtvIN siBAwcwrk qy AMqrAnuSwsnI ho skdI hY [ ilE Anuswr, ‘‘ieiqhws isr&swfIAW sMXogI qy AwphudrIAW ivAwiKAweI siQqIAW qoN ivAwiKAwieAw jwxw cwhIdw hY, josMXogI klpnw leI QW pRdwn krdw hY [’’ ilE dw ieh sUcnw qy auqr AwDuink ieiqhws dwKoj BrpUr imSrx kwivSwsqr qy swihqk ichn nUµ muV Kojx ’c mdd krdw hY [ jykr ieiqhws,siBAwcwr Aqy swihqk pwT nUµ ilE dy sMXog qoN smiJAw jwvy qW inrpyKI insic`qqwvW leIkoeI QW nhIN rih jWdI [ Awpxy isDWq qy ivhwr ’c swihqk ichn dw ienHW byquky sMXogW Aqydyh qy siBAwcwr dI vwD rwhIN mnn kIqw jWdw hY [ ieh vwD dI swimAk pRiqin`Dqw dw nvWAvqwr hY [

ilE dI ieiqhws dI smJ tkrwvI hY Aqy ieh ieiqhwsk qqW dI iFl dw sMXog hY [ iehnvyN sµbµDW Aqy nvIAW SUrUAwqW leI aupl`bD hY [ dYrIdw dy sMklp nUµ vrqidAW ieh kihskdy hW ik ieh byqukIAW ihkwieqW AgwauNpn Aqy prqw dIAW iqlkxW ny [ ieh iek qrHW dydibq ivsPot hn [ ieQy ieiqhws kwrx-pRBwv sµbµDW nUµ purwxw bxwauNdw hoieAw imtdw qybxdw vI hY [ ilE ies leI ‘ieiqhws qoN plwiex’ dw pRgtwvw vI vrqdw hY [ iesdw bl hY ikieiqhws dw nvW sMXogI byqukwpn ryKkI ieiqhws qoN bcx dw rwh hY [ iesdI koeI vI insicqqwsQwnk hox kwrx pwrgwmI nhIN ho skdI [ auqr audXogIkrn ny pihcwxW nUµ muV sMricqkIqw hY, ijs ’c spys-smW sMgV jWdy hn [ ilE Anuswr, ‘‘AsIN Awpxy Awp nUµ guMJldwr



ieiqhwsW qoN mukq hox ’c l`gy hoey hW qW ik BUq Aqy Biv`K ivcwly ivklpI rwh nUµ smJskIey [ ieh iek grm iÂwlI Ku`lH hY, ijsnUµ romWs qy Aivvyk vI ikhw jw skdw [ nvIAWsQwnk insicqqwvW kMipaUtr dI pRogrwimMg qy fIpRogrwimMg vWg ny [ ilE stIPn grInblwtdw hvwlw idMidAW kihMdw hY ik auqr AwDuink ieiqhwsvwd iek ivroDwBws hY, ijs ’cieiqhws AMqrIvI bhuprqW rwhIN im`tdy qy muV bxdy hn [ sMXogI ieiqhws plwiex kIqw kofhY ijQy plwiex hoieAw mwdw sQwnk mwmUl ’c fùb ky v`Krw jIvn ijauNdw hY [

PrWsIsI nwrIvwdI icMqkwvW ny nwrI dyh, BwSw qy siBAwcwr bwry swry srbs`qwvwdIpRvcn nUµ ivsQwipq kIqw [ aunHW ny nw isr& nwrI dyh nUµ ‘AYbjYkt’/sUqk dI siQqI ’coNbwhr inkwilAw, sgoN iesnUµ vwD nwl joV ky dyKx leI v`fI d^lAMdwzI kIqI [ ieh vwD nwisr& nwrI dyh dI iksy gixq qoN bwhr ho ky inBwA dI Xogqw kwrn AwauNdI hY, blik ausdybhuvcnI bRihmMfI aUrjwvW nwl gTbMDn ’coN vI pYdw huMdI hY [ nwrIvwdI icMqkwvW ijvyNierIigry, hYln is`KU, jUlIAw ikRsqIvw, fonw hwrwvy ny v`Krqw dy isDWq dI ivAwiKAw kIqIhY, aus nwl inrpyKI pYrwfweIm hor ibKirAw [ ienHW icMqkwvW dw b`l nwrI dyh qy spys dy v`KryivAwiKAw Swsqr nUµ sQwipq krn ’qy sI [ ieMJ kridAW ienHW ny nw isr& nwrI spys nUµ muVsoicAw, blik keI ipqrkI, Dwrimk Aqy siBAwcwrk siQrqwvw nUµ vI sQwipq kIqw [ierIgyry pRvcnW, BwSw Aqy sMsQwvW nUµ kwmuk ivSySqw Aqy v`Krqw qoN muV sMgiTq krn ’qybl idMdI hY [ ausdw ivcwr hY ik nwrI dI pojISn ip`ClIAW keI sdIAW qoN hwSIAwikRq rhIhY [ ies leI keI pRvcn qy sMsQwvW nwrI dyh dI v`KrI vwD, BwSw qy AwnMidqw pihcwxy ibnWhI kwrjSIl rhIAW [ nwrI dy ABwv qy Gwty ’c kwrj krdy PrweIfIAn qy lwkwnIAn ibMbivrùD ierIgyry d`sdI hY ik nwrI Coh, Adw qy klpnw rwhIN Awpxy Awp nUµ bhuprqqw nwlpRgtwauNdI hY [ Awpxy lyK 'The Gesture in Psychoanalysis' ’c auh nwrI dy mrd qoN v`KrIpRqIkwqmkqw ’c AwrMB nUµ ryKWikq krdI hY [ Prwief dy 'Fort-da' dy pYrwfweIm nUµ q`jidAWausdw suJwA hY ik muMfw/b`cw AwpxI mW dI ZYrhwzrI ’c pYdw hoeI inpMunqw nwl pRqIk AMdrdwi^l huMdw hY [ kuVI/b`cI AwpxI mW nwl bwqcIq dy irdm rwhIN BwSw ’c pRvyS krdI hY [ auhnwrI dIAW kwm ivSySqwvW Aqy c`krI aUrjwvW dI bRihmMf dy ie`kvcnqw nwl qulnw krdIhY [ ausdw ieh vI kihxw hY ik nwrI AwpxI dyh dI lYA, Coh qy duv`lI swimAkqw rwhIN pYdwhoeI, ^ws Xogqw kwrx kwmuk AwriQkqw bwry g`l bwq krdI hY [ ieMJ nwrI dyh Aqy spysausnUµ bRihmMf nwl nw Gtwey jw skx vwly sµbµDW ’c pwauNdI hY [

hYln is`KU nwrI dI ilbIfInl AwriQkqw dI ivAwiKAw ausdI inrsvwrQ Bwvnwnwl Awpxy Awp nUµ pyS krn dI smr`Qw dI ivAwiKAw krdI hY [ auh nwrI dyh dI ilbIfnlvwD nUµ bRihmMf/kosmos nwl joVdI hY [ nwrI dw kwm KVHy hox jW AwkVx ’c nhIN huMdw bliksPu`tn ’c huMdw hY, iesy leI ausdIAW ilKqW ilMg-kyNidRq isstmW qoN AgWh jWdIAW hn [hYln Prwief qy bwqèI dohW qoN pRBwivq hY [ ausdw kihxw hY ik nwrI dyh vwD dw Avqwr hY,jo ik AOfIpIAlIikRq hox qoN ienkwrI hY [

julIAw ikRsqIvw EnHW p`CmI srbIikRq pYrwfweImW nUµ qoVdI hY, ijnHW nwrI dyh nUµichnqwmqkqw dI spys qoN ZYr ichnwqmkqw v`l Dkyl id`qw hY [ ausdI muK dyx hY ik ausnynwrI dyh dI mh`qqw nUµ ausdI BwSw ’c vwips ilAWdw[ julIAw ikRsqIvw ny AwpxI ikqwb'Power of Horror' ’c ieh crcw kIqI hY ik ikvyN nwrI dyh nUµ AYbjYk`t/sUqk siQqI ’c D`kid`qw [ ieh koeI pirBwiSq kIqI jw skx vwlI vsq nhIN, blik iek dUjwpn hY, jo inrMqrdUr B`j irhw hY Aqy lIn hox qoN ienkwrI hY [ julIAw ikRsqIvw vsqU v`loN Awpxy mwilk ivruDnwbrI ’qy b`l idMdI hY [ nwrI dyh nUµ plIq krky hwSIey ’qy Dkyl id`qw igAw hY, jo id`shdy Aqy

sMvwd-04 165

grz dy dUhry smyN ’c pRvyS kr jWdw hY [ iesy duibDw ’c nwrI dyh, BwSw qy ilKq AwpxIichnwqmkqw lYNdI hY [ ihMsw qy AwnMd dy ies pRmu`K Aml ’c nwrI dyh dIAW lYAwqmk,isrjxwqmk aUrjwvW, ausnUµ AYbjYkitvI/sUqkqw qoN pwr lY jw ky ausnUµ sbjYkt bxw idMdIAWhn [

julIAw dw kihxw hY ik nwrI dyh, nwrI ieiqhws Aqy nwrI simAW dI ieh bhurUpIduibDw ’c ivSyS sMBwvnwvW dI SkqI peI huMdI hY[ aus Anuswr nwrI dyh c`krI qy smwrkI dohWsimAW ’c kwrj krdI hY [ ieh ivSySqw ausdI nYiqkqw ’coN KojI jwx dI loV hY, qW ikAOfIpIAl kwnUµnW nUµ qoiVAw jwvy [

ienHW nwrIvwdI icMqkwvW dy kwm-ivSyS ivAwiKAw Swsqr nUµ A`gy siBAwcwr ivSySIphuMc qoN vI smJxw zrUrI hY [ 'Feminism in the Study of Religion' ’c hor nwrIvwdI icMqkwvW,ijvyN AYc. Sukraulwh, juifQ b`tlr qy SYrI bI. AOrnr, dw b`l hY ik nwrI dyh, BwSw qy piv`qrdw pRgtwvw isr& siBAwcwr-ivSySI ivAwiKAw Swsqr rwhIN hI hoxw cwhIdw hY [ aunHW ny nwrIieiqhws, siBAwcwr nUµ ryKkIAqw ’c dyKx vwly p`CmI swrvBOimk nwrIvwdI pRojYktW dI iesleI s^q Awlocnw kIqI, ikauN ik ienHW pRojYktW ny eySIAw, APrIkw qy Arb jgq dIAWnwrIAW dI siBAwcwrk mImWsk spys dw koeI lyKw joKw nhIN ilAw [ SYrI Es siBAwcwrkmulWkx dI g`l krdI hY, ijsny lgwqwr nwrI nUµ hwSIAwikRq kIqw Aqy ieh AOrq dI ZulwmIsiBAwcwrk rUp ’c swrvBOimk hY [ Sukraulwh aus p`CmI siBAwcwrk Zlby nUµ pRSn krdIhY, ijs ’c prdw, jo ik ros qy sivkwr dohW dw ichn hY, nUµ ieslwmI ivSySqw ’c dyKx dI loVhY [ AYm. pYskoivtz nwrI XQwrQ nUµ Swiml krn leI siBAwcwrk phuMc Apxwaux bwry g`lkrdI hY [ ipCly simAW ’c nwrI dI siQqI nUµ smJx leI siBAwcwrk phuMc ’qy b`l id`qw jwirhw hY [ BwvyN ik is`KU qy ierIgyry dy sMklpW ny nwrI dyh dI v`Krqw ’qy zor id`qw hY, pr aunHW nyAjy nwrI dy nUµ sbjYkt dw srUp b^SdIAW ivSySqwvW qy bhurUpqwvW nUµ nhIN KoijAw [ aunHW dIAWilKqW nwrI dyh nUµ izAwdw pihl idqI, BwvyN ik auh vI siBAwcwrk ivSyS dI ivAwiKAw dI glkrdIAW hn [

nwrI dIAW hor sMBwvnwvW nUµ Kojx leI 'fonw hwrwvy sweIborg dw sMklp' idMdI hY, joik jYivkqw qy mSIn dw sMkr hY [ ieh glp qy XQwrQ dohW dw pRwxI hY [ hwrwvy sweIborg qynwrI dyh nUµ ieiqhwsk rUpWqrx dIAW sMBwvnwvW nwl Br idMdI hY [ hwrwvy leI sweIborgIAnspys dI isrjxw iekihrIAW sMrcnwvW nUµ qoVdI hY [ sweIborg aulMGIAW sImwvW, SkqISwlIimSrxW Aqy ^qrnwk sMBwvnwvW bwry hY [ auqr AwDuink jgq ’c ij`Qy dyhW sUcnwvW qyqknIkW nwl muV GVHIAW jw rhIAW, hn auQy sweIborg klpnw Aqy ivroD dI spys isrjdwhY, qW ik ilMgk, jmwqI Aqy siBAwcwrk duv`lqwvW qoN bicAw jw sky [ nwrI dyh nUµ isr&ilMk kyNidRq inrpyKvwd rwhIN hI ivAwiKAwieAw igAw hY, ijsnUµ hwrwvy AYproprIeySn qoN pwrlY jWdI hY [ ausdIAW ilKqW, aunHW sImwvW nUµ Koj BrpUr cxOqI idMdIAW hn, ijs ’c nwrI dyh,BwSw Aqy ilKqW nUµ bMnH id`qw igAw hY [ ienHW nwrIvwdI icMqkwvW dIAW ilKqW isr& p`CmI qypUrbI srbs`qwvwdI pYrwfweImW nUµ ivsQwipq krdIAW hn, blik nwrI dI siQqI dIsiBAwcwrk ivSyS dy ibMdU qoN ivAwiKAw ’qy zor idMdIAW hn [

PrWissI nwrIvwdIAW Aqy hwrwvy ny nwrI dyh dI vwD nwl sbMiDq vKrI qrHW ivAwiKAwSwsqr ivksq kIqw, jo nwrI nUµ swrIAw sImwvW qoN pwr jwx dI Aqy isrjxwqmk lYA ’c


rihx dI smr`Qw b^Sdw hY [ A`j dI ivcwr crcw isr& nwrI dI dyh bwry hI nhIN rih geI [ivSv ’c bVy qyz siBAwcwrk pirvrqn vwpry hn [ hux smilMgIAW, lYsbIAnW AqypwrilMgIAW nUµ sivkwr qy aunHW bwry puCig`C hI nhIN ho rhI, blik smu`cy ilMgk ivmrS bwrymuV soicAw jw irhw hY [

A`j dy dOr ’c swry inrpyK im`t rhy ny [ v`Kry dUjy/hor siBAwcwr, ieiqhws, BwSw qypiv`qr ny srvBOimk inrpyKI pYrwfweImW nUµ Awpxy kwiv Swsqr, s`qw sµbµDW Aqy spysI qwxy-bwxy nwl muV srUipq kIqw hY [ A`j jgq bhuvMdIAW ivSySqwvW nwl muV do-cwr hoxw hY [kuAWqm BOiqk ivigAwn, auqr mwrksvwd, nwrIvwd, auqr bsqIvwdI AnuBvW Aqy auqrieiqhwsvwd dy isDWqW qy soc dI Awmd nwl swfy jgq, siBAwcwr qy sµbµDW nUµ pirBwiSqkrdy siQr, qwrikk sMrcnwvW dy plYtoink ivcwr Awlop ho rhy ny [ siBAwcwrk bhurUpqw,qknIkI qy sUcnwvI sMGxypn, tkrwvI ieiqhws Aqy dyh dI vwD kwrn siBAwcwrW, BwSw,swihq qy hor srokwrW dI ivAwiKAw nUµ inscy hI muV ivcwrn dI loV hY [

Rpai bjZpdVw f,Aqg dy>aV sMvwd-04 166

²

liWuga dl>z \cj!|f>ujWg drFje@f>ujW [email protected]% [email protected]

f>ujWg bjv'yVj ^bdZb{V a[ bdZbjfV

bKu us'G blgG f>ujWg bjv'yVj Rpfi lilig duhg V;i qjis[hJ aJ dHh e,v lf,LB iPf dry dstjHg ds>sg h{ dw bjv'yVj dHwdrL[Lgd*a debjV s[ riaji[ uJ bVpljLV fKt'G bjfSg lpa.ai h'Gsf+jfa wi eHg h{ m dWVJ LKw dHl riaji[ } lojfa wiV dry bjZpdVwIp,e W'Z sj qh,arfPiV i'v h{ dwMdw bjv'yVj sg f+dwiag aiw@dVt[Cj ba[ drLv[LS h{ m dHh bjloj@ LiZj@ Fjrpwaj uJ i'qJl sjbVpljLV VhgG le'G Wp,Z-drr[wg Rph wjiu h{ u' ljdha s[ lqpKy[ riaji[} lpy[a lphu f+W.Z ru'G lqNsj-lqNjRpGsj h{ m dwl[ lq[G blgG FjrpwajrKl uJ dryjirjsg ds+LBgw'S lswj bjv'yVj } f+dawiq@ dB,fSgqPvwuJ wvjaqw f+dahp.eji[ ru'G lrgwji wiw[ dHl } epiP VjVw s[r ugsgbJ WjWj igs s[ Lv'wJ Wji[ wgagbJ wjdrw dBKfSgbJ aKw drlajiv{Gs[ lg m dHl FjrVj df,A[ duKo[ ljc[ dril[ sj i'qJl lg Rpo[ dHh rgfdhvP lg dw blgG bjv'yVj s[ qPv l.wvf a'G hg rJN[ lg m bjv'yVj sjl.wvf qdh; ljdhaw iyVjrJ RpKfi f+dawiq hg lg m dHh f+dawiqqjVdlw f+FjrJ sg s[S lg dwRpGdw q,Zwjvg W'Z bjloj w[Gsdia lg mdHl[ drLrjl@ y[aVj ba[ FjrVj dry'G blgG q,Zwjvg dw,ljwjiJ sgbJwgagbJ wjdr dB,fSgbJ $y'G bjv'yVj sj drwjl dViZjia widsbJBgdwbJ ba[ f+qjioJ dry h'Hg drbjdtbj } bjv'yVj sg lqdi,Zfi.fij ru'G lrgwji wi v{Gs[ ih[ hJ m epiP ljdhWjV sgbJ wjdrdB,fSgbJ@ dwKljwjiJ sgbJ f+l.ljaqw RpwagbJ ba[ BgdwbJ-f+qjioJsgbJ drbjdtbjrJ qdh; lPyVj ba[ liv biog drlaji sgbJ lPywhV m dHV%J dry ljdha s[ wjdr Ljlaig V[qJ@ lphu-Ljlaig l.wvfJ@ljdha sg drv,tS h'Gs drZg ba[ dryjiZjijHg f{ijcjHgq l.W.Zg RphlPN-l.wvf VhgG hV u' dwl[ ljdha dwia sj Wjhiqptg@ aiwl.eadrLv[LS wiV sj bjZji WS lwS m q,Zwjv s[ lq[G dry l+g epiP e+.oljdha sg l.fjsVj vjljVg h{ m dHl e+.o sg aiagW@ WjSg l.wvV@ije W,Z a[ ije qpwa iyVjrJ ba[ dHV%J lF Vjv'G rZ[i[ qh,arfPiVdHw ds+LBgw'S a'G Fjiag FjLjrJ dry iyg eHg WjSg sj l.wvVvjdqljv h{ m dVLy[ hg dHl WjSg sj wjdr-Ljlai@ v'wqptg wjdriPfJ sg ria'G ba[ dHl sj v'w-wdvbjSwjig lpFjb q,Zwjv dryrjfig dHdahjlw v'wqptg zBVj h{ m dHl sg bjv'yVjaqw ds+LBg a'Gedhi-e.Fgi qh,aaj lrgwjig uJsg h{ fi.aP dHh ljdhaw t'u sj



dWhaigV l.fjsV wjiu aJ h{@ dHl } bjv'yVj sj w'Hg dlZJa q>V w[ ljdhaw iyVjrJ sjdrLv[LS wgaj ujr[@ dHl ai%J s[ ljdha Ljlaig l.wvf s[ bjZji dHl b>si VhgG hV m

bjv'yVj b>aiqptg@ f+Fjrrjsg@ f+l.ljaqw uJ f+dawiq sj riajij VhgG@ dHhdrL[Lgd*a debjV sj riajij h{ u' dwl[ dlZJa Vjv sr.sjaqw l.W.ZJ dry WKdNbj hp.sj h{ mdHl V[ ljdhaw f+dwdibj } Rplsg h'Gs drZg a'G lqN w[ iPfjwjiw wjdr-Ljlai a,w lqNdsbJRplsg lqjuw ba[ ldFbjyjiw FPdqwj } dHdahjlw fdif[t dry lqNSj ba[ qpvJdwawiVj hp.sj h{ m u[ blgG b,u ljdha } lu,e@ l.edna@ lphujaqw@ wvjaqw ba[ dryjiZjiwdyhV f+W.Z ru'G lrgwjis[ hJ aJ dHh bjv'yVj s[ lswj hg h{ m dHh' wjiV h{ dw bjv'yVj b,uhi FjLj s[ RpKy drKdsbw fjn-*q sj dh,lj h{ m dHl a'G beJh bjv'yVj rg bdZb{V sg rlaPWS w[ q{Bj-bjv'yVj aKw drwjl wi eHg h{ m

bjv'yVj bjZpdVw Ip,e ba[ bjZpdVw W'Z sj debjVqHg riajij h{ m f>ujWg dy.aVfi.fij dry bjZpdVwaj } WiajVrg Wlagrjs Vjv lpy[a iPf dry l.W.dZa wgaj uJsj h{ mdrdF>V dryjiZjijrJ s[ lqgdtbw bjZpdVwaj } WiajVrg Wlagrjs sg bjqs Vjv l.W.dZawis[ hV m dHdahjl sj dHh l.wvf WiajVrg WlagwjiJ V[ ds,aj m dul bVplji RpV%J V[ FjiagdHdahjl } dh>sP ldFbaj \fpijaV wjv|@ qpldvq ldFbaj \q,Zwjv| ba[ WiajVrg ljLV\bjZpdVw wjv| dry r.dcbj m f>ujWg dy>aV V[ dHl } duM sj daM lrgwji dvbj m dHll.W.Zg fpVi qpvJwS hg VhgG wgaj dw wg dHdahjl sj dHh l.wvf Fjiag/f>ujWg lqju-ldFbjyji vHg I'e rg h{ uJ VhgG ( dHl f+ag wHg e.Fgi lpbjv tC%[ h' uJs[ hV m epiP e'dW>sdl>z s[ bwjv yvjS[ \1708| a'G Wjbs f>ujW dry W.sj dl>z Whjsi@ dl,t dqlvJ ba[ dxiqhjijuj iSuga dl>z sj iju dihj m dHl v.q[ dHdahjl wjv } u[ f>ujWg ljdha dry dwZi[dVt[dCbj debj h{ aJ Rph dHdahjl s[ V;igH[ a'G VhgG@ le'G wjv s[ V;igH[ a'G dVt[C w[qhjijuj iSuga dl>z wjv dry r.c dvbj debj m dHh V;igbj rg Wlagrjsg qjVdlwaj sghg s[S h{ m lqpKy[ f>ujWg dy>aV ba[ f>ujWg ljdha sg dHdahjlwjig dry bduh[ l.wB hV dulwiw[ blgG f>ujWg ljdha s[ bjZpdVw lq[G } ws[ FjHg rgi dl>z Vjv l.W.dZa wis[ hJ@ ws[Ljh qph.qs Vjv ba[ ws[ 1850 a'G 1900 a,w s[ lq[G } l.*Jag wjv wdh w[ ep;i-Wli wis[hJ m cj! idr>si dl>z irg f>ujWg bjv'yVj sj qh,arfPiV fCjb b>ei[;J sj f>ujW drybjRpS Vjv l.W.dZa wisj h'dHbj Rpl s[ s' qh,arfPiV wjiV dq,osj h{ 1! fdhvg rji dwl[ RpKVa w"q sg ljdha fi.fij ba[ bjv'yVj s[ drwla iPfJ Vjv ljcj

fdiyI l.F h'dHbj m ljdha } ugrV Vjv l.W.dZa wiw[ bdZb{V wiV sg f+driag sjiPf bji.F hp.sj h{ m r,t r,t t[aiJ dry drdebjV s[ f+r[L wiV sg Ws"va lqp,yg l'ydrZg bdZw aiw l.ea ba[ W"dZw h'S r,v ipdya h'S wiw[ bjv'yVj s[ drwla lpFjsj dVLdya h'Sj l.Fr h'dHbj m b>ei[;g drKdsbj f+Sjvg bZgV f,Aq sgbJ sjiLdVwfi.fijrJ Vjv ljcg lJN sj bji.F h'dHbj m

2! ljdha bdZb{V ljZjiV fjnLjvjrJ@ qlgaJ@ epispbjdibJ ba[ ZiqLjvjrJ dry'GdV,wv w[ lwPvJ@ wjvuJ dry bjRpS Vjv dHl f+ag lqpKyg fhp.y sj fdiriaV h'SjlpFjrw lg m dy.aV dry bVpljLV sg f+driag f,Aq s[ drdebjV ba[ siLV s[ bZgVdHw drL[L dsLj dry drwla h'Sg LpiP h'Hg m1

dHl dry w'Hg l.s[h VhgG dw WiajVrg Wlagrjs Fjia dry f+y,va f{sjrji sgH[LgbjHg drZg } adhl Vdhl wiw[ fP>ugrjsg f{sjrjig drZg \u' ljqiju s[ dh,aJ s[ bVpwPvlg| sg lojfVj wisj h{ m WiajVrg Wlagrjs dVLy[ hg Fjia b>si dHh w.q wisj h{ fi.aPdHl s[ qpwjWv[ wg Rph F"daw bjZjiJ rjvg VrgG f{sjrjig drZg sg dliuSj wiw[ s[L }

sMvwd-04 169

drwdla vghJ r,v dvujSj yjhp.sj h{ uJ Rpl dry Wlagrjsg L'LS hg qp,t H[u.cj idh>sj h{ mdHl Wlagrjsg bjZpdVwaj l.W.Zg ljc[ dy>aw ba[ dy>aV fi.fij bjv'yVjaqw Vj idh w[dHl a,o } bjsiLrjsg iPf dry lrgwji wi v{Gsg h{ dw b>ei[;J s[ bjRpS Vjv Fjiag uV-ugrV dliuSjaqw ba[ ljwjijaqw WS uJsj h{ m dHh' l.wB h{ dw blgG Wlagrjs s[ s"if+ag Wjhiqptg iPf dry drr[wLgv fhp.y VhgG WSj lw[ m dWVJ L,w Wlagrjs r[v[ lwPv@wjvu@ dWuvHg qjdZbq@ B{vge+j`@ bjrjujHg s[ ljZV@ Ajf[tjV[@ b?Wji bjds FjiagugrV dry fdiriaV dvbjRpS s[ wjiw WSs[ hV fi.aP dHh VhgG Fp,vSj yjhgsj dw dHh lFFjiag W"dZwaj s[ drwjl sg f+jodqwaj Vjv'G WiajVrg L'LS s[ drdF>V qjdZbq hV m

f>ujW dry WiajVrg Wlagrjs 1849 dry bjfSj f+Fjr lojfa wi v{Gsj h{ m dl,t-b{Gev' Ip,Z a'G Wjbs FjHg qhjiju dl>z sj drsi'h@ VjqZjig vdhi ba[ 1857 s[ uV drsi'hsg dHdahjlw hwgwa } lqN[ We{i f>ujW s[ W"dZw drwjl@ l.r[sVj ba[ y[aVj } lhg iPfdry lqdNbj hg VhgG uj lwsj m l+g epiP dl>z lFj vdhi } dl,t fpVi-ujeiS ru'G lqdNbjuJsj h{ m fi.aP dHh fpVi ujeiS dl,t i'qJl $y'G Rpfug Rph bjaq lpiKdtbj sg dHdahjlwldoag h{ duhCg WiajVrg Wlagrjs sj dl,t-dryjiZjiw Wsv VhgG f[L wisg le'G WlagrjsVjv ldhh'Gs s[ iPf dry dryi w[ dl,t fAjS } dHw drL[L l.fisjdHw sjdHi[ dry W.V%sg h{ mdHl lq[G dry bjigbj lqju@ W+hq' lqju ba[ dl>z lFj vdhi sg dHdahjlw ldoag $y'GRpaf>V h'H[ Iojio sj lswj hg h{ dw f>ujW dry Zjidqw cgW[B da,tj iPf ZjiV wisg h{ m dHlqlv[ ba[ ldoag } lqNS vHg Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z sg fplaw #h.l y'e$ dry wHg lP?q l.w[aJ }ujS v{Sj f+l.ew h'r[ej -1! H[hVJ s[ \tjvlj B+{wB lpljdHBg| B+{wBJ sg W'vg hpS lji[ riaS dry bjMsg h{ fi L,w

h{ dw h'i qaJ rjv[ f>ujWg Fij dvtS-fC%V dry f>ujWg Whpa z,B rias[ hV m W'vs[;iPi f>ujWg hg hV@ fi dvts[ VhgG m

2! b,u w,v% f>ujW s[ qplvqjVJ a[ dh>sPbJ dry Whpaj riajij jilg b,tiJ sj hg h{@ dwMu' qp,T a'G WjvJ } H[hg b,ti dvtjH[ uJs[ hV m

3! b,u w,v sg dvBi[yi u' dl,t WSj ih[ hV@ Rpl dry Zjidqw a[ lqjuw e,vJ sj hg f+yjih{ m dL>eji il } df,A[ fjHg uJs[ hV fi us a,w Vjrv@ cijq[ bjds sgbJ f'ogbJ bjqv'wJ sj ug f+yjS vHg Vj WSV@ RpV%J dyi dvBi[yi sj rjZj IojI'e VhgG h' lw[ej mZjidqw a[ lqjuw q;hW bi dq,va sg RpKVag sgbJ f'ogbJ Vj aJ wsg bjq v'wJdry f+y,va h'HgbJ hV bi Vj hg RphVJ s[ h'S sg bjl h{ m

4! dh>sPbJ sg bSedhvg bjfSg f>ujWg W'vg r,v qp,T a'G hg ihg h{ m H[hg wjiV h{ dw dl,tepiP bi dl,tJ a'G Ap,B w'Hg y.ej dh>sP wrg f>ujWg dvBi[yi dry dstjHg VhgG ds>sj m2

Rpfi'wa l.w[aJ dry'G u' da,tj ba[ l.ugsj qlvj h{@ Rph h{ Ziq dViv[faj sg zjB sj mf>ujWg FjLj f>ujWgbJ sg FjLj VhgG le'G dl,tJ sg FjLj WSj ds,ag uj ihg h{ m sPlij@ dvdtbjuj dihj ljdha uJ aJ Zjidqw bwgs[ sj h{ uJ lqjuw lpZji sj m lqjuw lpZji rg Ziq sgu,s \Boundary| b>si h{@ Wjhi VhgG m dHM f>ujW sj rjajriS Zjidqw lsFjrVj sj VhgG@Zjidqw dxiwPfS sj h{ m dHh d`iwP y[aVj 1857 s[ uV-drsi'h a'G Wjbs WiajVrg WlagwjiJrv'G Wgug a[ drwla wgag eHg m dHo[ WiajVrg Wlagrjs sg Rpl dlbjla } lqNS sg;iPia h{ dul } f>ujWg dy>aV f,Aq s[ debjV@ drdebjV@ dlKdtbj ba[ sjiLdVw fi.fijrJs[ fdiyI dry Fp,v uJsj h{ m f>ujW sg dHl dHdahjlw ldoag } ujVS vHg 1873 drywdiLygbV dqLV lwPv@ b>dq+ali dry fC%V rjv[ yji dl,t drdsbjiogbJ rv'G Ziq fdiriaVs[ b{vjV rjvg zBVj } s[tSj WSsj h{ m dHl zBVj Rpfi.a dl,t l`J dry tvWvg f{sj hp.sg

f>ujWg bjv'yVj ^ bdZb{V a[ bdZbjfV


h{ dul dry'G dl>z lFj vdhi sj uVq hp.sj h{ m njwpi dl>z l.Zjrjvgbj ba[ hiLj dl>z ZPfgbjrie[ wpvgV dl,t V[aj qgdB>e Wpvj w[ dl,t fAjS } WyjRpS vHg Zjidqw l.enV Wji[ l'ys[hV m dHKo[ bdhq f+LV dHh h{ dw WiajVrg Wlagrjs sg dlbjla wjqIjW h' ihg h{ duhCgf>ujWgbJ s[ dxiw[ } RpV%J sg Zjidqw fAjS s[ dHis-deis dHw,n[ wisg h{ m dHh ZjidqwfAjS vejaji lVjaVg dl,t fi.fijrJ ba[ dl,t r.V-lpr.Vaj sg ojr[G #?jvlj fAjS$ s[ iPfdry WSV v,e fHg m hiu'a YWijH[ V[ dl>z lFj vdhi@ yg` tjvlj sgrjV ba[ a,a ?jvlj s[edhV bdZb{V Rpfi.a dHh' Vaguj wKdTbj h{ dw 19 rgG ba[ rghrgG lsg s[ Wlagrjsg f>ujWdry idha fi.fij s[ drwlS lswj dlKt fi.fij #tjvlj fAjS$ dry iPfJadia h' eHg m3

dHM f>ujW sg dHdahjlw ldoag sj bdZb{V Rpl s"i sgbJ fsjiow ldoagbJ $y'G h'Sjyjhgsj h{ dwMdw duV%J e,vJ r,v Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z V[ l.w[a wga[ hV@ Rph dwl[ qjVdlw e.T dry'Gf{sj VhgG h' ih[@ Rph Rpl lq[G sgbJ dHdahjlw fdildoagbJ $y'G f{sj h' ih[ hV m dHl bjaqlpiKdtbj s[ s"i dry Rpl lq[G u' yiyj ba[ l.rjs h{ Rph Ziq s[ dHis-deis hg h{ m debjVgds,a dl>z s[ #?jvlj b?Wji$ vjh"i s[ l.fjswg v[t rji rji sPli[ ZiqJ s[ Vjv tdh w[ #?jvljfAjS$ } dViZjia wis[ hV m FjHg wjV% dl>z VjFj sg fplaw #hq dh>sP VhgG$ Rpl lq[G s[l.rjs sg hg Rpfu h{ u' dxidwbJ sg Zjidqw fAjS sg f+qjdSwaj } beiFPqg Rpa[ i,tsg h{ m

Rpfi'wa yiyj wiV sj dHh' Fjr h{ dw u[ blgG WiajVrg Wlagrjs } WiajVrgdlbjla Wlagrjsg bjZpdVwaj s[ adha hg lrgwji wiw[ dHl s"i } lqNS sj IaV wis[hJ aJ Rpls[ dl,B[ L.wje+la@ bjfj dri'Zg@ Q{i drdebjVw w,Ts[ h'H[ bjZpdVwaj s[ l.wvfba[ riaji[ } e.Zvjb ds.s[ hJ m dHl ldoag dry'G dli` ljdha Vjv l.W.dZa qldvbJ f+ag hgblgG dHl ldoag sj ljhqSj VhgG wis[ le'G f>ujWg dry bjv'yVj f+ag rg dHw a'G rZgwbjfj dri'Zg fpugLV e+dhS wi v{Gs[ hJ m

f>ujWg bjv'yVj dry f+oq bjv'yw Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z } lrgwjis[ hJ m us'G Rpl sgbjv'yVj sj bdZb{V wis[ hJ aJ Rpl } dHw' lq[G ljdha s[ dHw,aigwiV@ ugrVgfiw hrjdvbJ@dHdahjl ba[ aiv dB,fSgbJ s[ u'C dry'G dqLia bjv'yVj uJ dHw' lq[G dHw a'G rZgwbVpljLVJ s[ ldqLiV ru'G b>dwa wis[ hJ m Wlagrjsg f>ujW sg #bjaq lpiKdtbj$ sg ldoagdry'G Wjrj WpKZ dl>z Rpl lq[G f>ujW sg dul y[aVj dry'G W'v dihj h{@ Rph rZ[i[ qh,arfPiV ba[dZbjV s[S rjvg h{ m ##Wjrj ug V[ lF a'G fdhvJ dHh bVpFr wgaj dw f>ujWg W'vg sj w.q lFf>ujWgbJ sj lJNj h{ m dHl rjla[ dHl s[ vHg lJNj dB,v vjSj yjhgsj h{ a[ lJNj ljdha f{sjwiVj yjhgsj h{ m sPuj bjf V[ dHh r[dtbj dw epiqptg bKtiJ dry u' ljdha dl,tJ rv'G f{sjwgaj uj dihj h{@ dHh Wjhvj Zjidqw h{ a[ w[rv dl,tJ vHg h{ m dHl rjla[ f>ujWg dry dh>sPqplvqjVJ sg dsvylfg f{sj wiV sg v'C h{ dw liW lJNj ljdha f{sj wgaj uj lw[ m$$4 dHly[aVj sg dryjiZjiw yiyj wiV a'G fdhvJ dHl[ lq[G s[ f>ujWg s[ sPli[ l'yrjV q"vj W?LwpLaj s[ RpnjH[ qldvbJ } rg s[tSj qh,arfPiV h{ ^

f>ujWg W'vg u[ W[firjhg@ e`va a[ qaF[s sj dLwji Vj h' eHg hp.sg aJ dHl r[v[ dHl V[dh>splajV sgbJ Vjqri f+Jaw W'vgbJ s[ b,e[ apisg dslSj lg m dHl s[ tqgi dryrZS q"vS sg Whpa WCg Lwag q"uPs hp.dsbJ Fg bjfS[ dyijeJ s[ hKo'G ipv ihg h{ m VjdHl sg fpLa Rpa[ w'Hg iurjCj h{ a[ Vj dh>sP qplvqjVJ sj lJNj ;'i w.q s[ dihj h{ m Whpaljig ajwa f>ujW sg dHl[ dHw NeC[ } Vdu,ndsbJ hg VLB h' eHg dw dHl } dvtSvHg b,ti dwhC[ ria[ ujS@ RpisP uJ epiqptg m5

!!!fi qplvqjV epiqptg rie[ lptjv[ b,ti Fg firjV wiV } dabji VhgG m dHl a'G fajvesj h{ dw q;%Wg qaF[s hg lj} dHw oJ W{nS VhgG ds>sj m6

Rpfi'wa f>ujWg s[ s' qp,Tv[ bjv'yw Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z ba[ q"vj W?L wpLaj s[ bjv'yVjaqw

sMvwd-04 171

wjiu s[ d`wi ljdhaw s[ Vjv Vjv lqjuw@ ldFbjyjiw ba[ dryjiZjiw qh,aaj rjv[rZ[i[ hV m Fjr[G dw dHhVJ sj liPf lpdhis f>ujWgba FjrVjqHg h{ m Rpl lq[G u' WiajVrgWlagrjs sg dlbjla d`iwjf+lag sg lg duls[ dHis deis f>ujWg fAjS } bjflg dri'Zdry r.c w[ t>c t>c wgaj uj dihj lg ba[ Ziq s[ qpKs[ ijhgG f>ujWg qVpKt bjZpdVw h'S a'Gridubj uj dihj lg@ Rpl} Wlagrjsg bjZpdVw dlbjla sj wdi.sj WSjdHbj uj dihj lg mRpls[ lqjVJai f>ujWg FjLj ba[ ldFbjyji w[Gsdia f>ujWg fAjS } dViqa wiVj WiajVrgdlbjla s[ dtvj` f>ujWgbJ s[ y[a.V dliuS sj n'l ba[ ijulg qh,aaj rjvj dHh drdebjVwbjZpdVw IaV lg m WiajVrg WlagwjiJ sg s'Zjig udBv dlbjla dHh' lg dw fP>ugrjsgf{sjrig drZg ijhgG f>ujWg v'wjHg sj l'LS wgaj ujr[ ba[ y[aVj sg f,Zi $a[ RpV%J sgbjZpdVw fAjS Vj WSV ds,ag ujr[ m le'G dHh qVp<t wWgvj@ ujag ba[ Ziq s[ q,Zwjvg W'Z s[dHis-deis bjlojqHg-drLrjlg y[aVj dry uwdCbj ih[ m dHl[ dry'G FjLj rie[ lqjugriaji[ } Ziq Vjv lVsW,Z wiw[ RpV%J b>si l.yji s[ qlv[ } liW lJNj Vj WSV ds,aj ujr[le'G FjLj } Ziq sg rjhw WSj w[ Wlagrjsg dlbjla s[ dh,a fPi[ ujS m Wlagrjs sg dHldlbjla s[ lqjVJai f>ujWg FjLj w[Gsdia ljdha sg l.Fjv qdh; ljdhaw Fjrpwaj VhgG h{le'G WiajVrg Wlagrjs s[ tC%[ wga[ fPir-bjZpdVw qldvbJ s[ f+daRpKai hV dul ijhgGbjv'yVj bjZpdVw ds+LBg sj l.yji wi ihg h{ m dHh ds+LBg FjLj w[Gsdia h'S wiw[ ujag@wWgv[@ Ziq a'G RpKfi RpKn w[ l.Ipwa f>ujWg lqju ba[ ldFbjyji sg f+agw WSsg h{ m

rghrgG lsg s[ bji.Fv[ shjdwbJ dry ljhqS[ bjHg bjv'yVj dry drL[L a"i $a[ WjrjWp,Z dl>z sg fplaw #w'dHv wP$ sj fdhvj Fje wdraj sg fAjS@ wdraj sj h'iVJ wvjrJ Vjvl.W.Z a'G v{ w[ wdraj s[ lqjuw l.W.ZJ ba[ Rpls[ lqju RpKfi f+Fjr Vjv l.W.dZa h{ m wdraj s[Vjv l.W.dZa Rph Fje Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z sg wjdr y[aVj ba[ wjdr lPN sj f+a,t f+qjS h{ m dHl lPNdf,A[ Fjiag wjdr Ljlai@ IPVjVg fi.fij@ f,Aqg fi.fij sj lpq[v dHw r,tig ai%J sj wjdrLjlaig fdif[t wjiuLgv h{ m Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z sgbJ wjdr fdif[t l.W.Zg wpN ZjiVjrJ } fC%VjwpoJ VhgG h'r[ej ^1! blv dry wdraj dHw \Art| hpVi h{@ dul dry wjigeig sg v'C h{ m2! dtbjv dwKo'G bjr[@ H[h a[ w[rv qVp<t s[ auiW[ a[ drKdsbj Vjv Hg l.W.Za h{ m duaVj

auiWj a[ drdsbj YVj Hg dtbjv y.ej a[ r,cj m3! wrg s[ WyVJ sj bli dH,w sPli[ v{wyiji s[ WyVJ a'G rZgw hp.sj h{ m4! fWvw s[ dtbjvja } fvBj s[Sj wrg vHg w'Hg b"tj w.q VhgG hp.sj fi wrg rg wrg

h'r[@ apwW.s Vj h'r[ m5! dHw uqhPig iju sj wrg u' yjh[ dvt lwsj h{ dwM u' Rpl} bjf dtbjvJ s[ s,lV sg

bj;jsg h{ m dHw ?ps qptdabji iju[ sg fiuj } H[h h,w hjlv VhgG dw Rph ugwV yjhVbjfVj dtbjv ;jhi wiV m H[hg hjv Rpl w"q sj h{ u' sPu[ iju s[ h[nJ h'r[ m wj}Vg W.sLa[ iju sj ci wrg } bjfV[ dtbjv bj;jsg Vjv s,lV' i'wsj h{ m us dHh hjv h'dHbjaJ h"vg h"vg wrg sg l'y sg Rpcjig rg zBsg uJsg h{ m

6! H[h f{l[ s[ V"wi wrg wjigei a[ hp.s[ h{V@ v'wJ } hljV@ iprjV@ Rplaag a[ WpdibjHgwiV dry Rplajs@ fi wdraj Rpl Rpy fsrg sg VhgG u' bj;js a[ xwgi wrgbJ sghp.sg h{ m

7! Vr[G ;qjV[ sg i.XS f>ujWg wdraj dry bj ihg H[ ) fpijVg W{GaWj;g sj lqJ edHbjmhpS W{Ga a[ dvts[ V[ fi q;qPV y.ej a[ lpoij m f>ujWg wdraj sgbJ W{hiJ dry rg tpKv%h' eHg h{ m7

Rpfi'wa wpN Vpwa[ dHl vHg b>dwa wga[ hV aJ dw fi.fiw f>ujWg dy.aV dry Wjrj Wp,Z



dl>z sg bjv'yVj s[ qh,ar } lqdNbj uj lw[ a[ dHl } qdh; dril[ sg l.Fjv@ f+dawiq uJqjVdlw f+Fjr aKw hg lgqa Vj wgaj uj lw[ m Rpfi'wa VpwdabJ } dHdahjlw fdif[t drylqNS sg Whpa ;iPia h{ dwMdw us'G riajdibJ } dHdahjlw fdif[t a'G qpwa wi ds>s[ hJ aJRpV%J s[ Ip,e drL[L sg drr[wLgvaj s[ bio ?aq h' uJs[ hVm dHl wiw[ us'G Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z sgbjv'yVj } dHdahjlw fdif[t dry s[ts[ hJ aJ dHh f>ujWg lqju dry f{sj h' ihg bjZpdVwy[aVj sg bjZjidLvj sg f+qjdSw fAjS WSsg h{ m Rpfi'wa VpwdabJ dry wdraj }wvjaqw hpVi q>VSj ba[ dul } wjigeig \craftsmanship| lrgwjiVj@ dtbjvJ sj ugrVs[ bVpFr ba[ drdsbw y[a.Vaj Vjv l.W.dZa wiVj@ uVaw dtbjv WsvSj fi wdraj sjwdraj h'Sj@ v[tw ba[ l,aj sj sWjY@ l,aj sj wdi>sj v[tw ba[ bj;js v[tw@ Vr[G Ip,e drywdraj s[ iPf sj WsvSj bjds Rpl Ip,e sg wjdr LjLaig lPN Vjv l.W.dZa hV m dHh wjdrLjlaig lPN Wlagrjsg bjZpdVwaj s[ lqjVJai WsvrgG bjZpdVw y[aVj } ri'ljHg h'S sjhg wjiV lg dw Rpl lq[G f>ujWg sg fpijaV dryjiJ } f+SjHg dl,t fi.fij dHl sj dri'Z wisgh{ m dHl dri'Z s[ bji-fji Rpl s"i sg dlbjla sg fAjS rg hp.sg h{ m Ww"v Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z@##debjVg sg w'il h'Hg aJ dl,tJ rv'G hJ@ ug dl,t lwPvJ s[ f+W.ZwJ rv'G IPVgridlBg w'v Lw{aJfp,ugbJ dw H[ dHLwgbj wrgbJ a[ RpV%J sg wdraj sg fpCg h{@ dHl } B{wlB VhgG WVjSjyjhgH[ m B{wlB W.s h' eHg m Vjv Hg h.l y'e rg m rjh ljc[ dlKt educationist drKdsbjf+yjiwJ sg wiaPa ) us Rph f>ujWg s[ blvg F.cji a'G cis[ ih[ aJ YhVJ f>ujWg sg RpKVagwg wiVg lg m !!! l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW a[ Zjidqw e+.o h'dHbj m dVij Yl[ a[ bjlij i,t w[ f>ujWg s[rjZ[ sg w'LL wiVj w[rv f>ujWg } dl,tJ sg Hg W'vg WVjSj lg m dHl sj qjCj bli dHhh'dHbj dw h'iVJ@ dh>sP@ qplvqjV l,uVJ V[ rg f>ujWg sj vC A,c ds,aj Rpl } w[rv dl,tJ sgW'vg ujaj m$$8

dHM bji.Fv[ s"i sg f>ujWg bjv'yVj dHw aJ dHl a,o r,v l.w[a wisg h{ dw f>ujWg lqjudry bjZpdVwaj s[ fAjS dy>V rghrgG lsg s[ bji.Fv[ shjdwbJ dry Rps{ h'S v,es[ hV duhC[Rpl lq[G sg l.fisjdHwaj ba[ WiajVrg Wlagrjs sg dlbjla Vjv tdh ih[ hV m sPlij@ dHlbjv'yVj dry l.Ipwa f>ujWg l.ld*ag sj d`wi h{ u' f>ujWg qVp<t sg bjZpdVw fAjS dliuSr,v ipdya h{ m aglij@ dHh bjv'yVj f>ujWg LWs l.lji f+ag q,Zwjvg W'Z s[ bjr[LqHg dy>aV s[qpwjWv[ bjZpdVw bjv'yVjaqw ds+LBg sj lPaifja wisg h{ m y"oj@ dHh bjv'yVj Fjiag wjdr-Ljlai@ f,Aqg b>aids+LBg ba[ eigw' `jilg fi.fij s[ Vjv Vjv apvVjaqw dy>aV sgbJl.FjrVjrJ } Rps{ wisg h{ m f>urJ@ dHh v'w ljdha sg qh,aaj } Rpujei wiw[ f>ujWg LWsl.lji sj b>e WSjMsg h{ m A[rJ@ dHh bjv'yVj l,aj s[ bjZpdVw riaji[ } IojI'e fAjSsg h{ ml,arJ@ dHh bjv'yVj fdhvg rji ljdha@ dlbjla ba[ lqjuw l.W.ZJ RpKfi d*Bgw f[L wisg h{ba[ ljdha sg lqjuw FPdqwj s[ qh,ar } Rpujei wisg h{ m b,nrJ@ dHh bjv'yVj FjLj s[ldFbjyjiw qh,ar f+ag lu,e h{@ bjdsw bduh[ Rph lPai hV duhC[ dHl bjv'yVj } ljdha@lqju ba[ ldFbjyjiw Ljlaig fdif[t f+sjV wis[ hV m dHl wiw[ dHl bjv'yVj } f+dawiqgf+eBjr[ a'G beJh rc[i[ f+l.e dry ujVS-lqNS sg ;iPia h{ m

Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z ba[ q"vj W?L wpLaj sg bjv'yVj Rpfi.a f+'! fPiV dl>z@ cj! q'hV dl>zsgrjVj@ cj! e'fjv dl>z sisg@ df+>lgfv a[uj dl>z ijhgG f>ujWg bjv'yVj dHw r,tij liPff+jfa wisg h{ m dHV%J $y'G rZ[i[ wiw[ cj! q'hV dl>z sgrjVj sg f>ujWg ljdha sg dHdahjlwjigdrL[L a"i $a[ dZbjV dt,yS rjvg h{ us'G ljdha } dHdahjl ba[ h'i bVpljLVJ Vjv lqNS sjIaV wgaj debj m ugrVg qPvw r[ir[ ba[ a,oJ sg qh,aaj drL[L bio e+dhS wisg h{ m dHlbjv'yVj } Rpl s[ dHdahjlw f+l.e dry drlda+a iPf dry lqNS sg ;iPia h{ m

sMvwd-04 173

f>ujWg dy>aV fi.fij dry dHl a,o } lrgwji wgaj uJsj h{ dw 1950 a'G Wjbs f>ujWgRpKy drKdsbj t[ai dry f+r[L wiV Vjv ljdha bjv'yVj dHw drdsbw d;>q[rjig rjvj t[aiWS uJsg h{ m dHl wiw[ 1950 a'G fPiWvg bjv'yVj } drdsbw d;>q[rjig a'G qpwa h'S wiw[h"lvj b`;jHg a,w lgqa wi dvbj uJsj h{ m dHo[ dHh f+LV ;iPi RpKnsj h{ dw bjv'yVj dli`bjv'yVjaqw l.sJ s[ bjli[ h'S rjvj w'Hg qwjVwg wjiu hg h{ uJ Rpl sj bjfS[ lq[G@ lqju@ldFbjyji Vjv rg w'Hg sr.sjaqw diLaj h{ ( wg bjv'yVj bduhj lqju-dViv[f riajij h{dul sj dHdahjlw fdif[t dry bjfS[ Ip,e drL[L Vjv w'Hg l.W.Z VhgG hp.sj ( bduh[ lpbjvJVjv f>ujWg dy>aV bjfSj rjh VhgG fjMsj m dHl wiw[ fPiWvg bjv'yVj } lgqa bioJ $yf+rjV wiw[ Rpls[ qh,ar } bKt'G fi't[ wi ds.s[ hJ m dHo[ f>ujWg s[ s' dy>awJ s[ woV hg WhpahV u' dHl bjv'yVj f+ag bjfSj d*Bgw f[L wis[ hV

l.a dl>z l[t'G bVplji@ ##Rpfi'wa ljig lqgdtbj ljdha-ilgbJ sj hg w.q lg m Wjrj Wp,Zdl>z f>ujW liwji s[ dHw dH>ugVgbi lV m f+'! a[uj dl>z b{q!H[! sgbJ uqjaJ } b>ei[;gljdha fC%jS rjv[ lV m fi RpV%J V[ dHl f+wji sg f+W.Z iPf lqgdtbj VhgG dvtg u' dwl[ Zjij }uVq s[ lwsg m cj! q'hV dl>z f>ujWg s[ bdZbjfw lV m fi dfAv[ s' yji rdi%bJ a'G Ap,B RpV%JV[ debjVg L+[Sg aw hg f>ujWg ljdha sj bdZbjfV wgaj lg m us'G dw Rpl} dw,ajwjiglqgdtbj df,A[ A,c eHg h'Hg lg m$$9

cj! hdiFuV dl>z bVplji@ ##fPiW l[t'G lqjbjv'yVj Rpfi drdsbw d;>q[rjig drL[LVhgG lg m l[rj uJ h"lvj b`;jHg H[l Ip,e sj qV'io h{ m Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z f>ujWg ljdha F.cji }dHw oJ dHw,nj wiV s[ bjhi dry lg m dHh bjfS[ bjf dry fAjVSI'e drdsbw Rps[L h'lwsj lg m fi Rpl fjl bjv'yVjaqw hdobjiJ sj tjlj a'Cj lg m$$10

Rpfi'wa s'r[G lqgdtbw ba[ dHV%J a'G Wjbs s[ rg lqgdtbw o'C[ Whpa b>ai VjvdHhVJ dlKdBbJ RpKfi hg fhp.ys[ hV m cj! hdiFuV dl>z FjBgbj V[ dHl s"i sg bjv'yVj s[lqjuw@ ldFbjyjiw@ ijuVgaw ba[ dryjiZjiw qh,ar } fdhvg rji fAjdSbj h{ m RplbVplji@ ##lsgbJ a'G dWti[ t;jV[ } lJFSj ba[ WiWjs h'S a'G WyjRpSj Rpl ;qjV[ s[ sjdVLriJsg dy>aj lg m fi.aP dwM ( dwM sj urjW Rpl ;qjV[ sgbJ dHdahjlw fdildoagbJ dry q"uPsh{ m qpvw Qpvjq h{@ b>ei[;g ljqiju s[ bZgV h{ m Rph r,t r,t dxidwbJ dry xp,B fjRpS ba[RphVJ b>si bdhljl[-wqaig s[ Wgu WguS sg ljduL iy ih[ hV m FjLjrJ } r,t r,t d`idwbJVjv V,og wgaj uj dihj h{ m f>ujWg FjLj@ ljdha ba[ ldFbjyji sg h'Gs Rpfi hg lrjvgbjdVLjV vejH[ uj ih[ hV m bduhg ldoag dry dHdahjlw ds+LBg Vjv dril[ sg lJF-l.Fjv sjwjiu lq[G s[ hjS sj h'S lswj dwa[ rZgw qh,ar e+dhS wi v{Gsj h{ m$$11

Rpfi'wa yiyj dHl e,v sg q>e wisg h{ dw fPir l[t'G bjv'yVj sj fpVi qpvJwS h'Sjyjhgsj h{ dwMdw dHh bjv'yVj bwjsdqw ;iPiaJ@ q>cg sgbJ v'CJ uJ dHqdahjVg i;J sgfPiag VhgG h{ m dHh dul dHdahjlw ldoag@ dHdahjlw v'C ba[ dHdahjlw bdVrjiaj dry'GRps{ hp.sg h{@ dHl sg dHl[ fdif[t dry dHdahjlw qh,aaj rg h{ m

1950drbJ dry Rph drdsbw ;iPiaJ dry'G Rpaf>V h'S rjvg bjv'yVj } blgG aiwl.eaba[ drL[Lgd*a debjV ru'G bjv'yVj lrgwji wis[ hJ m dHh dHwdhij aiw h{ dw RpKydrdsbj s[ wjiV uJ v'C dry'G f{sj h'Hg h{ m l.a dl>z l[t'G rg #f>ujWg bjv'yVj sj drwjl$dVW.Z dry dHh' wpN lrgwji wi dihj h{ m fi.aP dHl s[ lqjVJai Rpl lq[G sgbJ dHdahjlwfdildoagbJ dHh' duhgbJ hV duV%J lswj bjv'yVj dlZJa RpVqp,t h' w[ drL[Lgd*a debjVsj riajij WSV vesg h{ m WiajVrg Wlagrjs s[ dtvj` Fjia s[ qpwjWv[ y,vS rjvgbJvdhiJ sg dHdahjlw FPdqwj h{ m rghrgG lsg s[ bji.F dry y,vS rjvg #feCg l.Fjv u,Bj$



vdhi a'G bji.F h' w[ Qsi vdhi@ epispbjij lpZji vdhi@ W,Wi bwjvg vdhi ba[ Lhgs Feadl>z hpiJ sg *Jagwjig vdhi dulsj rZ[i[ wjiu t[ai f>ujW lg bjds Rph vdhiJ hV duV%J V[f>ujWg qVp<t sg y[aVj ba[ l.r[sVj } bjZpdVwaj s[ drr[wLgv riaji[ Vjv u'dCbj m dxiFjia dry y,vg f+eagLgv v[tw l.z sg vdhi V[ ljdha vHg Vr[G bjsiLJ sg lojfVj wgag m1917 s[ iPlg dHVwvjW s[ dHdahjlw f+FjrJ sg Ws"va f>ujWg ljdha sg b>siPVg rKo dryrjfiV rjvgbJ aWsgvgbJ ba[ v'wj } dHw Vr[G ds+LBgw'S sj f+jfa h'Sj dwl[ rg ai%JsidwVji VhgG wgaj uj lwsj m duKo[ f>ujWg dry RpKy drdsbw aawjvg ba[ x"ig v'C lgRpKo[ Rpfi'wa Rph fdildoagbJ rg lV duV%J V[ fi.fiw Fjiag wjdr-Ljlai s[ Vjv bduh[ljdha-Ljlai sg q>e wgag u' Rpl lq[G iy[ uj ih[ ljdha sj Wjhiqptg@ drdebjVw ba[drr[wLgv bdZb{V rg f+lapa wi lw[ m bduhgbJ fdildoagbJ dry'G bjZpdVw ds+LBg sj Rps{hp.sj h{ m l.a dl>z l[t'G Bg!b{Kl dHvgbB bjHg!H[! diyic;@ xijdHc@ qjiwlrjs ba[ Fjiagwjdr-Ljlai s[ ldqVr{ dry'G bjv'yVj ds+LBg WSjMsj h{ m dHh f>ujWg bjv'yVj drydlZJaW,Z bjv'yVj sj bji.F h{ m dHl bjv'yVj } f>ujWg dy>aV dry qjiwlrjsg lqgdtbjs[ bji.F ru'G lrgwjdibj uJsj h{ m l.a dl>z l[t'G ba[ dwLV dl>z sj l.rjs f>ujWg lqgdtbj }dlZJaw y[aVj f+ag rZ[i[ lu,e wiV rjvj h{ dul s[ bV[wJ qldvbJ s[ WjruPs qh,arfPiVfdhvP dHh h{ dw b>aiqptaj bjv'yVj sj x{lvjwpV a,a VhgG hp.sj m dHl l.rjs Vjv qjiwlrjsgf>ujWg lqgdtbj bjfSj lf,LB qphJsij dliuS s[ ijh f{Gsg h{ m dHl bjv'yVj Vjv f>ujWglqgdtbj dHw lpa.ai h'Gs rjvj debjVqHg riajij WSsg h{ m dwLV dl>z a'G Wjbs cj! baidl>z@ cj! ulWgi dl>z bjhvPrjvgbj s[ dHl t[ai dry Ljqv h'S Vjv f>ujWg bjv'yVjdrlda+a rg hp.sg h{ ba[ cP.zg rg m dHl sj drLv[LS dHl oJ TpwrJ VhgG h{ dwMdw dHl dVW.Zsj l.W.Z bjv'yVj s[ riaqjV liPf Vjv rZ[i[ h{ m

dy>aV sg f,Zi $a[ VrgbJ b>ai-ds+LBgbJ sj fdiyI cj! hiuga dl>z de,v Vjvhp.sj h{ fi.aP dHl sg drhjiwaj cj! hdiFuV dl>z ijhgG #bdZb{V a[ bdZbjfV$ fplaw a'Gbji.F hp.sg h{ m dHl lq[G FjLj drdebjV@ iPfrjs@ l.iyVjrjs sj yiyj f{sj hp.sj h{ ba[qjiwlrjsg lqgdtbj s[ dri'Z dry ljdha } ?psqp?aji l.iyVj q>V w[ Rpl sg b>ai.ebjv'yVj r,v rZ[i[ dsvylfg ljhqS[ bjMsg h{ m #ljdha sg ljdhawaj$ w[Gsig li'wjiWS w[ Rps{ hp.sj h{ m cj! hdiFuV dl>z Vjv dHh bjv'yVj #ds,vg lqgdtbj lwPv$ ru'GbjfS[ bjf } lojfa wiw[ f>ujWg sg qjiwlrjsg lqgdtbj s[ dri'Z dry bjfS[ bjf }rZ[i[ drdebjVw ba[ lphuqptg dl,Z wisg h{ m dHl lqp,yg bjv'yVj sj drLv[LS aJ H[o[qpqdwV VhgG fi.aP drc.WVj dHh h{ dw u[wi cj! hdiFuV dl>z dry iPfrjs vHg rZ[i[ q'hh{ aJ cj! w.ri ba[ cj! VPi dry l.iyVjrjs vHg m dHl bjv'yVj dry Whpa wpN dHw' lq[Gzpdvbj h'dHbj h{ fi.aP dHw e,v lJNg h{ dw ljdha b>si dryjiZjij sj dri'Z m dHl l.W.Zdry cj! lpda>si dl>z VPi sg Rph dB,fSg s[tSg WSsg h{ u' iPfrjsg-l.iyVjrjsg uwC a[lgqjrJ dry'G ljhqS[ bjMsg h{ m ##dHl[ vHg l.iyVjrjs w'Hg dryjiZjij uJ lhg bioJdry rjs VhgG m w[rv dHw drZg h{@ dul dry f>ujWg s[ epiqa wjdr@ lP`g wjdr@ dwKdlbj@x'wv'i a[ h'i bjZpdVw ljdha iPfJ sj ljdhaw bdZb{V Whpa Wjigwg dry uj w[ wgaj ujlwsj h{ m dHl[ vHg q[ij IwgV dryjiZjij s[ a"i *a[ qjiwlrjs a[ drLv[LS drZg vHgl.iyVjaqw upeaJ } bfSjRpS dry h{ m$$12

f>ujWg bjv'yVj ljdha l.Fjv a[ FjLjHg e"ir a'G bji.F h' w[ qjiwlrjs@ [email protected] ba[ dyhV drdebjV s[ bjv'yVjaqw bqv dry'G ep;isg h'Hg bKu VrgG ldoagdry VrgbJ r.ejiJ s[ ljhqS[ h{ m dHh VrgG ldoag 1990 a'G Wjbs drLr s[ dHw Ziprg WSV

sMvwd-04 175

Vjv l.W.dZa h{ m dHl ldoag dry lF Vjv'G yidya riajij Fjr[G dw Rph bjf bjv'yVj sgw'Hg dVLdya drZg VhgG fi.aP Rph lF Vjv'G rZ[i[ yidya h{@ #drLrgwiV$ m drLrgwiV }f>ujWg dy.aV dry blv'G hg VrJ riajij WSj w[ f[L wgaj debj us'G dw dHh drwlafP.ugrjs sg Vr-Wlagrjsg l'y sj fdiSjq h{ m dHl fdiSjq sj ljwji iPf 1990 a'G WjbsdrLr dry'G lqjurjsg f+W.Z s[ drenV wjiV Wsv sj ijuVgaw lpfVj (Alternative of

Political Dream) daCwS lswj h'dHbj h{ m drLrgwiV lpa.ai rfji sj fP>ugrjsg riajij h{dul } vpFjrS[ liPf $y f[L wgaj debj dw dHl Vjv lF ujag@ uqjag@ dv>ew@ Vlvg ba[l.fisjdHw drawi[ ?aq h' ujSe[ m fi.aP qjiwl V[ fP>ugrjs sg dHl ldoag@ l.FjrVj ba[drhji } 1847 dry fAjSdsbJ ngw hg dwhj lg ^

!!! lKuS' ) lpa.aiaj s[ epSrjyw LWs a'G aplgG bjfS[ bjf } Z't[ dry Vj fjY m dwlsg lpa.aiaj ( dHh dHw drbwag sg sPu[ s[ l.W.Z dry lpa.aiaj VhgG@ le'G q;sPi }qZ'vS vHg liqjH[ sg lpa.aiaj h{ mb>ai-ijLBig vp,B tlp,B } WpdVbjsg FjHgyji[ sj VJ s[Sj b{lj dryji h{ u' dw dli`liqjH[sjiJ s[ dsqjQ dry hg f{sj wgaj uj lwsj h{ m13

dHM drwdla fP>ugrjs sj dHh riajij fP>ugrjs sgbJ RpV%J v'CJ $y'G RpFisj h{ u'v'CJ Rpls[ bjidow dh,aJ sgbJ bVpIjHg hV m dHl riaji[ V[ f>ujWg lqju ba[ ldFbjyji} rg bjfSg de+`a dry v{Sj LpiP wi ds,aj m dHl[ s[ Vagu[ dry'G qP>h-;'i RpfF'eaj ljdhadry s[h@ wjqVj ba[ wjq s[ iPf dry qp?i h'S vesg h{ m Fjr[G dw RpKai-bjZpdVwaj sjyiyj drLr dry fdhvJ hg f{sj h' ypKdwbj lg fi.aP rghrgG lsg s[ bjtig shjw[ dry RpKaibjZpdVwaj dHw dy>aV ds+LBg ru'G Rps{ h'S vesg h{ m drLrgwiV s[ riaji[ V[ RpKaibjZpdVwaj } dHw ldFbjyjiw ba[ dryjiZjiw lf[l f+sjV wgag m RpKai bjZpdVwaj }bjZpdVwaj s[ drsi'h ru'G RpFji w[ lqjVJaiaj s[ f+qjdSw qjcv ru'G lojdfa wiV sjIaV wgaj debj m RpKai bjZpdVwaj } ijuVgaw ds+LBg a'G ldhh'Gs s[ iPf dry lrgwjdibjdebj a[ bjZpdVw IpKe s[ qpwag dWiaJaJ } qhJdWiaJa wdh w[ RpV%J b>si uWi@ sjWj rgs[dtbj debj a[ lqjuw lqiPfgwiV ijhgG qVp<tg r.V lpr.Vaj } taq wi s[S sg ljduL }rg s[dtbj debj m ##RpKai-bjZpdVwaj dwMdw dHw dryjiZjij } ljdibJ $a[ n'lsg VhgG@dHl vHg dHl qjh"v dry f+Jaw ldFbjyji uJ A'B[ a'G A'B[ ldFbjyji rg drwla h'S ves[hV m duV%J ldFbjyjiJ } qp,t ldFbjyji Rpf ldFbjyji wdh>s[ hV@ Rph l.wvf ?aq h'uJsj h{ m lji[ ldFbjyji ldh-ldFbjyji WS uJs[ hV m W+jhqSrjsg ldFbjyji Fjia drybjfS[ bjf } qp,t ldFbjyji wdh w[ WjwgbJ } Rpf-ldFbjyji uJ w'Hg qp,t ldFbjyjisPdubJ } hC,f wiw[ bjfSg h'Gs LwagLjvg WSjH[@ dHh f+LV Rpai-bjZpdVw dy>aV dry?aq h' uJsj h{ m ldFbjyjiJ s[ l.W.Z x{civ h' uJs[ hV dHM RpKai-bjZpdVwaj dHw ijulgl.wvf WSjRpS dry rg lhjdHaj wisg h{ m$$14

dHM RpKai-bjZpdVwaj } f>ujWg dy>aV fi.fij dry fPirvgbJ bjv'yVj drZgbJrJe lrgwjiV rjvg l.lwjig dWiag FjiP idh>sg h{ m dHh dWiag RpKai-bjZpdVw dy>aV }l.rjsg iPf dry e+dhS VhgG wisg@ dHl wiw[ Rpai-bjZpdVw dy>aV sj r,cj dh,lj dHl }f>ujWg lqju ba[ ljdha vHg risjV s[ iPf dry lrgwji wisj h{ fi.aP dHl s[ lqjVJaidHl a,o } blv'G hg bSe"dvbj wi ds,aj uJsj h{ dw drLr y[aVj s[ VJb h[n drwdlafP>ugrjsg dWiaJa Vr Wlagrjs ijhgG LwagLjvg h' dihj h{ m dHl LwagLjvg dWiaJa }ldhh'Gs uJ lqjVJaiaj ijhgG dwr[G VduKdnbj uj lwsj h{ ( sPlij@ RpKai bjZpdVw dy>aV#RpKai$ s[ dryjiZjiw aiw Vjv u' RpKai Iojiorjs sj l.wvf f{sj wisj h{@ Rpl b>si'G



ljdha sg fdiriaVwjig FPdqwj hg ?aq h' uJsg h{ m cj! q{V[ui fJc[ dHl f+ag ljcj dZbjVdtKysj h{@ ##RpKai-bjZpdVwajrjs sg dHh qjVaj h{ dw l.ld*ag ba[ ljdha sg spVgbJ hpSIojiorjs $y'G dV,wv w[ RpKai Iojiorjs s[ lq[G dry bj eHg h{ m Iojiorjs ljdha s[debjVjaqw qp,v } qh,ar ds>sj h{ m Rpl s[ bVplji ljdha dry ugrV s[ Iojio sgbdFdrbwag hp.sg h{ dul s[ W'Z Vjv ugrV } lqNS ba[ WsvS sg f+[iVj dqvsg h{ mRpKai-Iojiorjs dHl f+dwdibj } blrgwji wis[ h'H[ ljdha sg fdiriaVwjig FPdqwj }Vwjisj h{ m$$15 bjv'yVj drZg uJ dlZJa sj bjfS[ lq[G@ lqju ba[ dryjiZjij Vjv l.W.Zhp.sj h{ m w'Hg rg drZg bjfS[ bjf } dryjiZjij qpwa dwM Vj btrjH[@ Rplsj sj b>daqiPf $y diLaj qVp<tg wsiJ-wgqaJ ba[ dryjiJ s[ drL[L l.siF Vjv upCsj h{ m RpKai-bjZpdVwaj s[ l.wvf qhJdWiaJaJ sj b>a@ lqjVJaiaj sj l.wvf@ dryjiZjiw lisjigsj t>dca h'Sj@ lqiPfgwiV sj dri'Z bjds bjfS[ ?jl[ ru'G drwla fP>ugrjs sg dryjiZjijs[ bVpljig hV m RpKai-bjZpdVwaj sg dHl dlbjla } q"uPsj s"i dry RpKFig a[ rZg xp,vgfAjS sg dlbjla Vjv l.W.dZa wiw[ wjdabjVg dHh Vaguj wKTsg h{@ ##RpKai bjZpdVwajrjsblv dry f+W'ZVwjvg bjsiLJ ba[ bjZpdVwajrjsg qhJ dWiaJag f+ju{wB $a[ hqv[ sgYB $y qjiwlrjs ba[ q;sPi uqja sg qpwag s[ f+ju{wB } bjfSj dVLjVj WSjMsj h{ mdwMdw qjiwlrjs rg f,Aq sg hi ##dryjiZjiw ljduL$$ s[ rJe hg lqPhgwiV@ lZjiVgwiVba[ dqbjigwiV wisj h{@ b>a uqjag z'v ba[ lqjurjs bjds Wji[ rg l'ySj x;Pv h{ mlj} A'B[ A'B[ BpwdCbJ@ IjVg FjHgyji[@ uja@ zi[vP b"ia l.lji@ bjdsrjlg@ dV,w f,ZigdV,ug f{sjrji dry v,e[ v'wJ bjds } WyjRpSj h{ m dHh lji[ f,Aqg f+W'ZV sgbJ l,a%jWSaiJ a'G bA'h ?psqp?dabji #lf[l$ hV m b>a ljcj lqJ A'B[-A'B[@ dt>c[@ hjLgbjea fAjSJs[ z'vJ sj lqJ h{ dur[G uja s[ z'vJ sj@ b"iaJ s[ z'vJ sj@ bjdsrjlgbJ s[ z'vJ sj@rjajriS a[ fpijaV ugrV L{vgbJ } WyjRpS s[@ WpdVbjsg s[lg FjHgyjdibJ s[ z'vJ sj mdHl f+W.Z s[ b>si dHhVJ hjLgbjea fAjSJ vHg ?psqp?dabji #lf[l$ WSjRpSj h{@ dwMdwl,a%j sj Bjwij VhgG wgaj uj lwsj m$$16 dHM RpKai bjZpdVw dy>aV b>si dlbjla ba[dryjiZjij sj dVt[Cj dl,Z wi ds>sj h{ dw RpKai-bjZpdVwaj s[ l.wvfJ } lqNSj ;iPig h{aJ u' dHl dy>aV sg ijulg@ lqjuw ba[ ldFbjyjiw FPdqwj } lqdNbj uj lw[ m

f>ujWg bjv'yVj l.lji dry RpKai bjZpdVwaj s[ Vjv Vjv driyVjrjs@VrdHdahjlrjs@ fPiWrjs@ RpKai Vjigrjs@ RpKai qjiwlrjs@ sdva dy>aV rg dqvsj h{ mfi.aP dy>aV s[ iPf dry qjiwlrjs hg bjfSg LwagLjvg fAjS WSjMsj h{ m dHV%J dry'GwpN bwjsdqw t[ai dry aJ t'u ba[ bdZb{V sj dhKlj WSgbJ hV fi.aP dHh f>ujWg dy>aVdry dHw Zjij uJ f+driag ru'G bjfSg fAjS VhgG WSj lwgbJ m RpKy drdsbw bdZbjfVdry fC%jHg ujS rjvg bjv'yVj drdF>V drLr drdsbjdvbJ dry Fjiag wjdr Ljlai@iPlg iPfrjs@ l.iyVjrjs@ qjiwlrjs s[ dHis deis hg h{ m b{q!dxv! uJ fg!b{y!cg! w'ildry wpN VrgbJ dy>aV f+SjvgbJ } bjv'yVjaqw f+SjvgbJ s[ a"i $a[ Ljqv wgaj h'dHbjh{ m dHl bjv'yVjaqw fjn*q sgbJ bjfSgbJ lqKdlbjrJ hV m V.Wi dHw@ ljigbJIPVgridlBgbJ s[ fjn*q dry w'Hg rg dHwljiaj VhgG h{ m sPlij@ duV%J rKt'-r,ti[ f[fiJdry wdraj@ rjiaw@ evf wpN rg fC%jdHbj uJsj h{@ RpV%J dry dwl[ rg bjv'yVjaqwdlZJa sg Q{i-hj;ig h{ m aglij@ dul rg f[fi dry dul drZj s[ drwjl } fC%jdHbj uJsjh{@ Rpl dry dHdahjlwjig s[ dlZJaJ sj Vj h'Sj h{ dul wiw[ ljij wpN wjv*q s[ bjZjiRpKfi lp.eC uJsj h{ m y"oj@ bjv'yVj sgbJ drZgbJ } dlZJawaj a'G qpwa wiw[ fC%V-fC%jRpS sg f+dwdibj V[ bjv'yVj } qwjVwg wjiu WSj ds,aj h{ m dHl[ wiw[ bjv'yVj sj

sMvwd-04 177

lqju@ ldFbjyji@ qVp<t ba[ dryjiZjij Vjv l.W.Z Yfij duhj h{ m f>urJ@ f>ujWg ljdha s[fjn*q sj dh,lj WSV rjvgbJ fplawJ sg y'S aiw idha riajij h{ m duhCj Vjrv slrgGuqja dry fdC%bj lg@ Rph' b{q!H[! dry fC%jdHbj uj dihj h{ m dwl[ rg ai%J sj aiw dwZi[dstjHg VhgG ds>sj dw u[wi slrgG $y fC%jdHbj debj aJ dwM a[ u[ b{q!H[! $y fC%jdHbj ujdihj aJ dwM ( A[rJ@ fjn*q dry bjVi; f>ujWg ba[ bjfLVv drL[ ru'G fC%jHg ujSrjv[ drL[ dry w'Hg b>ai hg VhgG h{ ( l,arJ@ drLr dy>aV sg Fi'l[I'e rjw`g vHg drLrdrdsbjdvbJ rv'G bjv'yVj vHg lq,eig fplawJ ru'G drL[L fplawJ sg zjB Whpa r,cglqKdlbj h{ m dHl[ dry'G b>ai-bVpljLVg drZg s[ VJb RpKfi Eclectic Method rZ[i[ f+yKvah' debj h{ m b,nrJ@ f>ujWg FjLj@ ljdha ba[ ldFbjyji sj drdF>V FjLjrJ s[ ljdhaldFbjyji Vjv apvVjaqw bdZb{V sg rg bSh'Gs h{ m V"rJ@ f>ujWg ljdha ba[ bjv'yVjsj drdF>V bVpljLVJ dur[G lqju Ljlai@ bio Ljlai@ ijuVgag Ljlai@ siLV Ljlaibjds Vjv w'Hg l.W.Z Vj dWnjRpSj@ bjds h'i rg wjiV hV u' f>ujWg bjv'yVj s[ bdZb{Vba[ bdZbjfV } lgqa wis[ hV m lpbjvJ sj lpbjv dHh rg h{ dw f>ujWg FjLj@ ljdhaba[ ldFbjyji sg RpKy drdsbj sj r,cj dh,lj bdZbjfV s[ dw,a[ } ypSV r,v beili hp.sjh{ m bdZbjfV bjv'yVjaqw lPN ba[ y[aVj a'G dWVJ dVFjdHbj VhgG uj lwsj m dHl vHgRpKy drdsbw fjn*q } dli` bjv'yVj s[ f[fi a,w hg VhgG le'G lqpKy[ fjn*q s[ bji-fji x{vjdHbj ujSj yjhgsj h{ m

hrjv[ a[ dB,fSgbJ ^

1! idr>si dl>z irg@ irg y[aVj@ f>Vj 1912! Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z iyVjrvg@ f>Vj 63-703! hiu'a YWijH[@ sj w.lBi,wLV; bj` igvgugbl WjRpKcig;-wvyi@ bjdHc{GdBBg b{Kc

cjHgridlBg dHV sj dl,t B+cgLV@ f>Vj 3724! Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z iyVjrvg@ f>Vj 335! wpLaj b>dq+alig@ f>ujW s[ hgi[@ f>V[ 38-396! Rphg@ f>V[ 44-457! Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z iyVjrvg@ f>V[ 268-3178! Rphg@ f>Vj 2649! l.a dl>z l[t'G@ ##f>ujWg dry bjv'yVj sj drwjl$$@ rghrgG lsg sg f>ujWg bjv'yVj^ l.Wjs a[

qpvJwS \l.fj! cj! hdiFuV dl>z FjBgbj|@ f>Vj 510! cj! hdiFuV dl>z FjBgbj@ ##bu'wg f>ujWg bjv'yVj ^ ldoag ba[ f+eag$$@ rghrgG lsg sg

f>ujWg bjv'yVj ^ l.Wjs a[ qpvJwS \l.fj! cj! hdiFuV dl>z FjBgbj|@ f>Vj 1511! hdiFuV dl>z FjBgbj@ q'hV dl>z sgrjVj@ f>V[ 34-3512! lpda.si dl>z VPi@ ljdha dlZJa a[ drhji@ f>Vj 1313! wjiv qjiwl@ lpa.ai rfji sj qlvj@ f>Vj 3414! lpda.si dl>z VPi@ l.fjswg@ RpKai-bjZpdVwaj@ wvj ba[ ljdha@ f>Vj - b>dwa VhgG15! q{V[ui fJc[@ l.wdva dVW.Z@ f>V[ 46-4716! wjdabjVg@ ##fAjS sg dlbjla ^ dHw qjiwlrjsg V;igbj$$@ f+agf,t \Wpv[dBV-25@ qHg

2015|@ f>Vj 25


²


f>ujWg ljdha sj q"dvw wjdr-Ljlai^fPiWrjsg fdif[t

fPiWrjs^ dHdahjlw ba[ dl,ZJaw fdif[tlZjiV iPf dry fPiWrjs sj dryji RpKVgrgG lsg s"ijV RpV%J

rfjigbJ ijhgG ljhqS[ bjdHbj u' rfji s[ dlvdlv[ dry f,Aq a'GfPiW s[ s[LJ dry bjH[ m dHl dryji sg ria'G dHl bdhljl Vjv h'Hgdw fPiW sj ldFbjyji@ FPe'v ba[ dHdahjl f,Aqg uea a'G drv,tSba[ dF>V h{ m f,AqrjlgbJ V[ bjfSg l'y ba[ qi;g qpajWw fPiWrjs} zdCbj m rfjigbJ a'G Wjbs f,Aqg l{vjVgbJ@ v[twJ@ wvjwjiJ@lqju LjlaigbJ bjds sgbJ lieiqgbJ Vjv fPiWrjs dHwbwjsdqw bVpLjlV sj ip p Pf ZjiV wi debj ba[ dHlsgbJdrbjdtbjrJ } dVif,t l,y sj siuj ds,aj ujS v,ej m

fPiWrjs s[ dHw bwjsdqw bVpLjlV ru'G drwla h'S df,A[wHg bjidow@ sjiLdVw ba[ ijuVgaw wjiV lV@ duV%J sj qwlsIPifg Wlagrjs VpP. lojfa wiVj ba[ dHlsj drloji wiVj lg mlV,bag dHVwvjW s[ xvlipPf fppP>ugrjs dHw drwla dHwjHg ru'GRpKFi dihj lg ba[ sPugbJ bjidow dHwjHgbJ } bjfS[ bZgV wiVjdHl f+W.Z sg qpTvg v'C lg m w,y[ qjv sg avjL ba[ dabji qjv sgdr,wig vHg dHl f+W.Z } VrgbJ WlagbJ sg v'C lg m siLV Ljlais[ f,t a'G dHl s"i dry f,Aqg ldFbjyji@ bjZpdVwrjs sgbJ lqKdlbjrJs[ ipPWiP lg m dy>aV s[ w[Gsi dry'G i,W s[ dVLwjlV wjiV f,Aqg f+ryVtjvg h' debj lg@ dul} FiVj f,Aqg dy>aV-fi.fij vHg lF a'G bdhqlpbjv lg m VgaL[ V[ dHl lq[G VpP.. f,Aqg ugrV sj WJNfS dwhj h{ mijuVgaw f,Zi Rpa[ bjidow ba[ x"ug ajwaJ dry h'H[ lqN"a[ wjiVljqijurjs ba[ Wlagrjs dHw-sPu[ s[ fPiw WS ypKw[ lV m dHl ai%JfPiW s[ s[LJ Rpa[ wW;[ sg vjvlj fPiWrjsg f+ryV s[ iPf dry ljhqS[bjHg m

b{cric lHgs V[ bjfSg fplaw #Yigb{GBdv;q$ dry dHhlojfa wgaj h{ dw fPiWrjs@ fPiW s[ qpvwJ Wji[ zCg dHw f,AqgdliuSj h{ m IPifg Wlagrjsg ajwaJ V[ fPiW Rpa[ bjidow@ ijuVgawba[ x"ug buji[sjig lojfa wiV a'G fdhvJ dHl } debjVjaqwf+ryV ijhgG Rpljdibj m IPif V[ r,t-r,t bwjsdqw bVpLjlVJ-fpija,ar drdebjV@ dHdahjl@ ljdha@ FjLj drdebjV@ FPe'v ba[

cj! Ijsdr.si dl>z

bdllB{GB f+'`{lif>ujWg drFje@ds,vg IPVgridlBg@[email protected]

(f>! 178-187)

sMvwd-04 179

lqju drdebjVJ sg qss ijhgG fPiW } #fi$ \other| ru'G lojfa wgaj ba[ f,Aq Vjv dHl s[l.W.ZJ } siljRpS vHg dri'Zg dyhVJ sg dHw vCg Rpljig m ldFbw/fAdCbj@ dy,Bj/wjvj@ajwari/wq;'i@ qis/b"ia@ ajidww/b>Z-drLrjlg ba[ beJhrZP/dfAJhdt,yP duh[ dri'ZgdyhVJ ijhgG f,Aq ba[ fPiW dry b>ai lojfa wgaj debj m dHl vCg s[ fdhv[ lwjijaqwdyhV f,Aq Vjv l.W.Za hV usdw dfAv[ Vwjijaqw f+agwJ sj l.W.Z fPiW Vjv h{ m dHl ai%JdqL[v xPw' sg ZjiVj #debjV hg Lwag h{$ dry x[iWsv ijhgG lHgs V[ dl,Z wgaj h{ dw #debjVhg WlagwiV h{$ m1

lHgs V[ f,Aqg dHdahjl@ siLV ba[ ljdha dry lVjaVg wjv a'G bjZpdVw wjvt>ca,w x{v[ dHl fPiWrjsg f+ryV sg dVLjVs[hg wgag h{ m Rpl sj q>VSj h{ dw fPiWrjs sjdfA'wC IPVjVg ldFbaj a,w x{dvbj h{ m IPigfcg; s[ VjBwJ dry W{w'l Vjqw fPiWg s[ra[ }bajidww wdh w[ Rplsj q;jw RpcjdHbj debj h{ m fi y[a.V a"i $a[ lajirgG lsg dryfPiWrjs dHw dlbjlg f+ryV ru'G RpFi w[ ljhqS[ bjdHbj m dHl lq[G s"ijV WiajVgbJ ba[xiJl s[ Wlagrjsg QvW[ bZgV fPiWrjs dHw bVpLjlV sj iPf ZjiV wi debj m V{f'vgbVV[ f,Aq sg l,aj lojfag vHg hg fPiWg FjLjrJ ba[ dHo'G sg l.ld*ag } fKAqg T.e VjvbVpLjdla wgaj m Rpl sg dqLi Vjv l.W.Za FjLj l.loj #Institute of Egypt$ sg lojfVj dHlf,Aqg dlisjig sj hg RpsjhiV h{ m dHl[ ai%J i[VjV sg lgq[Bw ba[ Fjiag-IPifg FjLj fdirjisg fdiwvfVj rg fPiW-f,Aq s[ apvVjaqw bdZb{V vHg Rpljig wCg h{ m2 dHl ai%J s[apvVjaqw bdZb{V ijhgG biW uJ fPiWg ldFbjyjiJ } bfPiV wdh w[ f,Aqg fPiVaj ijhgGRpV%J } l.fPiV WSjRpS Rpa[ Wv ds,aj debj m

ljdha s[ t[ai dry dcwVl@ x'i[lBi@ wjiVic sgbJ dvtaJ dHl fPiWrjsg f+ryV sjhg dh,lj hV m dHV%J dvtaJ s[ dyhV-f+W.Z } cgw'c widsbJ lHgs s,lsj h{ dw dHV%J dvtaJijhgG H[Lgbj ba[ bxigwj s[ v'wJ Wji[ dHw bduhj f+ryV Rpljdibj debj h{@ dul sj qwlsdH,Aj ba[ Lwag s[ lpq[v ijhgG #fi$ \other| sg LVjta } ?aq wiVj h{ m bVprjs s[ f,Zi $a[drdvbq u'Vl sj Fjiag lVjaVg ljdha sj bVprjs ba[ biV{lB B+.f a[ q{wjvx s[ Fjiage+.oJ s[ RpvKo[ rg dHl f,Aqrjsg f+ryV sj dh,lj lV m dHl[ ai%J siLV@ fpija,ar drdebjV@Ijaij l.lqiV bjds drdsbw bVpLjlVJ ijhgG rg fPiWrjsg f+ryV Rpljdibj debj h{ m3

fPiWrjs^ lgqjrJ ba[ l.FjrVjrJf,Aqg ljqijurjs s[ lq[G b>ei[;g wrg dwfdv>e V[ dwhj lg@ ##fPiW-fPiW h{ ba[ f,Aq

f,Aq@ s'rJ s[ rKt'-r,ti[ ldFbjyji hV m dHhVJ s'rJ s[ l.yji dllBq dry Whpa xiw h{ m dHlvHg dHV%J s'rJ sj w'Hg q[v l.Fr VhgG m$$4 b{cric lHgs bVplji dHl ai%J sg l'y drbwageaba[ lqjuw dh,aJ } dZbjV dry i,t w[ Rpljig eHg h{ m Rpl bVplji fPiW dHw FPe'dvw dt,aj hgVhgG le'G dHw ldFbjyjiw f+ryV rg h{@ dul } f,Aq V[ fPiWrjs ru'G lojfa wgaj h{ m

lHgs sj dHh qa VgaL[ a'G f+Fjdra h{ m VgaL[ bVplji l.lji dry w'Hg rg l,yjHgdVLya VhgG m debjV ba[ l,y dwl[ fildoag Rpa[ dViFi hV ba[ fildoagbJ s[ WsvSVjv dHh rg Wsvs[ idh>s[ hV m #fi$ \other| sg qjVdlw brloj } lqNSj duKo[ qVp<tgdebjV } bqgi WSjRpGsj h{@ Rpo[ lr{/fi dryv[ b>ai } rg rZjRpGsj h{ m bjfSg s[h hg sPugs[h aKw fhp.yS dry lF a'G r,cg ipwjrB WS uJsg h{@ dul wjiV r,t-r,t qVp<tJ ba[ lqjuJdry q>cg ijhgG diLaj dlidubj uJsj h{ m dHl l.siF dry qVp<t sg dHh ;iPia h{ dw RphdHVljVg hjvja s[ dwl[ bduh[ dyilojHg qpwjq Rpa[ fhp.yS sg w'dLL wi[ u' dHl ai%J sgfPiW/f,Aq@ ldFbw/fAC[fS sg spr.c a'G fi[ h'r[ ba[ bjfS[ b>daq dVLjV[ dry qjVrajrjsgrg h'r[ m

f>ujWg ljdha sj q"dvw wjdr-Ljlai ^ fPiWrjsg fdif[t


b{cric lHgs sg fPiWrjs Wji[ Rpljig drbjdtbj duKo[ Vr[G ldFbjyjiw ugrV s[l.Fjrg dWiaJa a,w fhp.yjRpGsg h{@ Rpo[ dHl dry dHw s'L rg h{ dw dHh rg fPiWrjs rJedHwf,tg fdif[t hg RpFjisg h{ ba[ Wlagrjs s"ijV qPvdVrjlgbJ spbjij dVFjHg FPdqwj }bSe"dvbJ wi ds>sg h{ m c{dVl f'iBi V[ bfS[ dHw v[t #Yigb{GBdv;q b{Gc dHBl fi"Wvq;$dry dwhj h{ dw fPiWrjsg ljdhdaw dwiaJ dry Wlagrjs sj dri'Z rg q"uPs dihj h{ ba[fPiWrjsg f+ryVJ s[ b>aitja[ u.e rg ujig idh.sg h{ m5

fPiWrjs dri'Zg f+ryV sg dHw h'i lqKdlbj dHh h{ dw Rpai-Wlagrjsg s[LJ dryfPiWrjsg fi.fij s[ dri'Z ru'G fPiWrjs duh[ f+FPl,ajLjvg f+ryV RpljiV sg w'dLL wgageHg h{ m dHl f,t a'G Fjia sj #dh>sPar$@ q,Z-H[Lgbj uJ dHlvjqg s[LJ sj #uhjs$ ba[ bxigwVs[LJ sj #w"qrjs$ fPiWrjs s[ hg Wsv h' dV,WC[ hV m q{G/Rph sg spr.c dHV%J dHwrjsg ldFbjyjiwf+ryVJ s[ qPv dry rg ldoa h{ m dHhVJ sj qp,t q>ar Wlagrjs uJ ljqijurjs rJez,BdeSagbJ ba[ hjLgbjea lqPhJ sg fAjS } ?aq wi s[S Vjv uj upCsj h{ m

b{cric lHgs sg fplaw #Yigb{GBdv;q$ uJ dHl Vjv lW.Za Rpl sj dy>aV tp,v%[ q'dB`ru'G dryiV sg lqi,oj epbj ds>sj h{ ba[ dHw W.s dHwjHg h' dV,WCsj h{ m Rph dqL[v xPw' s[#debjV/Lwag$ qjcv } bZji WSj w[ dHh dl,Z wisj h{ dw f,Aq ijhgG dwl[ rg f+Sjvg\ljdha@ dHdahjl@ lqju drdebjV@ ijuVgag Ljlai@ FjLj Ljlai| dry Rpyjdibj f+ryVl,aj hdobjRpS@ dHl } x{vjRpS ba[ lojHg WSjRpS vHg hg Rpljdibj debj h{ m dHl sjVaguj dHh h'dHbj h{ dw lHgs sgbJ dvtaJ dry bdZb{V drZg sg oJ xPw' s[ qjcv #debjV/Lwag$ Vjv r`j dVFjRpS } fdhv ds,ag eHg h{ m Rpl sg iyVjwjig b>ahgS sg oJ b>daqVagdubJ a[ fhp.ysg v,esg h{ m

dHl vHg fPiWrjs s[ lhg fdif[t } RpFjiV sg ;iPia h{@ u' lHgs s[ dy>aV rJe W.sdHwjHg Vj h' w[ tp,v%dsvg Vjv #fi$ \other| } lrgwji wi lw[ m dHl f,t a'G fPiWg drLr ds+LBgWji[ fpVi-dryji sg v'C h{ m fPiW sgbJ fi.fijrJ sj liPf W"dZw VhgG le'G V{daw ba[bdZbjaqw h{ m dHh fjiv"dwwaj s[ l.wvf Rpa[ bZjdia h{ m f,Aq dry dul q,Zwjv } hV[ijlqJ q>dVbj uJsj h{@ fPiW dry Rphg lqJ Feag vdhi ba[ lP`g vdhi sj e"irqHg lqJ h{ mb>ai-bjaqj s[ l.wvf a[ dBw[ h'S s[ WjruPs rg dHh Fjiag/fPiWg ds+LBg qjVrajrjsg lg@dul sj f+lji f,Aq dry debjVwiV a'G Wjbs h'dHbj m

f,Aqrjs a'G dHl fPiWg drLr-ds+LBg sj dVt[Cj dHl f,t a'G wgaj uj lwsj h{ dw duKo[f,Aq sg debjV fi.fij bjaq-debjV Vjv upCg h{@ Rpo[ fPiWg ZjiVj lqifS ba[ bjaqlrgwji Vjv lW.Za h{ m bioja bjaq W'Z sj Rph fCjRp duKo[ drbwagea y[aVaj dHwf+rjhqjV lqPhw y[aVj dry bF[s h' w[ Rpl sj dh,lj h' dV,WCsg h{ m cj! e'fg y.s Vji.ebVplji drLr dHdahjl dry bduhgbJ fi.fijrJ Whpa z,B hV u' dHl e"irqHg fi.fij s[ljhqS[ f[L wgagbJ uj lwS m dHl V[ lsgbJ a,w ljcg ldFbjyjiw a[ lqjduw berjHg rgwgag h{ ba[ lj} qjVraj ba[ dHw-sPu[ f+ag ldhSLgvaj s[ diLa[ dry rg W.V%g iKdtbj h{ m6

fPiW sg dHl ldFbjyjiw fi.fij } lqNS vHg Fjia sg lqjuw-ijuVgaw ldoag }lqNSj ;iPig h{ m Fjia dry v.W[ lq[G a,w RpafjsV diLdabJ ba[ dlbjlg l.enV dry w'Hgr,cg aWsgvg Vj rjfiV lswj r,t-r,t ldFbjyji bjf'-bjfS[ FPe'dvw sjdHdibJ drydryis[ ih[ hV m dHl vHg Fjia sg w'Hg dHw drLr ds+LBg VhgG@ dur[G f,Aq sg h{ m cj!epiFea dl>z RpV%J dryjiZjijrJ } yji dhKdlbJ dry r.cs[ hV@ duV%J V[ Fjia s[ r,t-r,tdtKdabJ s[ lqPdhw bry[aV } dlidubj h{ ^

sMvwd-04 181

1! yjirjw uJ fsjiorjs2! r[sJ ba[ RpfdVLsJ sj W+hqrjs3! Wp,Zrjs4! dlKtrjs m7

yjirjw uJ v'wjdHa t[ag lqju sg drLr ds+LBg lg m dHl sj w'Hg dvta e+.o f+jfaVhgG h{ m dHl sj d;wi r[sJaw dvtaJ ba[ RpfdVLsJ dry dqvsj h{ m L.wijyjigbj bVpljiyjirjw dHw bduhj qa h{ u' s[h } hg fiq lKy q>Vsj h{ m dHl q,a bVplji debjV dHw VL[rJe h{ u' wpN fsjioJ } dwl[ tjl bVpfja dry dqvjRpS a'G Rpfusj h{ m

Vr[G bjigbjHg wWgdvbJ s[ r,cg l,DdFbaj dry WsvS Vjv drLr bio rjvj W+hqrjsdrwla h'dHbj m dHl s"i dry r[sJ s[ s[ra[@ u' r,t-r,t t>cJ Rpa[ bdZwji i,ts[ lV@ dHw W+hqdry Wsv eH[ m fa.uvg sj I'e siLV@ u' fdhvJ s[hrjsg lg@ Wjbs dry W+hqrjs s[ z[i[dry bj debj m dHl sjiLdVw fdif[t dry ljwji uea } qjdHbj ba[ W+hq } bwjv s[ iPfdry dyadrbj debj ba[ dHl W+hq Vjv l.I'e s[ bVpFr } ugrV sj vwL lrgwji widvbj debj m

Wp,Zrjs@ W+hqrjs dryv[ b>ai-bjaqj s[ l.wvf a'G b,e[ v.z w[ dVibjaq h'S sjl.wvf h{ m lji[ uea sj bVpFr@ dul Vjv lF qjVdlw firie dVibio h' ujS@ Rpl }LPVI dwhj debj h{ m W,Z q,a sj qPv lPai h{ dw LPVI qV Vjv uea sg l.iyVj } s[tSj hgdVirjS f+jfa wiVj h{ m

dl,trjs dHw dVr[wvj dryji-f+W.Z h{@ dul dry s'r[G hJ-Fjrg ba[ VJh-FjrgdrL[LajrJ rjvg ugrV-Lwag } qVp<tg bVpFr dry Ljqv wiV sj IaV wgaj debj h{ mdHl } f+jfa wiV rjvj ugr dlix s[hZjig qVp<t hg VhgG Wvdw l.ea sj dh,lj rg h{ m RphduKo[ bjfSgbJ dH>sigbJ f+ag l.r[sVLgv h{@ Rpo[ lqjuw s:.s dry rg Ljqv h{ m dHh dyhVLjlai ba[ s[h Ljlai sj l.rjs h{ m

dHhVJ Fjiag/fPiWg drLr ds+LBgbJ dry s[h@ qV ba[ bjaqj Rpl ai%J dHw-sPu[ a'GBpKB[ h'H[ VhgG@ dul ai%J f,Aqg drsrjVJ V[ f[L wiV sj IaV wgaj h{ m Fjiag l'y dry s[hdebjV sg bZjidLvj h{@ us dw f,Aq dry s[h } fjf Vjv u'dCbj uJsj h{ m r{dsw lq[G a'G hgs[h sg dH,Aj } ugrV sj qPv q>dVbj debj h{ m dier[s s[ fdhv[ hg lv'w dry dliuSj Wji[dwhj debj h{^ #lF a'G fdhvJ dH,Aj f{sj h'Hg m dH,Aj hg dl+LBg sg bjaqj sj Wgu iPfh{$ m8 boirr[s dry rg dwhj debj h{ dw s[rdabJ a'G rg fdhvJ wjq Rpfdubj m9 r{dsw ba[RpfdVLsw dvtaJ dry dwa[ rg dvdWcVv RPiuj } sWjRpS sg e,v VhgG wgag eHg maJadiw dvtaJ dry rg dH,Aj } W+dhq>c sg qpTvg@ drwla ba[ b.daq Lwag q>dVbj debjh{ m #wjq wvj drvjl$ fplaw dry wjq sg s[rg a'G hg W+dhq>c sg Rpafag siljHg eHgh{ m10 dHl ai%J Fjiag dy.aV dry #dHKAj$ dHw l.wvf s[ iPf dry f[L h'Hg h{@ u' s[h/qV/bjaqj sg H[waj Vjv lW.Za h{ m

s[h ba[ bjaqj s[ lpq[v dry'G RpFig fPiWg drLr-ds+LBg Iojio } bjflg lW.ZJ s[ujv ru'G s[tsg h{ m dHl sj qPv Vpwaj h{ dw Iojio dryvj b.ai-lW.Z dlix dVditS bZgVrla Vjv hg lW.Za VhgG le'G dVdidtbw ba[ dVditba drywji rg q"uPs h{ m dHhVJ b.ai-lW.ZJ dry'G eaLgv l.fPiVaj f{sj hp.sg h{ m l.fPiV sj Rpl s[ dhKdlbJ ba[ hi dhKl[ sj Rpl sgl.fPiVaj Vjv b.ai-lW.Z h{@ fi dHh ;iPig VhgG dw l.fPiV s[ epS Rpl s[ dhKdlbJ dry rgq"uPs h'S m dHl wjiV dHw dhKl[ sgbJ dHw a'G rZ[i[ drbjdtbjrJ l.Fr hV ba[ hi dhKl[ }r,ti[ w'S@ T.e@ aigw[ a'G lqdNbj uj lwsj h{ m dHl ai%J fPiWg drLr ds+LBg bVplji rla uj



Iojio blv dry lW.ZJ@ zBVjrJ ba[ riajdibJ sg hg iPf-i[tj h{ m11

fPiWrjsg l.r[sVj Vjv FifPi iyVjaqw FjLj& s[h ba[ qV dry dvWcVv RPiuj sjl.yji wisg h{@ u' wjdr ba[ fdr,ai s[ l.rjs dry'G Rpfdubj FjLw f+ryV h{ m f,Aqrjsgdy>aV dry s[h } wjvt uJ ija s[ f+agw ijhgG dyadrbj debj h{@ usdw fPiWrjsg iyVjaqwFjLj qV ba[ s[h Vjv lW.Za h'S wjiV dHl lqKdlbje+la a'G qpwa h{ m RpsjhiV vHg ijeqjiP dry epiP bqisjl s[h } hdiq>si bjts[ hV ^

wjdHbj hip q>si hdi bdf l.rji[dal dry hi ugRP Wl{ qpiji[ m 12

f,Aqg wjdr-Ljlai ^ f+qp,t lojfVjrJf,Aq sg wjdr-Ljlaig fi.fij@ f,Aqg fijF"dawaj Rpa[ Rplig h{ m dHl sjiLdVw fi.fij

dry W+dhq>c } bVjaq q>dVbj debj h{@ u' bjaq a'G r,tig h'Gs i,tsj h{ m dHl fi.fij sg qPvZjiVj h{ dw W+dhq>c } bjaq sg dry'veg a'G dWVJ lpa.ai iPf dry ujdSbj uj lwsj h{ m dHhs:{arjsg dy>aV sg Rpfu h{ dul dryvg f+qp,t lojfVj h{ dw qVp<tg y[aVj ba[ debjV dwl[l.lji Wjhig Lwag Vjv lW.Z VhgG i,ts[@ dul wjiV dHl l.lji } dli` aiw ijhgG hg lqdNbjuj lwsj h{ m s[wjia ba[ wJa duh[ dy>awJ a,w fhp.ydsbJ dHh siLV bjaqj ba[ s[h dryvgs:{a Vjv upCw[ hi rla ba[ riaji[ } wjiV-wjiu ba[ lq[G-lojV sg dVi.aiaj dry lqNSsj Rpfijvj wisj h{ m13

f,Aqg wjdr dy>aV fi.fij rg IPVjV ba[ i'q sg sjiLdVwaj sg dfAv,e ihg h{ m fv{B'V[ bjfSg fplaw #s difWdvw$ dry wjdr sg f+dwiag Wji[ yiyj wgag h{ m fi.aP fv{B' a'GfdhvJ hg lVjaVg wjdr Ljlaig fi.fij bZgV f,Aqg wjdr-Ljlai s' rieJ dry r.dcbj ujypKdwbj lg- f+Fjrrjsg ba[ igagrjsg m f+Fjrrjsg wjdr } s{rg-bjr[L a'G f+[dia lptjaqwf+Fjr rjvg iyVj q>Vs[ lV ba[ igagrjsg wjdr } dLvf zjCa uJ qVp<tg dliuSj s[ l.siFdry f[L wis[ lV m14 dHl ai%J f,Aqg wjdr-Ljlai s[ bji.F dry rg f,Aqg siLV fi.fijdryvj s:{a drsqjV lg@ dul dry bjaqj/s[h@ fsjio/qV } dri'Zg dHwjHgbJ f+rjV wgajdebj lg m

fv{B' rg dHl sjiLdVw fi.fij Vjv lW.Za h'S wjiV wjdr } bVpwiV q>Vsj h{ m RplbVplji lqp,yg f+dwiag liWl,aj sj bVpwiV h{ ba[ wjdr beJh dHl f+dwiag sj bVpwiV h{ mRplsg fplaw #difWdvw$ s[ Fje-6 dry Rph l.r[sVj a'G f+jfa debjV } VgrJ ba[ W"dZwdebjV } l+[LB a[ RpKyj q>Vsj h{ m Rplsg ZjiVj h{ dw wjdr-dyhV aJ hg lKyj h' lwsj h{ u[Rph W"dZwaj sj bVpwiV h'r[ m15

fv{B' sj Ljdeis bilaP wjdr Ljlai Wji[ rZ[i[ e.Fgi h{ m Rph bjfSg fplaw #f'dHdBwl$dry fv{B' s[ bVpwiV dl,ZJa sj f+agrjs f[L wisj h{ m Rph wjdr sg e'Gs Rpa[ rZ[i[ Wv ds>sjh'dHbj dHh lojfa wisj h{ dw qVp<tg bjaqj ba[ wrg sg dLvf zjCa s'r[G wdraj vHgbdhq Vpwa[ hV m16 i'qV dy>aw v"VujdHVl bfS[ wjdr dl,ZJa RpKsja \Sublime| ijhgGwjdr-f+daFj Rpa[ rZ[i[ Wv ds>sj h{ m Rplsg ZjiVj h{ dw RpKsja iyVj liWwjvgV bio i,tsgh{ ba[ hi Ip,e dry Vr[G bioJ sg ZjiVg hp.sg h{ m17

lqp,yj f,Aqg wjdr-Ljlai dHhVJ da>VJ dryjiJ sgbJ qPvFPa ZjiVjrJ $a[ hg RpKldibjh{ m bjZpdVw Ip,e dry dHh s:{a qjiwlrjsg lphu-Ljlai ba[ iPlg iPfrjs dryv[ s:{a s[ iPfdry ujig dihj m #wvj ugrV vHg$ ba[ #wvj wvj vHg$ s[ dl,ZJaJ V[ wjdr } drLj/iPf sg s:{adry r.c ds,aj m duKo[ qjiwlrjsg lphu Ljlai sj qPv Vpwaj wjdr sj drLj-rlaP h{ Rpo[

sMvwd-04 183

iPfrjsg wjdr } dLvfg zjCa q>Vs[ hV m l.iyVjrjs V[ ljdha drdebjV sg f+lajrVj ijhgGdHl s:{a dryv[ fjC[ } h'i rZj ds,aj m

RpKai-l.iyVjrjs ba[ Vr-qjiwlrjsg dy>awJ V[ dHl s{:a } Rpv.zS sg w'dLL aJwgag@ fi bjfS[ qPv liPf ru'G f,Aqg ljdha-Ljlai@ f,Aqg sjiLdVw fi.fij sj hg dfAv,edihj ] ba[ f,Aqg sjiLdVwaj sg Vkh dHl s{:a sg qPv lq,Ddlbj #fi$ \other| sg fAjS }sidwVji wi s[S Vjv lW.Za ] m #l{:$ ba[ #fi$ dryvg dHl s{:a wjiV hg Wlagrjs@ ljqijurjsba[ drLrgwiV duh[ f+W.Z RpKFi w[ ljhqS[ bjH[ hV@ duV%J dry sPdubJ } l:{ sj dh,lj lqNSsg oJ q>cg dryvg duSl dry aWsgv wi ds,aj debj ] m sPu[ ldFbjyjiJ ba[ w"qJ sjvzPwiV dHl f,Aqg s{:a sj hg Vaguj ] m

f>ujWg ljdha s[ q"dvw wjdr-Ljlai sg avjL ^ fPiWrjsg fdif[tqjidBV hjdHc{ei sj q>VSj h{ dw i'qV fijF"dawaj dry'G Rpfdubj f,Aqg dy>aV lqp,y[

drLr Rpa[ wjW; h' debj h{ m dHl vHg fPiW ba[ f,Aq drywji w'Hg l.rjs l.Fr VhgG dihj@dwRpGdw s'rJ dt,DdabJ s[ lqju f,Aq rKv'G dliu[ l.lji dry idh ih[ hV m dHl vHg fPiW ba[f,Aq dryvj b>ai-l.rjs- sjiLdVw bZjiJ@ fijF"dawaj uJ dHdahjlw lPN Rpa[ bZjdiaVhgG h' lwsj m hjHgc{ei sj qa h{ dw bduhj l.rjs dVLya uJ bVpLjlVW,Z Vj h' w[ #dqvSsg aJz$ dry'G Rpfu[[ej ba[ dHl vHg fPiW uJ f,Aq duh[ irjdHag l.wvfJ } Rpv.zS sg v'Ch{ m18

hjHgc{ei sg Rpfi'wa ZjiVj } bZji WSj w[ fPiWg wjdr-Ljlai sg iPf-i[tj Rpvgwguj lwsg h{ m dHl fPiWg wjdr-Ljlai sj bZji debjVwiV dy>aV \enligthtenment| duhjqjcv VhgG@ dul dry aiw ba[ dVi.ai f+eag ijhgG dHw vwgig dHdahjl sg wvfVj RpljigeHg h'r[ ba[ rKt'-r,t ldFbjyjiJ dryvgbJ drv,tSajrJ } V;ib>sj; wgaj debj h'r[ mle'G dHh drLrjl ba[ bwgs[ Rpa[ dBdwbj WhpFjLjHg@ Whp-ldFbjyjiw ba[ Whpfiag l.enVh{ m dHl fPiWg wjdr-Ljlai dry ljdha } dwl[ dHw drL[L V;igH[ a'G lqNS sg oJ drdrZf+SjvgbJ s[ l.rjs ijhgG lqNS Rpa[ Wv ds,aj debj h{ m s[h ba[ bjaqj sg H[waj dHl wjdr-Ljlai sj bdhq v,AS h{ m dHl dry fdr,ai ba[ v"dww r,t-r,t l.wvf Vj h' w[ dHw' l.iyVjdry Tv w[ f[L h'H[ hV m

dHl wjdr-Ljlai dry Ziq ba[ Ziq-dVif[taj drywji Rpl ai%J sj dri'Z VhgG@ dulai%J dHh f,Aq sg wjdr-Ljlaig fi.fij dry q"uPs h{ m dHl dry duKo[ dHw fjl[ f,Aqg dy>aVijhgG Rplji[ f+W.ZJ- Wlagrjs ba[ ljqijurjs sj dri'Z Ljqv h{@ Rpo[ sPu[ fjl[ dHh W+dhq>cgwjdHVja Vjv dHwlpi h'S wjiV dliuSjaqw rg h{ m fPiWg wjdr-Ljlai sj dVt[Z Rpllq,eirjs f+ag h{@ dul ijhgG f,Aqg ldFbaj V[ lqpKy[ drLr } dHw iPf s[S sj IaV wgaj h{ mhpliv fKAq s[ dHl lqKeirjsg f+ju{wB } hg dWbjVsj dvtsj h{ dw #f,Aqg fi.fij dlixdHw ldFbjyjiw fi.fij hg VhgG le'G dHw W[u'C l.ljiw dqLV h{@ dlix f,Aq hg sPu[ ldFbjyjiJ} dHw bio uJ H[waj s[ z[i[ dry dvbj lwsj h{ m qVpKtaj s[ lji[ drs[Lg dhKdlbJ sjIPifgwiV hg dHl l.lji sg h'Sg h{$19

sdvRP; ba[ epbjBig bjfSg fplaw #b{GBg dH>cgfl^ w{fgBdv;q b{Gc lwg;'xi[Vgbj$dry sKls[ hV dw l,aj@ fP>ug s[ x{vjb ijhgG s[h ba[ qV s[ rdhSJ sj lqKeigwiV wi ds.sgh{ m fP>ugrjs ijhgG dHh Fiq dlidubj uJsj h{ dw dHh rdhS lpa.ai hV fi blv dry dHhl,aj Rpa[ wjW; L+[SgbJ s[ bZgV hp.s[ hV m dHl ai%J qVp<tg s[h dH,Aa qLgV dry aWsgv h'uJsg h{@ dul sj wjiu RpafjsV f+dwdibj } y,vsj i,tS a,w lgqa h' uJsj h{ m20



qVp<tg s[h } dHcgfl a'G qpwa wi w[ ldhu brloj dry TjvSj fPiWg wjdr-Ljlai sjqp,t drLj h{ m fPiWg wjdr-Ljlai sj dHw f+qp,t sjiLdVw bZji epiWjSg h{ m dl,t epiPbJ V[dy>V% } dHcgfvl a'G qpwa wi w[ RpV%J f+agwJ sg VrgG drbjdtbj f[L wgag h{ u' fdhvJ dwl[fi.fijea bioJ s[ ZjiVg lV m RpsjhiV vHg epiP VjVw V[ #w{lg bjiag h'dH Frt>cSj a[igbjiag$21 dry fi.ijea dyhVJ } W+dhq>cg bioJ dry aWsgv wi ds,aj h{ m dHKo[ ojv@ ZP`ba[ u'a bjds fi.fijea dyhV Vr[G bioJ dry l.yjdia wi dsKa[ eH[ hV m

cj! epiFea dl>z sg ZjiVj h{ dw epiP VjVw WjSg dry ridabj LWs #i.eqSg$ blvdry Rpl uLV sj f+agw h{@ dul } lg! b{v! WjiWi V[ L{wlfgbi s[ VjBwJ s[ hrjv[ VjvRpalr \festivity| dwhj h{ m x{lBgdrBg a'G Fjr RPiuj drliuV a'G h{@ dul dry w'Hg drbwaguJ ldFbjyji w'Hg ;iPig evag ijhgG RPiuj sj drliuV wisj h{ m22 WjiWi V[ dHh dl,ZJaxijdHc s[ sPhi[ aSjb ba[ VgaL[ s[ cjdHV'Lgbl drsi'h } qpKt iKt w[ dlidubj h{@ fi VjVwWjSg dry dul uLV uJ drlqjs sj d;wi h{ Rph dHl ;iPig evag Vjv l.W.Za VhgG m le'GdHh aJ W+dhq>cg wjdHVja Vjv dHwlpi h' ujS sg dHKAj h{ m fPiWg dy.aV dry dHh ldhubrloj h{ m

dHl[ ai%J epiP e'dW>s dl>z sgbJ iyVjrJ- ujfp ljdhW ba[ bwjv Rplada dry i,W vHgh;jiJ drL[LSj sg ria'G wgag eHg h{@ u' i,W s[ WhpdsLjrg h'S sj lPyw hV m wHg rji aJ dHhdri'Zg dyhVJ sg vCg dry rg f[L hp.s[ hV m dur[G Rpl } u'eg rg dwhj debj h{ ba[ F'egrg m23 dHh Rph dliuSjaqwaj h{@ dul ijhgG qVpKtg s[h } f+[q FifPi l.iyVj dry aWsgv wids,aj debj h{ m

epiWjSg dry riagbJ RpfW'vgbJ sg drdF>Vaj& Whp-ldFbjyji ba[ dqLia ldFbjyji} l.Fr WSjRpGsg h{@ u' h'qg FjFj ba[ b{cric lHgs duh[ RpaiWlagrjsg dy>awJ sj f+qp,tdrLj h{ m dHl dry duKo[ dHw fjl[ r[sJa ba[ dHlvjqg dy>V%J sg ria'G h'Hg h{ Rpo[ sPu[ fjl[v'wZjij dryv[ f+agwJ sg rg Whpaja h{ m dHh dqLiV b{cric lHgs sg bjv'yVjaqw ds+LBgrJe W.s dHwjHg Vj h' w[ dHw tp,v%j q'dB` h' dV,WdCbj h{@ dul dry #fi$ } #q{G$ sj dh,lj lrgwjiwi dvbj uJsj h{ m

f>ujWg dy>aV sg fPiWrjsg dl,ZJa y[aVj s[ b>aiea lP`grjs s[ f+Fjr rg fia,t s[t[uj lws[ hV m lP`grjs dVi'v ih,lrjs s[ drip,Z wiqLgvaj Rpa[ Rpldibj wjdr-dy.aV h{ mduo[ w"qJaig lP`grjs Rpa[ dHijVg ba[ b`vjaPVg f+Fjr fia,t hV@ Rpo[ f>ujWg lP`g wjdr@Feag vdhi ba[ dl,trjs a'G f+Fjdra h{ m lP`grjs dry dHLw } W+hq f+jfag sj ljZValvgq wgaj debj h{ m dHLw quj;g a'G dHLw hwgwg s[ l`i ijhgG lP grjs #fi$ \Other| dry`Vjh h' ujS sg dH,Aj Vjv updCbj wjdr-f+ryV h{ m f>ujWg s[ fdhv[ lP`g wrg L[t igs s[lv'wJ dry #s[h$ bjfSg f+qjdSwaj ldha f[L h'Hg h{ ^

b,u Vj lp,ag w.a dlRp b>e qpC[ qpC ujdHujdh fpA[ c'hjeSg apq dwRp i{S drhjdH m 24

L[t `igs a'G Wjbs Ljh hpl{V ba[ WpKv%[ Ljh s[ dliuSjaqw wjdr dry #fi$ \other|vHg aJz sg dHl dH,Aj } lPaiW,Z wgaj uj lwsj h{ m Ljh hpl{V s[ wjdr dry f[L l.W'Zw Rphw.uw h{ dul } WjvfS a'G a'C w[ qpwvjr[ vHg F[dubj uj dihj h{ m Rph #dHLw$ s[ dyhV ijhgGRpl lqpKy[ l.lojea f+W.Z \Ziq@ V{dawaj@ fdirji@ ijuVgag| s[ dripKZ Fpeasg h{@ dul }dqL[v xPw' Lwag f+ryV wdh>sj h{ m dHLw vHg dHh w.uw s[h sg lfjB FjLj dry bjfSjwjdr-f+ryV dliusg h{ ^

bfS[ Lhp } bjf igNjrj hjuda VhgG flji[ sg m 25

sMvwd-04 185

WpKv%[ Ljh s[ wjdr dry dHh w.uw h'i rg f+Wvaj Vjv f[L hp.sg h{ m dHLw V[fi[ yC%V Vjvwiajrjyw hgi ba[ wiqrjyw iJN[ dryvj b.ai v'f h' uJsj h{-

iJNj iJNj wPwsg q{G bjf[ iJNj h'dHls' Vg q{} Zgs' iJNj hgi Vj bjt' w'dH m 26

qKZwjv dry dHw fjl[ qpev lvaVa Vjv lW.Za uegisjig f+W.Z sg WSai wjiVFjia sg bjidow-ijuVgaw ldoag tC'a sj dLwji ihg@ usdw sPu[ fjl[ W+jhqSrjsg riSdrrloj Vjv upCg uja bZjdia L+[Sg-r.c wjiV dHo'G s[ lqjuw-ldFbjyjiw ugrV dryw'Hg rKcg aWsgvg VhgG rjfig m dHl s"i dry dHlvjqg ba[ W+jhqSrjsg f+W.Z dul ai%J sjdHcgfv f+W.Z dliusj h{@ dwKlj wjdr Rpl f+ag VjWig s[ f+ryV ru'G h'Gs e+dhS wisj h{ m dHl[wjiV f>ujWg dwKlj wjdr sj f+qpKt li'wji hg wjqVj } s{rg f+rjVeg s[S Vjv uj upCsj h{ mhgi@ rjdil Ljh dry us'G hgi bjfSg qJ } wdh.sg h{ dw #rjdil Ljh Vj qpCJ i.N[BC[ a'G@ Fjr[GWjf s[ Wjf sj Wjf bjr[$ 27@ aJ Rpl sj dri'Z Rpl dfaj-fpitg dHcgfv f+W.Z dtØj` hg h{@dul dry qVpKtg s[h s[ rdhSJ } l't w[ qVpKtg s[h } wW;[ h[n wgaj debj h{ m

bjZpdVw f>ujWg ljdha dry f+eagrjs s[ f+Fjr a'G fdhvJ idybj ljdha bjfS[sjiLdVw l'dqbJ Vjv updCbj dihj m drL[Lwi f+'! fPiV dl>z spbjij idybj ljdha fPiWrjsgwjdr l.r[sVj sj bZjidW>sP h{@ dul } bZji WSj w[ fPiWrjsg wjdr-Ljlai } dl,ZJaWKZwgaj uj lwsj h{ m fPiV dl>z s[ fPiWrjsg f+ryV sj lF a'G bdhq dyhV #tpKv%$ h{@ u' hi ai%Js[ W.ZVJ ba[ bVpLjlVJ a'G qpwag sj lPyw h{ m fPiV dl>z V[ fdrKai ba[ wjdrw s[ lpq[v ijhgGb®q{G sj l.wvf Rpljdibj h{@ u' lr{/fi ba[ fPiW/fKAq sg sr{a a'G beJh Rpl l.rjs sjlPyw h{@ dul} uiqV dy.aw qjidBV hjdHc{ei sgbJ dv?aJ dry #dqvS sg aJz$ dwhjdebj h{ m dHl[ ai%J hdiFuV dl>z@ ulr.a dl>z V[wg ba[ hdi.si qdhWPW sg wdraj dry rgfPiWrjsg wjdr-Ljlai sj bZji avjdLbj uj lwsj h{ m lqwjvg f>ujWg wdraj dry Vra[uFjiag@ buq[i i'c[ ba[ bqiuga y.sV sg iyVjwjig W+dhq>c s[ wjdHVjag uLV dry #fi$ sgfpVirjflg Vjv upCg h{ m bqiuga y.sV idya wjdr l.de+h #epC%ag$ sgbJ dHh laiJ f>ujW s[dHl wjdHVjag alKri sgbJ hg ujqV hV ^-

f>ujW q[ij aJ spVgbJ duKcjf>ujW q[ij bVhs h{dHl dry lKF[ sdibj rdh>s[ 28

dHKo[ dHh lfLB wiVj rg ;iPig h{ dw fPiWrjsg wjdr-Ljlai@ irjdHag Fjiag wjdr-Ljlai rJe iPfrjsg ds+LBgw'S aKw lgqa VhgG h{ m dHl sj bjfSj rKtij dryjiZjiw H[u.cjh{@ dul sj qwls hi ai%J s[ ajVjLjhg f+W.ZJ a'G qpwag hjlv wiVj h{ m dHh ajVjLjhg f+W.Zs[h Rpa[ buji[sjig lojfa wiV rjvj l.lojea Zjidqw f+W.Z rg h' lwsj h{ ba[ bjidow-lqjuw l.lojrJ Rpa[ wjW; dlbjlg ba[ QjdvW f+ryV rg m bduh[ QjdvW f+ryV sgqp?jv`a dHl wjdr-Ljlai sg dryjiZjiw ds+LBg } rg ljhqS[ dvbjRpGsg h{ m dHh dryjiZjiwlPai VjVw WjSg a'G f+[dia h{ m VjVw WjSg dry fdhvJ a'G q"uPs QjdvW dryjiZjij sj dri'ZdlKZ-fKZi[ iPf dry VhgG wgaj debj Wvdw f+ydva dryjiZjij Vjv lW.Za f+agw-f+W.Z }W+dh.qcg li'wjiJ s[ lqdrKo fpVi-fdiFjLa wi ds,aj debj h{ m qlvV- epiP ljdhW uV[RP sgilq sj dlKZ-fKZij dri'Z wiV sg oJ sdHbj@ l.a't ba[ lKa duh[ epSJ } uS[RP Vjv u'Cds.s[ hV m dHl[ ai%J Rph ueVVjo fpig sg bjiag } dV.sS sg WujdH wjdHVjag uLV dryyKv ihg bjiag } RpFjis[ hV@ dul dry lqpKyj W+dhq>c Ljqv h{ m Rph u'e qKa sj dri'Z wiVsg oJ lKy[ u'eg h'S sg Lia sKls[ hV ^



H[dw ds+LdB wi lqldi ujS{u'eg whgH[ l'dH 29

f>ujW hg Rph li;qgV h{ duKo[ dHl fPiWrjsg dy.aV } dliuSjaqw dvtaJ dry f[Lwgaj debj m dHl vHg f>ujW s[ lqPdhw bry[aV sgbJ uC%J rg dHl lqpKy[ dy.aV dry dVdhahV m f>ujWg-Fjiag dy.aV dry f[L h'dHbj fPiWrjs- s[h@ qV ba[ bjaqj sg dHwlpiaj VjvupdCbj l.wvf h{ m fKAq dryv[ s:{a sg oJ dHl dry #fi$ \other| } bjfSj dhKlj alvgqwgaj debj h{ m dHh dHw bduhj f+ryV h{ u' lqKeirjs sg oJ hi bvf ldFbjyji } bjfSgdrvKtSaj lq[a W+dhq>c s[ wjdHVjag uLV dry Ligw h'S sj tpKv%j lKsj h{ m bduh[ f+l.e dryfPiWrjsg wjdr-Ljlai dHw dVr[wv[ dwlq s[ ljdha dl,ZJa rKu'G RpFi w[ ljhqS[ bjRpGsj h{@dul dry f[L #l:{$ ba[ #fi$ bjfSgbJ lqjuw fAjSJ a'G Rpfi Rpn w[ wjdHVjag alKri drybF[s qdhlPl wis[ hV m

hrjv[ a[ dB,fSgbJ ^

1. Edward Said, The Edward Said Reader, (eds.) Moustafe Bayomi, Andrew Rubin, New

York, Vintage Books, 2000, p. 64-65

2. Edward Said, Orientalism, London, Penguin, 1991, p. 253

3. Ibid, p. 228

4. Oh, East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet, Till Earth and Sky stand

presently at God's great Judgment Seat; 'Rudyard Kipling' John McGivering (June 27,

2010). "Notes on "The Ballad of East and West". The New Readers' Guide to the works of

Rudyard Kipling (The Kipling Society). Retrieved July 10, 2016.

5. Dennis Porter, Orientalism and its Problems in 'The Politics of Theory', (eds.) Peter

Hulme, Margaret Ivason, Diane Loxley, Colchester, University of Essex, 1983, p.180.

6! e'fg y.s Vji.e@ l.iyVjrjs@ Rpail.iyVjrjs ba[ fPiWg wjdr Ljlai@ bVp! ueWgi dl>z@VrgG dsKvg@ ljdha bwjs[qg@ 2002@ f>! 434!

7. quoted in Gurbhagat Singh, Western Poetics and Eastern Thought, Delhi, Ajanta

Publications, p. 6

8. Ibid, p. 6

9. Ibid, p. 6-7

10. Ibid, p. 7

11. Jasbir Singh Ahluwalia, Doctrine and Dynamics of Sikhism, Patiala, Punjabi University,

2001, pp. 15-18

12! LWsjio epip e+.o ljdhW@ \f'og y"og|@ b.dq+ali@ L+'qSg epispbjij f+W.Zw wq[Bg@ 2002@ f>!1059!

13. Mohammed, Akomolafe Akinola, A Critique of Descartes' Mind-Body Dualism. http:/

/www.kritike.org/journal/issue_11/mohammed_june2012.pdf

14! lpts[r dl>z@ f>ujWg wdraj^ fpVil.rjs@ y.cgeC%@ v'wega f+wjLV@ 1984@ f>! 58!15! Ram Nath Sharma, History of Westren Philosophy, Kedar Nath Ram Nath Publications,

2002, p. 40.

16. Ibid. p.122.

17! epiyiV dl>z biLg@ lqgdtbj ds+LBgbJ@ VrgG dsKvg@ bjilg fWvgw[LV@ f>! 63!18. Quoted in Wihelm Halfbass, India and Europe, New Delhi, Moti Lal Banarsi Dass

sMvwd-04 187

Publications, 1990, p. 402.

19. Ibid, 167.

20. Gilles Delueuze, Felix Guttri, Anti Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Tr. Hurle,

Seem, Lane, The Anthlole Press, London, 1984, p. 145.

21! LWsjio epiP e+.o ljdhW@ f>! 663!22. Gurbhagat Singh, Western Poetics and Eastern Thought, p. 9

23! slq e+.o@ L+'qSg epispbjij f+W.Zw wq[Bg@ b.dq+ali@ 1986@ f>! 624! LWsjio epiP e+.o ljdhW@ f>! 1379!25! hidu.si dl>z dTKv'G@ lP`g wrg Ljh hpl{V@ b.dq+ali@ rjdil Ljh xjRPGc[LV@ 1997@ f>! 218!26! lpda>si dl>z VPi \l.fj!|@ f>ujWg lP g wjdr@ VrgG dsKvg@ ljdha bwjs[qg@ 1997@ f>! 207!27! bqiuga dl>z wJe \l.fj!|@ f>ujWg dwKl[@ VrgG dsKvg@ ljdha bwjs[qg@ 1997@ f>! 112!28! bqiuga y.sV@ epC%ag@ VrgG dsKvg@ VrIpKe f+wjLV@ 2000@ f>! 38!29! LWsjio epiP e+.o ljdhW@ f>! 730!


²


ivSvIkrn dw sMktivSvIkrn dw Ajokw sMkt kyvl AwriQk nhIN sgoN ieh

smwijk, isAwsI, siBAwcwrk Awid h`dW nUµ pwr krdw hoieAwvwqwvrn, kudrq, DrqI, AwkwS, pwxI Awid dI qbwhI q`k phuMccukw hY [ ies sMkt dy AnykW isDy-AisDy, idK-AidK kwrn hn [ 1991eI. ivc dunIAW dIAW hwkm jmwqW duAwrw ivSvIkrn nUµ ieh kih kylwgU kIqw igAw sI ik ies nwl swry vrgW dy lokW qk iekswr lwBphuMcygw, KVoq dI siQqI tu`tygI Aqy ijhVy mulk ies ivc Swmlhoxgy aunHW dI AwriQkqw tIsIAW Coh lvygI [ A`j jdoN AsINivSvIkrn dy FweI dhwikAW dy ieiqhws 'qy nzr mwrdy hW qW iesg`l dw AMdwzw sihjy hI l`g jWdw hY ik ivSvIkrn dw v`fw lwBcµd ku AmIr mulµkw dy AmIr qbikAW nUµ hI phuMicAw hY [ ij`QoN q`kBwrq dw sMbMD hY, ivSvIkrn dy dbwA hyT ilAWdy gey kwnUµnW dybdlwA kwrn, ie`QoN dy AmIr qbky ny ies dw BrpUr lwB auTwieAwhY [ sUcnw-qknIk, syvwvW Aqy sw&tvyAr ieMjInIAirMg Awid dyivc BwrqI m`D-vrg dw v`fw ih`sw Swml hoieAw [ is`ty vjoN Bwrqivc kuJ v`fy Sihr qknIk dy ‘h`b' vjoN auBry hn pr dUsry pwsy Bwrqdy Awm lokW, ikswnW, mzdUrW, Awid-vwsIAW, AOrqW, dilqW, CotyvpwrIAW, dukwndwrW, PVI vwilAW Awid leI ivSvIkrn kihrbxky tu`itAw hY [ ivSvIkrn ADIn lokW nUµ iksy vyly id`qy ingUxylwB, sbisfIAW Awid Koh leIAW geIAW hn [ nvyN lok-ivroDI kwnUµnWnUµ lwgU krky swfIAW srkwrW AmIrW dI pRbMDkI kmytI dy qOr 'qykwrj krn l`gIAW hn [ kwrporyt-pUMjIvwd dy d^l qy dbwA hyTjnqk vMf pRxwlI, trWsport, ibjlI, pwxI, ishq, is`ØiKAw AwidivcoN swfIAW srkwrW ny Awpxy h`Q lgBg pUrI qrHW iK`c ley hn [swnUµ kwrporyt-pUMjIvwdI dYNq dy hvwly kr id`qw igAw hY [ kwrporyt-pUMjIvwd Awpxy SkqISwlI pRBwv sdkw ieQy Kpqvwd, in`jvwd,nMgyjvwd, aUljlUvwd, ivcwrhIxqw Awid lgwqwr vDw irhw hY [ivSvIkrn dy dOr ivc Awey ienHW nvyN sMktW nUµ qlwSxw Aqy ies dyieiqhwsk pirpyK nUµ smJxw swfy simAW dI Aihm loV hY [

dUsry ivSv-Xu`D qoN bwAd jdoN nv-bsqIvwdI dOr dw AwgwzhoieAw qW ies dOr ivc AmIrkw qy hor audXoigk SkqIAW dI srdwrIsQwpq ho geI [ vIhvIN sdI dy s`qvyN dhwky q`k phuMcidAW ienHWAmIr audXoigk mulkW dI srdwrI ny dunIAW Br dIAW mMfIAW nUµiek Aihm qwkq dy qOr 'qy vrqxw SurU kIqw [ ienHW mMfIAW dI kmwn

fw. BIm ieMdr isMGpMjwbI swihq AiDAYnivBwg,pMjwbI XunIvristI,[email protected]

(f>! 188-192)

sMvwd-04 189

bhu-kOmI kMpnIAW dy h`QW ivc sI [ ieh bhu-kOmI kMpnIAW AmIr audXoigk mulkW dy AmIrqbikAW ADIn sn [ ienHW AmIr qbikAW ny Awpxy mulkW dIAW srkwrW rwhIN ivkwsSIl qyG`t au~nq dySW dIAW srkwrW nwl ivSvIkrn dy nW hyT smJoqy qy sOdybwzIAW kIqIAW [ iesmksd leI ivSv-vpwr sMsQw, ivSv-bYNk, sMXukq rwStr vrgIAW sMsQwvW ny Aihm rolAdw kIqw [ ienHW sMsQwvW ivc AmIr audXoigk mulkW dI srdwrI hox krky iv`qI-pUMjI,AYP.fI.AweI. Aqy hr qrHW dI invyS pUMjI 'qy vI ienHW dw hI kMtrol sI [ ienHW v`K-v`K sMsQwvWny Awpxy mwlkW nUµ lwB phuMcwaux leI Bwrq vrgy ivkwsSIl qy grIb mulkW nwl AwpxIAWSrqW 'qy smJOqy kIqy [ ‘gYt' ienHW smJOiqAW ivcoN iek sI [ ivSvIkrn dw vrqwrw bsqIvwdIdOr nwloN iBMn ies krky hY ik ieh BwrqI hwkmW duAwrw kIqy smJOqy qy dwAvqW rwhIN AwieAwhY [ ies krky ieh AidK vI hY Aqy pihly swmrwjI vrqwirAW nwloN v`D gMuJldwr vI hY [

BwrqI hwkm jmwq Awpxy AwrMBk dOr ivc hI ivSvIkrn dI hmwieqI rhI hY [ ieho kwrnhY ik ivSvIkrn dy bIj 1947 dI AzwdI qoN bwAd bxI nihrU srkwr dIAW AwriQk nIqIAWivc vyKy jw skdy hn [ nihrU srkwr ‘smwjvwd' dy nW hyT BwvyN ienHW nIqIAW nUµ Fkx dIAW lKkoiSSW krdI rhI pr buinAwdI qOr 'qy aus duAwrw bxweIAW AwriQk nIqIAW ivSv-pUMjIvwd AqyieQoN dy AmIr qbikAW, vpwrIAW, jwgIrdwrW Awid dy ihqW nUµ iDAwn ivc rK ky bxweIAWgeIAW sn [ ienHW nIqIAW ivc Bwrq dy Awm lokW, ikswnW, grIbW, mD-vrgI qbikAW leIbhuqI QW nhIN sI [ isty vjoN ieQy nw qW ienklwbI zmInI suDwr ho sky Aqy nw hI pUrn qOr 'qyaudXogIkrn ho sikAw [ isty vjoN Bwrq iek ArD-audXogIkrn mulk dy qOr 'qy hI auBr sikAwpr ies ArD-audXogIkrn dI pRikirAw dw ieQoN dI audXoigk qy vpwrI qbikAW nUµ BrpUr lwBauTwieAw[ ieh lwB Bwrq dI bhu-igxqI jnqw qk nw phuMc sikAw [ ies dw nqIjw iehinkilAw ik vfy pDr 'qy lokW dI rId-SkqI pYdw nw ho skI [ KrId SkqI pYdw nw hox kwrnruzgwr dy bhuqy mOky vI nw pnp sky [ ies buinAwdI sMkt kwrn nihrU srkwr Awpxy rwj kwldOrwn ‘smwjvwdI-smwj' bxwaux dw Awpxw tIcw nw pRwpq kr skI, ijs dw auh bVy zor nwldwAvw krdI sI [

AwpxIAW Anyk qr`utIAW dy bwvjUd ‘nihrU-mwfl' dy is`ty vjoN mu`FlIAW pMj swlwXojnwvW ADIn Bwrq ny iek ws h`d q`k Awqm-inrBrqw hwsl kIqI [ AwpxI ‘imSirqAwriQkqw' rwhIN Bwrq ny bsqIvwdI dOr dy mukwly jo qr`kI kIqI aus ivc smwjvwdI q`qWnwloN pUMjIvwdI q`qW dI qwdwd v`D sI [ ies leI grIbI-htwaux dy nwAry iek supnw bx kycknwcUr huMdy rhy[ jvwhr lwl nihrU dI mOq qooN bwAd ‘nihrU mwfl' Awpxy AMqr-ivroDWkwrn keI sMktW ivc iGr igAw [ ies sMkt dw pRCwvW isAwsq ivc vI idKweI dyx l`gw [Bwrq ivc kWgrs pwrtI dy smwnWqr AnykW KyqrI qy rwStrI pwrtIAW dw auBwr hox l`gw [jdoN ies sMkt ny rukx dw nW nw ilAw qW ies dw islw BwrqI lokW nUµ AYmrjYNsI rwhINBugqxw ipAw [

ivSv-pDr 'qy vI vIhvIN sdI dw sqvW dhwkw auQl-puQl Aqy qbdIlIAW dw dOr sI [ XUrpImulkW ivc ‘kynzIAn mwfl' sMkt-gRsq ho cukw sI [ sovIAq-sMG ivc AnykW ivgwV Aw cuky sn [AmIr audXoigk mulkW ny ies dw BrpUr lwB auTwieAw [ ienHW mulkW dy hwkmW duAwrw ‘kynzIAnmwfl' ivclI vYl&yAr nUµ qoV ky inrol mMfI ADwirq AwriQk nIqIAW nUµ Apnwaux 'qy zor idqw jwxlgw [ ies zor-Sor coN hI ieMglYNf ivc mwrgRyt QYcr Aqy AmrIkw ivc ronwlf rIgn dw auBwr hoieAw [ienHW nyqwvW ny ijQy Awpxy mulkW ivcoN srkwrI KricAW, shUlqW, sbisfIAW Awid ivc ktOqI kIqIauQy ienHW ny ivkwsSIl mulkW nUµ vI nvIN audwrvwdI nIqI Apnwaux leI slwhW idqIAW [ Bwrq dIieMdrw srkwr ny ienHW slwhW nUµ mMnx ivc koeI ihckcwht nw ivKweI [ nqIjy vjoN Bwrq nUµ ‘DnkoS'

drLrgwiV sj l.wB


ivcoN krzw lYx dI shUlq muheIAw krvweI geI [ ies shUlq dy ievz ivc BwrqI mMfI nUµ drwmdW leIKolx dIAW SrqW nUµ lwgU krn leI dbwA pwieAw igAw Aqy ivqI Gwty dIAW hdW nUµ AnuSwSn-bDkrn leI ikhw igAw [ ies qrHW ‘pYirs klb' dI glbwq qoN bwAd audwrIkrn dIAW nIqIAW nUµ lwgUkrn dy AwdyS jwrI hoey [

ieMdrw srkwr dy rwj-kwl dOrwn hI ienHW nvIAW nIqIAW ny BwrqI ArQcwry nUµ burIqrHW ihlw ky r`K id`qw [ is`ty vjoN kWgrs srkwr ivru`D v`K-v`K sUibAW ivc ivdroh dIAWsMBwvnwvW pYdw hoeIAW [ ies ivdroh dy fr Aqy AwpxI hrmn ipAwrqw dy Gtx kwrnkWgrs pwrtI qy ieMdrw gWDI nUµ pMjwb ivc A`qvwd dw haUAw KVHw krnw ipAw [ ies dybwvjUd BwrqI ArQcwry dIAW sm`ØisAwvW lgwqwr vDdIAW geIAW [

vIhvIN sdI dy nOvyN dhwky qk phuMcidAW Bwrq dIAW AdwiegIAW dy bkwey ivc gMBIrsMkt Aw igAw [ hwlq ieQoN qk ivgV geI ik 1991 dy SurU ivc Bwrq dI irzrv bYNk ivcrwKvIN peI ivdySI mudrw iek mhIny dy drwmdI swl dw mul vI nw auqwr skI [ BwrqI ‘KzwnwKwlIN ho igAw [ mMfl-kmMfl dI rwjnIqI dw auBwr SurU ho igAw [ ies sMkt gRSq dOr ivcBwrqI srkwr nUµ AMqr-rwStrI mudrw koS koloN s^q SrqW dy AwDwr qy krzw lYxw ipAw [Agsq 1991 qk phuMcidAW nvIN bxI kWgrs srkwr ny AwriQk suDwrW dy nW hyT ‘ivSvIkrn'dI nvIN muihMm dw Awgwz kIqw [ ies mksd leI fw. mnmohn isMG nUµ ivSys s`dy dy qihqBwrq dw iv`q-mMqrI bxwieAw igAw [ fw. mnmohn isMG ny Awaux swr ies nvIN muihm qihqrwjkI srmwey nUµ Gtw ky ivSv-mMfI mu`KI nIqIAW nUµ lwgU kr id`qw [ ies smyN dOrwn BwrqIpCVI srmweydwrI ny nvW pYNqVw A^iqAwr kIqw [ Bwrq dI p`CVI srmweydwrI ies qoN pihlWieQoN dIAW mihPUz mMfIAW ivc snAqIkrn dy h`k sI pr hux ieh ivSv srmweydwrI dICotI-BweIvwl bx ky ivq, invyS Aqy qknIk dy Kyqr ivc aus nwl juVnw cwhuMdI sI [

ivSvIkrn dIAW nIqIAW lwgU huMidAW hI ‘ivqI-pUMjI' (Finance Capital) dw dbdbwSurU ho igAw [ ies dbdby ny Aijhy Dn kubyrW dw inrmwx kIqw ijMnHW ny pUrI dunIAW dIAwriQk qy smwijk ivvsQw nUµ kwbU krn dy Xqn AwrMB kr id`qy [ is`ty vjoN Bwrq dI KyqI-bwVI qy audXog qy ADwrq AwriQkqw kmzor pYx l`gI Aqy bhu-kOmI kMpnIAW dy brWfW dyauqpwdW ivc qyzI AwauxI SurU hoeI [ ies ny Bwrq dy drimAwny qy Coty audXogW nUµ vI inglxwSurU kr id`qw [ is`ty vjoN Bwrq ivclI vrg sMrcnw ivc qyzI nwl qbdIlI Awaux l`gI[ ie`Qyie`k pwsy ‘ieMfIAw' dw AmIr m`D-vrg hoNd ivc AwieAw Aqy dUsry pwsy ‘grIb Bwrq' ivcvsx vwly byshwrw grIb, byruzgwr qy imhnqkS lok rih gey[ ienHW v`K-v`K vrgW dy AwpsItkrwE nUµ rokx Aqy lok-sMGrSW nUµ dbwaux vwly kwly-kwnUµn vI ies dOr ivc lwgU hoey [ iessmyN dOrwn hI bhu-kOmI kMpnIAW, pUMjIpqIAW, vpwrIAW Awid nUµ is`Dy ivdySI invyS dI mnzUrIid`qI geI [ keI jnqk AdwirAW nUµ srmweydwrI kol kOfIAW dy BwA vyc id`qw igAw [ ieskwly-kwrobwr ivcoN swfy bhuq swry nyqwvW ny v`fw kimSn qy ihsydwrI pRwpq kIqI [ rylvy Aqyhor Aihm jnqk AdwirAW ivc pRweIvyt pwrtnriSp dy nW 'qy isDy pMUjI invyS nUµ vDw id`qwigAw [ imswl dy qOr 'qy bImW Kyqr ivc AY~P.fI.AweI 26 pRqISq qoN vDw ky 49 pRqISq krid`qw igAw [ pRcUn Kyqr, mIfIAw qy POj Awid ivc vI AY`P fI. AweI nUµ vDwaux leI pUrIAWKulHW dy id`qIAW geIAW [ is`ty vjoN swfy kudrqI swDnW, vpwr, Anwj, BMfwrW, KyqI-bwVI,nOjvwn SkqI, qknIk, srmwey Awid 'qy ivdySI SkqIAW kwbz hox leI XqnSIl hoxl`gIAW [ ies qoN ielwvw AMqr-rwStrI mudrw koS, jo A`q-AmIr mulkW dy v`fy bYNkW dy ihqW dwpUrk hY, pihlW hI krzy dy boJ hyT dby Bwrq nUµ nvIAW SrqW 'qy krzy dyx l`gw [ Bwrq auprijauN-ijauN ieh krzw v`D irhw hY iqauN-iqauN aus dIAW sUrqW vI s^q huMdIAW jw rhIAW hn [

sMvwd-04 191

swfIAW srkwrW 'qy jnqk KricAW qy sbisfIAW 'qy hor k`t lgwaux leI dbwA pwieAw jwirhw hY [ hux qW krzw dyx vwlIAW v`fIAW ivqI qy vpwrk sMsQwvW isDy jW AisDy qOr 'qysrkwrW bxwaux, qoVn Aqy nvIAW nIqIAW qy AKOqI lok lihrW nUµ GVn ivc l`gIAWhoeIAw hn [ ienHW sMsQwvW ivc AMqr-rwStrI mudrw koS qoN ielwvw ivSv-bYNk, ivSv-vpwrsMgTn, AMqr-rwStrI smJOiqAW leI bxI sMsQw E.eI.sI.fI. Awid Swiml hn [ ieh sMsQwvWAmrIkw Aqy hor A`q-AmIr mulkW duAwrw kMtrol kIqIAW jWdIAW hn [

ivSvIkrn dIAW nIqIAW dy dbwA hyT swfIAW srkwrW ny ijQy smwijk KricAW ivcbyh`d ktOqI kIqI au~Qy audXoigk-sMsQwvW dw Kwqmw, vpwrk bMdSW ivc ktOqI Aqy mwlIktOqIAW dy nwl-nwl ivdySI AdwiegIAW qy Awmdn qoN vI kMtrol htw ilAw hY [ ies sBkwsy ny ivSv mMfI dy mwlkW dIAW SkqIAW nUµ hor SkqISwlI bxwaux ivc Aihm rol AdwkIqw hY [ ies dy ault swfy smwj ivc rwjkI srmwey dw d^l nWh dy brwbr hoieAw hY [ swfymulk ivc nvyN pYdw kIqy gey mOikAw rwhIN iv`qI-pUMjI dy ruqby nUµ au~cw cukx dy Xqn hoey hn [AY~P.fI.AweI qy iv`qI-pUMjI ny swfy dysI audXog dy ih`qW nUµ v`fy p`Dr 'qy Fwh lweI hY [ is`ty vjoNmulk ivc s`tw-bzwrW dw bolbwlw hoieAw hY [ iv`qI-pUMjI dy mwlkW ny Awpxw pYsw auqpwdnivc lgwaux dI bjwey s`tw bwzwrW ivc lgwauxw SurU kIqw hoieAw hY, ij`Qy SyArW dw vpwrhuMdw hY [ ies qoN ielwvw iv`qI-pUMjI dy mwlkW ny AwpxI pUMjI krzy Aqy ivdySI mudrw vtWdryivc lgwauxI AwrMB hoeI hY [ ies dy PYlwE nwl swfy vrgy ivkwsSIl mulkW dI rwjkI pUMjIsuMgVn l`gI hY [ ies kwrn swfy audXoigk Kyqr Aqy ruzgwr nUµ gihrw Jtkw l`gw hY [ ijauN-ijauN iv`qI-pUMjI dI dunIAW Br ivc srdwrI kwiem ho rhI hY iqauN-iqauN ies ny Bwrq vrgymulkW ivc iv`q-mu`KI swSn dw rwh vI p`Drw ho irhw hY [ iv`q-mu`KI Swsn ny ArQivvsQwivcly auqpwdn Aqy inrp`K vMf dw ivroD krnw AwrMB kIqw hY [ ies qrHW iv`qI-pUMjI nysrkwrW nUµ aunHW dIAW buinAwdI izMmyvwrIAW qoN dUr kr id`qw [ ieho kwrn sI ik Bwrq ivcivSvIkrn dIAW nIqIAW qoN bwAd audXogIkrn nw-mwqr hoieAw Aqy byruzgwrI ivc byieMqhwvwDw hoieAw [ ienHW pRsiQqIAW dw lwB au~Tw ky Aqy kwrporyt qy iv`qI-pUMjI dI mdd nwl modIsrkwr s`qw ivc AweI hY [ modI srkwr ny AwauNidAW hI mYnUPYkcirMg 'qy zor idMidAW ‘myk ienieMfIAw' rwhIN BwrqI audXog ivc nvIN rUh PUkx dw As&l Xqn kIqw [

A`j jdoN AsIN ivSvIkrn dy smucy vrqwry 'qy nzr mwrdy hW qW AsIN vyKdy hW ik AwpxyAMdrUnI qrk Aqy AMqr-ivroDW kwrn ivSvIkrn ies smyN Gor sMkt ivc Ps cu`kw hY [ kyvlBwrq ivc hI nhIN sgoN pUrI dunIAW ivc ies smyN AwriQk, smwijk, siBAwcwrk, isAwsIgYr-brwbrIAW v`D rhIAW hn [ Bwrq ivc vI ivSvIkrn Awm lokW nUµ auh lwB phuMcwauxivc As&l irhw hY ijs dy vwAdy auh lgwqwr krdw Aw irhw hY [ BwrqI mMfIAW dy drvwzyKolx qoN bwAd nw qW auqpwdn ivc kwrjkuSlqw AweI hY, nw hI aupjW ivc vwDw hoieAw hYAqy nw hI BwrqI ArQcwrw ivkws dy nvyN idsh`ØidAW nUµ Coh sikAw hY [ ies dy ault BwrqIArQcwrw hyTW v`l jw irhw hY [ pMjwb vrgI AmIr pRWq dI AwriQkqw vI lVKVw cu`kI hY [iesy qrHW hor keI pRWqW dI AwriQkqw dw burw hwl hY [ ies vyly swfy mulk dy iek ivSys smUhnUµ C`f ky bwkI jn-smUh nUµ jIvn inrbwh dy lwly pey hoey hn [ swfy mulk dy bhu-igxqI lokijauNdy rihx leI vI j`do-jihd kr rhy hn [ mnuKI jW jmhUrI AiDkwr ienHW qoN kohW dUr hn [ies smyN Bwrq dw drjw mwnv-ivkws irport Anuswr dunIAW dy 177 ivkwsSIl qy grIbmulkW ivcoN 127 vW sQwn hY [ ies qrHW AsIN bMglw dyS, pwiksqwn sihq sRIlMkW qoN vI nIvyNp`Dr 'qy phuMc cu`ky hW [ pYNfU ielwikAW ivc rihx vwly grIbW dI hwlq bd qoN bdqr ho cu`kIhY [ ivSvIkrn dI pRikirAW ny ijQy ikswnI dw aujwVw kIqw hY auQy AMn-dwqy nUµ rozI-rotI dy

drLrgwiV sj l.wB

swDnW qoN vI mihrUm kr id`qw hY [ ies sB kwsy ivc dilq Kyq-mzdUr Aqy smu`cw dilqBweIcwrw sB qoN v`D ivSvIkrn dI mwr hyT AwieAw hY [ srkwrW dI Sih 'qy bhu-kOmI kMpnIAWAKOqI ivkws dy nW 'qy ikswnW, Awid-vwsIAW Awid qoN zmInW Koh rhIAW hn [

ivSvIkrn ny swfIAW srkwrW dI BUimkw nUµ kOmI qy bhu-kOmI kMpnIAW dy eyjMt bxnqk mihdUd kr id`qw hY [ swfIAW srkwrW rwStrI qy AMqr-rwStrI AmIr qbikAW v`loNiqAwr kIqy pRqImwnw nUµ pRvwn krky, ienHW nUµ Aml ivc ilAwaux dw isrqoV Xqn krrhIAW hn [ ienHW pRqImwnW dw pwlx kridAW swfIAW srkwrW ishq qy isiKAw dI byhqrI,mzdUrW dy kMm krn dy hwlwq suDwrn Awid vrgy smwijk muØidAW qoN mUMh Pyr cukIAW hn [ iesdOr ivc srkwrW lokW nwl v`fy-v`fy vwAdy kr ky s`qw ivc AwauNdIAW hn pr ie`k vwr s`qwivc Awaux qoN bwAd auh ienHW vwAidAW nUµ inBwaux ivc kwmXwb nhIN huMdIAW [ Bwrq ivcisr& kyNdrI srkwrW ny hI nhIN blik pRWqk srkwrW ny vI AwpxI sm`rQw dy bwvjUd smwijksYktr ivc lwgqwr ktOqIAW kIqIAW hn [ ies dy bwvjUd swfIAW srkwrW Bwrq nUµ ‘mhW-SkqI' bxwaux leI A`fI cotI dw zor lgw rhIAW hn [ pihlW vI srkwrW duAwrw kdy‘SwieinMg ieMfIA' vrgy supnmeI nwAry bulMd kIqy jw cu`ky hn [ Aijhy nwAry BwrqI lokWnwl koJw mzwk hn [ ies krky ivSvIkrn dIAW nIqIAW 'coN bwhr inklxw swfy simAW dIAxsrdI loV hY [

²

drLrgwiV sj l.wB sMvwd-04 192

ulf+ga w"if>ujWg drFje@f>ujWg IPVgridlBg@[email protected]@yahoo.com|

fpiL ba[ fpiLar ^dl,ZJaw fdif[t

dHlaigar ba[ fpiLar u{Gci bdZb{V sgbJ s' qh,arfPiVwCgbJ hV m Vjigrjsg bdZb{V sg v.Wg y,vg fi.fij lswj#dHlaigar$ \Femininity| LWs ba[ l.wvf ldhu[ hg lqN bj uJsjh{ m ljZjiV bioJ dry dHlaig Vjv u'C[ uJs[ v,ASJ dur[G dfbji@dVqiaj@ ldhuaj@ w'qvaj bjds s[ u'C } dHlaigar dwhj uJsj h{ mFemininity s[ lqjVJai drLr f,Zi $a[ Masculinity LWs f+y,Ddvah{ m dHl LWs } f>ujWg dry blgG #fpiLar$ sg l.debj ds,ag h{ m dur[GdHlaig s[ drL[L v,ASJ } dHlaigar dwhj uJsj h{ Rpl[ ai%J bjsqgs[ epSJ-v,ASJ } fpiLar sj Vjq ds,aj uJsj h{ m fpiLar s[ b>aieabjRpGs[ v,AS dur[G wn'iaj@ lpc"vaj@ ajwa@ a[;g@ w+'Z bjds fpiL s[fpiL h'S sg hjqg Fis[ hV m Rph epS u' bjsqg } b"ia a'G r,tigfAjS ds>s[ hV@ RpV%J } hg fpiLar dwhj uJsj h{ m dqljv ru'G@ l+gijq y.si ug } qdibjsj fpiL'aq \RpKaq fpiL| dwhj uJsj h{ m dHl[ai%J f>uJ fJcrJ } f"ipL uJ fpiLjio sg dqljv q>dVbj uJsj h{ m dHV%JfjaiJ } RpKaq/dWhaigV fpiLJ sg L+[Sg dry i,Ddtbj uJsj h{ m dHV%Js[ epSJ s[ q,s[-V;i blgG fpiLar } lqN lws[ hJ m dHh fpiL Lwag\biupV| @ lqi,oj \L+g ijq|@ lPN \IpdZLBi|@ a[u@ w+'Z \Fgq| bjds s[f+agdW.W hV m dHV%J } dqvj w[ u[ s[tgH[ aJ Vi/fpiL sg u' alrgiWSsg h{@ Rph hg fpiLar sg dVLjVs[hg wisg h{ m dHl[ ai%J dHlaigarsgbJ dqljvJ ru'G RpKaq dHlaigbJ lgaj@ lag@ s+'fsg bjds } s[dtbjuj lwsj h{ m f>ujWg dry #dHlaigar$ LWs sg apvVj dry #fpiLar$LWs Vjv ujS-fAjS bu[ VrgG h{ m dHh LWs bjfSg v.WjHg lswjRpyjiV dry rg tBwsj h{ m dHl s[ RpyjiV sg b"dtbjHg ba[ dHlVjv ujS-fAjS sg wqg lswj dHl Wji[ e,v wiVg b"tg ba[ bV'tgduhg vesg h{ m dHl b"t } sPi wiV vHg #fpiLar$ LWs } #qisar$uJ #q{lwpdvdVBg$ rg dwhj uj lwsj h{ m

#fpiLar$ Wji[ e,v wiV uJ dHl sg dH,w lf,LB alrgi WSjRpSdry b"t bjRpGsg h{ m dHl b"t sj r,cj wjiS h{ dw blgG fpiLJ sg e,vwiV s[ bjsg VhgG hJ m dHl Wji[ W'vS-lpSV sg fdhvJ ws[ Vj aJv'C fHg ba[ Vj hg lW,W WdSbj m rghrgG lsg s[ V,W[r[G shjw[ dryVjigrjsg bdZb{V dry Rph fCjb bjRpGsj h{ us'G u{Gci } lqju ba[



ldFbjyji sg dliuSj q>dVbj ujS v,Ddebj m1 dHl lq[G Vjigrjsg dy.awJ V[ dHlaigar/Vjigar } b"ia sg wpsiag f+jfag q>VS a'G dHVwji wgaj lg m lgq"V sj woV@ #b"ia f{sjVhgG hp.sg@ dliug uJsg h{$ dHh ZjiVj Vjigrjsg bdZb{V s[ blqjV dry eP.usg h{ m dHl sjbio dHh h{ dw Vjig s[h dry uqJsiP hg wq;'i@ hgS@ dViqjS h'S duh[ v,AS q"uPs VhgG hV m

b"ia fdirji ba[ lqju dry idh w[ dHlaigar s[ v,ASJ } dl,tsg h{ m dqljv s[ a"i $a[vCwg } vCdwbJ sg ai%J Fjig ?pijw v{S ba[ wlia wiV a'G riudsbJ bjq hg dwhj uJsjh{@ #aP. dwhCj q,vgG zpvSj$ m dHl[ ai%J i,tCg sj daRphji vCwg b>si bdhljl f{sj wisj h{ dwRph lr{-i,Ddtbj vHg f+jZgV h{ m dHh f+ryV vCwg } vCw[ qpwjWv[ wq;'i WSjRpS ba[dstjRpS r,v ipdya hV m dHl ai%J vCwg sg dliuSj dry bV[wJ dq,oJ@ dl,DdtbjrJ@ irjdHaJdrL[L FPdqwj dVFjRpGsgbJ hV m fAjS sg dliuSj sg dHl ds+LBg V[ hg fpiLar } lqju sgf{sjrji q>V[ ujS sj dryji f{sj wgaj h{ m Vjigrjsg dy.awJ V[ dHh dryji RpFjdibj dwbjsqg Vjv u'Cg uJsg RpKaqaj/f"ipL/fpiLjio rg bjsqg sg wpsiag f+jfag VhgG h{ m dHhdf,ai-l,aj ba[ qVp,t s[ dHdahjlw drwjl sg s[S h{ m Vjigar rJe hg fpiLar sj f+FjrgliPf wpsiag ba[ ldoi VhgG h{ m2 dHl y[aVj V[ Vjig-dy.awJ } fpiLar l.W.Zg t'u sj ijhdstjdHbj h{ m

fpiLar s[ bdZb{V l.W.Zg LpiPbjag lq,Ddlbj h{ m #fpiLar$ LWs ljZjiS iPf dry V;iVhgG bjRpGsj ] m dHh q"uPs aJ h{ fi H[Vj ldhu ba[ ujdSbj-fAjdSbj h{ dw dHl r,v dZbjVhg VhgG uJsj ] m igli bVplji fpiLar #bdy.V%a$ \Unmarked) idh>sj h{ m3 dHl a'G RpvBdHlaigar #dy.V%a$ \Marked| L+[Sg h{ m fpiLar } #bdy.V%a$ wdhS a'G dHh Fjr VhgG dw dHl s[bjfS[ bio VhgG hV@ le'G dHl s[ bioJ a,w fhp.y vHg ijh dHlaigar } WSjdHbj uJsj h{ mfpiLar WjWa yp,f } Wiwiji i,Ddtbj uJsj h{ m dHl df,A[ FjrVj dHh w.q wisg h{ dw fpiLaraJ f+ZjV h{ m dHl sg dwl[ sPli[ drhji Vjv w'Hg apvVj VhgG h{ m dHl vHg dHl Wji[ W'vS sg;iPia VhgG h{ m

fpiL ba[ fpiLar } V[q ru'G lrgwjidsbJ dHlaigar } lq,Ddlbje+la eisjdVbjba[ f+yjdibj uJsj h{ m qisjrgG s[h dry fpiLar s[ v,ASJ sj lqjr[L ba[ dHl sg dHlaigqpwjWv[ RpKyaj lqjduw V[q WSj w[ f[L wgag uJsg h{ m dHh V[q b{Vj lpFjdrw f[L wgaj uJsjh{ dw dHl } dw.aP VhgG wgaj uJsj m4 sPu[ fjl[ ljig yiyj dHlaig s[h Vjv u'Cg uJsg hgSaj$a[ w[Gds+a h' uJsg h{ m dHh lrjv RpnjRpS sg WujdH dw Vi } RpKaq dwRpG ba[ dwr[G dwhjdebj h{@ ljig yiyj Vi sg RpKyaj } lrgdw+a/ldhu ujS w[ Vjig-qpwag s[ f+ryV $a[w[Gds+a h' uJsg h{ m ds+L ba[ ds+LBg sj ljij fjlji fpiL } fjl[ wi dHlaig Vjv u'Cg uJsgyiyj s[ hrjv[ h' uJsj h{ m VagujaV@ dHlaig } s[h s[ sjdHi[ dry lq[B ds,aj uJsj h{ m qis} dsqje/l,aj sj Zjiw WSj s[h s[ sjdHi[ y'G Wjhi wi ds,aj uJsj h{ m s'r[G hg ldoagbJ b,asgbJ lPyw hV m dHw } s[h a,w ba[ sPu[ } s[h a'G fji lojfa wiV sg f+dwdibj FjLj@ lqjuba[ ldFbjyji sgbJ f+ryVqptg zjC%aJ bjli[ ldhu[ hg y,vsg idh>sg h{ m

fpiLar ba[ dHlaigar l.W.Zg f[Lwjig sg ijuVgag } wj`wj spbjij f+lapa #Before

the law$ sg ds+LBg a'G lqdNbj uj lwsj h{ m dHl ds+LBg sj Fjr-bio l.t[f dry dHhdVwvsj h{ dw wj}V s[ sirj;[ $a[ tC%g dZi blv dry wj}V sg l,aj } fdif,w wisg h{ m5

dHlaig ba[ fpiL s[ qjqv[ dry rg bduhj hg rjfisj h{ m dHlaig-rie r,v'G us'G tps vHgWijWig sg ephji vejHg uJsg h{ aJ bdl,Z[ iPf dry dHl Vjv qis sj dHlaig a'G RpKyj ipaWjlojdfa h' uJsj h{ m dHl ai%J dHlaig ba[ dHlaigar sg Vwjijaqw f+dl,Zg fpiLar } V[qru'G lojdfa wisg h{ m dHl a'G dHh a,o RpKFisj h{ dw fpiLar dHlaigar Vjv dri'Z a'G dWV%J

sMvwd-04 195

h'GsLgv VhgG h' lwsj m6 dHl sg vpwrgG h'Gs WSjHg i,tS vHg hg dHlaigar } lq,Ddlbje+laiPf dry f[L wgaj uJsj h{ m

fpiLar } alrgiJ/dy,aiJ@ dq,oJ@ f+ryVJ ba[ igaJ/dirjuJ V[ ldhu ljwji wgaj h{ mlq[G sj rhjb ba[ bVpwPv ldoagbJ s[ q,s[-V;i fpiLar sj iPf dH>Vj fdif,w h' debj h{ dwdHh #wpsiag$ V;i bjRpGsj h{ m dHl sj dHh #wpsiagfS$ hg blv dry dHl } lrjvJ ba[dB,fSgbJ s[ z[i[ dry'G Wjhi v{ uJsj h{ m #wpsiagfS$ wjiV hg lqju ba[ ldFbjyji fpiLarVjv sPhi[ diLa[ dry W,N[ idh>s[ hV m dHh dHw sPli[ } dlius[ rg hV ba[ Rpl } duRpGs[/dVFjRpGs[ rg hV m7 dliuS@ duRpS ba[ dVFjRpS sg f+dwdibj fpiL s[h $a[ bli-b>sj; hp.sgh{ m fpiL s[h a[ zdCbj h'dHbj #fpiLar$ bjdHs wgaj uJsj h{ m Wjv \vCw[| w'v fpiLar a'GdWV%J w'Hg LwagLjvg Wsv q"uPs VhgG idhS ds,aj uJsj m fpiLar } Rpl s[ ljhqS[ ;iPigWSjdHbj uJsj h{ m fpiLar } dHlaigar s[ qpwjWv[ RpKaq silj w[ Wjv \vCw[| } dHl r,vbjwidLa rg wgaj uJsj h{ m dHlaigar sj dryji blv dry fpiLar s[ fAjS l.siF dryRps{ hp.sj h{ m dHl Vjv fpiLar fdif,w hp.sj h{ m

fpiLar sg fAjS l.W.Zg ds+LBg B"c igli (Todd Reeser) spbjij lpNjHg eHg h{ m iglibVplji fpiLar sg h'Gs } dHl sg bS-h'Gs ;igH[ VLi wgaj uj lwsj h{ m8 dqljv ru'G@ fpiLw'v'G ar,w'G i,tg uJsg h{ dw Rph duei[ rjvj h'r[ m qis a'G b"iaJ sg ai%J i'S sg bjl VhgG i,tguJsg m us'G w'Hg qis dHlaig sg ai%J i'Gsj h{ aJ Rpl lq[G Rpl sj riajRp fpiLar s[ lojdfaf{qjV[ a'G RpvB h' uJsj h{ m dHl[ ai%J us'G w'Hg bjsqg b"iaJ sg ai%J RpKnsj@ W{nsj@ apisj h{ aJRpl } #uVjVCj$ dwhj uJsj h{ m fpiLar sg e{i-q"uPseg bjv'yVj@ da+lwji ba[ Rpfhjl sgZpVg f{sj wisg h{ m dHl ai%J bSh'Gs hg fpiLar sg drbjfa q"uPseg ba[ V[q s[ iPf dry dHlsg vj;qgbaj r,v dZbjV spbjRpGsg h{ m

igli s[ Rpfi'wa dryji a'G dHh ds+LBg f{sj hp.sg h{ dw b"ia dry qisjr[G v,ASJ sgq"uPseg lswj rg fpiLar sj dW>W drlisj h{ m qjsj s[h dry qis s[ v,ASJ sg f+ZjVaj h'r[aJ dHh RpvB-q[v rZ[i[ dZbjV dt,ysj h{ m dHl a'G w[Gsig ZjiVj dHh WSsg h{ dw fpiLar ba[dHlaigar u[wi RpvB s[hJ dry q"uPs h'S aJ dHV%J sg ds+LBaj/dslSI'eaj rZ[i[ hp.sg h{ mfpiLar s[ v,ASJ sg bdab>a q"uPseg rg fpiLar s[ ;jhij dViPfS dry lhjHg hp.sg h{ mdqljv ru'G@ dHw W"cg-dWvci sg engvg s[h fpiLar sg alrgi RpFjisg h{ m fpiLar sgfAjS f+dwdibj fpiLar } W"dZwaj/ajwa a'G b,e[ s[h s[ drhji Vjv u'C w[ fdiFjLa wisgh{ m

bji! w'Vv9 bVplji qisjrgG s[h@ dul WjWa dHh lqdNbj uJsj h{ dw fpiLar dHl sgu{drw f+jfag h{ blv dry lqju-ldFbjyji l.siF dry'G hg bjwji f+jfa wisg h{ m drL[Llq[G ba[ lojV dry tjl bioJ } f+agdW.Wa wisg s[h dli` wpsiag VhgG idh uJsg le'G dHwq{Bjì \Vi s[h^ LwagLjvg@ lqi,ojrjV@ l' dHlaig Vjv'G RpKaq| WS uJsg h{ ba[ ##us'G dH,wq{Bjì lojdfa h' uJsj h{ aJ Rpl Wji[ yiyj \dri'Z-yiyj| sg epujdH>L hg qp,w uJsg ] mf+qjSJ/a,oJ sg fC%a lojdfa q{Bjì s[ f,t dry FpeaS sj ijh ypSsg h{$$ m10 dqljv ru'G@us'G Vjig s[h f{sjrji sj q{Bjì WS uJsg h{ aJ hi Rph rla dul a'G Rpafag l.Fr h{@ Rpl }dHlaig iPf dyar dvbj uJsj h{& dur[G@ Ziag@ qLgV@ r{W-ljHgB bjds m dHl[ ai%J u' LwagLjvgdZi h{@ wiPi h{@ Rpl } qisjr[G liPf dry dyadrbj uJsj h{ dur[G@ lPiu@ B{,w@ dH>BiV{,B bjds mdHl ai%J us'G dHlaig s[h Vjv wq;'i@ lr{-i,Ddtbj vHg sPli[ s[ bZgV h'S sj q{Bjì WSsjh{ aJ dHl Vjv ijLBi@ qja-FPqg ba[ dHl s[ dlfjhg dHl s[ fp,aiJ s[ iPf dry dyar vH[ uJs[hV m dHl ai%J dHlaig s[h us'G f{sjrji@ qis $a[ dViFiaj@ dViWvaj bjds sj f+agw WSsg

fpiL ba[ fpiLar ^ dl,ZJaw fdif[t


h{ aJ Rpl s[ bVpljig drbjdtbjrJ sg dH,w vCg WSsg uJsg h{ m dHl[ ai%J qis s[h Lwag@lqi,oj@ a[u@ f+ajf sj f+agw h'S sg lPia dry dV,a f{sj hp.sgbJ yg;J rlaJ sg drbjdtbjsj bjZji WSsg h{ m lojfag sg dHh f+dwdibj lq[G@ lojV@ rlaJ@ dlZJaJ@ dryjiJ sg f,Zi$a[ yvsg idh>sg h{ m dHl yvS lswj s[h Vjv u'dCbj uJsj u{Gciqptg f+agw-f+W.Z dVi.aifpVi-dlidua ba[ lojdfa hp.sj idh>sj h{ m11

u{Gci-fAjSJ sg lojfag sg f+dwdibj df,aiwg s[ dHdahjdlw drwjl-w+q s[ lqjVJaihg yvsg h{ m drhji sg dVi.aiaj dry'G s[h ba[ fAjS sj lpdVLdya/V[qW,Z l.W.Z WdSbjidh>sj h{ m dHl l.W.Z } WSjHg i,tS dry lqjduw-qVjhgbJ sj drL[L I'esjV hp.sj h{ m dHhqVjhgbJ bf+rjdSa h'S sj ci f{sj wisgbJ hV m Vwji[ uJ A[w[ ujS sj ci ljZjiVaj s[z[i[ } Bp,BS VhgG ds>sj m bljZjiS \Vi spbjij dHlaigbJ rjvj fdhijrj fjRpSj@ idhS-ldhS bfVjRpSj uJ qjsj spbjij qisJ riej fdhijrj ba[ yjv-Tjv bfVjRpSg| } bfSjw[ Vj-lrgwji[ ujS sg ldoag } BjvS vHg qVjhgbJ s[ sq $a[ dH,wlji ^ fpiL-fpiLar@dHlaig-dHlaigar@ fAjSJ } Wiwiji i,Ddtbj uJsj h{ m dHV%J fAjSJ sg drLr-drbjfgdH,wljiaj sg ZjiSj rg dHV%J f+ag lrjvJ uJ L.dwbJ } RpKFiS VhgG ds>sg m VagujaV@ s[hbVpljig fAjSJ u' dw blv dry lqju-ldFbjyji sg f{sjrji hV@ wpsiag v,eS vesgbJhVm s[h ba[ u{Gci fAjS s[ l.W.Z } wpsiag q>V[ ujS sg dHl ZjiSj s[ t.cS dry'G hg fpiLarsj bdZb{V bjfS[ bev[ fCjb r,v rZsj fpiLar s[ l.siF ba[ ldoag-f+[iw RpKf-rieJsg dVLjVs[hg wisj h{ m

fpiLar s[ drdF.V rieJ sg yiyj a'G fdhvJ w'Vv V[ #blv fpiLar$ sg ZjiSj sjt>cV wgaj h{ m Rpl bVplji #blv fpiLar$ \True Masculinity| } Vi s[h sg u{drw ba[h"iq"Vv f+jfag q>VSj dH,w ejvfdVw dluiSj h{ m12 #blv fpiLar$ sg dq,o } WSjHg i,tSvHg hg s[hJ sg sp-r.c } f,wj wgaj uJsj h{ m13 drhji sg f,Zi $a[ dHlaigar ba[ fpiLariPfg u{Gci fAjSJ } b"ia ba[ qis s[h sgbJ wn'i lgqjrJ b>si lojdfa wgaj uJsj h{ m dH,o[dHh dryji Rpp,Fisj h{ dw u{Gci qVp,tg s[h } bio f+ZjV wisj h{ m14 Vj dw qVp,tg s[h drL[Lu{Gci fAjSJ } wpsiag hg v{ w[ f{sj hp.sg h{ m blgG dHh wdh lws[ hJ dw s[h ba[ fAjS s'r[Glqju-ldFbjyji sg dliuSj hV m dHV%J } tjl bioJ Vjv fiVjdSbj uJsj h{ m dHl lswjhg df,aiwg-l,aj sj sqV-Lwag rjvj tjlj Wiwiji idh>sj h{ m

w'Vv V[ s[h RpKfi hp.sg ijuVgag } w[Gsi dry i,Ddtbj h{ m Rpl bVplji s[h a'G fji uj w[fpiLar } VhgG lqdNbj uj lwsj fi s[h } dHw-iPf dry rg lrgwji VhgG wgaj uj lwsj mRpl bVplji s[hJ Whp-FJagbJ hV m15 RpV%J s[ wiq dry rg dF>Vaj h{ m Fjr@ RpV%J s[ lqjduwwji-drhji rg dF.V-dF.V hV m dHl vHg RpV%J sj lqju dry lojV rg r,t-r,t h{ m u{GciqjVdlwaj u' lqjduw-l.iyVjrJ s[ Zpi b>si a,w v,og h'Hg h{@ s[hJ } dv.e s[ bjZji $a[ dH,wljisilj w[ dHV%J } fAjS sg f,Zi $a[ lgqjW,Z wisg h{ m dHl[ ai%J dHh dH,w s[h s[ r,v'G r,t-r,tldoagbJ dry dVFjHg uJsg r,tig FPdqwj } rg V;i-b>sj; wisg h{ m dH,w hg s[h spbjij wga[uJs[ f+ldoag-qPvw u{Gci drhji sg fC%a w,BC u{Gci fAjSJ #blv fpiLar$ ba[ #blvdHlaigar$ s[ z[i[ a'G Wjhi sg l'y l'yS sj ijh dstjRpGsg h{ m VagujaV@ lqjduw ajS[-WjS[dry RpvNg qisjrgG s[h fpiLar s[ drdF.V liPfJ sg dvtjdHw h' dV,WCsg h{@ dur[G@ ejdvWfpiLar \Hegemonic Masculinity|@ e"S fpiLar \Subordinated Maculinity|@ hjLgbdw+afpiLar \Marginalized Masculinity| bjds m16 fpiLar sgbJ dHV%J f+ZjV dwlqJ s[ Vjv-VjvRpl V[ dri'Z/i'l-Ipwa fpiLar \Protest Maculinity|17 ba[ Vi-lqdv.eg fpiLar \Gay/

Homosexual Mascilinity|18 bjds Wji[ rg drloji fPirw dvdtbj h{ m

sMvwd-04 197

ejdvW-fpiLar ^ ejdvW/f+ZjV fpiLar fpiL s[ drhji sj Rph v,AS h{ u' df,aiwg s[lqioV lswj fpiL sg f+FpajLjvg ldoag sg hjqg Fisj h{ m dHl ldoag dry qis b"ia s[qpwjWv[ RpKy ipaW[ sj lp,t h.TjRpGsj h{ m dHl sg Whjvg vHg tjl ai%J sgbJ ldFbjyjiwfdildoagbJ ba[ drhji s[ f{qjV[ bjZji-FPqg dabji wis[ hVm qis s[ dh,l[ bjRpGsg RpKyajdHlsg ldFbjyjiw f+jfag h{ m dHl f+jfag dry ldFbjyji sj RpvB-duSlg \Hetrosexual|tjlj I'esjV fjRpGsj h{ m dHl ai%J sg lqjduw WSai dry RpvB-duSlg l.W.ZJ } dVFjRpSrjv[ fpiL sg l,aj blv dry ldFbjyji spbjij f{sj wgag uJsg h{ m fpiLar sj dHh liPflqPh r,v'G dliu[ ba[ f+rjV wga[ uJs[ VjdHwJ s[ iPf dry ds+LBge'yi hp.sj h{ m dqljv ru'Gwoj-whjSgbJ s[ VjdHwJ@ d`vqg bsjwjiJ } QjdvW-fpiLar s[ iPf ru'G s[dtbj uj lwsjh{ m

e"S-fpiLar ^ e"S-fpiLar f+ZjV fpiLar s[ f{qjdVbJ s[ lqjVJai s[dtbj uj lwsjh{ m f+ZjV fpiLar u[wi RpvB-duSlg l.W.ZJ a'G Wv f+jfa wisj h{ aJ e"S fpiLar dHV%Jl.W.ZJ a'G RpvB lq-dv.eg l.W.ZJ r,v ipdya hp.sj h{ m dHl ai%J h'S wjiV dHl } h[nv[ siu[ $a[liwjb ds,aj uJsj h{ m dH,o[ lq-dv.eg fpiLar e"S dHl vHg h{{ dwRpG dw dHh df,aiwg s[ dri'Zdry Fpeasj h{ m dli` lq-dv.eg fpiL hg ejdvW f+ryV $y'G Wjhi VhgG le'G Rph RpvB-duVlgfpiL rg e"S lojV $a[ yv[ uJs[ hV duV%J } uVjVC[@ wjdHi@ cif'w@ i'GsP@ u'iP s[ epvjq@x'lC/W[dh>qa[@ qjCwP dwhj uJsj h{ m blv dry dHl dwlq s[ qisJ } dl.W"dvw f,Zi $a[dHlaigar s[ rZ[i[ V[C[ h'S wjiV fpiLar s[ f+ZjV z[i[ dry'G Wjhi w,T ds,aj uJsj h{ m l'@ qp,tiPf $y aJ dHlaigar ba[ dv.dewaj hg fpiLar s[ f{qjV[ ba[ dwlqJ } dViZjdia wis[ hV m

hjLgbjdw+a fpiLar ^ uqja@ uja ba[ Vlv sgbJ l.iyVjrJ rg qis s[ qis Vjvl.W.ZJ dry'G fpiLar sg r,tig alrgi RpvgwsgbJ hV m dHV%J l.W.ZJ dry'G hjLgbjdw+a fpiLarsg dVLjVs[hg hp.sg h{ m w'Vv bVplji #hjLgbjdw+a$ Rph VhgG u' uqja uJ uja bZjdia rieJdrywji f+ZjV/LwagLjvg uJ e"S/LwaghgS sg r.c wjiV f{sj hp.sj h{ le'G hjLgbjdw+a Rphh{ u' dHw r[v[ ejdvW fpiLar s[ dH?dabji dry yvs[ drrhjiw f{Gai[ a'G b,c h'S wjiVWjhi Z,w ds,aj uJsj h{ m dHl l.W.Zg bqigwj dry wjv[-rie s[ fpiLar } dh>lj Vjv u'C w[e'i[ rie s[ fpiLar s[ qpwjWv[ ApdBbjRpS sg RpsjhiV ds,ag eHg h{ m dHl ai%J s[ fpiLar sgzjC%a df,A[ Vlvg drawij drL[L iPf dry q"uPs idh>sj h{ m

dri'Z/i'l-Ipwa fpiLar dHh fpiLar sg Rph dwlq h{ dul dry fpiL iPC%gW,Z FPdqwjaJ dVFjRpGsj h{ fi dHl Vjv Wdu,s VhgG hp.sj m Rph dHlaig sj bjsi wisj h'dHbj Rpl sjdZbjV rg i,tsj h{ m lqjVajrjsg fhp.y dHl drhji s[ w[Gsi dry idh>sg h{ m dHl ai%J s[ drhjisj Zjiw fpiL RpV%J v,ASJ } rg hJ-qptg hp.ejij Fisj h{ duV%J } dHlaigar Vjv rZ[i[u'dCbj uJsj h{ dur[G W,DdybJ sg lJF-l.Fjv bjds m WjruPs dHV%J v,ASJ s[ qis fpiLar s[z[i[ dry hg idh>sj h{ dHl sj wjiV w'Vv V[ dv.dew fhp.y } s,Ddlbj h{ u' dw RpvB-duSlgl.W.ZJ RpKfi dBw[ lqjduw@ fdirjiw ba[ ldFbjyjiw y"tdBbJ bVplji V[fi[ yC%sg h{ m

Vi-lqdv.eg fpiLar ^ fpiLar sg dHl L+[Sg dry Rph qis bjRpGs[ hV u' RpvB-duSlgl.W.ZJ } Vwjis[ hV m dHl vHg RpV%J } df,ai-l,aj s[ b>aiea f+ZjV fpiLar s[ qpwjWv[dVePS[ eisjdVbj uJsj h{ m VagujaV@ RpV%J } dHlaigbJ rie[ qis wdh w[ rg RpV%J sjbfqjV wgaj uJsj h{ m fi dHl dwlq sj fpiLar dHlaigar s[ z[i[ dry rg VhgG bjRpGsj mdHl rie Vjv l.W.dZa bjsqg Wjwg RpvB-duSlg qisJ sg ai%J hg drrhji wis[ hV@ dli`dv.e-drhji } A,c w[ m Rph diLB-fpLB LwagLjvg s[h@ qjVdlw ba[ FjrVjaqw Lwag s[Zjiw h'S wjiV fpiLar s[ z[i[ b>si hg drsqjV idh>s[ hV m dHV%J fpiLJ s[ b"iaJ Vjv l.W.Z



h'S sg lPia dry dHh sp-dv.dewaj s[ Zjiw h' uJs[ hV m dxi rg df,ai-l,aj s[ b>aiea dHhe"S ldoag $a[ liwj ds,a[ uJs[ hV m dHl f+wji f+ZjV fpiLar RpBv-duSlg l.W.ZJ s[ bjli[Wjwg dwlqJ s[ fpiLar } i,ssj h'dHbj df,ai-l,aj s[ vjF sj fjai WdSbj idh>sj h{ m

w'Vv spbjij f[L Rpfi'wa dwlqJ a'G fpiLar WjWa dHh lf,LB hp.sj h{ dw dHh r,t-r,tl.lojrJ dur[G fdirjiw@ lqjduw@ ldFbjyjiw bjds Vjv l.rjs dry'G iPf e+dhS wis[ hVmdHlaigar@ uja@ Vlv@ w"q bjds s[ f+Fjr bZgV rg fpiLar r,t-r,t iPfJ dry drsqjVidh>sj h{ m lq[G@ lojV ba[ ldoag s[ bVpwPv dH,w hg qis fpiLar s[ drdF.V iPfJ } h.TjRpGsjh{ m fpiLar sg dHl drL[Laj lswj hg igli V[ fpiLar WjWa dHh ZjiVj ds,ag h{ dw fpiLarl.rjsg dWiag sj Zjiw h{ m19 dHl sg h'Gs dHl a'G dF.V h'GsJ s[ Vjv l.rjs RpKa[ dViFi wisg h{ ml.rjsg dWiag wjiV fpiLar } dHw ldoi ba[ lqjV fdiFjLj s[ sjdHi[ dry VhgG W.dV%bj ujlwsj m dwl[ dW>sP } dHl s[ RpsFr s[ lq[G ba[ lojV ru'G rg dViZjdia VhgG wgaj uj lwsj mle'G dHh dVi.ai fpVi-dViqjSwjig ba[ lojfag sj ujqV h'S wjiV fdiriaVLgvaj sjZjiVg h{ m dHl sj dHh bio VhgG dw dHl s[ wpN drL[L v,AS q"uPs VhgG hV m dHl WjWa wpNqPv-FPa ZjiVjrJ q"uPs idh>sgbJ hV dur[G dw dHh df,aig-l,aj s[ f,t dry Fpeasj h{ mRpvBg-duSlg l.W.ZJ sg hjqg FiVj rg dHl sj lpFjb h{ m

fpiLar sj bdZb{V dHlaig ba[ dHlaigar Vjv upC[ qldvbJ sg VrgG fC%a sj ijht'v%sj h{ m VagujaV@ Vjigrjsg dy.aV dry bjHg tC%'a fpiLar s[ bdZb{V Vjv Bp,Bsg h{ mu{Gci sg f,Zi $a[ WijWig sg VrgV ds+LBg sj RpFji hp.sj h{ m fpiLar s[ dl,ZJaw fjljib>ai-bVpLjlVg ds+LBgbJ Vjv ajv-q[v dry'G qVp,tg lqju@ ldFbjyji@ ijuVgag@ Ziq@Vlv sg lqN h'i edhig h' lwsg h{ m dHl dl,ZJa Vjv lJN fjdHbJ f>ujWg t'u ba[ bdZb{Vdry VrgV ds+LBgbJ s[ RpFji sgbJ e"vSI'e l.FjrVjrJ V;i bjRpGsgbJ hV m

hrjv[ a[ dB,fSgbJ ^

1. Victoria Robinson, “Men, Masculinities and Feminism,” Gender and Women’s

Studies, Diane Richardson and Victoria Robinson (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan,

2008, Third edition, New York, p. 58

2. Ibid, p. 59

3. Todd W. Reeser, Masculinities in Theory, Wiley-Blackwell, U.,., 2010, p. 8

4. “Maculinity is, in effect, defined as non-femininity...In the semiotic opposition

of masculinity and femininity, masculinity is the unmarked term, the place of

symbolic authority. The phallus is master-signifier, and femininity is symbolically

defined by lack.” R.W. Connell, Masculinities, University of California Press,

Berkeley, 1995, Second edition 2005, p. 70

5. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, Routledge, New York, First Indian Reprint, 2012,

“Preface (1999)”, p. xv

6. Connell, Masculinities, p. 68

7. Ibid, p. 25

8. Reeser, p. 1

9! fpiLar Wji[ n'l dlZJaw qp,T W.V%S sj dlhij Vjig-dy.aw Raewyn Connel dli W,Nsjh{ m Rpl } Wjbs dry Bob Connell s[ Vjq Vjv rg ujdSbj uJsj dihj h{ m u{Gci ba[

sMvwd-04 199

tjl a"i $a[ fpiLar s[ bdZb{V dry dHl v[tw V[ Gender and Power (1987),

Masculinities (1995) ba[ The Men and Boys (2000) fplawJ ;igH[ I'esjV fjdHbjh{ m dHV%J dry'G Masculinities fplaw Vjv fpiLar sj dl,ZJa drLrf,Zi $a[ i"LVg drybjRpGsj h{ m fplaw sj dliv[t hg fpiLar sg Whp-ryVg \Masculinities| ZpVg }ljwji wisj h{ m dHh dliv[t fplaw sg f+qp,t ds+LBg sj Zjiw ba[ rjhw h{ dw fpiLar} dHwdhi[ ba[ dVLdya bioJ s[ z[i[ dry VhgG W.dV%bj uj lwsj m w'Vv V[ fpiLarWjWa dHl dryji } fia-si-fia RpzjCV sj IaV wgaj h{ m

10. Connell, p. 48

11. “Anthony Easthope in What a Man’s Gotta Do surveys issues and in easily able to

demonstrate how men’s bodies are being defined as masculine in the imagery of

advertising, film and news report.” ibid, p. 50

12. Connell, p. 45

13. Ibid, p. 47

14. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, p. xv

15. Connell, p. 56

16. Ibid, p. 76-81

17. Ibid, p. 109

18. Ibid, p. 159-163

19. Reeser, p. 11

²



f>ujWg RpyjiV ba[ RpyjiV vdh;jqVpKtg FjLj ZpVg a'G bio aw sj lxi wisg h{ m ZpVg ba[ bio

s[ sidqbjV FjLj sg LjWdsw l.iyVj ba[ rjwjaqw riajijwjiuLgv idh>sj h{@ dul VP. FjLj sg drbjwiV sj VJ ds,aj uJsj h{ mdHh FjLj sg drbjwiV hg h{ u' qVpKtg ba[ e{i-qVpKtg FjLj dryWpdVbjsg dVt[Cj lojdfa wisg h{ m ZpVg WSai/riajij FjLj sjdVi'v F"daw/ligiw riajij h{ u' qVpKtg ba[ e{i-qVpKtg FjLjrJ sglqjVaj-lJN VP. lojdfa wisj h{ m FjLj sg drbjwiV lqjuw/ldFbjyjiw riajij h{ u' FjLjrJ sg rKtiaj VP. lojdfa wisj h{ mZpVg a'G dHvjrj lfiL-aryj \Sense of Touch|@ iPf-V{S \Sense of

Sight|@ il-ugF \Sense of Taste|@ e.Z-VKw \Sense of Smell| qVpKtgba[ e{i-qVpKtg FjLj dry lqjV iPf dry wjiuLgv hp.s[ hV m hKov[t'u fiy[ dry qVpKtg FjLj s[ ZpVg qPvw /q"dtw riaji[ VP. f>ujWg FjLjs[ drL[L f+l.e dry dryjdibj debj h{ m

FjLj l.yji rwaj-li'aj@ ZpVg-l.yji sj s' dZig F'daw riajijh{ m rwaj-li'aj s[ sidqbjV drbjwiV \qVpKtg| ba[ qLgV\BiJldqLV| FjLjHg l.yji f+dwdibj sg agtSaj ba[ lfLBaj VP.zBj-rZj lws[ hV m fi l.yji f+dwdibj sj WpdVbjsg li'wji RpyjiVepSaj \Voice Quality| a[ hg dBdwbj hp.sj h{ m

ZpVg \q"dtw | \Sense of hearing/learning| w.V -L+rSlfiL \Sense of Touch| aryj

cj! lptdr>si dl>z l.zjf+'`{li ba[ qptgf>ujWg drFje@epiP VjVw s[r IPVg!diuVv w{Gfl [email protected]

iPf \Sense of sight| V{Sil \Sense of Taste| ugFe.Z \Sense of Smell| VKw

FjLjHg l.siF

(f>. 200-208)

sMvwd-04 201

RpyjiV epSaj s[ s' fdhvP hp.s[ hV^ ligiw \Physical/ Natural| ba[ bidua \Acquired| mligiw fKt dry RpyjiV epSaj VP. rwa[ s[ Vjs-a.sJ sg WSai \Vocal Cords|@ ugF sgLwv ba[ dsqjeg dlha dViZjia wis[ hV us'G dw bidua fdhvP dry rwa[ spbjij lpy[afKZi a[ e+dhS wga[ wvj w"Lv rwa[ sg RpyjiV epSaj VP. lojdfa wis[ hV m

ZpVg sg fKZi a[ RpyjiV epSaj VP. rwa[ s[ Vjs-a.sJ sg WSai ba[ ugF sg Lwv ba[v.WjHg a'G dHvjrj Wp,vJ@ s.sJ@ s.s-fnji@ lta ajvP@ w'qv ajvP@ wjwv sg WSai rgRpyjiV sg Lp,Zaj ba[ epSaj VP. dViZjia wis[ hV m dur[G qisJ s[ qpwjWv[ a[ b"iaJ sjRpyjiV Wjigw@ lfLB ba[ RpKyj hp.sj ] dul sj qp,t wjiV b"iaJ s[ Vjs-a.sJ sg WSai ba[ugF sg v.WjHg ba[ dHl sj favjfS h{ m

f>ujWg RpyjiV ba[ RpyjiV vdhuj


bidua wvj w"LvJ dry s' fKt hp.s[ hV^ RpyjiV \Articulation| ba[ RpyjiV vdh;j\Accent| ZpVg RpyjiV dry lF a'G qh,arfPiV Vpwaj dvta \dvfg| ba[ RpyjiV \ZpVgdrRpGa|s[ iw VP. lqNSj hp.sj h{ m Whpag rjig RpyjiV ba[ dvtag iPf sj bjfl dry sPi-V[C[ sj rgl.W.Z VhgG hp.sj m dur[G b>ei[ug sj LWs cough s[dtbj uj lwsj h{ m dHl s[ RpyjiV dry s'drb>uV ZpVgbJ /w/ ba[ /`/ bjHgbJ hV fi dvtag iPf dry dHV%J dry'G w'Hg rg VhgG h{ mdHl vHg RpyjiV r[v[ dvfg ba[ FjLj \ZpVg-drRpGa| s[ iw VP. lqNSj Whpa ;iPig h{ ^

dur[G@ dHw dy.V% dHw a'G rKZ ZpVgbJ VP. rg ljwji wi lwsj h{@ dur[G&

sMvwd-04 203

/S/

cat+s= catS /S/

dog+s=dogZ /Z/

base+s=beisIZ/IZ/

/z//zi/ /wbi//qjz/ /qbje/dHl[ ai%J hg dHw a'G rKZ dy.V% dwl[ dHw ZpVg vHg ria[ uj lws[ hV@ dur[G &C cat /kEt/

K kite /kait/

b{ l{i /lb{i/dH Ldhi /Lb{i/dvfg dry hi[w dy>V% sj dHw VJ hp.sj h{ ba[ Rpl sg dHw tjl ai%J sg Lwv hp.sg h{ m VJ

ba[ Lwv sj dHl s[ RpyjiV Vjv w'Hg l.W.Z VhgG hp.sj m dur[G f>ujWg sj dvfg dy>V% /b/ dvbjuj lwsj h{ m b{Cj dHlsj VJ h{ ba[ dHl sg bjfSg dHw ?jl Lwv h{ fi dHl sg Lwv ba[ VJsj dHl s[ RpyjiV Vjv w'Hg l.W.Z VhgG h{ m b{C[ s[ yji RpyjiV hV /b/@ /bj/@/b{/ ba[ /b"/ m dHl[ai%J hg b>ei[;g sj bKti /S/ dvbj uj lwsj h{ m cat dry /s/ sj RpyjiV /s/ h{@ dog dry/z/ ba[ basesÛdry /iz/m dHl[ ai%J sg wHg rjig dHw a'G rKZ dy.V%J sj RpyjiV dHw hg hp.sj h{@dur[G b>ei[ug s[ /c/ ba[ /k/sj RpyjiV cat ba[ kite dry /k/h{ m f>ujWg dry wHg f+ldoagbJs[ b>aiea /b{/ ba[ /dH/ sj RpyjiV /b{/hg idh.sj h{ m dHl[ f+wji hg f>ujWg dry Whpag rjig/Ø/ ZpVg sj RpyjiV /v/ dry \dur[G eÛ VP. ev|! /S/sj /V/ dry \tjS VP. tjV|@ /;/ sj /u/ dry \d;wi VP. duwi|@ /L/ sj /l/ dry \Ldhi VP. ldhi|@ /i/ sj /v/ dry \dur[G l{i VP.



l{v|@ /b"/ sj /Y/ dry \dur[G l"Sj VP. l'Sj| wgaj uJsj h{ m dHl ai%J sj RpyjiV sg f+driagLdhig WpvjdibJ dry rZ[i[ h{ m

ZpVg RpyjiV Vjv l.W.dZa bev[ fKt ZpVg ldh-dryiV ba[ ZpVg Wsv s[ hV m ZpVg ldhdryiV dry drb>uVJ ba[ l:iJ s'VJ s[ hg dryiV f{BiV bjRpGs[ hV m

drb>uVJ s[ ldh-dryiV s[ f{BiV

1! drb>uV 1 ®drb>uV 2dur[G l:i@ e+dh@ f+wjLV@ hØB \hbØB|@ fØB \fbØB|

2! drb>uV 1® drb>uV 2®drb>uV 3dur[G- u.eØj \ubXeØbj|@ l.aij \lbVaibj|@ vP.WCg \vRPqWCHg|

3! drb>uV 1®drb>uV 1dur[G- uKB \ubBB|@ wpKB \wRpBB| m f>ujWg dry X@E@S@I@i@Ø@r@h@L@c a'G dHvjrjWjwg lji[ drb>uV upKB drb>uV ru'G ria[ uj lws[ hV m

ZpVg Wsv

ZpVg Wsv dry bwli l:i drlaji \dwljV a'G w[ljV@ uegi a'G ujegi@ ds.sj a'G s[Gsj|@l:i l.t[fS \rjig a'G rig| ba[ s'hi[ l:iJ s[ dHwdhigwiV \wHgGs[ a'G w{Gs[@ bjRpGs[ a'G bJs[| sgbJlqKdlbjrJ bjRpGsgbJ hV m l' ZpVgbJ s[ lhg RpyjiV vHg Rpfi'wa eKvJ sj dZbjV iKtSjWhpa uiPig h{ m

f>ujWg RpyjiV vdhuj \Accent/Prosody| ^

RpyjiV vdhu[ dry lpi@ sWj@ rjw-lpi@ l.eq@ Vjdlwaj ba[ ldh-dryiV l.W.Zg yiyjwgag eHg h{ m

lpi ba[ f>ujWg lpi sj drwjl ^f>ujWg FjLj dry lpi sj drwjl f+jSaj s[ v'f h' ujS wiw[ h'dHbj m f+jSaj \Aspiration|

sj v'f h'Sj Fjiag IPifg fdirji sg qpKTvg drL[Laj h{ m f+jSaj sj v'f Fjiag IPifg fdirjidry de+q s[ ZpVg fdiriaV V[q sg dHw tjl drL[Laj h{ m Fjiag IPifg fdirji sgbJ /F@ Z@z/ ZpVgbJ uiqVg dry /W@ s@ e/ dry aWsgv h' uJsgbJ hV m dHl f+wji f+jSaj ba[z'Laj sj v'f h'Sj FjLjrJ dry bjq dihj h{ m dHl f+wji Fjiag bjdibj fdirji sgbJ lz'Lqhjf+jS ZpVgbJ /z@ Z@ T@ N@ F/ f>ujWg dry LWs s[ LpiP dry z'Laj ba[ f+jSaj ba[drywji ba[ btgi dry f+jSaj } t'h W{GsgbJ hV&

zjl zjh /wbj/

Wgl rgh /r Hg/

bljC hjC /bj C/

f,yjl f>ujh /f b V u bj/

w{GBq ba[ laq rie sgbJ FjLjrJ dry hg bduh[ FjLjHg fdiriaV s[tS } dqvs[hV&

e+gw l.l b>ei[;g f>ujWgh[ww'V Laq hundred l"heks LB six A[

sMvwd-04 205

hepta lfajh seven lKa

dHl ai%J f>ujWg dry lpi sj drwjl lz'L qhJf+jS ZpVgbJ/z@ Z@ T@ N@ F/ ba[/h/ZpVg s[ RpyjiV dry'G v'f h' ujS wjiS h'dHbj m dHh ZpVgbJ@ tjl wiw[ lz'L qhJf+jS ZpVgbJepiqptg dry b>dwa aJ wgagbJ uJsgbJ hV@ RpyjigbJ VhgG uJsgbJ m LWs s[ LpiP dry dHhZpVgbJ \z@ Z@ T@ N@ F| bz'L bvff+jS ZpVg Vjv Vgrk lpi dry RpyjigbJ uJsgbJ hV uJbjfS[ hg rie sg fdhvg ZpVg \f@ a@ B@ y@ w| Vjv VgrgG lpi dry RpyjigbJ uJsgbJ hV@dur[G&

zi/w b i/@ /k a r/

Zji/a bj i@ /t aa r/

TjW/B bj W@ /t aa b/

Njw/y bj w@ /c aa k/

Fji/f bj i@ /p aa r/

LWs sg btgi dry dHh ZpVgbJ \F@ Z@ T@ N@ z| lz'L bvff+jS ZpVgbJ Vjv RpKyg lpidry RpyjigbJ uJsgbJ hV uJ bjfS[ hg rie sg agug ZpVg \W@ s@ c@ u@ e| Vjv RpKyg lpidry RpyjigbJ uJsgbJ hV@ dur[G ^-

vjF/v bj W/@ /l a ab/

ljZ/l bj s/@ /s aad/

wjT/w bj c/@ /k aa d/

qjN/q bj u/@ /m aa j/

qjz/q bj e/@ /m aa g/

LWs sg drywjivg ldoag dry \F@ Z@ T@ N@ z| RpyjiV hq[Lj lz'L bvff+jSbioja bjfS[ hg rie sg agug ZpVg dry hp.sj h{ m VgrgG uJ RpKyg lpi sWj sg ldoag $a[dViFi wisg h{ m u[ sWj lz'L qhJf+jS ZpVgbJ a'G Wjs bjRpGsj h{ aJ VgrgG lpi bjr[eg ba[ u[sWj lz'L qhJf+jS ZpVgbJ a'G fdhvJ bjRpGsj h{ aJ RpKyg lpi bjr[eg ^

\R| VgrgG lpi \Low tone| ^

vpFjHg/v Rp W bj Hg/@ /l u b aa i/

lpZjHg/l Rp s bj Hg/@ /s u d aa i/

wTjHg/w b c bj Hg/@ /ka d aa i/

lpNjHg/l Rp u bj Hg/@ /s u j aa i/

qzjHg/q b e bj Hg/@ /m a g aa i/

\b| RpKyg lpi \High tone| ^

vKFg/v b W W Hg/@ /l ab b i/

l'Zg/l Y s Hg/@ /s o d i/

wKTg/w b c c Hg/@ /k a d d i/



l'Ng/l Y u Hg/@ /s o j i/

qjzg/q bj e Hg/@ /m aa g i/

f>ujWg rjw-lpi ^

f>ujWg s[ dry s' ai%J sg rjw-lpi sg ria'G wgag uJsg ]^ fPiV rjw-lpi ba[ bfPiVrjw-lpi m fPiV ba[ bfPiV rjw-lpi sj dVt[Cj dHl Vpwa[ $a[ bjZjdia h{ dw wg rwaj bjfS[Rpyji } fPij wi ypKwj h{ uJ VhgG( u[wi Rpyji fPiV h{ aJ dHl Rpyji Vjv bjRpS rjvg rjw-lpi } fPiV rjw-lpi dwhj uJsj h{@ fi us'G Rpyji bu[ bZPij h{ aJ Rpl rjw RpKa[ bjRpS rjvgrjw-lpi } bfPiV rjw-lpi dwhj uJsj h{ m

fPiV rjw-lpi ^

fPiV rjwJ RpKa[ bjRpS rjvg rjw-lpi sgbJ da.V r.VegbJ hV@ bioja fPiV rjw-lpida.V dwlqJ s[ rjwJ } ljwji lwsg h{ m dHV%J da.VJ r.VegbJ } fPiV-1@ fPiV-2 ba[ fPiV-3 sj VJ ds,aj uJsj h{^

bfPiV rjw lpi ^

\R| Rph debj@ fi!!!!!\b| RphV[ i'Bg aJ tjZg@ fi!!!!\H| RplV[ yjh aJ fgag@ fi!!!!\l| RphV[ sp,Z aJ ds,aj@ fi!!!!\R| dHw@ s'@ da.V@ yji\b| z'Cj@ eJ@ L[i@ F[c\H| wjwj@ aP. ws'G bjdHbJ(

rjw-lpi

1! l.fPiV rjw-Rph yvj debj h{ m

2 wg-dwRpG f+LV -wg Rph yvj debj h{ (

1! dcergG 3!hpwqgbj rjw-W[B[ fjSg dfvjH[ m

4!lKsj fKai-Ljqv h'S sg W[Vag wgag uJsg h{ m

5! deSag-dHw@ s'@ da.V@ yji@ f>u

sMvwd-04 207

2! yCrgG hJ-VJh rjyg f+LV-Rph bj debj h{ (

3! RpKy-f,Zig drlqw rjwJ vHg-blgG q{y du,a eH[ ))

4! VgrgG f,Zig L'w lqjyji vHg-

sWj \Stress| ^

f>ujWg dry sWj dHw ZpVge+jdqw dHwjHg h{ m dHl sj Fjr dHh h{ dw LWs a[ sWj sgldoag WsvS Vjv LWsJ s[ bioJ dry b>ai bj uJsj h{ ba[ Whpag rjig LWs sg LWs L+[Sgrg Wsv uJsg h{ m f>ujWg FjLj dry sWj sg ldoag dVldya h{ m dHh LWs dry fdhv[ uJ sPu[Rpyjit>c a[ hg bj lwsj h{ m u[ sWj LWs s[ fdhv[ Rpyjit>c a[ bjRpGsj h{ aJ l.W.dZa LWs sgLWs L+[Sg VJr h'r[eg ba[ u[ sWj LWs s[ sPu[ Rpyjit>c a[ bjRpGsj h{ aJ LWs sg LWs L+[Sgdwdibj h'r[eg

zCj \zbcbj| \VJr| zCj \zbcbj| \dwdibj|

zqj \zbqbj| \VJr| zqj \zbqbj| \dwdibj|

hij \hbibj| \VJr| hij \hbibj| \dwdibj|

Acj \Abcbj| \VJr| Acj \Abcbj| \dwdibj|

Vjdlwaj ^

Vjdlwaj s' f+wji sg hp.sg h{ ^ ljiow ba[ dVijiow m dVijiow Vjdlwaj dry LWsRpyjiV dry aJ aWsgvg bjRpGsg h{ fi dHl Vjv LWs s[ bioJ dry w'Hg fdiriaV VhgGbjRpGsj m dur[G RPn VP. RPGn uJ fPA VP. fP>A RpyjiV Vjv LWsJ s[ bioJ dry w'Hg fdiriaVVhgG bjRpGsj us'G dw dHl s[ RpvB ljiow Vjdlawj dry LWs s[ bioJ dry Wsvjr s[ Vjv-Vjv LWs sg LWs L+[Sg rg aWsgv h' uJsg h{ m dur[G ^

1! Rphg ej Rphg eJ \dwdibj a'G VJr|2! dHh y,wg dHh y,wgG \VJr a'G dwdibj|3! lqp>si dwVji[ vdhij lqp>si dwVji[ vdhiJ \dwdibj a'G VJr|4! egaj IPVgridlBg dry fCg egaj IPVgridlBg dry fCgG \FPawjv a'G riaqjV|5! i.uga l"sj Whpa h{ i.uga l"Gsj Whpa h{ \VJr a'G dwdibj|6! qgVj Aj eHg qgVj AJ eHg \dwdi! a'G VJr|7! Vrg bj eg VrgG bj eg \VJr a'G drL[LS|8! wi[ej wi[Gej \bVI fpit a'G sPuj fpit|

l.eq

l.eq RpyjiV dry B'B sg qjiw h{ ba[ dHl sj sjdHij rjw.L h{ m bioja RpyjiV dryndhij rjw.L WSai sg Vr[G dldiY hKsW.sg wiw[ rjw s[ bioJ VP. Wsv ds>sj h{ m RpyjiV sgepSaj dry l.eq bdhq FPdqwj bsj wisj h{ dwRpGdw ndhij sg eva ria'G rjw s[ bioJ VP.qpw.qv iPf dry Wsv ds.sg h{ m dur[G ^

1! zi drywji h{ zi dry®wji h{


2! ijq W.ZVj wi ijq W.Z®Vj wi3! qVf+ga sj lhpij zi h{ qVf+ga sj lhpij ®zi h{4! irg ijuwrg h{ irg iju®wrg h{5! sjvygVg a[ lp.T dwo[ h{ sjv®ygVg a[ lp.T dwo[ h{6! i[tjdy,ai dwlsj h{ i[tj®dyKai dwlsj h{7! ijqiju taq h' debj h{ ijq®iju taq h' debj h{8! uvsgbJ rlaJ s[t' uv®sgbJ rlaJ s[t'9! sgV[ qjlBi V[ yf[C qjig sgV[® qjlBi V[ yf[C qjig10! wB'i[ h[nJZis[ wB'i[ h[nJ®Zis[11! dAvw[ tjZ[ dAv ®w[ tjZ[12! Fjug Fj®ug

dHl f+wji FjLjHg RpyjiV sg epSaj dry duo[ ligiw WSai sj bdhq I'esjV hp.sj@Rpo[ FjLjHg Wpvji[ spbjij lpy[a iPf dry e+dhS wga[ FjLjHg wvj w"Lv rg Rplsg RpyjiVepSaj dry dVi.ai rjZj wis[ idh>s[ hV m

²

f>ujWg RpyjiV ba[ RpyjiV vdhuj sMvwd-04 208

mwq-BwSw Aqy isØiKAw pRqI AsMquilq phuMc :kwrx Aqy is`Øty

BwSw iksy vI siBAwcwrk iekweI AQvw kOmIAq dy lokW dyhwvW-BwvW Aqy ivcwrW dy AwpsI Awdwn-pRdwn dw sB qoN v`DSkqISwlI mwiDAm huMdI hY [ hr kOmIAq dy siBAwcwr dy mu`K rUpivc do pRkwr dy pRgtw mwiDAm huMdy hn-ie`k BwSweI Aqy dUjy ZYrBwSweI [ BwSweI mwiDAm ivc swihq, Drm, drSn, nYiqkqw,ivigAwn Awid pRmu`K hn [ siBAwcwr dy ienHW swry mu`K AMgW dIpySkwrI dw mu`K vsIlw BwSw hI huMdI hY [ ievyN BwSw iksy siBAwcwrkjwqI leI kyvl sMcwr dw hI nhIN sgoN sµbµiDq siBAwcwr nUµ inrDwrqAqy sunyimq krn dy nwl-nwl aus nUµ pRgtwaux Aqy pRPuilq krndw sSkq mwiDAm vI huMdI hY [ is`Øty vjoN ies dI siQqI jW hYsIAqiksy kOm dy smuicq, smwijk, nYiqk, bOiDk, iv`ØidAk, rwjnIqkAqy siBAwcwrk ivkws nUµ inrKx-prKx Aqy mulWikq krn dwsB qoN au~cqm Aqy pRmwixk mwpdMf vI huMdI hY [ sMbMiDq BUgoilkiK`qy dI Awm lokweI Aqy ivSyS krky aus ielwky 'qy rwj kr rhybwhrly jW sQwnk hukmrwnW duAwrw aus ielwky dI mwq-BwSw,is`ØiKAw Aqy siBAwcwr pRqI Apxwey idRStIkox, nzrIey jW rv`eIeyqoN hI drAsl aus iK`qy dI BwSw, aus nUµ bolx vwly lokW Aqy aunHWdy iv`ØidAk-qMqr, smwj Aqy siBAwcwr dI dSw Aqy idSw dw shIAMdwzw lwauxw sMBv huMdw hY [ ies AMqr-sUJ dy pRsMg ivc ivcwrwDInKoj prcy dw ivSw “mwq-BwSw Aqy is`ØiKAw pRqI AsMquilq phuMc :kwrx Aqy is`Øty” smyN dI mMg muqwbk Aiq loVINdw, mh`qvpUrn AqyswrQk hY [

ies smyN Bwrq ivcly mOjUdw FweI jW svw do dirAwvW vwlypMjwb Aqy pMjwb qoN bwhr pMjwbI BwSw, swihq, icMqn, gIq-sMgIqAqy siBAwcwr dI kI siQqI hY? ies buinAwdI pRSn dy jvwb ivcmu`K qOr 'qy do pRkwr dy ivcwr swhmxy AwauNdy hn[ s`qwDwrI lokW dI&rybI mwniskqw dI AnuswrI ie`k cwlU Dwrnw jW mnOq (cmkdwrAqy idl nUµ luBwaux vwlw JUTw pRopygMfw jW idlkS pRcwr) ieh hY ikpMjwb dy AMdr Aqy pMjwb qoN bwhr pMjwbI BwSw dw bhuq bolbwlw hY,bhuq Awdr-mwx Aqy siqkwr hY, pUrI cVHweI hY [ ies Dwrnw ip`Cyqrk ieh id`qw jWdw hY ik ie`k qW pMjwbI zubwn nUµ sMswr Br ivc

jgjIvn isMG (fw.)AisstYNt poRPYsrpost grYjUeyt pMjwbIivBwgmwqw gujrI kwlj,&qihgVH swihbPon : 99143-01328,[email protected]



AMdwzn 13-14 kroV lok boldy hn Aqy bolx vwilAW dI igxqI p`ØKoN kIqI ivSv drjwbMdIivc ieh bwrHvyN nMbr 'qy AwauNdI hY [

dUsrw, pMjwbI Aqy AwlU dunIAW dy lgBg hr dyS ivc iml jWdy hn [ sMswr dy lgBg150 dySW ivc pMjwbI v`sdy hn Aqy au`Qy v`K-v`K KyqrW rwjnIqI, vpwr, KyfW Awid ivcv`fIAW m`lW vI mwr rhy hn [ kihx qoN Bwv ieh ik dunIAW Br ivc pMjwbIAW Aqy pMjwbI dwpUrw TwT-bwT hY [ qIjw, Bwrq dy sMivDwn ivc drj iviBMn BwSwvW dI sUcI ivc vI ies(pMjwbI) dw nW drj hY [ BwrqI sMivDwn v`loN mwnqw pRwpq Aqy pRvwinq hox qoN ielwvw iehpMjwb dI rwj BwSw vI hY [ ArQwq kwnUµnI jW sMivDwnk nukqw-ingwh qoN ies nUµ pMjwb dIsrkwrI BwSw hox dw mwx hwsl hY [ cOQw qrk ieh hY ik pMjwb dy swry skUlW AMdr pMjwbI nUµlwzmI qOr 'qy pVwaux dw kwnUµn/ib`l, pMjwb dI ivDwn sBw v`loN pws kIqw jw cu`kw hY [aucyrI is`ØiKAw leI pMjwbI nUµ mwiDAm bxwaux dI vI pUrI Ku`lH hY [ pMjvW mn nUµ mohx vwlwqrk ieh hY ik pMjwbI gIq-sMgIq dI smucy Bwrq Aqy sMswr ivc pUrI cVHql hY [ ies dI gUMjcwry pwsy PYl rhI hY [

pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI BwSw, smwj Aqy siBAwcwr dI dSw Aqy idSw bwry dUjI iksm dIrwie pihlI nwloN iblkul iBMn hY [ ivhwrk, sm`gr Aqy fUMGI smJ 'qy AwDwirq ieh dUsrIpRkwr dI rwie ies g`l nUµ mMnx leI iblkul iqAwr nhIN ik kbUqr dy A`KW mIt ky bYT jwxnwl ib`lI dI hoNd jW aus dw Kqrw Kqm ho jwvygw [ ies Anuswr ies smyN pMjwb AMdr pMjwbIBwSw dI AxdyKI jW bykdrI dw ruJwn pUry zorW 'qy hY [ g`lIN-bwqIN Aqy isDWqk p`Dr 'qy BwvyNpMjwbI nUµ ptrwxI d`ØisAw jw irhw hY pr AslIAq ivc Aqy ivvhwrk p`Dr 'qy pMjwb dy smucyiv`ØidAk Aqy pRSwSink AdwirAW, srkwrI d&qrW, AdwlqW, hspqwlW Awid sB QwvW 'qynw kyvl mW-bolI pMjwbI dI AxdyKI kIqI jw rhI hY sgoN ies dI QW AMgryzI nUµ pRDwnqw Aqyv`D mh`qv vI pRdwn kIqw jw irhw hY [

ies nzrIey vwly pMjwbI dy BwSw, swihq, is`ØiKAw Aqy siBAwcwrk icMqkW dw ieh vImMnxw hY ik pMjwb Aqy Bwrq dyS AMdr pMjwbI dI pRDwnqw, siqkwr Aqy mwnqw dIAW g`lWkyvl sMivDwnk Aqy kwgzI hn [ XU.pI.AYs.sI. Aqy pI.pI.AYs.sI. duAwrw leIAW jWdIAWmukwbly dIAW v`K-v`K pRIiKAwvW ivc is`DWqk p`Dr 'qy ArQwq g`lIN-bwqIN jW kwgzW ivcBwvyN pMjwbI nUµ brwbr dI mwnqw dyx dI g`l kIqI jWdI hY pr ivvhwrk p`Dr 'qy Aqy AslIArQW ivc Aijhw kuJ nhIN hY [ jykr Aijhw huMdw qW inrsMdyh mwqw BwSw pMjwbI nUµ mwiDAmr`K ky pRIiKAw dyx Aqy pws krn vwly aumIdvwrW dI igxqI Awty ivc lUx brwbr jW poitAW'qy igxy jwx jogI nhIN sI hoxI [ kihx mwqr nUµ pMjwbI, pMjwb dI rwj BwSw hY pr AslsiQqI ieh hY ik v`K-v`K srkwrI d&qrW, iv`ØidAk Aqy pRSwSink AdwirAW, hspqwlW,AdwlqW Awid ivc bhuqw kMm-kwj AMgryzI ivc ho irhw hY [ kcihrIAW ivc vkIl AMgryzIivc muk`dmy lVdy hn, j`j AMgryzI ivc &Ysly suxwauNdy hn [ ies sB kwsy dOrwn inAW lYxdI cwhvwn iDr Aqy mujrm lok hYrwnI, hIxqw, pyRSwnI Aqy inrwSqw dy Awlm ivc ibtr-ibtr aunHW v`l q`kdy hn, kuJ vI smJ nw pYx krky Awpxy Awp 'qy JUrdy hn [ iehI hwl swfyhspqwlW dw hY [ pMjwbI jwxn vwly bhuigxqI mrIzW nUµ fwktr dI BwSw smJ nhIN AwauNdI [

hYrwnI dI g`l hY ik ie`k pwsy qW swfIAW srkwrW Aqy swfy rwjnIqk nyqw jwxkwrI dyAiDkwr dy qihq pwrdrSqw dy dmgjy mwrdy hn pr ijs BwSw ivc fwktr, j`j, vkIl Aqyhor A&sr lok boldy, ilKdy jW jwxkwrI idMdy hn, bhu-igxqI lokW dy isr dy au~qoN dI lMGjWdI hY [ ieh ie`k gMBIr B`KvW mslw hY [ iesdy smiv`Q pMjwb dI mu`FlI/pRwiemrI, imfl,

sMvwd-04 211

hweI, +2 q`k dI skUlI is`ØiKAw Aqy AglyrI aucyrI is`ØiKAw dy Kyqr ivc pMjwbI dI jodurgqI ho rhI hY, auh ies sm`ØisAw qoN vI ikqy v`D buinAwdI Aqy nwzuk mslw hY [

iv`ØidAk swl 1998-99 qoN lY ky hux q`k ij`Qy pMjwb dy srkwrI skUlW ivc pihlIjmwq qoN pMjwbI dy nwl-nwl AMgryzI nUµ lwzmI ivSy vjoN pVHwaux dw islslw bdsqUr jwrIhY, au`Qy ie`Qy siQq v`fI igxqI pRweIvyt skUlW, ivSyS krky pMjwb skUl is`ØiKAw borf dI QWsYNtrl iv`ØidAk AdwirAW (sI.bI. AYs.eI., AweI.sI.AYs.eI. Awid) nwl juVy pRweIvyt skUlWivc pMjwbI dI QW nw kyvl is`ØiKAw dw mwiDAm hI AMgryzI hY sgoN bdnIqI ADIn pMjwbI nUµie`k lwzmI ivSy vjoN pihlI jmwq qoN pVHwaux dy pMjwb srkwr dy hukm nUµ vI Awny-bhwnymMnxoN ienkwr kIqw jWdw hY [ is`Øty vjoN ienHW pRweIvyt skUlW AMdr pMjwbI nUµ pihlI jmwq qoNlwzmI ivSy vjoN pVHwaux dI QW qIsrI jW pMjvIN qoN dsvIN q`k ie`k AwpSnl ivSy vjoN, auhvI bVy A`DmMny mn nwl pVHwey jwx dw Aisrjxwqmk ruJwn c`l irhw hY, jo ik ie`k pRkwrnwl is`Dw-is`Dw srkwr dy &YsilAW nUµ nw mMnx Aqy mwq-BwSw nwl dgw kmwaux vwlwkwrj hY [ ‘AwpixAW dy mYN ig`ty BMnW, cuMmW pYr prwieAW dy’ AKwx ivcly v`fy lok-s`c AnurUpieh AwpxI BwSw (pMjwbI) nUµ A`KoN proKy krky AMgryzI (ivdySI BwSw) nUµ A`KW 'qy ibTwaux vwlwnWh-p`KI ruJwn hY [

qulnwqmk p`Dr 'qy pRclq cwlU ruJwn dy dbdby Anuswr Aqy sqhI nzry vyiKAW BwvyNpihlI iksm dw ivcwr vI AwpxI QW TIk jwpdw hY pr jykr AsIN ies sqhI, A`Dy-ADUry AqyBwrimk s`c nUµ mukMml s`c mMn leIey qW h`Qlw Koj prcw ilKx Aqy dUsrI pRkwr dy ivcwrW dyivAwiKAw-ivSlySx dw koeI mqlb Aqy mMqv nhIN rih jWdw [ drAsl pMjwb AMdr pMjwbIBwSw dI siQqI bwry pyS pihlI iksm dy inpt isDWqk Aqy sMivDwnk (kwgzI) ivcwrW dymukwbly dUjI iksm dy ivcwr v`D ivhwrk, fUMGy Aqy AslIAq dy nyVHy hn [ ieh pihlI DwrnwvWg pyqly Aqy sqhI hox qoN ielwvw iksy A`Dy-ADUry jW Bwrimk s`c 'qy AwDwirq vI nhINhn [ pihlI rwie ieh mMndI hY ik pMjwb ivc Awm lokweI pMjwbI boldI hY, ArQwq lokW dIAwm bol-cwl dI BwSw pMjwbI hY [ inrsMdyh ieh kQn s`c hY pr ies dy nwl nwl ieh mMnxwik is`ØiKAw Aqy smu`cy srkwrI qMqr dw mwiDAm pMjwbI hY, ieh ie`k AMSk s`c hY [ isAwixAWdw kQn hY ik JUT dy mukwbly ADUrw s`c, s`c dw Brm/BulyKw jW Bwrimk s`c v`D Kqrnwk AqyivnwSk huMdw hY [ gurbwxI Bwrimk s`c jW Brm nUµ mwieAw dw nW idMdI hY [ Bwrimk s`c jWBrm (Illusion) auh huMdw hY jo jwpdw qW s`c hY pr huMdw korw JUT hY [ AjokI ivaupwrkieSiqhwrbwzI dI ivAwkrn AnurUp ievyN vI ikhw jw skdw hY ik JUT, k`c jW glq nUµ s`c,p`k Aqy TIk dy mulMmy nwl auproN-auuproN eynw ruSnwieAw, ilSkwieAw, duhrwieAw Aqy idlkSbxwieAw jWdw hY ik vyKx vwilAW nUµ BulyKyv`s ieh s`c hI jwpdw hY [

pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI dI siQqI bwry pyS donoN socDwrwvW dI qulnwqmk p`Dr 'qy kIqIauprokq fUMGI GoK-pVqwl qoN spSt hY ik dUsrI socDwrw ivc pyS ivcwr, pihlI ivclyBwrimk s`c (Hyper Reality) dy mukwbly AslIAq (Reality) jW AslI qsvIr nUµ pyS krnvwly hn [ ieh ies q`Q nUµ puSt krdy hn ik pMjwb AMdr mwq-BwSw pMjwbI dI hyTI, AxdyKI,durgqI jW bykdrI lgwqwr ho rhI hY Aqy ies gMBIr msly nUµ pMjwbI icMqkW duAwrw aucycy qOr 'qysMjIdgI nwl ivcwry jwx dI s^q loV hY [ ies pRsMg ivc ivcwrn Aqy smJxXog buinAwdInukqw ieh vI hY ik pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI zubwn dI bykdrI jW ies pRqI glq phuMc dI jo AvsQwbxI hoeI hY, ies dy ie`k nhIN sgoN AnykW Tos kwrx hn [ ijs krky ieh ie`k iekihrI pRkwr dIsm`ØisAw nw ho ky, ie`k bhu-prqI ArQwq jitl sm`ØisAw bx cukI hY [ jdoN q`k AsIN ies dy

mwq-BwSw Aqy is`ØiKAw pRqI AsMquilq phuMc : kwrx Aqy is`ty


kwrxW Aqy ienHW dy mwVHy is`ØitAW jW nqIijAW dw sm`gr Aqy auicq post-mwrtm ArQwqivAwiKAw-ivSlySx nhIN krWgy, ies gMBIr msly dw h`l l`Bxw sMBv nhIN hovygw [ ies p`KoNswfy Koj prcy dw Aglw swrw ih`sw ies v`fI sm`ØisAw dy mUl kwrxW, iehnW dy nqIijAW AqyisØitAW nUµ ieiqhwsk pirpyK ivc smJx-smJwauux dy aucyry mMqv nUµ smripq hovygw [

pMjwb AMdr pMjwbI dI hyTI, bykdrI Aqy AxdyKI dw sB qoN v`fw Aqy buinAwdI kwrx,AwpxI BwSw Aqy siBAwcwr pRqI bhu-igxqI pMjwbIAW dy mnW AMdr fUMGw DisAw hIxqw dwBwv hY [ hIxqw dw ieh Bwv ie`kdm pYdw nhIN hoieAw [ ies hIx Bwvnw dIAW jVHW bVIAWgihrIAW Aqy pycIdw hn [ iesdw Awpxw ie`k lMmw ieiqhws hY [ sdIAW qoN swfw dyS pihlWmuZlW Aqy iPr AMgryzW dw gulwm irhw hY [ hr hmlwvr kOm dy Swqr hwkmW dI ieh nIqI jWbdnIqI huMdI hY ik auh ADIn lokW nUµ mwnisk Aqy bOiDk p`Dr 'qy gulwm bxwaux leI lMmydwA dI Xojnw qihq aunHW dI BwSw Aqy sMsikRqI nUµ niK`D Aqy ausdy mukwbly Awpxy BwSweIAqy siBAwcwrk vrqwry nUµ aucqm swbq krn dw BrvW idl luBwvxw pRwpygMfw krdy hn [

ienHW XqnW ADIn hI muZlW Aqy AMgryzW ny ieslwm Aqy iesweIAq dy pRcwr AqypRswr ih`q bVy Xojnwb`D FMg nwl sQwnk BwSwvW Aqy siBAwcwrW dy iqRskwr dy smiv`QArbI-&wrsI Aqy AMgryzI BwSw dw PYlwE kIqw [ BwrqIAW nUµ aunHW dy mUl siBAwcwrW nwloNqoVn Aqy Awpo-Awpxy siBAwcwrW nwl joVn ih`q ivdySI hukmrwnW ny ArbI-&wrsI, aurdUAqy AMgryzI dy pRcln dw BrpUr Xqn kIqw [ Aijhw aunHW ny ies kwrx kIqw ikauNik auhBlIBWq jwxdy sn ik koeI vI BwSw mihz sMcwr dw swDn nhIN huMdI sgoN sMbMiDq siBAwcwrnUµ sunyimq, pyS Aqy pR&uilq krn dw bVw qwkqvr vwhn jW swDn vI huMdI hY [ is`Øty vjoN ij`QyArbI-&wrsI BwSw swmI siBAwcwr nUµ Aqy AMgryzI zubwn p`CmI/XUrpI siBAwcwr nUµivgswaux Aqy PYlwaux dw kwrgr vsIlw bxI, auQy ieh swnUµ swfy siBAwcwr nwloN qoVn dwkwrx vI bxI [

AMgryzW ny kul imlw ky 1600 eIsvI qoN lY ky 1947 eIsvI q`k AMdwzn 350 swl swfydyS au`pr rwj kIqw Aqy jIvn dy hr p`Dr 'qy swnUµ gulwm bxwaux ivc koeI ksr bwkI nwCfI [ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq qoN bwAd pMjwb aupr AMgryzW dI hkUmq sQwpq hoeI Aqyauh 1947 q`k swfy aupr rwj krdy rhy [ ies qoN pihlW 1801 qoN lY ky 1839 q`k pMjwb 'qymhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj irhw [ hYrwnI dI g`l hY ik pMjwbI jW is`K rwj khwauNdy ies dOrivc vI pMjwbI rwj BwSw nhIN sI [ aus smyN vI aurdU-&wrsI nUµ v`fI qv`jo pRdwn kIqI geIjdoN ik pMjwbI dI AxdyKI kIqI geI [ sQwnk dysI rwjy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny vI mugl/ivdySI hwkmW dI qrz 'qy aurdU-&wrsI nUµ hI rwj-kwj dI BwSw bxweI r`Kx nUµ qrjIh id`qI [iesy lIh 'qy c`lidAW A`goN AMgryzW ny vI aurdU-&wrsI Aqy AMgryzI nUµ hI jwrI r`ØiKAw [

1947 ivc BwvyN swfw smu`cw dyS Aqy pMjwb AMgryzW dy SwSn qoN Awzwd ho igAw prAslIAq ieh hY ik AsIN Aj vI mwnisk Aqy bOiDk pDr 'qy AMgryz, AMgryzI Aqy AMgryzIAqdy Zulwm bxy hoey hW [ AsIN kyvl rwjnIqk qOr 'qy hI Awzwd hoey hW [ BwSweI, iv`ØidAk,bOiDk Aqy siBAwcwrk p`Dr 'qy AsIN Ajy vI p`Cm/XUrp dy gulwm hW; ipCl`g hW [ iesdwTos kwrx ieh hY ik swfy dyS dy dysI hukmrwnW ny AMgryjW dy smyN qoN aunHW dy ih`qW dy AnuswrclI Aw rhI smu`cI pRSwSink, BwSweI, iv`ØidAk Aqy siBAwcwrk ivvsQw nUµ nvyN isirauNisrjx Aqy ivauNqx dy koeI sMjIdw Aqy Xojnwb`D auprwly nhIN kIqy [ AwpxI koeI in`gr AqymOilk BwSweI, iv`ØidAk Aqy siBAwcwrk nIqI bxwaux dy suihrd Xqn krn dI QW AsINlok hwly q`k swfI mwnisk ZulwmI nUµ p`ky pYrIN krn dy audyS nwl bxweIAW AMgryzW dIAW

sMvwd-04 213

purwxIAW nIqIAW nUµ hI au`pr-Q`ly krky jW QoVHI bhuq soD-suDweI krky jwrI r`Kx dy isry dypRiqBw mwrU Aqy kMm-clwaU Aisrjxwqmk Awhr ivc glqwn hW [ is`Øty vjoN AsIN AwpxImwq-BwSw nUµ aus dI bxdI QW dyxoN pUrI qrHW Asmr`Q rhy hW [

ies Avyslypx, AXogqw Aqy AsmrQw dw A`goN suBwvk ijhw nqIjw ieh inkilAw hYik A`j swfy dyS nUµ Awzwd hoieAW BwvyN lgBg 69 swl guzr cuky hn pr swfI kOm dw smucwS^sI, bOiDk Aqy siBAwcwrk p`Dr auqWh au`Tx dI QW sgoN inrMqr inGwr v`l jw irhw hY [Ajoky pUMjIvwdI dOr AMdr AsIN pdwrQk qOr 'qy BwvyN AmIr Aqy su`K-shUlqW nwl BrpUr hoeyhW pr bOiDk, ie^lwkI Aqy Awqimk p`Dr 'qy AsIN burI qrHW KwlI-KwlI Aqy kMgwl huMdy jw rhyhW [ Awpxy mUl, AwpxI BwSw, AwpxIAW prMprwvW nwloN tu`t ky AsIN AwpxI mOilkqw gvwleI hY [ ies pRsMg ivc swfy leI smJx vwlI buinAwdI g`l ieh hY ik A`j jykr AsIN BwrqIAqy pMjwbI lok iksy smyN AMgryzW dIAW bsqIAW rih cuky qIjI dunIAW dy hor AnykW ivkwsSIlkhwauNdy dySW ivc vsdIAW kOmW vWg jIvn dy hr Kyqr ivc p`Cm dI AMDwDuMd nkl krn dIpRivrqI Aqy ivSvIkrn dI pRikirAw kwrx Awpo-AwpxI invyklI BwSweI Aqy siBAwcwrkpihcwx nUµ l`g rhy Kory dw duSvwrIAW BrpUr sMqwp hMFw rhy hW qW ies sB kwsy leI muK qOr 'qybsqIvwdI lIhW 'qy ausirAw swfw gulwm mn izMmyvwr hY [

bsqIvwd qoN rwjnIqk p`Dr 'qy mukqI pRwpq kr lYx auprMq AsIN hwly vI mwniskqOr 'qy AMgryzI Aqy AMgryzIAq dy gulwm hW [ swfy bsqIvwdI mn (Colonized Mind) nUµ AjyvI iehI BulyKw hY ik swfI AwpxI mwq-BwSw Aqy swfy Awpxy siBAwcwr dy mukwbly AMgryzIzubwn (Global Language) Aqy AMgryzIAq (Global Culture) hI srvoqm hY [ swfy ivcoNbhuiqAW nUµ ie`k bhuq v`fw Brm ieh hY ik swfw hr pRkwr dw Aglyrw ivkws kyvl Aqy kyvlAMgryzI pVHn nwl hI sMBv hY [ swfIAW swrIAW sm`ØisAwvW ivSyS krky nOjvwnW nUµ drpySbyruzgwrI dI sm`ØisAw dw h`l Aqy cMgIAW nOkrIAW dI sMBwvnw AMgryzI bolx Aqy pVHn-ilKx qoN ibnW iblkul vI sMBv nhIN hY [

ies Bwrimk soc dw nqIjw ieh hoieAw hY ik AsIN A`j vI AMgryzI BwSw, p`CmI/XUrpIigAwn Aqy siBAwcwr dI nkl krn dI mwnisk ZulwmI dw iSkwr hW [ auproN vwDw iehhoieAw hY ik Ajoky dOr ivc c`l rhy Gor pdwrQvwd, ivAkqIvwd, Kpqvwd, Ku`lHI mMfI,ivSvIkrn dy vrqwry Aqy inpt vpwrk soc ny pihlW qoN hI cly Aw rhy ies AisrjxwqmkbsqIvwdI ruJwn nUµ hor vI iq`Kw Aqy p`ky pYrIN kr id`qw hY [ 1947 qoN bwAd swfy kOmI AqysUbweI hukmrwnW Aqy aunHW dy JolI cu`k qQwkiQq bu`DIjIvIAW ny ijs FMg nwl is`ØiKAw dyKyqr ivc k`cGrV, kMm clwaU Aqy cwlU ruJwn vwlIAW nIqIAW Apxw ky sucyq jW Acyqp`Dr 'qy mwqw-BwSw dI QW AMgryzI BwSw nUµ byloVw mh`qv pRdwn krn dw rwh ApxwieAw hY,ausdy koeI lwhyvMdy is`Øty nhIN inkly [

aultw ies nwl siQqI sgoN hor vI vDyry jitl Aqy bdqr hoeI hY [ swfy auh qQwkiQqnyqw, is`ØiKAw-vyqw Aqy Awm lok ijhVy mwq-BwSw Aqy rwStrI BwSw dw iqRskwr krkyAMgryzI pVHn-pVHwaux dy mgr h`Q Do ky pey hoey hn drAsl ie`k bhuq v`fy BulyKy dw iSkwrhn [ AMgryzI pRqI aulwrpx ArQwq glq phuMc kwrx auh AMgryzI nUµ isØiKAw pRdwn krn dwie`k mwiDAm mMnx dI QW sgoN ie`k pRkwr dw igAwn hI mMnIN bYTy hn [ aunHW nUµ ieh nhIN pqwik koeI vI BwSw Awpxy Awp ivc igAwn nhIN huMdI sgoN igAwn Arijq krn dw kyvlvsIlw hI huMdI hY [ auh mnu`K jo pOVI (swDn) nUµ hI mMizl (swDX) mMn lvy, ausdw mMizl 'qyphuMcxw AsMBv hY [



Aijhy lokW nUµ ie`k hor BulyKw ieh vI hY ik AMgryzI BwSw dy mwiDAm rwhIN pRwpq kIqIgeI iksy vI ivSy dI pVHweI nwl nw kyvl smwijk ruqbw hI au~cw huMdw hY sgoN sMbMiDq ivSyivc muhwrq vI izAwdw pRwpq huMdI hY Aqy ruzgwr dy mOky vI vDyry aupl`bD huMdy hn [ iesvihm ivcoN ie`k hor vihm ieh vI aupjdw hY ik Ajoky ivSvIkrn dy dOr ivc AMgryzI BwSw dyigAwn qoN ibnW guzwrw hI nhIN ho skdw ArQwq ruzgwr iml hI nhIN skdw [ ieh JUT jWvihm mobwiel kMpnIAW duAwrw Awpxy mobwiel Pon vycx ih`q v`fy p`Dr 'qy PYlwey aus vihmAqy DuMdlky (luBwvxy Aqy guMmrwhkuMn ieSiqhwr) vrgw hY ijs duAwrw auh “mobwiel hY qolweI& hY” jW “AYn AweIfIAw kYn cyz XUAr lweI&” dw DUMAWDwr pRcwr kridAW ie`k ingUxyXMqr nUµ rotI, kpVw Aqy mkwn vWg, nw kyvl mnuKI jIvn dI buinAwdI zrUrq bxwaux ivckwmXwb hoey hn sgoN ies ingUxy ijhy XMqr rwhIN mnu`KI jIvn AMdr ienklwb ilAw dyx dwv`fw Bwrimk s`c pYdw krn ivc vI s&l hoey hn [

Awpxy qyz-qrwr Aqy lgwqwr pRcwr (Hammering) duAwrw vpwrI vrg Awm lokW nUµieh jcwaux ivc kwmXwb irhw hY ik mobwiel qoN ibnW aunHW dw jIvn ADUrw hY [ ie`k byloVIjW Aiq G`t loVINdI vsqU nUµ zrUrI Aqy v`fI loV bxw dyx dI klw inrsMdyh Ajoky vpwrIAWAqy kwrporyt jgq nUµ b UbI AwauNdI hY [ ijs qrHW Aiq sMgiTq vpwrI vrg ny mobwiel &on nUµAjoky mnu`K dI AxsrdI loV bxw id`qw hY TIk iesy pRkwr hI ivSvIkrn Aqy K`ulHI mMfI dyJMfw-brdwrW ny AMgryzI zubwn nUµ vI swfy leI bVI v`fI loV bxw id`qw hY[ siQqIAW dw v`fwduKdweI pihlU ieh hY ik ivSvIkrn, KulHI mMfI, ivaupwrvwd Aqy Kpqvwd dI AmoV GuMmxGyrIivc auliJAw mnu`K ies JUT nUµ s`c mMnIN bYTw hY [

ieh TIk hY ik qknIk dI p`Dr 'qy nvyN Xug dy hwxI bxn leI Aqy AMqr-rwStrI p`Dr'qy Ku`lH ky ivcrx leI iksy mnu`K nUµ kMipaUtr Aqy mwq-BwSw qoN ielwvw hor AnykW BwSwvWivSyS krky AMgryzI dw igAwn hoxw cMgI g`l hY pr ieh swrw kuJ mwq-BwSw nUµ ip`T ivKw kynhIN sgoN ausnUµ buinAwdI mhqv pRdwn kridAW kIqw jwxw cwhIdw hY [ KpqvwdI siBAwcwrdy glq iksm dy hoCy pRcwr ‘mobwiel hY qo lweIP hY’ dI Bwrimk sMklpnw vWg A`j swfwnOjvwn vrg kMipaUtr Aqy AMgryzI dI is`ØiKAw ip`Cy ievyN h`Q Do ky ipAw hoieAw hY ijvyN iesqoN bgYr Swied auh jIaUNdw hI nw rih sky[ ies pRsMg ivc kMipaUtr nUµ lY ky ie`k bVI AjIbglq im`Q jW Dwrnw ieh pRcilq ho geI hY ik kMipaUtr dI BwSw AMgryzI hY [ kihx qoN Bwvieh ik AMgryzI qoN ibnW kMipaUtr dI vrqoN sMBv nhIN [ AslIAq ieh hY ik kMipaUtr dI koeIzubwn nhIN [ ies dI BwSw zIro Aqy ie`k hY [ ieh AMgryzI vWg hI pMjwbI jW koeI vI hor BwSwis`K jWdw hY, isKwaux vwlw cwhIdw hY [ inrsMdyh ies iksm dIAW glq DwrnwvW Aqyaulwrpx ny swfI pRiqBw dw m`c mwirAw hY [ ievyN vwprx nwl mnu`KI S^sIAq ivc sMgTn,BrpUrqw, ivkws, ivSwlqw Aqy inKwr Awaux dI QW sgoN KoKlwpx, ivgTn, igrwvt,AjIb iksm dI mkwnIkl ibrqI Aqy &okI il&w&ybwzI swhmxy AeI hY [

ies ivkrwl siQqI ivc swfy leI AwpxI mwq-BwSw, AwpxIAW siBAwcwrk kdrW-kImqW nwl juVnw, ienHW dy pRPuilq hox Aqy AwpxI invyklI siBAwcwrk pihcwx nUµkwiem r`Kx bwry socxw Aqy smUihk p`Dr 'qy cyqMn hoxw, smyN dI gMBIr Aqy pRmu`K loV hY [ iehv`KrI g`l hY ik ieh kMm fwFw muSkl hY [ Kws krky audoN jdoN A`j p`Cm dw swmrwjvwdigAwnmu`KI sUcnw smwj, K`ulHI mMfI, ivSvIkrn Awid dy cmkIly Aqy luBwvxy supinAW,nwhirAW Aqy vrqwirAW nwl lYs ho ky Aiq ivkisq qknIkW Aqy ibjleI sMcwr-mwiDAmWdI mdd nwl hnHyrI vWg swfy GrW ivc Awx viVAw hY [ dUjy bMnHy qIKx siBAwcwrk bsqIvwd

sMvwd-04 215

nw isrPæ swfIAW kOmI svY-pihcwxW nUµ qihs-nihs krn dy bwnxU bMnH irhw hY, sgoN swfymOilk sQwnk Bwvnwqmk-qrk nwl lbryz hry-kcUr siBAwcwrk soimAW (BwSw, swihq,klw, Drm, drSn Awid) nUµ sukw ky Aqy siBAwcwrk kdrW-kImqW nUµ kUVydwn ivc su`t kyswnUµ AwpxIAW jVHW qoN pUrI qrHW k`tx 'qy quilAw hoieAw jwpdw hY [ kvI suiKMdr Anuswr swfIhwlq kuJ ieho ijhI hY :

SbdW dy somy suk rhy hnArQW dI brswq ikvyN hovygIimRgjlI ies Sihr dy AMdrDuMd ivc d`bIAW rOSnIAW dy vWgUMAwpxw Awp gvw bYTy hW [ 1

swfI jwcy ‘sUcnw smwj’ Aqy ‘kMipaUtr Xug’ mnuKI mukqI pRqI pRqIb`D koeI ienklwbIqrkIb nhIN sgoN pUMjIvwd dw hI bdilAw hoieAw nvW rMgIn Aqy luBwvxw rUp hY [ AwpxwmUl pCwxn Aqy ies nwl idloN juVn dI QW, bwhrI siQqIAW Aqy pirsiQqIAW dy dbwEADIn AsIN cwlU aupBogI Aqy qjwrqI siBAwcwr ivc aulJ ky Awpxy pYrIN Awp hI kuhwVImwr rhy hW [ swfIAW jVHW dI AwpxI zmIn ivc pkV lgwqwr iF`lI pYNdI jw rhI hY [ sMswrpUMjIvwd jW ivSvIkrn dy v`Ddy AwriQk, rwjnIqk, vpwrk Aqy BwSweI dbwvW dw hInqIjw hY ik A`j SihrI m`DvrgI lokW dy nwl-nwl ipMfW ivc vsdy inmn m`D-SRyxI lok vIkulIn vrg nwl br mycx Aqy Awpxy vrgy hornW nwloN p`CV jwx dy froN vwho-dwhI AMgryzIAqy kMipaUtr dI pVHweI krn vl ruicq ho rhy hn [ ievyN Agw dOV, ipCw cOV dw AisrjxwqmkruJwn pUry jobn 'qy hY [ auproN swfy pRcilq nwks iv`ØidAk FWcy nUµ mu`FoN-suFoN bdlx leIskrmk kOmI cyqnw nwl pRxweI hoeI koeI Xojnwb`D BwSweI, iv`ØidAk Aqy siBAwcwrknIqI GVn dI QW swfy AOsq bu`D nyqw lokW ivc Awm pRcilq pr glq ruJwn nUµ inptXQwrQk p`Dr 'qy nij`TidAW ies nUµ rokx dI QW sgoN hor hvw dyx vwlIAW Aqy votrW nUµluBwiemwn krky ssqI Suhrq btorn vwlIAW sqhI iksm dIAW kMm-clwaU k`cGrV nIqIAWGVn Aqy lwgU krn dy Aisrjxwqmk Awhr ivc ruJy hoey hn [

ies pRsMg ivc 1998-99 dy iv`ØidAk vryH dOrwn audoN dy is`ØiKAw mMqrI duAwrw pMjwb dypRweIvyt mwfl skUlW vWg swry srkwrI skUlW ivc vI pihlI jmwq qoN AMgryzI nUµ ie`klwzmI ivSy vjoN (Sukr hY is`ØiKAw dy mwiDAm vjoN nhIN) pVHwaux dw kIqw igAw PYslw Aqyies qoN TIk 10 swlW bwAd iv`ØidAk swl 2008-09 dOrwn pMjwb srkwr duAwrw pMjwb dyswry skUlW AMdr pihlI qoN +2 q`k pMjwbI dw ivSw lwzmI ivSy vjoN pVHwaux dw kIqw igAwPYslw ivcwrnXog hY [ APsos dI g`l hY ik swfIAW srkwrW pRiqBwvwn is`ØiKAw-SwsqrIAWdI shwieqw nwl koeI Tos Aqy Xojnwb`D kOmI BwSweI, iv`ØidAk Aqy siBAwcwrk nIqI bxwky mwq-BwSw nUµ hr p`Dr 'qy is`ØiKAw dw mwiDAm bxwaux ArQwq AslI ArQW ivc rwj-BwSw bxwaux dI QW kyvl isAwsI mwArkybwzI vwly au~GV-dugV PYsly lY ky swfI pihlW qoNhI idSwhIx iv`ØidAk ivvsQw AMdr hor ivgwV Aqy BMblBUsy pYdw kr rhIAW hn [ swfyrwjnyqwvW dI kQnI Aqy krnI ivc koeI myl nhIN sgoN v`fw pwVHw hY [ isAwsI ih`qW leIisDWqk p`Dr 'qy hyj qW BwvyN auh pMjwbI dw jqw rhy hn pr ivvhwrk p`Dr 'qy AMgryzImwiDAm vwly nvyN mwfl, AwdrS Aqy mYrItorIAs skUl KolH ky vDwvw Asl ivc AMgryzIAqy in`jI vpwrk GrwixAW nUµ hI pRdwn kr rhy hn [ smJx vwlI buinAwdI g`l ieh hY ikmwq-BwSw pRqI ies pRkwr dw gYr-suihrd Aqy gYr-sMjIdw rv`eIAw AKiqAwr krky AsIN s`cy



ArQW ivc koeI qr`kI nhIN kr skWgy [ qr`kI dIAW by-isr-pYr fINgW BwvyN ijMnIAW mrzImwrI jweIey [

auprokq ivcwr-crcw qoN spSt hY ik BwSw iksy vI siBAwcwr nUµ sunyimq, pRswirq Aqyivkisq krn vwlw sB qoN v`D pRBwvSwlI Aqy buinAwdI AwDwr huMdI hY [ AMgryzI dI nINhau~qy ‘pMjwbIAq’ nhIN ‘AMgryzIAq’ hI pRPuilq hovygI [ AMgryzI BwSw nUµ v`fw mh`qv pRdwnkrn vwlI aulwr is`ØiKAw nIqI ADIn jdoN swfy in`ky-in`ky mwsUm b`cy ‘r`bw r`bw mINh vrsw,swfI koTI dwxy pw’ vrgy swfy Awpxy gIq gwaux dI QW XUrpIAn ielwky dI jlvwXU AnuswrmINh dI ieCw nw rKx vwly BwvW dI qrjmwnI krdy "Rain Rain go away" vrgy gIq lgwqwrgux-guxwauNdy rihxgy qW AYsI aultI hwlq ivc pMjwbI Aqy pMjwbI siBAwcwr dw pRPuilqhoxw AsMBv hY [ ievyN hI AMgryzI BwSw dy pRBwv Q`ly swfy siBAwcwr AMdr ijs pRkwr 'AMkl'Aqy 'AWt' Sbd dI vrqoN dw ruJwn bVI vfI pDr 'qy viDAw hY, ausny nw kyvl swfy siBAwcwrAMdr qwieAw-qweI, cwcw-cwcI, mwsV-mwsI Aqy Pu`PV-BUAw Awid irSiqAW dI ivl`KxnwmwvlI Aqy pihcwx nUµ Korw lwieAw hY sgoN ienHW ivclI vMn-suvMnI in`GI Coh Aqy KuSbo nUµvI v`fw nukswn phuMcwieAw hY [ kihx qoN Bwv ieh hY ik rwjnyqwvW v`loN mwq-BwSw Aqyis`ØiKAw pRqI ApxwieAw pyqlw rv`eIAw iksy p`KoN vI vwijb nhIN hY [

iv`ØidAw ijhy Aihm, nwzuk Aqy ivAwpk pRBwvW vwly mu`dy sMbMDI kOmI cyqnw vwlIsm`gr qyj`svI smJ qoN ivhUxy Aqy pRiqmwnW Aqy AwdrSW qoN tuty inpt XQwrQk p`Dr 'qy leygey rwjnyqwvW dy auprokq iekpwsV Aqy clwvyN inrixAW kol inrsMdyh swfy iv`ØidAw-qMqrdI pihlW qoN hI mMJDwr ivc PsI byVI nUµ iksy qx-p`qx lwaux jogw BrpUr Aqy blkwrI qwxnhIN hY [ ies nwl swfy idmwgW aupr jMmIAW izhnI gulwmI dIAW pypVIAW KurngIAW nhINsgoN hor vI sMGxIAW ho jwxgIAW [

dunIAw Br dy DnMqr is`ØiKAw-SwsqrIAW Aqy mnoivigAwnIAW dw mMnxw hY ik mu`Flyp`Dr 'qy mwq-BwSw qoN ielwvw hor koeI BwSw pVHwauxI jW iksy hor BwSw dy mwiDAm rwhINis`ØiKAw dyxI b`cy dI pRiqBw Aqy aus dy shI mwnisk ivkws dy rwh ivc v`fw AiV`kw bxdIhY [ ijvyN b`cy dy mu`Fly vrHy ausdI mW dy swQ ivc guzrny cwhIdy hn auvyN hI mu`Fly ivcwr Aqymu`FlI klpnw mwq-BwSw ivc hI jwgxI cwhIdI hY [ mOilk icMqn mwq-BwSw ivc hI sMBvhY [ fw. nirMdr isMG kpUr Anuswr, “ijhVIAW kOmW Awpxy b`ØicAW nUµ mu`FlI is`ØiKAw AwpxImwq-BwSw ivc nhIN idMdIAW, auh kOmW jW qW Zulwm rih cu`kIAW huMdIAW hn, jW Zulwm hojWdIAW hn[ AijhIAW kOmW dy jIvn ivc nkl pRDwn huMdI hY, aunHW dy jIvn ivc kuJ vImOilk nhIN vwprdw [”2

drAsl mwq-BwSw auh iknwrw hY ijQoN swfy iKAwlW, ivcwrW, ierwidAW, AwdrSW AqysupinAW ny izMdgI dy Br vgdy dirAw ivc iT`lHxw huMdw hY [ mwq-BwSw ivc inpMunqw hwslkr lYx ipCoN hI iksy b`cy nUµ hor BwSwvW is`Kx Aqy pVHn-ilKx vwly pwsy qoirAw jwxwcwhIdw hY [ A`j dy ivSvIkrn dy dOr ivc ikauNik kyvl mwq-BwSw nwl guzwrw nhIN ho skdwies leI mwq-BwSw ivc inpMun hox ipCoN hr b`cy nUµ hor v`D qoN v`D BwSwvW is`KxIAW cwhIdIAWhn [ inrol sMcwr dI p`Dr 'qy AMgryzI ikauNik ie`k qrHW nwl kOmWqrI BwSw dw drjw r`KdI hY,ies leI iesnUµ is`ØiKAw jwxw hor vI zrUrI ho jWdw hY [ qIjI jW cOQI jmwq qoN jW jdoN b`cwmwq-BwSw ivc mwhr ho jwvy, 10-12 swl dI aumr q`k ausnUµ hor v`D qoN v`D BwSwvW isKwauxdy sihj suBwvk auprwly hoxy cwhIdy hn, jdoN ik smu`cI is`ØiKAw dw mwiDAm hr hwlq ivcmwq-BwSw hI hoxI cwhIdI hY [

sMvwd-04 217

is`ØiKAw dy cwlU igxqI vDwaU vpwrk Aqy bsqIvwdI ruJwn nUµ lMmy dwA skrmk kOmIcyqnw vwlI Xojnwb`D lihr ADIn is&qI moVw dyx leI iesnUµ pRiqmwnW Aqy AwdrSW dykOmvwdI bMDyj ivc syDxw inhwieq zrUrI hY [ mnu`KI jIvn, iv`ØidAw Aqy kdrW-kImqW dyKyqr ivc AslI ArQW ivc kuJ mOilk Aqy nvW-nroAw krn leI swfw AwpxI mwq-BwSwAqy siBAwcwr nwl juVnw Aqy ies au`qy mwxm`qy mihsUs krnw buinAwdI Srq hY [ iesbuinAwdI Srq au`qy pUry auqrn qoN ibnW kOmI pCwx, AwzwdI, mOilkqw Aqy ivkws dI g`lkrnI inrwrQk hY [

ijhVIAW kOmW Awpxy b`ØicAW nUµ mu`FlI is`ØiKAw AwpxI mwq-BwSw ivc nhIN idMdIAW,auh rwjsI qOr 'qy BwvyN Awzwd ho jwx pr bOiDk Aqy Awqimk p`Dr 'qy Aqy AslI ArQW ivckdy vI Awzwd Aqy pR&uilq nhIN ho skdIAW[ izhnI gulwmI Aqy nkl dI pRivrqI aunHW dygly dw sdIvI hwr ho inbVdI hY [ ‘AsIN qW kMbl nUµ C`fdy hW, hux kMbl swnUµ nhIN C`fdw’vwlI hwlq ho jWdI hY [ ijnHW lokW nUµ ieh v`fw Brm hY ik jykr AsIN pihlI jmwq qoN hIglobl mMnI jWdI BwSw AMgryzI nw pVHI jW AMgryzI nUµ isØiKAw dy mwiDAm vjoN nw ApxwieAwqW iv`ØidAw dI Ku`lHI vpwrk mMfI AMdr AsIN hornW nwloN p`CV jwvWgy, aunHW nUµ pqw hoxwcwhIdw hY ik Ajoky sMswr AMdr sB qoN v`D ivkisq, KuShwl Aqy Awzwd dySW vjoN jwxy jWdydySW jpwn, jrmn, korIAw, PrWs Aqy cIn ivc kyvl mu`FlI is`ØiKAw hI nhIN sgoN hr pRkwrdI aucyrI is`ØiKAw vI sQwnk BwSw ArQwq mwq-BwSw ivc hI id`qI jWdI hY [ ies pRsMg ivciv`ØidAw SwsqrI vI. ky. AwnMd dy ivcwr, ivcwrnXog hn [ aunHW Anuswr iv`ØidAw dy Kyqrivc kMm kr rhI ie`k mwnqw pRwpq sMsQw ny dunIAw Br dIAW XUnIvristIAW dw inktAiDAYn krn qoN bwAd, swl 2013 ivc isry dIAW 193 XUnIvristIAW dI ijhVI drjyvwrsUcI jwrI kIqI sI, aus ivc Swml swrIAW dIAW swrIAW XUnIvristIAW jpwn (72), cIn(68) Aqy korIAw (53) nwl sMbMiDq hn [

aulyKXog Tos q`Q ieh hY ik iehnW swrIAW XUnIvristIAW ivc is`ØiKAw dw mwiDAmAMgryzI nhIN sgoN auQoN dIAW sQwnk BwSwvW hn[ bhuq hI A&sos dI g`l hY ik sMswr dIAWsrvoqm 200 XUnIvristIAW dI sUcI ivc swfI ie`k vI XUnIvristI Swml nhIN ho skI AqyAsIN hwly vI bysmJI dw p`lw nw C`fidAW mwq-BwSw dI QW ivdySI BwSw (AMgryzI) nUµ v`fwmhqv pRdwn kridAW Aqy guxvqw dI QW igxqI nUµ qvjo idMidAW, Awpxy ivØidAk AdwirAWAMdr is`ØiKAw dw mwiDAm AMgryzI nUµ bxweI r`Kx dI Aisrjxwqmk iz`d PVI bYTy hW [3 iesAihm hvwly nUµ vyKidAW swfIAW A`KW Ku`lH jwxIAW cwhIdIAW hn [ swnUµ pqw l`g jwxwcwhIdw ik mwq-BwSw nUµ hr p`Dr dI is`ØiKAw dw mwiDAm bxwey ibnW Aqy ies nUµ bxdwmh`qv Aqy siqkwr id`qy bgYr nw qW AsIN guxv`qw BrpUr is`ØiKAw hI dy skWgy Aqy nw hIAslI ArQW ivc qr`kI kr skWgy [

hvwly Aqy it`pxIAW :1. suiKMdr : qU&wn dIAW jVHW ivc, iltrycr hwaUs AMimRqsr, 1985, pMnw 18

2. kpUr, nirMdr isMMG, AMqr Jwq, lokgIq pRkwSn, cMfIgVH, 1999, pMnw 42

3. Anand V. K. : Quantity outplaces Quality in growth of Universities, The Tribune (Education

Edition), Dated 23-07-2013, page 12


²


VgGsi dFKugbJ V;qJ ^sdhLa sj ai;pqj

dwl[ rg FjLj s[ ljdha } lqNS lqNjRpS vHg Rpl} lq[G@lojV ba[ iPf s[ f,t a'G r.c w[ r[dtbj uj lwsj h{ m us'G blgG f>ujWgljdha } r[ts[ hJ aJ dHh qjaij ba[ r.Veg fKt'G Whpa drLjv h'debj h{ m ljc[ drsrjV bu'w[ lq[G dry f>ujWg ljdha sg dHdahjlwjigwis[ lq[G duo[ f>ujWg ljdha } r,t r,t r.VegbJ/iPfJ dry r.c w[dHl sg wjv r.c wis[ hV Rpo[ f>ujWg ljdha@ f>ujW a'G Wjhig WjwgFjia \ds,vg@ hdibjS[ ba[ u.qP wLqgi bjds| sj f>ujWg ljdha@firjlg f>ujWg ljdha ba[ fjdwlajVg f>ujWg ljdha bjds lojVwrie WSj w[ rg r.c wis[ hV m

duo'G a,w fjdwlajVg f>ujWg ljdha sj l.W.Z h{ m 1947 aKwdHl sg w'Hg r,tig h'Gs VhgG lg m Fjiag ba[ fjdwlajVg f>ujWg ljdhasg lJNg drijla lg m b>ei[uJ sg fjC' a[ iju wi' sg Vgag lswj1947 sg s[L r.c lq[G dlix f>ujW sg Ziag ba[ v'w hg VhgG r.c[ eH[le'G ljNgbJ adhugWJ rg r.cgbJ eHgbJ@ lJN[ idhWi rg r.c[ eH[ mh"vg h"vg dHh r.c utq a'G VjlPi WS eHg m lsgbJ fpijSg lJNgf>ujWgba dfAv[ 70 ljvJ dry Vj Bp,B lwg h{ a[ Vj upC lwg h{ m blgGlihKs'G fji eH[ bjfdSbJ } Vj Fpvj lw[ hJ a[ Vj hg dqv lw[ hJ m fiws[ wsjHg dqvsgbJ lPyVjrJ s[ dli a[@ lpV[dhbJ s[ dli a[ uJ dxis'rJ qpvwJ a'G sPi IPif dry hp.sgbJ qpvjwjaJ s[ lhji[ blg dHw sPli[sgbJ ljdhaw eagdrZgbJ a'G ujSP hp.s[ ih[ hJ m ws[ wsjHg H[Zi'GRpZi'G r,us[ dH,wj spwj drbwagea ba[ Zjidqw e[dCbJ V[ ljcgbJujSwjigbJ/lPyVjrJ } aKoJ dry Wsdvbj h{ m dHhVJ a,oJ s[ lhji[b,u ljcgbJ wHg IPVgridlBgbJ dry fjdwlajVg f>ujWg ljdha sjbdZb{V rg wirjdHbj uJsj h{ m s'hJ f>ujWJ s[ riaqjV ljdha rBJsi[dry rKcg b"wC dvfg sg b"Gsg h{ m 1947 a'G fdhvJ Whpa[ fC%[ dvt[ v'wf>ujW dry riagbJ uJsgbJ ljigbJ dvfgbJ a'G rjwx hp.s[ lV fir.c Rpfi.a RpZiv[ f>ujW dry'G epiqptg dvfg ba[ H[Ziv[ f>ujW dry'GLjhqptg dvfg awigWV W.s hg h' eHgbJm VrgG fgC%g } dHh dvfgbJVhgG bjRpGsgbJ m hpS l,ai ljvJ Wjbs s'hJ fjdlbJ s[ f>ujWgdfbjdibJ sg q>e a[ s'hgG fjlgG f>ujWg FjLj sg Rpy[ig dlKdtbj f+jfawi ih[ drdsbjiogbJ } dHh dvfgbJ dltjRpS s[ IaV wga[ uj ih[hV m

fplaw igdrRPfplaw sj Vjq ^VgGsi dFKugbJ V;qJv[tw ^ lvgq Ldh;jsf+wjLw ^y[aVj f+wjLV vpdZbjSjf>V[ ^ 102qp,v ^ 150igdrRPwji ^cj! hgij dl.z

fplaw igdrRP

sMvwd-04 219

H[Ziv[ f>ujW dry 1960 a'G Wjbs wpN v'wJ sg dqhVa lswj ws[ ws[ fjdwlajVgf>ujWg ljdhawjiJ sg w'Hg Vj w'Hg fplaw epiqptg dry dvfgb>aiS h' w[ f+wjdLa h' uJsg h{ mH[l[ vCg dry lvgq ldh;js sg wjdr fplaw Vksi dF,ugbJ V;qJ bjRpGsg h{@ dul }dxi'ufpi s[ wrg drsrjVJ f+'x{li ulfjv zHg ba[ hiqga drdsbjiog V[ dvfgb>aiS wgajh{ ba[ y[aVj f+wjLV vpdZbjSj V[ 2015 dry f+wjdLa wgaj h{ m 102 f>dVbJ sg dHl fplawdry 95 wp V;qJ hV m hi lq[G sj ljdha lojHg qVp<tg FjrVjrJ s[ f+eBjr[ s[ Vjv VjvbjfS[ lq[G sgbJ lqjuw ijuVgaw hjvaJ } rg dWbjV wisj h{ m us'G dHhVJ V;qJ sj fjnwgaj aJ dHhVJ dry'G sdhLa sj zSj fiAjrJ V;igG bjdHbj m Rpo'G s[ qjh"v dry qVp<tgdHVljx vHg wpN rg wdhSj q"a } Wpvjrj s[S WijWi h{ m RpsjhiS ru'G s[t'

bjfSgbJ vjLJ bjf[ ypw'@bjfSgbJ du,FJ bjf[ rKT'c[v[ w,T w[ q[; a[ iKt'@w.V dry WtLg tjV[bduh[ sq z'BP ba[ sdhLa Fi[ qjh"v dry lojfag } dl,Zg r.eji bl.Fr h{ m ljdhawji

bjfS[ epKl[ ba[ rvrv[ } f+agwJ s[ iPf dry f[L wis[ hV m hjwq } wJ s[ iPf dry wrg V[dH>u f[L wgaj h{ -

wJ V[ lj} f{i'G xC w[@bjf[ NJui fjHgwJ s[ b,e[ q,oj B[w'@wJ V[ $rj; qijHgwrg lvgq Ldh;js } dxwi dHl e,v sj h{ dw dHl sdhLa Fi[ qjh"v sj bli ljcg

bjRpS rjvg fgC%g a[ rg f{ dihj h{ m dHl qjh"v a'G rKc[ hg VhgG A'B[ Wjv rg fi[LjV hV wrgbVplji

dw>u dVbjS[ W.B[ t[cS@dry WjiPsJ Wdh w[1947 a'G Wjbs wHg ljv fjdwlajV sj dlbjlg qjh"v H[h' duhj dihj h{ Rpo[ vejaji

wHg ljv x"ug iju dihj h{ duo[ bjq drbwag s[ qp,Tv[ bdZwji rg Witjla wga[ uJs[ ih[ hV mx"ug iju hBS a'G Wjbs rg Rpo[ sdhLa sj qjh"v dihj h{ m ws[ x"u sg sdhLa@ wsg advWjVghqv[ ba[ ws[ lp.Vg Lgbj s[ NeC[ wrg bVplji

FJa FJa s[ RpKvP dxis[@ljc[ zi s[ ugb fH[ cis[dHl sdhLag qjh"v sj f+Fjr dHh WSsj h{ dw s[L sg urjVg Vwjij h' uJsg h{ w,yg RpqiJ rjv[ tjW@b,Zg Rpqi[ Tdh uJs[ V[lp.NgbJ lp.NgbJ fvwJ b>si@wp,wi[ WS w[ idh uJs[ V[wpN ojrJ a[ wrg dHl upvq-Y-dlaq } taq wiV sj bdhs v{Gsj rg vesj h{ us'G

Rph bjfSg wjdr ljZVj Wji[ wdh.sj h{ dw dHw V;q u' hKo'G dVwvg@t,tiJ Vjv lpZjHghixJ Vjv drbjhg@

Vksi dF,ugbJ V;qJ ^ sdhLa sj ai;pqj


hjwqJ Vjv dFCjHguJ dxi@blJ vjq } ijh[ fjrSjba[ v,FSj bjfSj ijhlqpKy[ iPf dry blgG wdh lws[ hJ dw VgGsi dF,ugbJ V;qJ dry lvgq Ldhujs V[

fjdwlajVg f>ujW s[ sdhLa Fi[ qjh"v } upWjV s[S sg FifPi w'dLL wgag h{@ duo[ v'w dHw,nsg wqg ba[ lKy[ v'w f+agdVZJ rv'G v'w dh,a vHg wpN Vj wga[ ujS sg hPw h{ m f+agwJ\f>AgbJ/ujVriJ| ijhgG e,v wiVg@ s[lg qhgdVbj ijhgG qjh"v sg V;jwa sj d;wi wiVjlqpKy[ fjdwlajVg f>ujWg ljdha sj hg bdV,tCrJ lpFj WS yp,wj h{ m dHh lpFj lvgq Ldh;jssg dHl fplaw dry'G rg RpeCsj ] m

²

drsrjV v[twJ sg ujSwjig dh,a

l.rjs vHg drsrjV bjfS[ diliy f[fi f>ujWg s[ dwl[ rg x"GB dry h[n dvt[Hg-q[v fdabJ $a[ F[uS sg d*fjvaj wiV ^

[email protected]

[email protected]

• t'u-f,ai bS-Adfbj h'Sj yjhgsj ] ba[ h'i dwa[ Vj F[dubj h'r[ m• t'u-f,ai i{ igc f{Vv s[ qpvJwS Rpfi.a hg Af[ej m• lji[ f+jfa t'u-f,ai dHw b>w dry AjfS[ l.Fr Vhk hV m i{ igc f{Vv sg y'S h'S

Rpfi.a t'u-f,ai bev[ b>w vHg ijtrJ i,Ddtbj uj lwsj ] m-l.fjsw

khalsa college, amritsar · 2017. 5. 10. · sanvad (dialogic) punjabi refereed research journal...

Documents