khmer layout page:layout 1 - wordpress.com · 2009-02-05 · éf¶ti17 exemsa...

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RbeTskm<úCaenAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975.

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1

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2

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GgÁkarbBa¢ÚneTAsmrPUmiehIyRtÚvsøab;rab;Ban;nak;.

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vaysRmúkcUlRbeTskm<úCa ehIydeNþImkan;kab;)anTIRkúgPñMeBjenAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979.

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)ane)aHeqñatpþl;Gasn³enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati [eTARkúmGñkts‘URbqaMgnwgkumµúynIsþ EdlmanExµrRkhm

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faCatMNagRsbc,ab;EtmYyKt;rbs;km<úCa.

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sWn san edIm,IbegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHRtIPaKI. enAPñMeBjÉeNHvij evotNam)anCYybegáItrdæaPi)alfµImYy

KW{saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa} EdldwknaMedaysmmitþ ehg sMrin.

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3

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kñúgsgÁmCatirhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH. enAeRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRbCaCnExµrRbmaNBIrlannak;)ansøab;

edaysarCMgW EdlbNþalmkBIkarxVHxatfñaMsgáÚvnigesvasuxaPi)al karGt;Gahar karsmøab; b¤kareFVIBlkmµ

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bTBiesaFn_EdlxøÜn)anCYbRbTH.

4

valBiXatenAkm<úCa³ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCaEdleRbIR)as;]bkrN_kMNt;TItaMgPUmisa®sþkñúgkarEsVgrknigKUEpnTIreNþAsaksBrYm

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rkeXIjvalBiXatcMnYn388kEnøg EdlrYmman19733reNþA ¬reNþAmYycMnYnmansaksB4nak;b¤eRcInCagenH ehIymYycMnYnepSg

eTotmansaksBrhUtdl;eTACagmYyBan;nak;¦. CagenHeTAeTot mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa)anrkeXIjTItaMgKukcMnYn196 nigTItaMg

bUCnIydæanEdlsagsg;eLIgeRkayrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyücMnYn81.

5

CMBUkTI2

etIExµrRkhmCaGñkNa?etIExµrRkhmeLIgkan;GMNacedayrebobNa?

1> clnakumµúynIsþdMbUgbMput

clnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCaekItecjBIclnats‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM

1940. enAExemsa qñaM1950 KWkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy2KN³RbtiPUcMnYnBIrrynak;

)anmkCYbCuMKñaenAextþkMBt ehIy)anbegáItrNsirSÉkPaB\sSr³ ¬Exµr\sSr³¦ EdldwknaMedayRkúmkumµúynIsþ.

RkúmenHshkarCamYyevotNamedIm,IeFVIkarts‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg.

emdwknaMExµrRkhmCiHkñúgrfePøIg ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

6

rNsirSenHdwknaMeday sWg g:ukmij ¬Gacarüemon¦EdlCaGacarüenAvtþ]NÑaelam. can; sm½y

mannaTICaGnuRbFanrNsirS nig suIv ehg CaelxaFikar. smaCikrNsirSesÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCaCnCatiExµrEdl

ecHniyayPasaevotNam. smaCikmYycMnYnrbs;rNsirS)ankøayCasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin begáIt

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CatiniymEdl)ankøayeTACaCnkumµúynIsþkñúgeBl

sñak;GaRs½yeronsURtenAbreTs.

nisSitmYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamnisSitTaMgenH

eRkaymk)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþ

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sun esn/ exov sMpn/ nig eGog sarI. Cn

TaMgenHyl;eXIjfa ksikrnigRbCaCnRkIRkenA

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nUvÉkraCPaBnigPaBesµIKñaenAkñúgsgÁm.

2> karbegáItbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr

enAqñaM1951 enAeBlkarvayRbyuT§

RbqaMgnwg)araMgkan;EtmansPaBxøaMgkøaeLIgenA

kñúg]bTVIb\NÐÚcin CnkumµúynIsþevotNam)anpþÜc

epþIm[mankarbegáIteLIgnUvbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_

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sm¶at;enH rYmman ³

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� can; sm½y TTYlbnÞúkEpñkesdækic©

b:ul Bt ¬eQµaHedIm saLút s¦

b:ul Bt ekItqñaM1925 RtÚvnwgqñaMqøÚvenAextþkMBg;FM.

«Bukrbs; b:ul Bt KWCam©as;dIsþúksþmÖmñak;. b:ul Bt

)aneTArs;enACamYybgRbúsEdlCam®nþIeFVIkarenAkñúg

RBHbrmraCvaMgenAeBlGayu)anR)aMmYyqñaM. enAPñMeBj

b:ul Bt )ansikSaeronsURtenAtamsala)araMgCaeRcIn

ehIy)anbYsCaelakenn.

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sikSaenARbeTs)araMg b:uEnþmin)anTTYlsBaØab½RteT.

kñúgGMLúgeBlsñak;enAeronsURtenARkúg):arIs b:ul Bt

)ankøayeTACasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ)araMg ehIy)an

cMNayeBly:ageRcIneTAelIskmµPaBneya)ay. enA

eBl b:ul Bt RtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenAqñaM1953

b:ul Bt )anbeRgónRbvtþiviTüanigPUmiviTüaenAsalaÉkCn

ehIy)ancUlrUmCamYyclnakumµúynIsþxusc,ab;mYy.

b:ul Bt erobkarCamYy exov b:uNÑarI enAqñaM1956.

enAqñaM 1960 b:ul Bt manzan³TIbIenAkñúgbkSBlkr

km<úCa. b:ul Bt RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaGnuelxabkSTIBIr

kñúgqñaM1961 nigCaelxabkSkñúgqñaM1963. eRkay

mk b:ul Bt )andwknaMkgT½BExµrRkhmeFVIs®gÁamRbqaMg

nwgrbbsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl;.

b:ul Bt )ankøayCanaykrdæm®nþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFib

etyükñúgqñaM1976 ehIy)anlaElgBItMENgenHenAqñaM

1979 b:uEnþ)anbnþsßitenACaemdwknaMd¾man\T§iBlrbs;

ExµrRkhmdEdl. b:ul Bt rs;enAnireTsxøÜnPaKeRcIn

enAelITwkdIéf rhUtdl;éf¶TTYlmrNPaBKWenAéf¶TI15

Exemsa qñaM1998. saksBrbs; b:ul Bt RtÚv)an

bUCaenAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1998.

7

enAeBlEdls®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYyRtÚvbBa©b;enAqñaM1954 kgT½Brbs;)araMg)andkecjBI\NÐÚcin

ehIykgkmøaMgrbs;evotmij k¾dkecjBIkm<úCaEdr. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾smaCikkgT½BevotNammYycMnYn

bnþsñak;enAkm<úCateTAeTot. edaymankar)armÖBIsuvtßiPaBbdivtþn__enAeBlEdlRbB½n§neya)aymankarpøas;bþÚr

suIv ehg can; sm½y kmµaPi)al nigskmµCnbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ExµrCagmYyBan;nak;eTot)anePosxøÜneTA

evotNamxageCIg EdlenATIenaH GñkTaMgenH)ancUlrYmCamYy sWg g:ukmij nigskmµCndéTeTotEdlePos

xøÜneTAdl;TIenaHmunbnþic.

minyUrb:unµan suIv ehg )anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij GmdMeNIreday nYn Ca ¬smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ

\NÐÚcin Edl)aneTAhVwkhVWnenARbeTséfnigevotNam¦ nigkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;epSgeTot. edaysarembkS sWg

g:ukmij sñak;enAnireTsxøÜnÉTIRkúghaNUy bkSRbCaCn bdivtþn_ExµrRtÚv)andwknaMedayKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim

eyaFaExµrRkhmkMBugpwkTwkdUg ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

8

beNþaHGasnñmYy Edlman suIv ehg Caelxa nig TU samut Ca Gnuelxa. nYn Ca manzan³lMdab;TIbI.

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enAkñúgbkSsßitkñúgédkmµaPi)alevotNam paM v:an;)a EdlFøab;rs;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyEdl)anGHGagfa

evotNamKYrbnþRKb;RKgelIclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCateTA

eTot.

TU samut TTYlxusRtÚvelIskmµPaBkargarrbs;bkS

enATIRkúgedaymanCMnYyBI nYn Ca nig saLúts ¬eRkay

mkRtÚv)ansÁal;fa b:ul Bt¦ EdleTIbEtRtLb;mkBIsikSa

enARbeTs)araMg. RkúmkumµúynIsþenAPñMeBj)aneRbIR)as;

b:ul Bt CaGñkTak;TgkñúgkarbegáItKNbkSRsbc,ab;mYy

ehA {bkSRbCaCn}. KNbkSenH)ancUlrYmRbkYtRbECg

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kic©RBmeRBógTIRkúghSWENv. KNbkSenHdwknaMeday Ek

mas EdlCamnusSsßitenAeRkamkarbgÁab;bBa¢arbs; TU

samut.

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rbs;bkS. b:ul Bt k¾)aneFVITMnak;TMngCamYyKNbkS

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RbCaFibetyüEdlmanninñakarRbqaMgnwgBYkskþiPUmi nigBYk

mUlFnniymenaHnwgQñHenAkñúgkare)aHeqñatenH ehIynwg

pþl;\T§iBlneya)ayxøHmk[RkúmkumµúynIsþkm<úCa.

eTaHCay:agenHkþI b:ul Bt )aneFVIkarBüakrN_

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TaMgGs;enAkñúgrdæsPaCati cMENkbkSRbCaCnTTYlsMeLg

eqñatEtbIPaKryb:ueNÑaH. Pøam²enaHsuIv ehg eCOCak;fa

buBVehturbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþenAkm<úCasßitkñúgPaBGs;sgÇwm

eRBaHfaRbCaCnesÞIrEtTaMgGs;)anKaMRTkmµviFIneya)ay

rbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu CagKMniteFVIbdivtþn_. Cag

enHeTAeTot clnaExµr\sSr³mYycMnYn)ane)aHbg;ecalkar

ts‘Urbs;xøÜn ehIycuHcUlCamYYyraCrdæaPi)alrbs;semþc

nYn Ca ¬eQµaHedIm rugLWt LavDI ¦

nYn Ca ekItqñaM1926 enAextþ)at;dMbg.

enAqñaM1942 nYn Ca )aneTAbnþfñak;mFümsikSa

kRmit2enATIRkúg)agkkedayrs;enAvtþbiNÐ

cam:abUBit. enAqñaM1944 nYn Ca sikSaEpñk

c,ab;enAsklviTüal½yFmµsat EdlenATIenaH

nYn Ca )ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþéf.

nYn Ca vilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM

1950 ehIy)anbþÚrsmaCikPaBrbs;xøÜnmk

CasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin. nYn Ca

)ancUlsikSavKÁhVwkhVWnenATIRkúghaNUy kñúg

qñaM1954 ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij

enAqñaM1955. nYn Ca RtÚv)aneRCIserIsCa

GnuelxabkSBlkrkm<úCaenAqñaM1960.

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nYn Ca RtÚv

)aneRCIstaMgCaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCn

km<úCa. nYn Ca k¾mantMENgCaGnuelxaKN³

kmµaFikarmCÄim nigKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS

pgEdr. nYn Ca edIrtYnaTIsMxan;kñúgbBaðasnþisux

ehIykñúgnamCakmµaPi)alCan;x<s;lMdab;TIBIr

nYn Ca TTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ay

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KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS.

nYn Ca )annireTsxøÜneTARBMEdnExµr-éf

enAqñaM1979. nYn Ca CamYy exov sMpn )an

cuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCabnÞab;BImrN

PaBrbs; b:ul Bt enAqñaM1998.

9

RBHneratþmsIhnu. enAqñaM1956 suIv ehg )aneFVIkarTak;TgCasm¶at;CamYy]tþmesnIy_ ln; nl; EdlCa

GKÁbBa¢akarkgT½Brbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu ehIyEdl)anpþl;CUn suIv ehg nUvkarFanasnþisuxsuvtßiPaB

pÞal;xøÜn. enAqñaM1959 suIv ehg )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alsgÁmra®sþniymrbs; semþcRBHneratþm

sIhnu EdleFVI[GaCJaFrrdæaPi)almanlT§PaBcg¥úlnigcab;xøÜnkmµaPi)albkSlYclak;xusc,ab;CaeRcInrUb.

eyagtamsmþIrbs; b:ul Bt BIqñaM1955dl;qñaM1959 smaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ExµrRbEhlekAsib

PaKryRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn nigsmøab;. rhUtmkdl;edImqñaM1960 manEtkmµaPi)albkSRbEhl800nak;

nigsaxabkSBIrenACnbTb:ueNÑaH EdlenAmanskmµPaBnigdMeNIrkareBjelj. saxaTaMgBIrenaHrYmman ³

� PUmiPaKbUBa’manmUldæanenAextþkMBg;cam ¬dwknaMeday esa Pwm¦nig

� PUmiPaKnirtImanmUldæanenAextþtaEkv ¬dwknaMeday Qit eCOn ehA tam:uk¦.

TU samut/ b:ul Bt/ nig nYn Ca )anbnþdwknaMskmµPaBbkSenATIRkúgPñMeBj edaymanCMnYyBI eGog

sarI nig sun esn CabBaØvnþBIrnak;epSgeTotEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg.

3> bkSBlkrkm<úCa

mhasnñi)atrbs;bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr)anR)arB§eFVIeLIgCasm¶at; enAkñúgsßanIyrfePøIgnaTIRkúgPñMeBj

BIéf¶TI28dl;éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1960. mhasnñi)atenHRtÚv)ancUlrYmedaysmaCikR)aMBIrrUbBIsaxabkS

mhasnñi)atbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

10

enATIRkúgnigdb;bYnrUbBIsaxabkSenACnbT. mhasnñi)at)anseRmcerobcMbkSsaCafµI begáItmaKa’neya)ayfµI

nigbþÚreQµaHbkSeTACabkSBlkrkm<úCa. TU samut )anTTYltMENgCaelxabkS ehIy nYn Ca CaGnuelxa.

enAeBlenaH b:ul Bt manzan³lMdab;TIIbIkñúgbkSehIyTTYltMENgCaGnuelxaTIBIrenAqñaM1961.

bnÞab;BI TU samut )an)at;xøÜn7enAqñaM1962 mhasnñi)atbkSCabnÞan;mYyRtÚv)anR)arB§eFVIeLIg

enAExkumÖ³qñaM1963. mhasnñi)at)aneRCIstaMg b:ul Bt CaelxabkS. nYn Ca EdlmantMENgx<s;

Cag b:ul Bt enAkñúgbkSminRtÚv)aneRCIserIseT edayehtufa nYn Ca manCab;sac;jatiCamYyCnk,t;bkS

suIv ehg. mü:ageTot nYn Ca KWCaCnkumµúynIsþesµaHRtg;mñak; Edlcg;[bkSBlkrkm<úCakan;EtrwgmaMeLIg

tMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgEx]sPaqñaM1972. tMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkcas;bgðajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExµrRkhm

ehIytMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkRsalbgðajBItMbn;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExµr ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

11

dUecñH nYn Ca mineFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYy b:ul Bt sRmab;tMENgenHeT. nYn Ca )anbnþsßitenACaGnuelxa

bkSnigCaCn d¾man\T§iBlmñak;enAkñúgclnakumµúynIsþGs;ry³eBlCagsamsibqñaM.

bnÞab;BITTYltMENgCaelxabkSPøam b:ul Bt )aneTARCkekanenAÉmUldæanT½Brbs;evotNamenAPaK

|sanRbeTsehAfa{mnÞIr100}. enAqñaM1965 b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvlMhUCImij eTATIRkúghaNUy

edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSaCamYyevotNamxageCIg. b:ul Bt )aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscinnigkUer:xageCIg.

b:ul Bt RtÚv)anTTYlsVaKmn_enARbeTscin RbkbedayPaBrak;Tak;CagenAevotNam ehIy b:ul Bt mankarmin

tMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgEx]sPaqñaM1973. tMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkcas;bgðajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExµrRkhm

ehIytMbn; EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkRsalbgðajBItMbn;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExµr ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

12

eBjcitþcMeBaHKMnitEdlfaclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCaRtÚvEt

bnþsßitenAeRkamkaremIlkarxusRtÚvrbs;evotNamteTA

eTot.

4> bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa

enAExkBaØa qñaM1966 bnÞab;BIdMeNIrbMeBj

TsSnkic©eRkARbeTs b:ul Bt )anbþÚreQµaHbkSeTACa

bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa edayehtufa b:ul Bt cg;bnßy

\T§iBlrbs;evotNam nigrwtcMNgmitþPaBCamYycin.

KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSenAeBlenaHrYmman³ b:ul Bt/

nYn Ca/ eGogsarI/ vn ev:t ¬GtItRKÚbeRgónenAviTüal½y

ceRmInviC¢aenAPñMeBj¦ nig sun esn.

kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1960 smaCikfµI²rbs;

ExµrRkhm)anekIneLIgEfmeTot. PaKeRcInénRkúmenH

rs;enAtambeNþayRBMEdnevotNam EdlCatMbn;dac;

Rsyalq¶ayBIkgkmøaMgeyaFarbs;semþcRBHneratþmRkbTsSnavdþI{km<úCa}rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü elx3 ExmIna

qñaM1978 ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

karsEmþgsil,³kñúgtMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhmkñúgextþRkecH ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

13

sIhnu. mUldæanFMrbs;bkSBIqñaM1966eTAqñaM1970sßitenAextþrtnKIrI.

enAExmIna qñaM1970 ]tþmesnIy_ ln; nl; nigshkarIrbs;Kat;EdlniymshrdæGaemrik)aneFVIrdæ

RbharTmøak;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu ecjBIRBHRbmuxrdæedayeCaKC½y. minyUrb:unµanbnÞab;BIenaH kgkmøaMg

evotmijnigExµrRkhm)ankan;kab;tMbn;CaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTs. RbCaCnrab;muWnnak;)anbdiesFminKaMRTrdæaPi)al

saFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; ehIyEbrCacUlrYmCamYyExµrRkhmedIm,InaMyksemþcRBH

neratþm sIhnu mkRKb;RKgGMNacvij. kñúgeBlenaHEdr semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )annireTsRBHkay

eTARbeTscin. edaymankarelIkTwkcitþnigkarCYyeRCamERCgBIsMNak;rdæaPi)alcin rdæaPi)alevotNamxag

eCIg nigbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa RBHGgÁ)anbegáIt{rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa} nigrdæaPi)alnireTsmYyEdlman

eQµaHfa {raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa}8. smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCak¾CasmaCikrbs;raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYm

Catikm<úCaEdr.

sPaBkarN_vivtþn_TaMgenH)anpþl;»kasy:ageRcIndl;RkúmExµrRkhm. evotNamxageCIgnigcinKaMRT

RkúmExµrRkhm ehIysemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anGMBavnav[RbCaCncUléRBm:aKI¬éRBEdlGñkts‘UeFVIbdivtþn_

lak;xøÜn¦ CYypþÜlrMlMrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesna Rbmux ln; nl;. CagenHeTAeTot karTmøak;

RKab;Ebkd¾sn§wksn§ab;rbs;rbbsaFarNrdæExµr eRkamkarCYyeRCamERCgrbs;shrdæGaemrikeTAelIpøÚvpÁt;pÁg;

smÖarnigmUldæannanarbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþ )aneFVI[mankarKaMRTExµrRkhmBIsMNak;RbCaCnkan;EteRcIneLIg

ehIykmøaMgT½Brbs;ExµrRkhmmancMnYnkan;EtekIneLIgCalMdab;.

kgkmøaMgkumµúynIsþevotNam )ancUlkan;EteRCAeTAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM1970 ehIy)aneFVIkar

CamYyExµrRkhmedIm,IerIsnighVwkhVWnT½BsRmab;kgkmøaMgts‘U Edl)anekIneLIgBIcMnYnRbEhl3Ban;nak;

enAqñaM1970 eTAcMnYn4muWnnak;kñúgqñaM1973. enAelIsmrPUmi edaymanCMnYyBIevotNam ExµrRkhm)an

TTYlC½yCmñHelIkgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; CabnþbnÞab;. cugqñaM1972 kgT½BevotNam)andk

ecjBIkm<úCa ehIy)anRbKl;bnÞúksMxan;²éns®gÁamenHmk[bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaRKb;RKgvij. eTaHCay:ag

enHkþI TIRbwkSaevotNamBIrb¤bIBan;nak;)anbnþsñak;enAeFVICaTIRbwkSaEpñkbec©keTs.

cab;BIExmkradl;ExsIha qñaM1973 rbbsaFarNrdæExµrEdlmanshrdæGaemrikCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;eRKÓg

sBVavuF)anTmøak;RKab;EbkRbmaNknøHlanetanelIkm<úCa ehIyeFVI[RbCaCnExµrRbEhlbIEsnnak;søab;)at;bg;

CIvit. karTmøak;RKab;EbkenH)anBnüWtdMeNIreq<aHeTArkC½yCmñHrbs;ExµrRkhm ehIykñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH

mnusSCaeRcInEdlxwgsm,anwgkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk ehIyEdlman)at;bg;smaCikRKÜsarxøÜnenaH)ancUlrYmCamYy

bdivtþn_ExµrRkhm.

kgT½BExµrRkhmmanPaBsVahab; nigeKarBvin½yCagkgT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ehIyRkúm

ExµrRkhmGacRTaMRTnwgkarxVHxatmðÚbGaharnigfñaMsgáÚv)an. CagenHeTAeTot {ExµrhaNUy}9mYycMnYn)an

RtLb;cUlmkkñúgRbeTsvij edIm,ICYyclnabdivtþn_rbs;ExµrRkhm. GñkTaMgGs;enHRtÚv)andak;[kan;tMENg

fñak;TabenATUTaMgRbeTs b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;qñaM1973 KWbnÞab;BITIRbwkSaevotNamPaKeRcInRtLb;eTARbeTsxøÜnvij

GñkTaMgenaHRtÚv)aneFVIXatCasm¶at; eRkambBa¢arbs;fñak;dwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlcg;[bkSecjputBI

14

\T§iBlrbs;evotNam.

enAedImqñaM1973 Eb:tsibR)aMPaKryénRbeTskm<úCa)anFøak;eRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;ExµrRkhm

ehIykgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; esÞIrEtKµanlT§PaBeFVIkarRbyuT§bnþeTAeToteT. eTaHCay:agenHkþI

edaysarmanCMnYyBIshrdæGaemrik kgT½BelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; manlT§PaBbnþkarRbyuT§CamYyExµr

RkhmGs;ry³eBlCagBIrqñaMbnþmkeTot.

15

CMBUkTI3

kareLIgkan;GMNacrbs;ExµrRkhm

1> karcUlkan;kab;TIRkúgPñMeBj

éf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975)anbBa©b;nUvkareRCótERCkBIsMNak;breTs karTmøak;RKab;Ebk nigkar

RbQmGavuFdak;Kñaéns®gÁamsuIvilExµrry³eBlR)aMqñaMenAkm<úCa. k¾b:uEnþenAéf¶dEdlenH TIRkúgPñMeBj)anFøak;eTA

kñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmøaMgkumµúynIsþTaMgRsug.

kgkmøaMg]TÞamEdlRbkbedayÉksNæanBN’exµAnigBN’Gacm_esH )aneFVIdMeNIrcUlTIRkúgBIRKb;TisTI.

RbCaCnTIRkúgTaMgGs;)annaMKñaecjmkQreRtóbRtatamdgpøÚv ehIyERskGbGrsaTrnigRKvITg;RkNat;s.

eTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾manmnusSCaeRcInnak;)ansm¶Mlak;xøÜnenAkñúgpÞH edayRBÜy)armÖfa xøÜnGacRtÚvcab;

b¤)aj;smøab; eRBaHPøam²enaH ExµrRkhm)anRbkastamviTüúCatifaxøÜnminEmnmkedIm,IcrcaCamYynrNa

TaMgGs; ehIynwgeFVIkarRbharCIvitm®nþICan;x<s;nigembBa¢akarT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alcas;10.

kmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTsenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

16

CnbreTsrab;rynak;nigCnCatiExµrmYycMnYn)anrt;eTARCkekanenAsNæaKarLWPñM ¬bc©úb,nñsNæaKar

LWr:Uy:al;¦ Edlkak)aTRkhmGnþrCati)anRbkasfaCatMbn;GBüaRkwt. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlExµrRkhmcUl

Binitüe)assMGatsNæaKarenH CnbreTs GñkkaEst nigCnCatiExµrRbEhlmYYyrynak;epSgeTot)anrt;eTA

RCkekankñúgbrievNsßanTUt)araMgvij. ExµrRkhm)anbBa¢aCnCatiExµrTaMgGs;enAkñúgsßanTUt[eFVIdMeNIreTA

CnbTedIm,IeFVIkargarksikmµ. CnbreTsRbmaN610nak;)anbnþsñak;enAkñúgsßanTUt Gs;ry³eBlBIrs)þah_

eTot munnwgRtÚvdwkCBa¢ÚntamLaneTAkan;RBMEdnéf.

Pøam²bnÞab;BIrMedaH)anTIRkúgPñMeBj ExµrRkhm)anRbharCIvitemdwknaMCan;x<s;bIrUb m®nþIraCkar nig

nayTahanrab;rynak;rbs;rdæaPi)al

saFarNrdæExµr. emdwknaMCan;x<s;TaMgbI

rUbenHrYmmannaykrdæm®nþI Lúg bUer:t

RBHGgÁm©as;suIsuvtiß sirimt³ nig ln;

Nun ¬b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln;

nl;¦. elakesnaRbmux)ancakecj

BIRbeTsmunenHbnþicCamYynwgR)ak;

esaFnnivtþn_cMnYnmYylanduløarGaemrik.

rdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrik)anyl;RBm

CemøósGñkTaMgbIeTAkan;shrdæGaemrik

b:uEnþGñkTaMgenH)anbdiesFminRBmcak

ecj. RBHGgÁ m©as; suIsuvtßi sirimt³

)ansresrsMbuRtmYyc,ab;epJIeTAsßan

TUtshrdæGaemrik EdlmanesckþIfa ³

´sUmsEmþgnUvkardwgKuNy:agesµaHsµ½RKcMeBaHsMbuRt nigkarpþl;CUnrbs;elakedIm,I

naM´eTAkan;esrIPaB. b:uEnþKYr[Gnic©a ´minGaccakecjkñúgsPaBd¾kMsakEbbenH)an

eT. cMeBaHelak ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHRbeTsd¾Gs©arürbs;Gñk ´minEdleCOmYyvinaTI

NaeLIyfa elakdac;citþe)aHbg;ecalmnusSEdl)aneRCIserIsykesrIPaB. elak

)anbdiesFminpþl;karkarBardl;eyIg´ ehIyeyIg´minGaceFVIGVI)anTaMgGs;>>> ´)an

RbRBwtþkMhusEtmYyKt;KWkareCOCak;eTAelIshrdæGaemrik. sUmTTYlnUvkarrab;GanGMBI

Ék]tþm mitþCaTIRslaj;rbs;´ mitþd¾esµaHRtg;nigrYsrayrak;Tak;rbs;´.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmnigTIRbwkSacinQrenABImuxsNæaKarLWPñM ¬bc©úb,nñsNæaKarLWr:Uy:al;¦


17

2> karCemøósRbCaCnecjBITIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCn

RbCaCnenAtamTIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnPaKeRcIneCOCak;fa xøÜnnwgrs;enARbkbedaysuxsnþiPaBeRkamkar

RKb;RKgrbs;emdwknaMfµIrbs;xøÜn ehIyfaRbCaCnRKb;rUbnwgBYtédKñaeFVIkaredIm,IbRgÜbRgÜmCati. pÞúyeTAvij

BIrb¤bIem:agbnÞab;BIkan;kab;TIRkúgPñMeBj kgT½BExµrRkhm)ancab;epþIm)aj;rHeTAelIGakasCasBaØabgçM[RbCaCn

cakecjBITIRkúg.

ExµrRkhm)anbgçMGñkrs;enATIRkúgPñMeBjRbEhlBIrlannak; EdlkñúgenaHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkePosxøÜnkñúg

GMLúgeBls®gÁamCagmYylannak;pg[eTACnbT. kñúgry³eBlmYys)þah_ RbCaCnkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBjnig

TIRbCuMCnepSg²eTot EdlFøab;RKb;RKgedayrbbsaFarNrdæExµrRtÚv)anbeNþjecjeTAeFIVkargarksikmµenA

tMbn;CnbT.

suwm sut ehA kuy EdlCaGñkFak;suIkøÚenATIRkúgPñMeBj)anrMlwkeLIgvijnUvehtukarN_EdlKat;)an

eXIjkñúgGMLúgeBlCemøós ³

enAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 ´)anecjdMeNIreTARbkbrbrdUcFmµta. BIr-bIem:ag

eRkaymk ´eXIjkgT½BExµrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrmkPñMeBj. RbCaCn)anecjmkeRkAehIy

emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüCYbCamYyKN³RbtiPUbreTs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

18

RKvIRkNat;snigGavssVaKmn_ExµrRkhm. Pøam²enaH BYkeK)an)aj;kaMePøIgeTAelI

Gakas bBa¢aRbCaCn[cakecjBITIRkúgedayGHGagfaGaemrikaMgnwgmkTmøak;RKab;Ebk.

dUcGñkÉeTotEdr ´)anRbjab;Rbjal;eFVIdMeNIrcakecjenAem:agdb;CamYybgRbus´

mitþPkþienAvtþCamYy´nigelaksgÇ. enAelIpøÚvd¾ENnNan;tan;tab; ´B¤sUrsMeLgmnusS

mñaERskehArk«Bukmþaynigbgb¥Ún nigsERmkekµg²yMTarrk)ay. ExµrRkhm)anrwbGUs

ykrbs;rbrRbCaCn. GñkEdlCMTas;minRBm[ nwgRtÚvsmøab;b¤k¾cab;xøÜnykeTA)at;.

enAeBlEdl´kMBugEtedIr T½BExµrRkhmRsImñak;)anTajkGav´ ehIysYr´fa CaGtItTahan

b¤? Kat;ruj´fyeRkayvij enAeBlEdl´R)ab;Kat;fa´CakUnsisS. ´k¾)anbnþdMeNIr

rbs; eTARkúgtaexµA. enAtampøÚv ´)aneXIjsaksBEdleTIbEtehImfµI²CaeRcIn. bnÞab;

BI)aneFVIdMeNIrGs;ry³eBlbIéf¶ ´)anmkdl;extþtaEkv.

minmankarelIkElgNa

mYyeTenAkñúgkarCemøósenH. Gñk

CMgWRtÚv)anbeNþjecjBImnÞIreBTü.

GñkePosxøÜnrab;Ban;nak; CaBiess

kUnekµg cas;Cra nigGñkCMgW)an

søab;enAtampøÚv. ®sþImanépÞeBaH

CaeRcIn)ansøab;enAeBlsRmalkUn

edaysarKµanfña Mn igesvasuxa

Pi)al. kUnekµg)anvegVg)at;BI

«BukmþayehIy RbCaCnPaKeRcIn

mindwgfaetImanGVIkMBugEtekIteLIg

enaHeT.

sU rI RbCaCnrs;enAextþ

taEkvk¾)anrMlwkBIRBwtþikarN_Cemøós

RbCaCnecjBITIRkúgPñMeBjEdr.

bþIrbs; sU rI KWCaTahanrbs;rbb

saFarNrdæExµrEdlRtÚvrbYsRtg;

ePøA kñúgeBlRbyuT§CamYykgT½BExµr

Rkhm ehIyRtÚvbBa¢ÚnmkBüa)al

enAmnÞIreBTüPñMeBj.sU rI )anerob

rab;fa³GakasyandæanGnþrCatieBaFicintug¬PñMeBj¦ Exemsa qñaM1975


19

kgT½BExµrRkhm)anbBa¢a[BYkeyIgecjBITIRkúg. ńiyayfa {´minGaceTA)aneT eRBaH´

kMBugmanépÞeBaH ehIybþI manrbYsF¶n;}. BYkeKenAEtbgçM[eyIgcakecj. BYkeyIgyM

eGIyyMeRBaHbþIédIrminrYc. bnÞab;mk eyIgrk)anreTHmYy. ´RKah_bþI´dak;elIreTH

ehIy)andak;RkmaTak;kGUsbþI bnþeTot. eyIgcg;eTAtaEkv EtExµrRkhm)anbgçM[eyIg

eFVIdMeNIreTAmuxbnþeTottampøÚvCatielx5. eyIgqøgkat;ERBkkþam ehIyk¾Qb;daM)ay

hUb. eBlhUb)ayehIyeKR)ab;eyIg[eTAmuxeTot. ´GUsreTHeLIgrlakRkelonGs;

ehIy. enAtampøÚv bþI RtÚveKcab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal. ýMxøaMgNas; b:uEnþmindwgeFVI

y:agem:c. ´)aneTAdl;RsukcmáarelI extþkMBg;cam. mYyExeRkaymk ´qøgTenø)an

kUnRsImYy.

ExµrRkhm)anBnül;ehtuplCaeRcInGMBImUlehtu EdlGgÁkarRtÚvbeNþjRbCaCnTaMgGs;[ecjBI

TIRkúg.kñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósExµrRkhm)anR)ab;RbCaCnfashrdæGaemriknwgmkTmøak;RKab;EbkenAPñMeBjehIy

faRbCaCnmincaM)ac;cak;esapÞHeT eRBaHfaRbCaCnTaMgGs;nwgGacRtLb;mkvijkñúgry³eBlBIr-bIéf¶eTot.

eGog sarI ]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTsrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü eRkaymk)anBnül;

ehtuplénkarCemøósfa bNþalmkBIkgVHxatsmÖarnigmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnedIm,IdwkmðÚbGaharmkkan;TIRkúg.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmenAvalERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

20

b:ul Bt enAkñúgeBlbMeBjTsSnkic©enARbeTscinenAExtula qñaM1977 )anniyayfa mUlehtuénkar

CemøósRbCaCnKWedIm,IbMEbkRkúmcarkic©rbs;xµaMg.

RbvtþiviTUPaKeRcIn)anyl;Rsbfa ExµrRkhmmankarebþCJacitþy:agmutmaMedIm,IERbkøaykm<úCa[eTACa

RbeTsrbs;ksikrnigBlkrEdlkñúgenaHGMeBIBukrlYy skþiPUminiym nigmUlFnniym nwgRtÚvlubbM)at;ecal

TaMgRsug. ExµrRkhmyl;eXIjfaRbCaCnenATIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnnanaCamnusSmins¥ats¥M ehIymanEtksikr

enAtamTICnbTb:ueNÑaHEdls¥ats¥MRKb;RKan;sRmab;bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn.

bnÞab;BIkarCemøós)anbBa©b; TIRkúgPñMeBj)ankøayeTACa {TIRkúgexµac} EdlmanmnusSrs;enARbEhl

bYnmuWnnak;b:ueNÑaH. GñkEdlbnþsßitenAkñúgTIRkúgKWsuT§EtCakmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCan;x<s; kgT½B nigkmµkrerag

cRk. manhaglk;TMnijEtmYyKt;enAkñúgTIRkúg¬pSarFMfµI¦ EdlebIklk;sRmab;GñkkarTUt. ExµrRkhm)anÉeka

RbeTsBIBiPBelakxageRkA. ExµrRkhmminebIkTUlay[CnbreTscUlmkkñúgRbeTseT ehIyk¾minebIkTUlay

[RbCaCnExµrcakecjBIRbeTsEdr.

BIr-bIéf¶bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt nigkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)aneFVIdMeNIrcUlmkTIRkúg

d¾s¶at;RCgMenH RkúmExµrRkhm)anerobcMBiFIbuNürMlwkviBaØaNkçn§cMeBaHGñk Edl)anBlICIvitkñúgGMLúgeBl

s®gÁam. enATIRkúgeb:kaMgÉeNaHvij manmnusSCagmYymuWnnak;nigm®nþICan;x<s;cinCaeRcInrUb)anR)arB§BiFI

C½yCmñHrbs;kgT½BkumµúynIsþkm<úCa elIrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrEdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu emdwknaMmanEteQµaHrbs;kgT½Bbdivtþn_min)an

cUlrYmkñúgBiFIenHeT. RBHGgÁKg;enAEk,rRBHmatarbs;RBHGgÁ KWRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtiß kusum³narIr½tñ

sirIvDÆna EdlkMBugEtRbQYnCaTm¶n;enATIRkúgeb:kaMg. kñúgGMLúgeBlKg;enAnireTsxøÜnenATIRkúgeb:kaMgtaMgBI

qñaM1970 rdæaPi)alkumµúynIsþcin)anfVayRBHGgÁnUvkarKaMRTTaMgpøÚvneya)aynigpøÚvcitþ RBmTaMgPUmiRKwHRbkb

edaypasukmYyeTotpg. eRkaymk RBHGgÁ)aneFVIesckþIEføgkarN_mYyekatsresIrBIC½yCmñHrbs;ExµrRkhm.

21

CMBUkTI4

karbegáItrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

1> GgÁkar11

eTaHbICaExµrRkhm)aneFVIcm,aMgRbqaMgnwgrbbsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; Gs;ry³

eBlR)aMqñaMk¾eday k¾clnanigemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;ExµrRkhmminRtÚv)anpSBVpSayCasaFarN³eT. bkSkumµúynIsþ

km<úCa)anrkSakarsm¶at;enHesÞIrEteBjry³eBlEdlxøÜnRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa.

GgÁkarbdivtþn_RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedaysmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)andwknaMCasm¶at;

BIsMNak; b:ul Bt.

enAExkBaØa qñaM1975 KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCarYmman ³ b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ esa Pwm/

eGog sarI/ sun esn/ tam:uk/ nig vn ev:t. enAqñaM1977 smaCikbInak;eTot¬jwm rs;/ exov sMpn nig

Ek Bk¦RtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgKN³kmµaFikarenH. b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI/ sun esn nig exov sMpn )anTTYl

emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCasmaCikKN³cié®nþy_énKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ¬BIeqVgeTAsþaMrYmman³ b:ul Bt ¬elxabkS

kumµúynIsþkm<úCanigCanaykrdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦/ nYn Ca ¬GnuelxabkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCanigCaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa¦/ eGog sarI

¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTs¦/ sun esn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkarBarCati¦/ v:n evt ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkEpñkesdækic©¦


22

karGb;rMenARbeTs)araMg cMENk nYn Ca Føab;)ansikSaeronsURtenARbeTséfnigevotNam. smaCikepSgeTot

énKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimmancMeNHdwgbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH.

fñak;dwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaBIqñaM1976-1978

2> karyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCarbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu

rhUtdl;cugqñaM1975 ExµrRkhmenAEtehAxøÜnÉgfaCaraCrdæaPi)al

rYbrYmCatikm<úCa ¬rdæaPi)alEdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgeb:kaMgenA

qñaM1970 EdlmansemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu CaRBHRbFan¦. mkdl;

qñaM1972 ExµrRkhm)anRtÜtRtaelIclnats‘UesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAehIy

b:uEnþedIm,I)ankarTTYlsÁal;BIGnþrCatinigkarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAkñúgRbeTs

clnaenHenAbnþsßiteRkamGFibtIPaBrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu

nigraCrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;RBHGgÁdEdl.

enAExkkáda qñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)ansuMyagsemþcRBHneratþm

sIhnu EdlenAeBlenaH kMBugKg;nireTsenATIRkúgBüúgy:ag RbeTskUer:

xageCIg mkkm<úCa. munyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCa RBHGgÁ)anyagmkkan;TIRkúg

eb:kaMg edIm,IsuMlaRbFanaFibtIcin em:A esTug nignaykrdæm®nþI CU eGnLay

EdlkMBugsRmakBüa)alenAmnÞIreBTü. eRkaymkRBHGgÁ)anmanRBHbnÞÚl

b:ul Bt¬elxabkS¦

esa Pwm* eGog sarI sun esn* tam:uk* vn ev:t* Ek Bk*

exov sMpn

jwm rs;*

nYn Ca¬GnuelxabkS¦

*vn ev:t nig jwm rs; RtÚv)ansmøab;enAqñaM1978. esa Pwm eFVIGtþXatenAqñaM

1978. sun esn RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgqñaM1997. Ek Bk søab;edaysarCMgWenA

qñaM2002. tam:uksøab;edayCMgWenAqñaM2006.

KRmbTsSnavdþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

{Tg;bdivtþn_ elx4 Exemsa qñaM1978}

¬sarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

23

fa³ {karseRmcRBHT½yrbs; kñúgkarvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij minmann½yfa ýl;RBmTTYlsÁal;ExµrRkhm

TaMgenaHeT b:uEnþ´RtÚvEteFVIBlikmµedIm,ICakitþiysdl;RbeTscin ehIyCaBiessdl;elaknaykrdæm®nþIcin

CU eGnLay Edl)anCYyRbeTskm<úCanig

xøÜný:ageRcInelIslub}12. RBHGgÁ)an

yagRtLb;CamYyRBHmehsIenAedImExkBaØa

edaymansemþc Eb:n nut ¬naykrdæm®nþIén

raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa¦ exov sMpn

eGog FIriT§ nigraCvgSanuvgSmYycMnYnGm

RBHraCdMeNIreTotpg.

bnÞab;BIyagnivtþn_mkdl;km<úCaPøam

RBHGgÁ)aneFVICaGFibtIkñúgsm½yRbCuMKN³

rdæm®nþImYy b:uEnþminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[man

RBHbnÞÚlGVITaMgGs;. tMENgCaRBHRbmuxrdæ

EdlRkúmemdwknaMkumµúynIsþfVayRBHGgÁ

enaHminmanGMNaceT. bIs)þah_eRkay

karyagRtLb;mkdl;km<úCa RBHGgÁRtÚv)an

bBa¢ÚneTAGgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTar

kic©RbCuMCamYyKN³RbtiPUbreTs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

ceRmógCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

17emsa mhaeCaKC½y

QamRkhmRcal eRsacRsBRkúgvalkm<úCa matuPUmi

Qam kmµkrksikrd¾]tþm QamyuT§Cn yuT§narIbdivtþn_.

QamERbkøayCakMhwgxøaMgkøa ts‘UemaHmut 17emsa

eRkamTg;bdivtþn_ QamrMedaHputBIPaBéK.

Ceya¡ Ceya 17emsaeCaKC½y mhaGs©arü mann½y

FMeFgelIssm½yGgÁr. eyIgrYbrYmKñaksagkm<úCanigsgÁmfµI

bvr RbCaFibetyü smPaB nigyutþiFm’ tammaKa’m©as;kar

ÉkraCürwgmaM ebþCJadac;xat karBarCatimatuPUmi TwkdI]tþm

bdivtþn_d¾rugerOg.

Ceya¡ Ceya¡ Ceya km<úCafµI RbCaFibetyü sm,Úr

fáúMefáIg ebþCJaeRCagRKvITg;bdivtþn_Rkhmx<s;eLIg sagmatuPUmi

eyIg[ceRmInelatepøaH mharugerOg mhaGs©arü.

24

ykGasn³rbs;km<úCaenAmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCa

Cati. enAkñúgRbeTsÉeNHvij RkúmGñkKaMRTrbs;RBHGgÁ

CaeRcInnak;)an)at;xøÜnedayKµandMNwg. smaCikraC

vgSanuvgSRbEhlémÖGgÁ)ancUlTivgÁtkñúgrbbkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyü ehIyy:agticmanRBHraCvgSanuvgS

R)aMBIrGgÁepSgeTotRtÚv)aneFVIKutenAKukTYlEsøg.

3> rdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

BIéf¶TI15dl;éf¶TI19ExFñÚ qñaM1975 sMeNr

rdæFmµnuBaØmYyRtÚv)anGnum½tedaysmaCikcMnYnmYyBan;

nak;kñúgmhasnñi)atCatienATIRkúgPñMeBj ehIyRtÚv)an

Rbkas[eRbICapøÚvkarenAéf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1976.

RbeTskm<úCaRtÚv)anbþÚreQµaHCapøÚvkarfa {km<úCaRbCa

Fibetyü}. rdæFmµnuBaØ)anbegáItsPatMNagRbCaCn

cMnYn250Gasn³ EdlkñúgenaH150rUbtMNag[vNÑ³

ksikr 50rUbtMNag[vNÑ³kmµkrnigBlkr nig50rUb

eTottMNag[kgT½Bbdivtþn_km<úCa. rdæFmµnuBaØminman

EcgGVITaMgGs;Tak;TgnwgbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa ehIyrdæsPa

)anebIksm½yRbCuMEtmþgKt;enAExemsa qñaM1976.

ceRmógCatifµImaneQµaHfa {17emsamhaeCaKC½y}. bTceRmógenHniBn§eday b:ul Bt.

Tg;CatifµImanépÞBN’RkhmehIymanrUbR)asaTGgÁrvtþkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcMkNþal.

Tg;Catikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

maRta16énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anEcg

GMBIrUbPaBnigxøwmsarénTg;CatienHmandUcteTA³

épÞRkhmmanrUbR)asaTkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcM

kNþal. épÞRkhmCanimitþrUbénclnabdivtþn_ kar

RbyuT§emaHmut Gg;GackøahankñúgkarrMedaHCati

karBarCati nigksagCatikm<úCarbs;RbCaCn

km<úCa. R)asaTBN’elOgCanimitþrUbénRbéBNI

Cati nigRbCaCnkm<úCaEdlCaGñkkarBarRbeTs

CaGñksßabnaRbeTs[)anfáúMefáIg rugerOg.

sBaØaCati maRta17énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úRbCaFibetyüEcg

fasBaØaCatiKWmanRbB½n§ERs nigRbLayTwkCanimitþrUbén

ksikmµeCOnelOn maneragcRkCanimitþrUbén]sSahkmµ

mankRmgkYrRsUv CaEsñgRkbIB½T§BIeRkA ehIymanGkSr

{km<úCaRbCaFibetyü} enABIeRkam.

25

4> semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu laElgBItMENgRbmuxrdæ

enAéf¶TI11 ExmIna qñaM1976 KN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIskm<úCa)anCYbBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðasuMla

ElgBItMENgrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu. KN³Gcié®nþy_)anRBmeRBógTTYlyksMeNIsuMlaElgrbs;

RBHGgÁ b:uEnþnwgminGnuBaØat[RBHGgÁcakecjBIRbeTs eFVIesckþIEføgkarN_ b¤CYbBiPakSaCamYyGgÁTUtbreTs

NamYyeLIy. rbbraCaniymenAkm<úCaEdlekItmaneLIgGs;ry³eBlCitBIrBan;qñaMmkehIyenaHRtÚv)anbBa©b;.

enAExemsa qñaM1976 sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa)anebIksm½yRbCuMelIkTImYynigEtmþgKt;rbs;

xøÜn. GgÁRbCuM)anRBmeRBógKñaCaÉkcänÞeTAelIsMeNIsuMyagcUlnivtþn_rbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu eday

pþl;fVayRBHGgÁnUvR)ak;esaFnnivtþn_cMnYnR)aMbIBan;duløarshrdæGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM EdlminEdlebIkfVayRBHGgÁ

Tal;EtesaH. RBHGgÁnigRBHraCvgSanuvgSRtÚv)anXuMXaMgenAkñúgeKhdæantUcmYykñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg. RBHGgÁ

)anCab;XuMenA TIenaHrhUtdl;Exmkra qñaM1979 KWrhUtdl;éf¶dYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü13.

5> rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaKWCaGgÁkarEtmYyKt; EdlmanGMNacenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RksYg

EdlmanskmµPaBkargareRcIn EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgPñMeBjrYmmanRksYgkarbreTsdwknaMeday

eGog sarI RksYgkarBarCatidwknaMeday sun esn RksYg]sSahkmµdwknaMeday ecg Gn nigRksYgesdækic©

dwknaMeday vn ev:t. KN³kmµaFikarEtmYyKt;EdlmansiT§iGMNackñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþ nigGnum½teKal

neya)ayrdæaPi)alniglkçnþik³epSg² KWKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlman b:ul Bt Caelxa

nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaminEdlykcitþTukdak;eKarBrdæFmµnuBaØ nigbTbBaØtþinana

EdlemdwknaMTaMgenHCaGñkGnum½tbegáIteLIgedayxøÜnÉgmþgNaeT. smaCikénKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_nigKN³

kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSk¾mantMENgenAkñúgrdæaPi)alEdr14.

26

6> karpøas;bþÚréf¶kMeNItbkS

enAExmIna qñaM1976 KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS)an

seRmcykqñaM1960 ¬minykqñaM1951¦ CaqñaM

kMeNItbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa. emdwknaMTaMgenaH)an

seRmcfa GñkTaMgLayNaEdlcUlCasmaCikmunqñaM

1960nwgminRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasmaCikbkSeTot

eT. mCÄimbkSmincg;TTYlsÁal;sarsMxan;énkarCYy

eRCamERCgrbs;evotNammunqñaM1960eLIy ehIy

cg;bdiesFecal\T§iBlrbs;evotNammkelIbkS

kumµúynIsþkm<úCa nigcg;kat;pþac;TMnak;TMngTaMgLayEdl

Føab;manCamYyevotNampg.

bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anbnþdwknaMRbeTsCasm¶at;

enAeRkameQµaHfa{GgÁkar}. eTaHCay:agenHkþI enAEx

kBaØa qñaM1977 KWmundMeNIrTsSnkic©eTARbeTscin

bnþic b:ul Bt )anRbkasCasaFarN³nUvGtßiPaB

rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa nigtYnaTIrbs;xøÜnCanayk

rdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

exov sMpn ¬smmitþEhm¦

exov sMpn ekItqñaM1931enAextþsVayerog.

bnÞab;BITTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs

)araMg exov sMpn )anbBa©b;sBaØab½Rtfñak;bNÐit

viTüasa®sþesdækic© ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCa

vijkñúgqñaM1959. bnÞab;mk semþcRBHneratþm

sIhnu )anEtgtaMg exov sMpn CardæelxaFikar

RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ. enAqñaM1964 exov sMpn

)anlaElgBImuxtMENg b:uEnþbnþsßitenACasmaCik

sPary³eBlbYnqñaMeTot.

qñaM1967 edayRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaPñak;gar

rbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþ exov sMpn )anrt;eTAlak;xøÜn

enAkñúgéRB. qñaM1976bnÞab;BIkarsuMlaElgrbs;

semþcRBHneratþmsIhnu exov sMpn RtÚv)anEtgtaMg

CaRbFanKN³RbFanrdærbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

exov sMpn )ancUlrYmCamYYyrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;

b:ul Bt BIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1998 ehIybnÞab;mk

exov sMpn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

27

CMBUkTI5

PUmisa®sþrdæ)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

enAqñaM1976 bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anEbgEckkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüeTACa6PUmiPaK EdlrYmman

32tMbn;. PUmiPaKnImYy²KWykextþBIrb¤eRcInmkbBa©ÚlKña b¤kat;ecjBIextþenHxøHb¤extþenaHxøHmkbBa©ÚlKña.

PUmiPaKnigtMbn;TaMgGs;suT§EtRtÚv)andak;kMNt;smÁal;Caelx. PUmiPaKnImYy²EckecjCaeRcIntMbn; ehIy

tMbn;nImYy²EckecjCaRsuk XuM nigshkrN_.

PUmiPaKbUBa’ ¬PUmiPaK203¦ dwknaMeday esa Pwm EdleFVIGtþXatenAEx]sPa qñaM1978. PUmiPaK

enHrYmmanextþéRBEvgnigextþsVayerogTaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþkMBg;camEdlsßitenAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;

nigkat;ecjBIRsukmYykñúgextþRkecHKWRsukqøÚg nigkat;ykRsukxøHBIextþkNþalEdlrYmmanRsukxSac;kNþal

kmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVITsSnkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

28

lVaÉm nigmuxkMBUl. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMtMbn;EdlrYmmantMbn;20 tMbn;21 tMbn;22 tMbn;23 nig

tMbn;24.

PUmiPaKnirtI ¬PUmiPaK405¦ dwknaM

eday Qit eCOn ehAtam:uk. PUmiPaKenHrYm

manextþkMBtnigextþtaEkvTaMgmUl RsukBIrkñúg

extþkMBg;s<W ¬RsuksMeragTg nigRsukKgBisI¦

nigRsukR)aMkñúgextþkNþal ¬RsukkNþalsÞwg

s¥ag ekaHFM ekonsVay nigRsukelIkEdk¦.

PUmiPaKenHEckecjCabYntMbn; KWtMbn;13

tMbn;33 tMbn;35 nigtMbn;25.

PUmiPaK]tþr ¬PUmiPaK303¦ dwknaM

eday kuy FYn ehA Fuc BIqñaM1970eTAedIm

qñaM1976. bnÞab;BI kuy FYn RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn

nigsmøab;enAKukTYlEsøgenAqñaM1976 Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaelxaPUmiPaK. enAqñaM1977 Ek Bk

RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVICaelxaPUmiPaKkNþalEdleTIbbegáItfµI ehIyelxafµIrbs;PUmiPaK]tþrKW kg cab.

PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþkMBg;FMTaMgmUl EpñkxaglicTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;énextþkMBg;cam nigRsukmYykñúgextþRkecH

¬RsukERBkRbsb;¦ ehIyEckecjCabItMbn;KW tMbn;41 tMbn;42 nig tMbn;43.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTs


emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVITsSkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

29

PUmiPaKBay½Bü ¬PUmiPaK560¦ dwknaMeday jwm rs;. PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþeBaFisat; nigextþ)at;dMbg

TaMgmUl EdlEckecjCaR)aMBIrtMbn;rYmmantMbn;1 tMbn;2 tMbn;3 tMbn;4 tMbn;5 tMbn;6 nigtMbn;7.

PUmiPaKbs©im ¬PUmiPaK401¦ dwknaMeday CU eCt. PUmiPaKenHrYmman extþekaHkugnig extþkMBg;qñaMgTaMgmUl

nigEpñkxøHénextþkMBg;s<W ehIyEckecjCaR)aMtMbn;KW tMbn;31 tMbn;32 tMbn;37 tMbn;15 nigtMbn;11.

PUmiPaK|san ¬PUmiPaK108¦ dwknaMeday éN sar:an; ehA y:a ¬smøab;enAqñaM1976¦. PUmiPaKenH

rYmman extþrtnKIrITaMgmUl extþmNÐlKIrITaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþRkecH nigEpñkxøHénextþsÞwgERtg EdlsßitenA

eRtIyxaglicTenøemKgÁ. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMmYytMbn; KW tMbn;101 tMbn;102 tMbn;104 tMbn;

105 tMbn;107 nigtMbn;505.

PUmiPaKnigtMbn;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976

e)aHBum<pSayedayRksYgsikSaFikarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976 ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

30

kñúgqñaM1976enH km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbegáIttMbn;sVy½tcMnYnBIrepSgeTotEdlTak;TgkargarpÞal;

CamYyKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS b:uEnþmintamry³PUmiPaKNamYyeT. tMbn;TaMgenHrYmmantMbn;esomrab

]tþrmanC½y¬tMbn;106¦ nigtMbn;RBHvihar¬tMbn;103¦. RkúgkMBg;esam¬bc©úb,nñRkúgRBHsIhnu¦k¾RtÚv)an

cat;taMgedayELkBIPUmiPaKEdr.

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Rtg;GtItPUmiPaK]tþr cMENkPUmiPaK]tþrfµIRtÚv)anbþÚrTItaMgeTAtMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½ynigtMbn;RBHvihar.

tMbn;RkecH¬b¤tMbn;505¦ nigtMbn;mNÐlKIrI¬b¤tMbn;105¦ RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIPUmiPaK|sannigcat;taMgCa

tMbn;sVy½t.

31

CMBUkTI6

KeRmagEpnkarbYnqñaM ¬1977-1980¦

ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkare)assMGatTIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnnana edIm,IlubbM)at;ecalkarrs;enAtamTIRkúg

nigksagkm<úCamYyfµIedayBwgEp¥kelIkarBRgIkplitkmµRsUv. edImqñaM1976 bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anRbjab;

Rbjal;eroberogEpnkarbYnqñaMelIkTImYy ¬1977-1980¦ EdltRmÚv[eFVIkarRbmUlpþúMnUvral;sm,tþiÉkCn

TaMgGs; nigdak;kardaMduHRsUvCaGaTiPaBcm,grbs;Cati. bnÞab;BIbBaðasnþisuxCati smUhPavUbnIykmµKWCaeKal

neya)ayd¾sMxan;bMputrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

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mYyéndMeNIrkarenHEdr RKÜsarExµrTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIKña ehIyRbCaCnRKb;rUbRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTA

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EpnkarbYnqñaMmaneKaledAseRmc[)anplitplRsUvbIetankñúgmYyhiktaCamFüm. enHCakic©kar

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

32

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TUTaMgRbeTsEbbenHeTtaMgBIburaNkalmk. CagenHeTAeTot RbeTsCatiRtÚv)anbMpøicbMpøajedays®gÁam

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nigCMgWEdlKµankarBüa)al. kñúgry³kalén

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bMpøajsuPmgÁlnigesckþIéføfñÚrCamnusS rbs;

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kgcl½tnarIExµrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv


33

nignaMecjeTARbeTscin nigRbeTssgÁmniymdéTeTot.

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü esÞIrEtKµanGñkNamñak;

Føab;TTYl)anrbbGaharRKb;RKan;eT. RbCaCnPaKeRcInhUb

EtbbrlayeBat edImeck nigedImlðúg ehIyTTYl)anrbb

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nigkgT½BExµrRkhmb:ueNÑaHEdlman)ayhUbRKb;RKan;. Gñk

EdlenArs;ranmanCIvitTaMgGs;BIrbbenH yl;Rsbfa GVIEdl

Kat;cgcaMbMputeRkABIkarbgçM[eFVIkarhYskmøaMgnigkarkab;smøab;

enaH KWkarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMg.

G‘u¿ saer:t Gayu57qñaM RbCaBlrdærs;enAraCFanI

PñMeBj)anerobrab;BICIvitQWcab;rbs;RKÜsarKat; edaysar

karhUbminRKb;RKan;fa ³

karsEmþgsil,³rbs;kgyuvCnyuvnarI


skmµPaBCBa¢ÚndIenAkñúgKeRmagelIkTMnb;CIkRbLay ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

34

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rbs; k¾sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBdUcKñaEdr. eyIg)anxitxMeFVIERscmáary:ageRcIn b:uEnþeyIg

minEdl)anhUbRKb;RKan;eT. edayXøanxøaMgeBk eBlxøH´kat;edImRtavéRBmkes¶ar

hUb. eBlhUbehIyrmas;eBjxøÜn. kUn²´yMRThwgeBjpÞH. éf¶mYy´eTAsÞÚcRtI.

RbFankgKMram´fa {eFVIb£kefakTabeTAGgÁúysÞÚcRtI Rby½tñGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal}.

edaykarxVHGahar kUnrbs; mñak;Føak;xøÜnQWCaTm¶n;. ´)anykExSk eTAdUrykGgármk

daM)ay[kUn´hUb. kUn´hUb)ayeRcInNas; EtCMgWrbs;vakan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgCalMdab;

ehIyk¾søab;)at;eTA. kUn´BIrnak;eTotnigbþIrbs; k¾Føak;xøÜnQWEdr edaysarEthUbmin

RKb;RKan;. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ´-bþIehIynigkUn )anRbwgERbgrs;y:agevTnaCaTIbMput.

35

CMBUkTI7

CIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

1> karbegáItshkrN_

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RtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa{RkúmRbvas;éd} EdlmansmaCikBI10eTA30RKÜsarkñúgmYyRkúm. eTaHCay:agenHkþI

cab;BIqñaM1973 nigCaBiessbnÞab;BIC½yCmñHqñaM1975 RkúmRbvas;édRtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa {shkrN_kRmit

Tab}EdlmansmaCikbIbYnrynak; b¤k¾PUmimYyTaMgmUl. rhUtdl;qñaM1977 shkrN_kRmitTabRtÚv)anerobcM

eLIgvij[eTACa{shkrN_kRmitx<s;} EdlrYmmanmYyBan;RKÜsarkñúgshkrN_nImYy² b¤k¾XuMmYyTaMgmUl.

RbCaCnmUldæan³ mþaynigkUn ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

36

emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anbegáItshkrN_TaMgenHeLIg EdlCaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrrbs;xøÜneq<aHeTA

rkkarlubbM)at;ecalkmµsiT§iÉkCnnigrbbmUlFnniym nigedIm,IBRgwgvNÑ³kmµkrnigksikr. cMeBaHExµrRkhm

shkrN_mann½yfaRbCaCnrs;enACamYyKña eFVIkarCamYyKña hUbCamYyKña nigEckrMElkkarkmSanþCa

smUhPaB. eKalkarN_enHeFVI[mankardak;kMhity:agtwgrwugeTAelIkarrs;enACabuKÁl. RKÜsarExµrFøab;rs;enA

hUbcukCYbCuMKñarab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy dUecñHkarbgçMRbCaCn[hUbrYmKñaenAkñúgshkrN_ CaBiessenAeBlEdl

mankarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMgEbbenH KWCaTegVImYyeXareXAxøaMgNas;. CagenHeTAeTot RbCaCnRtÚvRbKl;

RTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn EdlCameFüa)ayplitkmµsMxan;²dak;Casm,tþirYmrbs;shkrN_TaMgGs; EdlmandUcCa

]bkrN_eRbIR)as; eKaRkbI ngÁ½l rnas; RKab;BUC nigdIERsCaedIm.

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)anBN’nashkrN_faCa {kmøaMgFMeFgxøaMgkøa} kñúgkarksagRbeTsnigCa {kMEpgEfby:agrwgmaMbMput}

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2> vNÑ³sgÁmfµIBIr

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vNÑ³sgÁmy:agNak¾eday b:uEnþFatuBitExµrRkhm)an

begáIteLIgnUvvNÑ³fµIBIrenAkñúgRbeTsKW {RbCaCn

mUldæan} nig{RbCaCnfµI} .

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LayNaEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT RKb;RKgeday

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b¤RbCaCneRtóm. RbCaCneBjsiT§iKWGñkTaMgLay

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fñak;eRkam¬ksikrnigkmµkr¦. RbCaCnRbePTenHRtÚv

)anGnuBaØat[eTAe)aHeqñat b¤QreQµaH[eKe)aHeqñat

eTaHbICakare)aHeqñatmanEtmþgKt;enAéf¶TI20 Ex

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eday. ¬kare)aHeqñatenHminGnuelamtambTdæan

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GackøayCaRbFanshkrN_nigRbFankgepSg². Gñksil,³ExµrRkhm


37

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RtaRbNI drabNaRbCaCnTaMgGs;enaHxitxMeFVIkargaredayx¢ab;x¢Ün.

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fµIRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSEdlminGaceCOTukcitþ)an ehIyTTYlkars¥b;ex<ImnigkarsgS½yBIsMNak;GgÁkar.

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bukemñjxøaMgCagRbCaCncas;. b:uEnþTMhMénGMeBIeXareXAmankRmitxus²KñaBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot.

]TahrN_ RbCaCnenAextþsVayerognigéRBEvgkñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’ )anTTYlkarKaMBarBIbdivtþn_RbesIrCagGñkEdl

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cab suIfa Gayu65qñaM rs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;Kat;EdlkaleNaHCaGñk17

emsafa³

Rkúmsil,³ExµrRkhmenAR)asaTbnÞayRsI ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

38

enAeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RkúmRKÜsar´EdlmansmaCikTaMgGs;14nak;RtÚv)anCemøós

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caM)ac;emIlpøÚv«BukÉgeT ehIyRby½tñRbEygmat;pg kuMniyayGVIepþspþas[esaH

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erOgr:avmYyEdlminGacbMePøc)aneTsRmab;´. kñúgry³eBlEtdb;éf¶b:ueNÑaHkUnRbús

´bYnnak;nigkUnRsImñak;)ansøab;bnþbnÞab;Kña. xøHsøab;edaysarGt;GaharnigCMgW xøHeTot

karsEmþgsil,³rbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

39

RtÚv)ansmøab; edayGgÁkarecaTRbkan;famanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyxµaMg. mYyry³eRkaymk

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PaBP½yxøac. Caerogral;yb; ´minEdledk)anRsYleT. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmirbs;´

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BiFIerobkarrbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

40

narImYycMnYnRtÚv)anbgçM[erobkarCamYyyuT§CnBikar EdlrgrbYskñúgeBls®gÁam ehIyRtÚvdac;éd

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bBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAtMbn;dac;Rsyalq¶ay²BIpÞH. narIxøHEdlCYbRbTHehtukarN_bgçMEbbenH)aneFVIGtþXat.

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eRbIsRmab;tubEtgkayRtÚv)ancat;TukCarbs;cRkBtþiTaMgGs; sUm,IEteRKÓgGlgáar

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