kidney regulation: hormones
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Kidney regulation: hormones. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ~ secretion increases permeability of distal tubules and collecting ducts to water (H2O back to body); inhibited by alcohol and coffee - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Kidney regulation: hormones• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ~ secretion
increases permeability of distal tubules and collecting ducts to water (H2O back to body); inhibited by alcohol and coffee
• Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) ~ reduced salt intake--->enzyme renin initiates conversion of angiotension (plasma protein) to angiotension II (peptide); increase blood pressure and blood volume by constricting capillaries
• Angiotension II also stimulates adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone; acts on distal tubules to reabsorb more sodium, thereby increasing blood pressure (renin-angiotension-aldosterone system; RAAS)
• Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) ~ walls of atria; inhibits release of renin, salt reabsorption, and aldosterone release
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Chemical Signals in AnimalsChemical Signals in Animals
Without hormones, what would we be like?
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Hormones Are SpecificHormones Are Specific HormoneHormone~ chemical signal ~ chemical signal
secreted into body fluids (blood) secreted into body fluids (blood) communicating regulatory communicating regulatory messagesmessages
Target cellsTarget cells~ body cells that ~ body cells that respond to hormonesrespond to hormones
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Glands and Glands and CellsCells
Endocrine Endocrine system/glandssystem/glands hormone hormone secreting secreting system/glands system/glands (ductless) (ductless) exocrine glandsexocrine glands
secrete chemicals secrete chemicals (sweat, mucus, (sweat, mucus, enzymes) through enzymes) through ductsducts
Neurosecretory Neurosecretory cellscells~ actual cells ~ actual cells that secrete that secrete hormoneshormones
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Regulatory Regulatory SystemsSystems
Feedback regulation is Feedback regulation is a feature of both the a feature of both the endocrine and nervous endocrine and nervous systems.systems.
Negative feedback Negative feedback regulates many regulates many endocrine and nervous endocrine and nervous mechanisms.mechanisms.
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Local regulators: cells adjacent to or near point of Local regulators: cells adjacent to or near point of secretionsecretion
Growth factorsGrowth factors ~ ~ proteins for cell proliferationproteins for cell proliferation
Nitric oxide (NO)Nitric oxide (NO) ~ ~ neurotransmitter; cell destruction; vessel neurotransmitter; cell destruction; vessel dilationdilation
ProstaglandinsProstaglandins ~ ~ modified fatty acids secreted by placenta and modified fatty acids secreted by placenta and immune system; also found in semenimmune system; also found in semen
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Explain the difference between Explain the difference between these two modes of signaling:these two modes of signaling:
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Mode of Action: Chemical Mode of Action: Chemical SignalingSignaling
1- Plasma membrane reception 1- Plasma membrane reception • signal-transduction pathways (neurotransmitters, growth • signal-transduction pathways (neurotransmitters, growth factors, most hormones) factors, most hormones)
2- Cell nucleus reception 2- Cell nucleus reception • steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, some local regulators • steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, some local regulators
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QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Vertebrate Endocrine SystemVertebrate Endocrine System Tropic hormones ~ Tropic hormones ~
a hormone that has another a hormone that has another endocrine gland as a targetendocrine gland as a target
Hypothalamus~pituitaryHypothalamus~pituitary Pituitary glandPituitary gland Pineal glandPineal gland Thyroid glandThyroid gland Parathyroid glandsParathyroid glands ThymusThymus Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands PancreasPancreas Gonads (ovary, testis)Gonads (ovary, testis)
PRACTICE!!
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The The hypothalamus hypothalamus
& pituitary & pituitary
Hypothalamus- Releasing and Hypothalamus- Releasing and inhibiting hormonesinhibiting hormones
Anterior pituitary:Anterior pituitary:
Growth (GH)~bonesGrowth (GH)~bones gigantism/dwarfismgigantism/dwarfism acromegalyacromegaly
Prolactin (PRL)~mammary glands; Prolactin (PRL)~mammary glands; milk productionmilk production
Follicle-stimulating (FSH) &Follicle-stimulating (FSH) &
Luteinizing (LH)~ovaries/testesLuteinizing (LH)~ovaries/testes
Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)~ thyroid Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)~ thyroid Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)~ Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)~
adrenal cortexadrenal cortex
Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)
Endorphins~natural ‘opiates’; brain Endorphins~natural ‘opiates’; brain pain receptorspain receptors
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The pituitary, IIThe pituitary, II
The posterior The posterior pituitary:pituitary:
OxytocinOxytocin~~uterine and mammary gland uterine and mammary gland cell contractioncell contraction
Antidiuretic (ADHAntidiuretic (ADH)~ )~ retention of water by retention of water by kidneyskidneys
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The pineal, thyroid, & parathyroidThe pineal, thyroid, & parathyroid
MelatoninMelatonin~ pineal gland; ~ pineal gland; biological rhythmsbiological rhythms
Thyroid Thyroid hormoneshormones: : Calcitonin - lowers blood Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium calcium Thyroxine - metabolic Thyroxine - metabolic processesprocesses
Parathyroid Parathyroid (PTH)~(PTH)~ raises blood raises blood
calciumcalcium
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The pancreasThe pancreasIslets of LangerhansIslets of Langerhans
Alpha cells: Alpha cells: •glucagon~ raises blood glucose levels•glucagon~ raises blood glucose levels
Beta cells: Beta cells: •insulin~ lowers blood glucose levels•insulin~ lowers blood glucose levels
Type I diabetes mellitus Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent; autoimmune (insulin-dependent; autoimmune disorder)disorder)
Type II diabetes mellitus Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent; reduced (non-insulin-dependent; reduced responsiveness in insulin targets)responsiveness in insulin targets)
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AdrenalsAdrenals
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The adrenal glandsThe adrenal glandsAdrenal medullaAdrenal medulla (catecholamines): (catecholamines):
••epinephrine & norepinephrine~epinephrine & norepinephrine~ increase basal metabolic rate (blood glucose increase basal metabolic rate (blood glucose and pressure)and pressure)
Adrenal cortexAdrenal cortex (corticosteroids): (corticosteroids):
••glucocorticoidsglucocorticoids (cortisol)~(cortisol)~ raise blood glucoseraise blood glucose
••mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)~mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)~ reabsorption of Na+ and K+reabsorption of Na+ and K+
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AdrenalsAdrenals Top of kidneyTop of kidney Cortex- from mesodermCortex- from mesoderm
mineralcorticoids control water and mineralcorticoids control water and electrolyte balance (Na+ and K+).electrolyte balance (Na+ and K+).
glucocorticoids (ACTH) control cortisol, glucocorticoids (ACTH) control cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone which corticosterone, and cortisone which promotes normal metabolismpromotes normal metabolism
Cannot live without the CortexCannot live without the Cortex
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Adrenals cont….Adrenals cont….
Medulla from ectodermMedulla from ectoderm Epinephrine=adrenalineEpinephrine=adrenaline
• Isolated by Japanese chemist Jokichi TakamineIsolated by Japanese chemist Jokichi Takamine
• Prepared synthetically, formerly from adrenal glandsPrepared synthetically, formerly from adrenal glands
• Stimulates heart, constricts small blood vessels, raises Stimulates heart, constricts small blood vessels, raises blood pressure, converts glycogen to glucose in liverblood pressure, converts glycogen to glucose in liver
Norepinephrine=noradrenalin, same as Norepinephrine=noradrenalin, same as neurotransmitter from autonomic nervesneurotransmitter from autonomic nerves
Mimics sympathetic nervesMimics sympathetic nerves Can live without medullaCan live without medulla Can be removedCan be removed
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The gonadsThe gonadsSteroid hormonesSteroid hormones: : precursor is cholesterolprecursor is cholesterol
androgens androgens (testosterone)~ (testosterone)~ sperm formation; male secondary sperm formation; male secondary
sex characteristics; gonadotropinsex characteristics; gonadotropin
estrogensestrogens (estradiol)~uterine lining growth; (estradiol)~uterine lining growth; female secondary sex female secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropincharacteristics; gonadotropin
progestins progestins (progesterone)~uterine lining (progesterone)~uterine lining growthgrowth
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Graves Disease: HyperthyroidismGraves Disease: Hyperthyroidism
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Hypothyroidism: GoiterHypothyroidism: Goiter
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Hypothyroidism (in Babies)Hypothyroidism (in Babies)CretinismCretinism
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Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)
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DwarfismDwarfism
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AgromegalyAgromegaly
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Growth HormoneGrowth Hormone=HGH=HGH
restores muscle mass restores muscle mass decreases body fat decreases body fat increases sexual function increases sexual function thickens the skin reducing thickens the skin reducing
wrinkles wrinkles restores lost hairrestores lost hair restores hair color restores hair color Increases energyIncreases energy improves cholesterol improves cholesterol
profile profile Improves vision Improves vision improves memory improves memory elevates mood and elevates mood and
improves sleepimproves sleep normalizes blood pressure normalizes blood pressure increases cardiac output increases cardiac output
and staminaand stamina