kiln%apartments:%% a%mul12family%passive%house% · pdf file• heat recovery ventilation...
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Kiln%Apartments:%%A%Mul12family%Passive%House%%
Presented(on(Oct(23,(2014(by(David(Posada,(GBD(Architects(
Disclaimer:+This+presenta1on+was+developed+by+a+third+party+and+is+not+funded+by+WoodWorks+or+the+So=wood+Lumber+Board.(
“The(Wood(Products(Council”(is(a(Registered(Provider(with(The(American(InsHtute(of(Architects(ConHnuing(EducaHon(Systems((AIA/CES),(Provider(#G516.((!Credit(s)(earned(on(compleHon(of(this(course(will(be(reported(to(AIA(CES(for(AIA(members.(CerHficates(of(CompleHon(for(both(AIA(members(and(nonUAIA(members(are(available(upon(request.(((
This(course(is(registered(with(AIA(CES(for(conHnuing(professional(educaHon.(As(such,(it(does(not(include(content(that(may(be(deemed(or(construed(to(be(an(approval(or(endorsement(by(the(AIA(of(any(material(of(construcHon(or(any(method(or(manner(of(handling,(using,(distribuHng,(or(dealing(in(any(material(or(product.(___________________________________________
QuesHons(related(to(specific(materials,(methods,(and(services(will(be(addressed(at(the(conclusion(of(this(presentaHon.((
(
Course%Descrip1on%
This(case(study(features(one(of(the(first(marketUrate(apartment(buildings(in(the(US(to(pursue(Passive(House(cerHficaHon—a(recently(completed(fiveUstory,(woodUframe(building(in(Portland(Oregon.(
In(addiHon(to(the(technical(challenges(of(applying(Passive(House(principles(to(mulHUfamily(housing,(topics(include(cost(premiums,(constructability(challenges,(and(lessons(to(improve(more(widespread(adopHon(of(passive(house(methods.((
Discussion(will(also(cover(windowUtoUwall(raHo,(assembly(opHons(and(details,(shade(selecHon,(modeling(challenges,(sequencing(and(schedule,(blower(door(tests,(infrared(imaging(and(more.((
Learning%Objec1ves%1. Summarize(energy(efficiency,(venHlaHon,(design,(and(
construcHon(criteria(for(the(Passive(house(standard;((
2. IdenHfy(technical(challenges(of(applying(passive(house(design(principles(to(mulHUfamily(housing;((
3. IdenHfy(key(cost(premiums(and(constructability(challenges;((
4. Apply(lessons(learned(to(reduce(future(costs(and(barriers(to(adopHon(for(this(aggressive(energy(efficiency(standard.(
18, 1-BR rental units Ave unit size 600 sf 2-Bedroom Penthouse 1100 sf Retail Portland, Oregon Completed June 2014 Climate Zone 4C marine, 4400 HDD, 1350 CDD
Passive House Standard • Continuous insulation • Triple pane windows • Continuous air barrier • Heat Recovery
Ventilation • Balance shading & solar
gain • Minimal heating &
cooling
Passive House Standard • Continuous insulation • Triple pane windows • Continuous air barrier • Heat Recovery
Ventilation • Balance shading & solar
gain • Minimal heating &
cooling
1974
2005
1990
SMITH HOUSE URBANA, IL 2003
SUPERINSULATED HOUSE SASKATCHEWAN, 1974
FIRST PASSIVHAUS DARMSTADT, GERMANY 1990
• RU40(Walls(• RU60(Roof(• Triple(glazed(windows(• Heat(Recovery(VenHlator(• AirHght(construcHon(• WWR,(Thermal(mass(• Minimal(heaHng((
• 7”(Masonry(walls(• Exterior(10”(EPS(R40(• R57(Roof(
• RU60(Wall(12”(TJI+4”(foam(• RU60(Roof((• Stem(walls(6”(EPS(foam(RU26(• Slab(14”(XPS((RU56(• Thermotech(windows(U.19(
COMPACT MASSING SOLAR GAIN & SHADING HIGH QUALITY WINDOWS CONTINUOUS INSULATION THERMAL-BRIDGE FREE AIRTIGHTNESS BARRIER HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION TINY HEATING, COOLING SYSTEM EFFICIENT APPLIANCES, LIGHTS
EVANS-RUE HOUSE SALEM, OR 2010
FAIRVIEW AFFORDABLE HOUSING URBANA, IL 2005
BIOHAUS , BEMIDJI, MIN 2005
Karuna House Holst Architects Hammer & Hand Imagine Energy
Orchards at Orenco AMAA, WALSH CONSTRUCTION, GREEN HAMMER
Stellar Apartments BERGSUND DELANEY, MEILI CONSTRUCTION, SOLARC
Walls
1. DOUBLE STUD 2. STUDS + FOAM
Windows
U-VALUE SOLAR HEAT GAIN THERMAL BRIDGING FRAME AIRTIGHTNESS
Thermal bridge-free
• Typ(condiHons(• PH(strategies(• Measurement(
Heat Recovery Ventilation
Air tightness • 0.6(ACH(@(50(pascals(• Energy(Star(Home:(3U5(ACH(
450,598,652
254,569,238
184,664,411
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50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
CONV LEED GOLD LEED PLATINUM / ECO
DISTRICT
450,598,652
254,569,238
184,664,411
-
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
CONV LEED GOLD LEED PLATINUM / ECO
DISTRICT
450,598,652
254,569,238
184,664,411
-
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
CONV LEED GOLD LEED PLATINUM / ECO
DISTRICT
450,598,652
254,569,238
184,664,411
-
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
CONV LEED GOLD LEED PLATINUM / ECO
DISTRICT
“A house that doesn’t
need a furnace…”
“You can heat it with
a hair dryer…”
450,598,652
254,569,238
184,664,411
-
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
CONV LEED GOLD LEED PLATINUM / ECO
DISTRICT
Continuous Insulation & air barrier;
Thermal bridge free construction;
Premium windows – thermal comfort;
Balance solar gain & shading;
Balanced [active] ventilation with heat
recovery;
Minimal heating, cooling (thru vent ducts);
Efficient appliances, lighting;
2. Kiln Apartments
Site
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
BUG Prototype, INSITU
.
This is the title of the image.
This is the title of the image.
2. Multi-family
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
Air tightness Blower door test Leakage?
Thermal Layer Wall assembly? How continuous? Thermal bridges Penetrations
Windows Fuel type, HVAC & PE How much will this cost?
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
TFA: Exclude stairs, elevator; 60%: Hallways, lobby, mechanical rooms, bike storage, trash room.
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
TFA: Exclude stairs, elevator; 60%: Hallways, lobby, mechanical rooms, bike storage, trash room.
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
Air tightness Blower door test Leakage?
Thermal Layer Wall assembly? How continuous? Thermal bridges Penetrations
Windows Fuel type, HVAC & PE How much will this cost?
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
Air tightness Blower door test Leakage?
Thermal Layer Wall assembly? How continuous? Thermal bridges Penetrations
Windows Fuel type, HVAC & PE How much will this cost?
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
Air tightness Blower door test Leakage?
Thermal Layer Wall assembly? How continuous? Thermal bridges Penetrations
Windows Fuel type, HVAC & PE How much will this cost?
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
Air tightness Blower door test Leakage?
Thermal Layer Wall assembly? How continuous? Thermal bridges Penetrations
Windows Fuel type, HVAC & PE How much will this cost?
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
Air tightness Blower door test Leakage?
Thermal Layer Wall assembly? How continuous? Thermal bridges Penetrations
Windows Fuel type, HVAC & PE How much will this cost?
Known Un-knowns Model
PH Boundary TFA of common areas Mixed Use PHPP
Air tightness Blower door test Leakage?
Thermal Layer Wall assembly? How continuous? Thermal bridges Penetrations
Windows Fuel type, HVAC & PE How much will this cost?
3. PH Strategies
CONTINUOUS INSULATION & AIR BARRIER Slabs & Footings Exterior Walls Parapet & Roof deck Window & Door openings Sunshades Awnings
CONTINUOUS INSULATION & AIR BARRIER Slabs & Footings Exterior Walls Parapet & Roof deck Window & Door openings Sunshades Awnings
CONTINUOUS INSULATION & AIR BARRIER Slabs & Footings Exterior Walls Parapet & Roof deck Window & Door openings Sunshades Awnings
CONTINUOUS INSULATION & AIR BARRIER Slabs & Footings Exterior Walls Parapet & Roof deck Window & Door openings Sunshades Awnings
Presentation Title 10/15/14 Page 63
CONTINUOUS INSULATION & AIR BARRIER Slabs & Footings Exterior Walls Parapet & Roof deck Window & Door openings Sunshades Awnings
CONTINUOUS INSULATION & AIR BARRIER Slabs & Footings Exterior Walls Parapet & Roof deck Window & Door openings Sunshades Awnings
ULTRA HIGH PERFORMING WINDOWS HH Windows Seattle, WA U-value 0.12 & 0.13 SHGC 0.56 South SHGC 0.25 N, E, W
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
ULTRA HIGH PERFORMING WINDOWS HH Windows Seattle, WA U-value 0.12 & 0.13 SHGC 0.56 South SHGC 0.25 N, E, W
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
ULTRA HIGH PERFORMING WINDOWS HH Windows Seattle, WA U-value 0.12 & 0.13 SHGC 0.56 South SHGC 0.25 N, E, W
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
Presentation Title 10/15/14 Page 72
ULTRA HIGH PERFORMING WINDOWS
HH WINDOWS FLUID APPLIED AIR BARRIER
PROSECO R-GUARD SIGA WIGLU TAPE
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING:
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING: SYSTEM ANALYSIS
HEATING(Electric(Resistance(only;(Gas((Boiler(+(Hydronic(Wood(Pellet(Boiler((HEATING(+(COOLING(Heat(Pumps(–(Mini(Split((
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING: HEATING – GAS BOILER
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING: HYDRONIC RADIATORS
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MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING: CENTRAL HEAT RECOVERY
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
Ul1mateAir%%2000DX%
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
Ul1mateAir%%2000DX%
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING: CENTRAL HEAT RECOVERY
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING: SOLAR HOT WATER ( + Photovoltaic)
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
450,598,652
254,569,238
184,664,411
-
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
CONV LEED GOLD LEED PLATINUM / ECO
DISTRICT
4. Observations & Lessons Learned
Means & Methods
Presentation Title 10/15/14 Page 102
LESSON #1 SKIN TO VOLUME RATIO 4.9 VS 7.9 This(raHo(describes(the(amount(of(exterior(envelope(vs(amount(of(interior(volume.((Historically,(we(have(always(thought(about(this(raHo(from(a(cost(of(construcHon(point(of(view.((However,(the(raHo(has(a(much(larger(impact(in(a(passive(house(because(the(heat(loss(through(the(skin(is(the(dominant(driver(of(energy(use.(
Typical floor plan at Kiln Apartments.
Typical floor plan at the Janey.
LESSON #2 ORIENTATION AND MASSING
Both(the(Janey(and(Kiln(have(opHmal(solar(orientaHon(–(broad(sides(of(the(building(face(north/south.(Out(of(curiosity,(we(ran(the(energy(model(rotaHng(Janey(90(degrees(to(assess(impact.(That(rotaHon(resulted(in(a(building(consuming(30%(more(energy.(((That(would(be(significant(to(overcome((…cost(more(money).(
LESSON #3 MOST COST EFFECTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES The(analysis(performed((Janey(vs(Janey(Passive)(was(fundamentally(about(idenHfying:((1. Janey(Passive(
Strategies(2. Most(cost(effecHve(
strategies(based(on($/%(energy(reducHon(
3. Most(cost(effecHve(Janey(Scheme(
1. HIGH PERFORMING WINDOWS
2. INSULATING GROUND FLOOR SPACES
3. PROVIDING HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION
4. ADDING EXTERIOR WALL INSULATION
5. ADDING ROOF INSULATION
$132,500, 103% REDUCTION, $1,290 PER 1% ENERGY $9,137, 42.5% REDUCTION, $215 PER 1% ENERGY $127,500, 29% REDUCTION, $4,397 PER 1% ENERGY $39,902, 15% REDUCTION, $2,670 PER 1% ENERGY $13,930, 8% REDUCTION, $1,788 PER 1% ENERGY
Note: Some strategies are givens; for example, the building couldn’t perform without a heat recovery or energy recovery ventilator.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
For(a(mixedUuse(commercial(building,(the(level(of(care(and(quality(is(significantly(different(than(a(“typical”(commercial(building.((To(date,(almost(all(of(the(Passive(House(buildings(in(the(NW(have(been(homes(and(many(of(those(have(been(built(by(either(the(designer(or(very(small(construcHon(crews.(It(is(different(to(build(with(a(crew(of(a(dozen(vs(a(crew(of(many(dozens.(
Example showing the level of care required for Passive House construction – in this example, underground insulation with gaps greater than ¼” were required to be spray foamed.
LESSON #4 EXCLUDE GROUND FLOOR SPACE OR SIMPLIFY FOUNDATION The(amount(of(below(grade(insulaHon(at(Kiln(was(very(difficult(to(install(and(expensive.((All(of(that(could(be(avoided(in(a(5(over(1(strategy.(There(are(many(advantages(of(this(approach:((1. Flexibility(2. ConstrucHon(Cost(3. Simplified(
FoundaHons(
Rendering of complexity of concrete structural foundation at Kiln
View of concrete structural foundation showing insulation under footings.
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SIMPLIFY CLADDING AND EXTERIOR INSULATION
LESSON #5
COPYRIGHT 2013 © GBD ARCHITECTS
SIMPLIFY CLADDING AND EXTERIOR INSULATION
LESSON #5
LESSON #6 REDUCE EAST / WEST GLAZING
The(Janey(has(significantly(more(glazing(overall(than(Kiln((32%(vs(23%).((However,(the(amount(of(glazing(on(the(east/west(is(half(of(Kiln.((East/West(glazing(is(difficult(to(control(in(the(Summer((overheat(the(apartments)(and(doesn’t(give(as(much(benefit(in(the(Winter((passive(heat(source).(
View of SW corner of the Janey. East elevation party wall - 0% glazing. West Elevation looks like a lot of glazing, but there is very little – 24%.
MOISTURE MANAGEMENT
Due(to(the(high(performing(and(very(Hght(envelope(of(a(passive(house(building,(understanding(moisture(management(is(more(involved.((At(Kiln,(the(team(hired(outside(experts(to(run(a(number(of(moisture(management(scenarios(to(prove(adequate(drying(of(the(building(iniHally(as(well(as(over(Hme.(
Some of the analysis necessary to understand moisture management at Kiln Apartments (Moisture Generation Table, On-site moisture testing of wood framing, hygrothermal model of roof system)
LESSON #7
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
A(passive(house(must(meet(a(stringent(air(Hghtness(standard:(<0.60(ACH(@(50(Pa((To(ensure(that,(a(preliminary(blower(door(test(is(typically(performed(ater(the(envelope(is(complete((air(Hght),(but(before(the(insulaHon(and(drywall(installaHon.((As(such,(passing(this(test(becomes(criHcal(path(construcHon(schedule(milestone.(
The full building blower door test requires a complete envelope. This reduces some construction sequencing alternatives that a contractor typically has.
LESSON #8
DESIGN PROCESS
Though(Kiln(is(certainly(an(R&D(effort(for(all(involved,(we(have(noHced(a(few(areas(that(are(different(than(GBD’s(“typical”(design(process.((From(a(developer’s(point(of(view,(some(of(these(items(result(in(more(design(Hme(than(“typical”(high(performing(standards(such(as(LEED.((
1. FINDING THE RIGHT MEP SYSTEMS REQUIRES MORE EARLY ANALYSIS TO AVOID COSTLY DESIGN REVISIONS.
2. PRE-DESIGN / SCHEMATIC DESIGN IS MORE INVOLVED AS IT MUST INCLUDE ENERGY MODELING.
3. ENERGY MODELING IS MORE INVOLVED AND CRITICAL.
4. CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION REQUIRES MORE ATTENTION FROM THE DESIGN TEAM.
LESSON #9
LESSONS LEARNED
1. SKIN TO VOLUME RATIO HAS MAJOR IMPACT 2. ORIENTATION AND MASSING HAVE
SIGNIFICANT IMPACT 3. HIGH PERFORMING WINDOWS - MOST BANG
FOR THE BUCK 4. EXCLUDE GROUND FLOOR SPACE/ SIMPLIFY
CONCRETE WORK 5. SIMPLIFY CLADDING & EXTERIOR INSULATION
ATTACHMENT 6. REDUCE GLAZING ON EAST/WEST 7. MOISTURE MANAGEMENT 8. CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE IMPACTS 9. DESIGN PROCESS
Ques1ons?%This(concludes(The(American(InsHtute(of(Architects(ConHnuing(EducaHon(Systems(Course(
David%Posada%GBD(Architects([email protected](
GBD Architects Incorporated 1120 NW Couch St., Suite 300 Portland, OR 97209 Tel. (503) 224-9656 www.gbdarchitects.com