KINGDOM ANIMALIA

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• HETEROTROPHIC• MULTICELLULAR• EUKARYOTIC• NO CELL WALL AND PLASTIDS

GENERAL CHARACTERS

PHYLUM PORIFERA• Pore bearing• Aquatic, mostly marine, a few are

freshwater forms• Sedentary• Cellular grade of organization• water canal system with numerous pores,

the Ostia through which water enters the inner cavity, spongocoel and a large anterior opening, the osculum through which water is given out. Exchange of materials between spongocoel and water in it.

• Asymmetry or radial symmetry.• Diploblastic. Mesoglea has a support of

spongin fibres and spicules.• Acoelomates• No metamerism• No notochord• Hermaphroditic. Reproduction asexual

and sexual. Asexual – budding, fragmentation, regeneration. Sexual by internal fertilization. Zygote develops into free swimming larva.

Examples:- Sycon (Scypha)

Spongilla (freshwater sponge)

Euspongium(bath sponge)

• Mostly marine, sessile or free swimming. • Tissue grade of organisation• Water vascular system• Blind sac plan• Radial symmetry• Diploblastic• Acoelaomate• No metamerism• No notochord

Phylum Coelenterata

• Mouth guarded by numerous tentacles armed with cnidocytes or stinging cells which help in anchorage, defence, food capture etc.

• The coelenteron or gastrovascular cavity has a single opening, mouth or hypostome.

• Digestion intra- and extra-cellular• Some have a calcareous exoskeleton that form a coral.• Two body forms- sedentary, asexually reproducing form

called polyp and free swimming, sexually reproducing form called medusa. Some species show alternation of polypoid and medusoid generations (metagenesis).

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• Some species have different types of individuals or zooids- gastrozooid for nutrition, dactylozooid for defence, gonozooid for reproduction etc.

Examples:-

Hydra Pennatula (Sea pen)

ObeliaAurelia- (jelly fish)

Gogonia (sea fan)

Adamsia(Sea Anemone)

Physalia (Portuguese man of war)Meandrina (brain coral)

A Coral Reef

• Marine, commonly called sea walnuts or comb jellies. • Radially symmetrical• Diploblastic• Tissue level of organisation• Eight rows of ciliated plates- comb plates, help in locomotion• Digestion extra- and intra-cellular.• Bioluminiscence- produce light• Hermaphroditism. External fertilisation

with indirect development.

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

EXAMPLES

Ctenoplana

Pleurobrachia

• Commonly called flatworms, dorsoventrally flat body

• Mostly parasites, some are free living.• Bilaterally symmetrical• Triploblastic• Acoelomate• Organ level of organistion• Parasites possess hooks and suckers for

attachment.• Many of them do not have a gut, they directly

absorb nutrients from the host.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

• Osmoregulation and excretion by flame cells• Hermaphrodites. Internal fertilisation.

Development involves many larval stages.

EXAMPLES

PLANARIA

TAENIA (tapeworm)

FASCIOLA (liver fluke)

PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES• Body cylindrical, hence commonly called round worms.• Free living in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Some are

parasites in plants and animals.• Organ grade of organization• Bilateral symmetry• Triploblastic• Pseudocoelomate• Tube- within tube body plan• Muscular pharynx for sucking in of food• Excretory tube or Renette cells for excretion.• Sexes separate (gonochorism), sexual dimorphism present.

Females longer than males.

• Internal fertilization, direct or indirect development.

Examples • Ascaris (roundworm)

Life-cycle ofAncylostoma (hookworm)

Wuchhereria (filaria worm)

PHYLUM ANNELIDA• Aquatic or terrestrial, marine or freshwater, free

living or parasitic.• Organ system level of organisation• Bilateral symmetry• Triploblastic • Eucoelomate• Body metamerism seen. • Longitudinal and circular muscles help in

locomotion. Locomotory organs like setae, parapodia present.

• Closed circulatory system.• Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion.

• Nervous system consists of paired ganglea which are the primitive of brain and a double ventral nerve cord connected by lateral nerves to ganglea.

• Dioecious (sexes separate) or monoecious. Sexual reproduction only

Examples; Neries ( sandworm)

Hirudinaria(Leech)

Earthworm

Pheretima

Earthworm -uses

Cocoon

• Largest phylum in the kingdom. 2/3rd of animals yet discovered belong to this phylum

• Organ system level of organisation• Bilateral symmetry• Triploblastic• Eucoelomates. Coelom filled with blood, hence called haemocoel• Body consists of head, thorax and • Abdomen and covered by chitinous exoskeleton• Jointed appendages• Respiration by gills, booklungs and trachea• Open circulatory system

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

• Sense organs simple or compound eyes, antennae or feelers and statocysts or balancing organs

• Excretion through malpighian tubules or green glands

• Mostly dioecious, fertilisation internal, oviparous, direct or indirect development

• ExamplesApis – honey bee

Laccifer lacca (Lac insect)

Anopheles mosquitoAedes mosquito

Aedes mosquitoCulex mosquito

Gregareous pest;

Locust

Limulus (king crab)

Apiculture

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA• Second largest phylum• Terrestrial or aquatic, marine or freshwater• Organ system level of organisation• Larvae bilaterally symmetrical, Adultsshow bilateral symmetry or asymmetry• Triploblastic, eucoelomate• Body in many animals covered by a calcareous

exoskeleton, in some, endoskeleton present.• Body contains a head, muscular foot and a visceral

hump• Visceral hump covered by a thin, soft, spongy skin like

mantle

• Space between them forms the mantle cavity, which contains feather like gills.

• Excretion by gills and kidneys.• Head has sensory tentacles• Mouth contains teeth like radula• Dioecious, oviparous, indirect developmentExamples• Pila (apple snail), Pinctada (pearl oyster),

Sepia(cuttle fish), Loligo (squid), Octopus (devil fish), Aplysia(sea hare) Dentalium (tusk shell), Chaetopleura

Pila- apple snail Octopus-devil fish

Loligo- squid Sepia- cuttle fish

Aplysia – sea hare Chaetopleura

Dentalium- tusk shell Pinctada- pearl oyster

Phylum Echinodermata• Strictly marine• Organ system level of organisation• Larvae bilaterally symmetrical, adults radially symmetrical

(pentaradial symmetry)• Triploblastic & Eucoelomate• Ventral mouth and dorsal anus• Water vascular system with canals and tube feet helps in

locomotion, food capture and transport of materials.• Body has an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles, hence the

name echinodermata- spiny skinned animals• Sexes separate (gonochorism), sexual reproduction only,

external fertilisation, indirect development, free swimming larva

Asterias- star fish Echinus- sea urchin

Antedon- sea lily Ophiura- brittle star

• Examples• Asterias – star fish• Echinus- sea urchin• Antedon- sea lily• Cucumaria –sea cucumber• Ophiura- brittle star

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA• Earlier considered as a subphylum under phylum chordata• Small group of worm like animals- body cylindrical • Marine• Organ system grade of organisation• Bilateral symmetry• Triploblastic body• Eucoelomate• Body has a oroboscis, a collar and a trunk• Open circulatory system• Respiration through gills• Excretion through proboscis gland• Sexes separate, internal fertilization, indirect development

Examples; Balanoglossus

Balanoglossus Saccoglossus

PHYLUM CHORDATA• Notochord in the embryonic/larval/adult/

through out life• A dorsal hollow nerve cord• Paired pharyngeal gill slits• Oragan system grade of organisation• Bilateral symmetry• Triploblastic• Coelomate• Post anal tail• Closed circulatory system with ventral heart

• This phylum is diveded into 3 subphyla;Cephalochorata, Urochordata and Vertebrata

Subphylum CEPHALOCHORDATA• Known as protochordate.• Exclusively marine• Notochord extends from head (cephalic) to tail and occur throughout life• Eg; Branchiostoma

Branchiostoma

Subphylum UROCHORDATA

• Notochord present only during larval stage• Strictly marine• Examples

Ascidia

Salpa Doliolum

Subphylum Vertebrata

• Notochord in the embryonic period• Later it is replaced by a vertebral column formed

of cartilage or bone• Ventral , muscular, 2/3/4 chambered heart• Osmoregulation and excretion by kidney• Locomotion by paired appendages (fins/limbs/

wings)• This subphylum has 7 classes:

1. Class Cyclostomata• Blood sucking ectoparasites of marine fishes• Elongated fish like body• 6-15 pairs of gill slits• Circular sucking mouth without jaws• No scales and paired fins• Cartilagenous endoskeleton• Closed circulation• Migrate to freshwaters for spawning. Larvae return

to ocean• Eg; Petromyzon (lamprey) Myxine (hagfish)

Petromyzon- lamprey

Myxine- hag fish

2. Class Chondrichthyes

• Marine • Stream lined body• Cartilagenous endoskeleton• Ventral mouth• Notochord occur throughout life• Gill slits withou operculum• Skin covered by granular placoid scales. They form

backwardly directed teeth also• Powerful jaws for predaceous life• No air bladder, so constantly swim to avoid sinking

• 2- chambered heart with an atrium and a ventricle• Homotherms (poikilotherms) no ability to control

body temperature• Sexes separate, males have spine like claspers at

anal region• Internal fertilisation, indirect development

• Examples; Scoliodon (Dog fish) Pristis (saw fish)• Carcharodon (Great white shark)Trygon (sting ray)

Scoliodon- dog fish

• Pristis- Saw fish

Carcharodon- great white shark

Trygon- sting ray

Torpedo- electric ray

3. Class Osteichthyes• Marine and freshwater fishes• Bony endoskeleton• Stream lined body with terminal mouth• 4 pairs of gill slits covered by an operculum• Cycloid/ ctenoid scales• Air bladder to regulate buoyancy• 2 chambered, venous heart with single circulation• Cold blooded• Sexes separate, mostly external fertilization

oviparous, direct development

Marine fishesExocoetus- flying fish Hippocampus- sea

horse

Fresh water fishes Labeo – Rohu

Catla -Katla

Clarius- Magur(mushi)

Aquarium fishes

Betta – fighting fish

Pterophyllum- Angel fish

4. Class Amphibia

• Live in aquatic (freshwater) and terrestrial habitats

• Body has a head and a trunk, some have 2 pairs of limbs, some have tail

• No scales, skin moist• Eyes have eyelids, ears marked by tympanum• Gut, urethra and reproductive tract open into a

common chamber, cloaca; opens out through cloacal opening

• Cutaneous, buccal and pulmonary respiration

• 3 chambered heart with two atria and a partially chambered ventricle

• Cold blooded• Sexes separate, external fertilization,

oviparous, indirect development• Example;

Bufo -toad Rana- frog

Tree frog Salamandra- salamander

Ichthyophis- (limbless amphibian)

5. Class Reptilia • Creeping or crawling animals• Mostly terrestrial, all are lung breething• Body covered by dry scales• No external ear, tympanum present• Two pairs of limbs, no limbs in some animals• 3 chambered heart, 4 in crocodile• Poikilotherms- cold blooded• Some reptiles shed scales- skin cast• Sexes separate, internal fertilization, oviparous,

direct development

Examples

Chelone- turtle Testudo- tortoise

Chameleon- tree lizard Calotes- garden lizard

Crocodilus-crocodile Alligator

Hemidactylus- house lizard

Poisonous snakesNaja- cobra Bangarus- Krait

Vipera- Viper

6. Class Aves

• Glorified reptiles• Body covered by feathers• Presence of beak variously modified for type of food• Forelimbs modified as wings• Hind limbs with scales; modified for walking/

running/ swimming/ clasping the tree etc.• Dry skin, oil or preen glands at the base of tail make

feathers water proof• Bones have air cavities (pneumatic)• Gut provided with crop to store food and gizzard to

grind food

• Heart 4 chambered• Homiothermic- warm blooded- constant body

temperature• Lungs provide with air sacs provide extra air while flight• Sexes separate, internal fertilizatio, oviparous, direct

development• Examples Corvus- crow Columba- Pigeon

Psittacula- parrot Struthio- ostrich

Pavo –peacock Aptenodytes- penguin

Neophoron- vulture

7. Class Mammalia • These animals live in all terrestrial habitats, some are aquatic

and some have flight adaptations• Presence of milk producing glands-mammary glands, to

nourish the young• Two pairs of limbs adapted for the mode of life• Skin covered with hairs• External ear with pinna• Jaws with heterodont teeth• 4 chambered heart• Thorax and abdomen separated by muscular diaphragm• Homiothermic• Lung respiration• Sexes separate, internal fertilization, mostly viviparous, direct

development

Examples Ornithorhyncus- Platypus

Pteropus- flying fox

Macropus- Kangaroo

Camelus- camel

Macaca-monkey Felis- cat

Rattus- rat Canis- dog

Elephas- elephant Equus- horse

Delphinus- dolphin Balaenoptera- blue whale

Panthera tigris -Tiger

Panthera leo- Lion

THE END