kingdom fungi. dna evidence now indicates kingdom fungi is more closely related to animals than...
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KINGDOM FUNGIKINGDOM FUNGI
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DNA evidence now indicates kingdom fungi is more closely
related to animals than plants!!!!
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The Body of a Fungus• Fungi exist mainly in the
form of slender filaments (hyphae).– long chains of cells
joined end-to-end divided by cross-walls• rarely form complete
barrier• cytoplasm freely
streams in hyphae– mycelium - mass of
connected hyphae
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General Characteristics–Fungi are heterotrophs.
(Decomposers)–Fungi have cell walls that include
chitin and not cellulose like plants do.
–Chitin is also found in insects!!!
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How Fungi Reproduce• Spores most common means
of reproduction– may form from asexual
(mitosis) or sexual processes (meiosis)
– most often dispersed by wind but some spread by insects or other small animals
– Fungi are grouped by the way they reproduce
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How Fungi Obtain Nutrients• All fungi obtain food by
secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing the organic molecules produced (external digestion).– extensive hyphae
network provides enormous surface area for absorption
– many fungi able to break down cellulose in wood
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Ecology of Fungi
• Fungi and bacteria are the principal decomposers in the biosphere.– mineral cycling
• Fungi are virtually the only organisms capable of breaking down lignin.
• Fungi often act as disease-causing organisms for both plants and animals.– agricultural damage– human health
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Kingdom Fungi – you must know 4 Major Phyla
1. Phylum Zygomycota = the Bread Molds
Rhizopus – black bread mold
2. Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi
Yeast, morels, truffles
3. Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi
Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts, toadstools
4. Phylum Deuteromycota = the Fungi Imperfecti
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-Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no sexual stage has been observed in their life cycle
-Members are not closely related and are not necessarily similar in structure or appearance; do not share a common ancestry, polyphyletic = coming from many ancestors – hmm weird
Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
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Deuteromycota – the Fungi Imperfecti
• Resemble Ascomycetes, but their reproductive cycle has never been observed
• Penicillium used to be imperfect but is not anymore!!!
• Different from Ascomycetes because there is a definite lack of sexual reproduction, which is why they are called Imperfect Fungi
Penicillium fungi
Up Close
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-are primarily decomposers
-asexual spores may be produced in sporangia
-sexual reproduction occurs between + and – strains forming a 2n zygote; a zygospore develops and may lie dormant for a long period of time; meiosis occurs just before germination
-only the zygote is diploid; all hyphae and asexual spores are haploid
Zygomycota (Rhizopus) the Common Molds
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Zygomycota – common molds
The fungal mass of hyphae, known as the MYCELIUM penetrates the bread and produces the fruiting bodies on top of the stalks
Mycelia = a mass of hyphae or filaments
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Rhizoids = root-like hyphae
The zhizoids meet underground and mating occurs between hyphae of different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)
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Ascomycota
• Very large group including yeasts, common molds, and morels
• Named for reproductive structure ascus
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Ascomycota
• Yeasts– unicellular - most reproduction is asexual and
takes place by cell fission or budding• ferment carbohydrates• play a leading role in genetic research
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Basidiomycota
• Most familiar fungi (mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, rusts, and smuts)– named for characteristic sexual reproductive
structure, basidium
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Basidiomycete or Club Fungi
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Basidiomycota
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Bracket Fungi
Puff Balls
Mushrooms
Jelly Fungi
Basidiomycete Fungi that all produce Basiospores
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Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts
Rust infecting wheat leaves
Rust infecting a Leaf
Whitrot Smut digesting old wood
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Lichens• Lichens are symbiotic associations between a
fungus and a photosynthetic partner.– usually ascomycetes
• Specialized fungal hyphae penetrate photosynthetic cells and transfer nutrients to fungal partner.
– Durable fungus, combined with photosynthetic properties, has enabled lichens to invade harsh climates.
– extremely sensitive to pollutants
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Crustose
Foliose
Fruticose
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Mycorrhizae
• “myco” = fungus and “rhiza” = root• Symbiotic association between plant
roots and fungi• Several different types of association
(defined by structure of fungus:plant interface)
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Mycorrhizae
The plant photosynthesizes while the fungus more efficiently takes up nutrients and water from the rhizosphere than the roots would alone.
Plant benefits include:•Improved nutrient/water uptake •Improved root growth •Improved plant growth and yield •Improved disease resistance •Reduced transplant shock •Reduced drought stress
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