kingdom monera what are prokaryotes? tem of dividing cell no nucleus no chloroplasts no mitochondria...
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Kingdom Kingdom MoneraMonera
What are PROKARYOTES?
TEM of dividing cell
• No No nucleusnucleus• No No chloroplastschloroplasts• No No mitochondriamitochondria
They are ancient life formsThey are ancient life forms
known as known as bacteriabacteria
Two major clades of bacteriaTwo major clades of bacteria
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria & Eubacteria& EubacteriaMethanogens Extreme Thermophiles Extreme Halophiles
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) & other
Gram negative bacteriaGram negative bacteriaGram positive bacteriaGram positive bacteria
Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Lack Lack OrganellesOrganelles (w/ 2 (w/ 2
membranes)membranes)• No No nucleusnucleus
• No No chloroplastschloroplasts
• No No mitochondriamitochondria
Other constituents?
Cell walls;Storage molecules for N, P, C
Gas vacuoles;• Small ribosomes Small ribosomes (70S) for protein (70S) for protein synthesissynthesis
but have DNA & RNAbut have DNA & RNA
but have but have pigments, pigments, thylakoids & thylakoids & enzymes for enzymes for PSPSbut have but have respiratory respiratory chain & chain & membranesmembranes
GeoclocGeoclockk
Origin of lifeOrigin of life
Cyanophytes establishedCyanophytes establishedearly aerobic environments.early aerobic environments.
Evolution of advanced Evolution of advanced aerobesaerobes
““Primordial ANAEROBIC soup”Primordial ANAEROBIC soup”
2 H2 H22OO + CO + CO22 O22 + CH2O + H2O
MYAMYA ERAERA PERIODPERIOD DOMINANT LIFE FORMDOMINANT LIFE FORM
22 QuaternaryQuaternary Age of angiospermsAge of angiosperms
6565 CenozoicCenozoic TertiaryTertiary
150150 CretaceousCretaceous Rise of angiospermsRise of angiosperms
200200 JurassicJurassic Age of cycadsAge of cycads
250250 MesozoicMesozoic TriassicTriassic Rise of cycadophytesRise of cycadophytes
300300 PermianPermian Rise of conifersRise of conifers
350350 CarboniferoCarboniferousus
Age of lycopods, ferns, Age of lycopods, ferns, sphenopsids; Rise of mosses sphenopsids; Rise of mosses
400400 DevonianDevonian Age of vascular plants; 1st seed Age of vascular plants; 1st seed plantsplants
450450 SilurianSilurian 1st vascular plants1st vascular plants
500500 OrdovicianOrdovician Age of eukaryotic algaeAge of eukaryotic algae
600600 CambrianCambrian Rise of eukaryotic algae and Rise of eukaryotic algae and fungifungi
45004500 PrecambriPrecambrianan
Rise of prokaryotesRise of prokaryotes
More conventional geologic time tableMore conventional geologic time table
Bacteria that are:• Photosynthetic (convert
light energy to food)
• Produce O2 as a byproduct of
photosynthesis
• Some have capacity to fix N2 into NH4
• Some produce toxins
• Some have formed millions of years old stromatolites as living structures
Division CyanophytaDivision Cyanophyta
TEM of dividing cell
Cyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earthCyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earth
General features - defining characteristicsGeneral features - defining characteristics
Developmental lineages – Developmental lineages – using morphology to understand evolutionusing morphology to understand evolution
Ecology – understanding roles in Ecology – understanding roles in interacting with other speciesinteracting with other species
Evolution – diversity and change over timeEvolution – diversity and change over time
Commercial interests – exploit ecologyCommercial interests – exploit ecology
Things we will cover Things we will cover
General General featuresfeatures
150 genera150 genera2000 species,2000 species,
Habitats:Habitats:virtually everywherevirtually everywhere
OceansOceans FreshwaterFreshwaterSoilSoil HotspringsHotsprings
EpiphytesEpiphytes
Gram negative bacteriaGram negative bacteria
Morphological Morphological RangeRange::
EndophytesEndophytes
Cell Walls:Cell Walls:
Ancient organisms Ancient organisms but well suited to but well suited to earth’s habitatsearth’s habitats
Unicells to Unicells to complex multicell complex multicell organismsorganisms
TrichodesmiumTrichodesmium blooms can blooms can cover cover 2x102x1066 km km22 and be seen via and be seen via satellitessatellites
NASANASA
DiversityDiversity
Being comprised of
only 20% peptidoglycan, the cell wall
of Gram-negative
bacteria is much thinner than Gram-
positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have two unique regions which surround
the outer plasma membrane: i) periplasmic space and ii) lipopolysaccharide layer.
• periplasmic space separates the outer plasma membrane from the peptido-glycan layer.• lipopolysaccharide layer is adjacent to the exterior peptidoglycan layer
Cell WallsCell Walls
Pigments Pigments - - photosynthesisphotosynthesis
General General featuresfeatures
• Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa• PhycobilinsPhycobilins
PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin
PhycocyaninPhycocyanin
AllophycocyaninAllophycocyanin
OthersOthers• CarotenoidsCarotenoids
• UV absorbing moleculesUV absorbing molecules
StoragStorage e
ProducProductsts
GrowthGrowth
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & Pigments& Pigments
Chl Chl aa Chl Chl aa
PhycobilinsPhycobilins
sunlightsunlight
• Light energy is harvested by the cell
CelCell l
thylakoidsthylakoids
• Only specific colors are absorbed
• Other colors are Other colors are reflected back to your reflected back to your eyeeye
Chlorophyll a
Phytol Chain
Tetrapyrrole Ring
Phycobilins
Open tetrapyrrole
phycocyaninphycocyanin
phycoerythrinphycoerythrin
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & Pigments& Pigments
ChlorophylChlorophyll l a a
• Arrangement of light Arrangement of light harvesting structure is harvesting structure is specific and detailedspecific and detailed
Pigments Pigments - - photosynthesisphotosynthesis
General General featuresfeatures
• Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa
• PhycobilinsPhycobilins
PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin
PhycocyaninPhycocyanin
AllophycocyaninAllophycocyanin
OthersOthers
• CarotenoidsCarotenoids
• UV absorbing moleculesUV absorbing molecules
StoragStorage e
ProducProductsts• Starch Starch
(C)(C)• Cyanophycin Cyanophycin (N)(N)• Poly PPoly Pi i
bodiesbodies
GrowthGrowth
Storage productsStorage products
ATP
StarchStarch
C = blackC = blackO = redO = redH = whiteH = white
C = greenC = green = blue = blue H = redH = red = white= whiteP = purpleP = purple
Cell walls ?
Storage molecules forN, P, C ? Floatation?
Small ribosomes Small ribosomes (70S)(70S)
DNA & RNADNA & RNA
Pigments, Pigments, thylakoids & thylakoids & enzymes for PSenzymes for PSRespiratory Respiratory chain & chain & membranesmembranes
General General featuresfeatures
What is in a typical cyanophyte cell?What is in a typical cyanophyte cell?
Pigments Pigments - - photosynthesisphotosynthesis
General General featuresfeatures
• Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa
• PhycobilinsPhycobilins
PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin
PhycocyaninPhycocyanin
AllophycocyaninAllophycocyanin
OthersOthers
• CarotenoidsCarotenoids
• UV absorbing moleculesUV absorbing molecules
StoragStorage e
ProducProductsts• Starch Starch
(C)(C)• Cyanophycin Cyanophycin (N)(N)• Poly PPoly Pi i bodiesbodies
GrowthGrowth• Every cell can Every cell can
True branchingTrue branching
False branching False branching
• MulticellulMulticellul
ar ar organismsorganisms
: :
Fragments regrowFragments regrow
““Spores”Spores” regrow
Akinetes germinateAkinetes germinate
• BranchingBranching
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology
Binary Fission(cell division)
Produces genetically identical “offspring” or twins
Increases the numbers of cells in the population by exponential growth, 2n
Cell division for unicellsCell division for unicells:
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
8
16 cells
Divisions may be every 15 to 20 minDivisions may be every 15 to 20 min
0
300
600
900
1200
1 3 5 7 9
Rounds of cell division
# ce
lls
in p
op
ula
tio
n
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology
Unicell populations grow rapidly
Starting with 1 cell:10 rounds of division
1,000+ cells
It’s not It’s not unusual to unusual to
have 10 have 10 66 to to 10108 8 cells / mL in cells / mL in
“blooms”“blooms”
Cyanotech pondsCyanotech ponds
Developmental lineagesDevelopmental lineages
Evaluate adult form to gain insight Evaluate adult form to gain insight in possible in possible evolutionary evolutionary processes.processes.
Step-by-step acquisition of new traits Step-by-step acquisition of new traits via genetic change.via genetic change.
Examine reproductive cells and other Examine reproductive cells and other characters characters as additional data.as additional data.
Useful means to construct evolutionary hypotheses Useful means to construct evolutionary hypotheses to test with molecular data.to test with molecular data.
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology
Order Chroococcales
Evolution has taken a Evolution has taken a simple shapesimple shape
Developmental Lineage #1
to more complex but related to more complex but related formsforms:• Multicellular generaMulticellular genera
All cells appear virtually identical - internally
Genetic changeGenetic change
Order Chroococcales
MerismopediaMerismopedia
Diversity Diversity
MicrocystisMicrocystis
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology
Coordinated binary
fission of all cells in
colony
1 colony
2 colonies
Multicellular Multicellular organisms divide but organisms divide but increase the number increase the number of entities in the of entities in the populationpopulation
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology
Order Chamaesiphonales
Developmental Lineage #2
Evolution has taken a simple shape:Evolution has taken a simple shape:
• attachment to the substrateattachment to the substrate
• spores released from upper end of cellspores released from upper end of cell
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology
Evolution has taken a simple shape:Evolution has taken a simple shape:
• constrained cells into chainsconstrained cells into chains• formed arrays of trichome(s) in sheathsformed arrays of trichome(s) in sheaths
trichome trichome (no (no
sheathsheathevident)evident)
trichome + sheathtrichome + sheath(filament)(filament)
Developmental Lineage #3
Order Nostocales
trichomes + sheathtrichomes + sheath• false branching can result
Diversity Diversity Order Nostocales
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology Order Nostocales
False branchingFalse branching
1. Rupture of sheath and cells1. Rupture of sheath and cells
: :
2. Remaining cells at 2. Remaining cells at both ends continue to both ends continue to growgrow3. Both trichomes push 3. Both trichomes push
through weakened sheath through weakened sheath
What to look for?What to look for?
Is there a change in Is there a change in the plane of cell the plane of cell division?division?
New Cell TypesNew Cell Types
Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation supports protein supports protein synthesissynthesis1. Low N in environment1. Low N in environment
2. Cell differentiates as a 2. Cell differentiates as a specialized cell, the specialized cell, the heterocystheterocyst3. Creates setting for 3. Creates setting for Nitrogenase enzymeNitrogenase enzyme
4. Enzyme converts N4. Enzyme converts N22 NH NH44++
polar heterocystspolar heterocysts
Order Nostocales
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology Order Nostocales
Nitrogen fixation & Nitrogen fixation & AzollaAzolla in rice fields in rice fields replace fertilizersreplace fertilizers1. Low N in environment1. Low N in environment
2. 2. HeterocystsHeterocysts differentiatedifferentiate3. Enzyme converts N3. Enzyme converts N22 NHNH44
++ 4. Water fern benefits from fertilizer4. Water fern benefits from fertilizer
intercalary heterocystsintercalary heterocysts
5. Rice fields are more productive5. Rice fields are more productive
Other cell Other cell typestypes Order NostocalesAkineteAkinete
AnabaenaAnabaena
Order Nostocales
Cool stuffCool stuff
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology Developmental Lineage #4
Order Stigonematales
Evolution has taken a simple shape:Evolution has taken a simple shape:
• formed arrays of formed arrays of cells that divide in 2 cells that divide in 2 directions (planes) directions (planes)
True branchingTrue branching
Multiseriate tissuesMultiseriate tissues
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology Order Stigonematales
True branchingTrue branching
1. No rupture of sheath or cells1. No rupture of sheath or cells
: :
2. Cells divide in two 2. Cells divide in two planesplanes
3. Create new structures,3. Create new structures,branches branches
What to look for?What to look for?Is there a change in Is there a change in the plane of cell the plane of cell division?division?
Growth &Growth &morphologymorphologyComplex tissueComplex tissue
Order Stigonematales
• MulticellularMulticellular
• Organized multiseriate layersOrganized multiseriate layers
• Cell dimorphismCell dimorphism
VocabularyVocabulary
prokaryoteprokaryote
thylakoidthylakoid chloroplastchloroplastmitochondrionmitochondrion
eukaryoteeukaryote
heterocystheterocystakineteakinetemultiseriatemultiseriate
phycobilinsphycobilinsphycobilisomephycobilisome
binary fissionbinary fission nucleusnucleus
trichometrichome sheathsheathfalse branchingfalse branchingnitrogenasenitrogenase
AzollaAzolla
AnabaenaAnabaena
uniseriateuniseriate
accessory pigmentaccessory pigment
true branchingtrue branchingphotosynthesisphotosynthesis
LyngbyaLyngbya
StigonemaStigonema
Who am I?Who am I?
National Geographic:http://www.nationalgeographic.com/world/0010/bacteria/bacteria.html
An underworld of hydrogen sulfide harbors life-forms awesome and awful: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0105/feature4/index.html
Margulis, L. (1970). Origin of eukaryotic cells. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Scientific American Extremophiles: http://www.spaceref.com/redirect.html?id=0&url=www.sciam.com/0497issue/0497marrs.html
Mereschowsky, C., (1910). Theorie der zwei Plasmaarten als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neuen Lehre von der Entstehung der Organismen., Biol. Centr. 30, 353-367, 1910.
Mereschowsky, C., (1905). Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche., Biol. Centr. 25, 593-604 & 689-691.
NASA interactive pageNASA interactive page
http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/_global/shockwave/http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/_global/shockwave/g3_matgallery.swfg3_matgallery.swfPowers of ten interactive page:Powers of ten interactive page:http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/index.html
Reading &Reading & ViewingViewing
http://www.petrifiedseagardens.org/main.htm Saratoga Springs NY
http://www.nhm.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/english/http://www.nhm.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/english/gruppe_liste_e.htmgruppe_liste_e.htm
http://www.lalanet.gr.jp/nsm/E-stromatolite.htmlhttp://www.lalanet.gr.jp/nsm/E-stromatolite.html
http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/goals/index.htmlhttp://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/goals/index.html
http://www.rockhounds.com/grand_hikes/hikes/stromatolites_in_the_hakatai_hikes/hikes/stromatolites_in_the_hakatai//
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sepm/palaios/9810/knoll.htmlsepm/palaios/9810/knoll.html
Picture creditsPicture credits