Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

All plants are eukaryotic autotrophs All plants are eukaryotic autotrophs making food from sunlight through making food from sunlight through photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

There are, however, a few species There are, however, a few species that are both autotrophs and that are both autotrophs and heterotrophs.heterotrophs.

Plants have cell walls made of Plants have cell walls made of cellulose.cellulose.

Primary consumers eat only plants.Primary consumers eat only plants.

Land plants evolved from green Land plants evolved from green algaealgae

Researchers have identified green Researchers have identified green algae called charophyceans as the algae called charophyceans as the closest relatives of land plantsclosest relatives of land plants

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Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land

• In charophyceans

– A layer of a durable polymer calledsporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

• The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land

– May have opened the way to its colonization by plants

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• There are four key traits that land plants share only with charophyceans

– Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis

30 nmFigure 29.2

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– Peroxisome enzymes

– Structure of flagellated sperm

– Formation of a phragmoplast

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Derived Traits of Plants

• Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophyceans

– Apical meristems

– Alternation of generations

– Walled spores produced in sporangia

– Multicellular gametangia

– Multicellular dependent embryos

Cuticle Cuticle – a protective waxy coating that prevents H2O in plant tissues from evaporating into the atmosphere.

Within the Within the cuticlecuticle are are stomata stomata that allow exchange of gases.

Guard cells open and close pores in the stomata to release O2 into the atmosphere and take in CO2.

A A leaf leaf is a broad flat organ that traps is a broad flat organ that traps light energy for photosynthesis and light energy for photosynthesis and exchanges gases through stomata.exchanges gases through stomata.

Root – a plant organ that anchors the plant in soil and absorbs H2O and minerals from soil transporting them to the stem.

•A root cell’s job is to take water and nutrients from the soil and send them up to the part of the plant above the ground.

The The stemstem is the plant’s structural is the plant’s structural support for upright growth containing support for upright growth containing tissues to transport Htissues to transport H22O, minerals, O, minerals, and nutrients from one part of the and nutrients from one part of the plant to another.plant to another.

Stems may also store food. may also store food.

Green stemsGreen stems carry on carry on photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

AP Biology April 30AP Biology April 30

Plants PP continuedPlants PP continued

Private Life of PlantsPrivate Life of Plants

Animal practicalAnimal practicalComing up…………….Coming up…………….- Plant Test May 4- Plant Test May 4- Chapter 47 objectivesChapter 47 objectives- Animal systems and structureAnimal systems and structure- Abstract ?Abstract ?

Growing root includes 3 regions:Growing root includes 3 regions:- root tip- root tip- elongation region- elongation region- maturation region- maturation region

Root tip and elongation region are sites of Root tip and elongation region are sites of primary growth through apical meristem primary growth through apical meristem tissuetissue

Maturation zone, vascular tissue forms Maturation zone, vascular tissue forms primary xylem and phloem which forms primary xylem and phloem which forms

stele (the inner concentric cylinder)stele (the inner concentric cylinder)

Plant Vascular TissuesPlant Vascular Tissues

Xylem Xylem – made up of a series of dead tubular cells that transport H2O and dissolved minerals upward from roots to leaves.

Phloem – made up of a series of living tubular cells that transport sugars from leaves to all parts of the plant.

Two types of xylem cells:Two types of xylem cells:

- tracheids which are are long and thin- tracheids which are are long and thin

- vessel elements which are short and thick- vessel elements which are short and thick

Phloem cells are made up of Phloem cells are made up of

- sieve tube elements (carry nutrients)- sieve tube elements (carry nutrients)

- companion cells (support sieve tube - companion cells (support sieve tube

elements)elements)

• When there is no water in the soil for the plant, it looses turgor pressure (wilts).

Leaf cellLeaf cell

Animal CellAnimal Cell

•Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and passes that energy into the stroma.

•Stroma contain enzymes that turn light energy into sugar and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide.

SUNLIGHT + 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

•Grana are stacks light trapping chlorophyll.

• When we burn wood, basically the photosynthesis formula is reversed.  • We're breaking down the carbohydrate and producing carbon dioxide gas and water, plus energy, which, like sunlight, feels hot and looks bright.

Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations

Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction involves the two involves the two alternating processes of alternating processes of meiosismeiosis and and fertilizationfertilization. .

In In meiosis, the , the chromosome number is chromosome number is reduced from the reduced from the diploid to to the the haploid number. number.

In fertilization, the nuclei In fertilization, the nuclei of two gametes fuse, of two gametes fuse, raising the chromosome raising the chromosome number from haploid to number from haploid to diploid.diploid.

In most In most plantsplants meiosis and fertilization meiosis and fertilization divide the life of the organism into two divide the life of the organism into two distinct phases or "generations". distinct phases or "generations".

The The gametophyte generationgametophyte generation begins with a begins with a sporespore produced by produced by meiosis. The spore is haploid, and all meiosis. The spore is haploid, and all the cells derived from it (by mitosis) the cells derived from it (by mitosis) are also haploid. In due course, this are also haploid. In due course, this multicellular structure produces multicellular structure produces gametes — by gametes — by mitosismitosis — and sexual — and sexual reproduction then produces the reproduction then produces the diploid diploid sporophyte generationsporophyte generation. .

In fact, the gametophyte generation is In fact, the gametophyte generation is the major stage in the life of the major stage in the life of mossesmosses and an independent plant in and an independent plant in fernsferns. .

However, the gametophyte is only an However, the gametophyte is only an inconspicuous structure in angiosperms inconspicuous structure in angiosperms and other "higher" plants. and other "higher" plants.

The sporophyte generation produces The sporophyte generation produces spores (diploid) which develop into spores (diploid) which develop into the gametophyte generation.the gametophyte generation.

The gametophyte generation The gametophyte generation produces gametes (haploid).produces gametes (haploid).

In vascular plants, the sporophyte In vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant.generation is dominant.

In non-vascular plants, the In non-vascular plants, the gametophyte is larger and more gametophyte is larger and more conspicuous than the sporophyte.conspicuous than the sporophyte.

Plant TropismsPlant Tropisms Phototrophism - growth toward lightPhototrophism - growth toward light

Plant TropismsPlant Tropisms Gravitropism – downward growth of rootsGravitropism – downward growth of roots

Plant TropismsPlant Tropisms- Thigmotropism- Thigmotropism

– – plants response plants response when it comes when it comes

into contact with into contact with a a solid object.solid object.

Vegetative Vegetative Reproduction……………….Reproduction……………….

……………is asexual

Plant Growth

• Meristematic tissue is made up of actively dividing cells

• Primary growth occurs via apical meristems in the tips of roots and stems

• Secondary growth is carried out by lateral meristems increasing the girth of the plant

- two types of cells: vascular cambium cork cambium

• Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and

phloem secondary which replaces primary xylem and primary phloem

• Cork cambium produces the tissues of the outer bark

• Plants also have lenticels which allow for gas exchange through bark

Bryophytes vs Tracheophyteswhat’s the difference?

Division BryophytaDivision Bryophyta – mosses, liverworts, – mosses, liverworts, hornworts. All are hornworts. All are non-vascularnon-vascular and and non-seednon-seed..

Bryophyte gametophytesBryophyte gametophytes Produce flagellated sperm in antheridiaProduce flagellated sperm in antheridia Produce ova in archegoniaProduce ova in archegonia Generally form ground-hugging carpets Generally form ground-hugging carpets

and are at most only a few cells thickand are at most only a few cells thick Some mossesSome mosses

Have conducting tissues in the center of Have conducting tissues in the center of their “stems” and may grow verticallytheir “stems” and may grow vertically

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Bryophyte Sporophytes

• Bryophyte sporophytes

– Grow out of archegonia

– Are the smallest and simplest of all extant plant groups

– Consist of a foot, a seta, and a sporangium

• Hornwort and moss sporophytes

– Have stomata

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• Concept 29.4: Ferns and other seedless vascular plants formed the first forests

• Bryophytes and bryophyte-like plants

– Were the prevalent vegetation during the first 100 million years of plant evolution

• Vascular plants

– Began to evolve during the Carboniferous period

Division Division LycophytaLycophyta --Club Mosses – Club Mosses – vascularvascular and and non-non-seedseed..

Division Division PterophytaPterophytawhisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns vascularvascular and and non-seednon-seed..

Seed Bearing PlantsSeed Bearing Plants

GymnospermsGymnosperms are are vascularvascular plants that plants that produce produce seeds seeds on scales of on scales of woody strobili woody strobili called cones.called cones.

In other words, they have In other words, they have naked naked seeds seeds - seeds- seeds not enclosed in a not enclosed in a fruit.fruit.

The four divisions of The four divisions of GymnospermsGymnosperms are:are:

CycadophytaCycadophyta

GinkgophytaGinkgophyta

GnetophytaGnetophyta

ConiferophytaConiferophyta

CycadsCycads have a terminal rosette of leaves have a terminal rosette of leaves and bear seeds in cones. and bear seeds in cones.

All All cycadscycads have separate male and have separate male and female plants.female plants.

Division Division Ginkgophyta Ginkgophyta has only on living species – Ginkgo biloba..

The leaves are lobed.

Like Cycads, Ginkgos have separate male and female trees.

Division Division GnetophytaGnetophyta has 3 genera: has 3 genera:

GnetumGnetum

EphedraEphedra

WelwitschiaWelwitschia

ConiferophytaConiferophyta is the largest and most is the largest and most diverse division of the gymnosperms.diverse division of the gymnosperms.

Most are Most are evergreenevergreen – keeping their leaves – keeping their leaves year-round. year-round.

A very few are A very few are deciduousdeciduous – dropping all of – dropping all of their leaves attheir leaves at

the same timethe same time

AngiospermsAngiosperms include one division - include one division - AnthophytaAnthophyta

Though there is only one division of Though there is only one division of angiospermsangiosperms, , Anthophyta Anthophyta ….….

It is the largest and most diverse It is the largest and most diverse

group of seed plants on Earth.group of seed plants on Earth.

AnthophytesAnthophytes produce flowers, then produce flowers, then seeds enclosed in a fruitseeds enclosed in a fruit. .

AnthophytesAnthophytes can be can be annualsannuals, , biennialsbiennials, or , or perennialsperennials..

What is an What is an annualannual??

What is a What is a biennialbiennial??

What is a What is a perennialperennial??

AP Biology: May 2AP Biology: May 2 Kingdom Plantae continuedKingdom Plantae continued

Kingdom PracticalKingdom Practical

Presentations ? Private Life of Plants ?Presentations ? Private Life of Plants ?

Coming up:Coming up:- Parade of Kingdoms Test corrections due Parade of Kingdoms Test corrections due

5/45/4- Kingdom Plantae test ?Kingdom Plantae test ?- Continue reading – chapter 47 due May 4- Continue reading – chapter 47 due May 4- 6th Abstract - 6th Abstract duedue May 8 – plants or May 8 – plants or

systems systems

Male Male GametophyteGametophyte

Female Female GametophyteGametophyte

What is the purpose of fruit?

Seeds can be dispersed in a variety Seeds can be dispersed in a variety of ways:of ways:

WindWind

Passing through an animals Passing through an animals digestive systemdigestive system

Catching on fur or skinCatching on fur or skin

Floating on waterFloating on water

Division Anthophyta has two Division Anthophyta has two classes of angiosperms ….classes of angiosperms ….

Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots

Possible Advantages to Alternation of Generations

• Amplification of the sexual product because it produces many spores.

• Possibly useful in an environment where limited water availability for successful fertilization limits the number of successful zygotes.

Adaptations to Survival in the Terrestrial Environment

• Separation of absorbtive organs (roots) and photosynthetic organs (leaves)

• Waterproof cuticle• Stomata• Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)• Structural support tissues

(cellulose and lignin)

• Species dispersal (spores and seeds)

Adaptations to Survival in the Adaptations to Survival in the Terrestrial EnvironmentTerrestrial Environment

• Protection of gametes in gametangiaProtection of gametes in gametangia

• Fertilization in the absence of free Fertilization in the absence of free water (pollen tubes instead of water (pollen tubes instead of swimming sperm)swimming sperm)

• Zygote and sporophyte embryo Zygote and sporophyte embryo protected and nurtured by gametophyteprotected and nurtured by gametophyte

FungiFungi ConiferophytaConiferophyta AnthophytaAnthophyta BryophytaBryophyta LichenLichen GinkgophytaGinkgophyta Primative seedless vascular plants Primative seedless vascular plants AlgaeAlgae

Early chordatesEarly chordates Recent chordatesRecent chordates MolluscaMollusca AnnelidaAnnelida CnidariaCnidaria Arthropoda – InsectaArthropoda – Insecta PoriferaPorifera Platyhelmenthes and NematodaPlatyhelmenthes and Nematoda Arthropoda – Arachnida, Mesostomata,Arthropoda – Arachnida, Mesostomata,

Crustacea, MyriapodaCrustacea, Myriapoda EchinodermataEchinodermata

1.1. Why were adaptations necessary for Why were adaptations necessary for plants to become terrestrial ?plants to become terrestrial ?

22 What were the adaptations?What were the adaptations?

3.3. What is the general term for growthWhat is the general term for growth tissue of plants?tissue of plants?

4.4. Describe the difference(s) between Describe the difference(s) between gymnosperms and angiosperms.gymnosperms and angiosperms.

5.5. Describe the two patterns of growth in Describe the two patterns of growth in seed plants?seed plants?

1.1. Plants were no longer surrounded by water whenPlants were no longer surrounded by water when

they became terrestrial. They needed to get they became terrestrial. They needed to get

water, stay upright, reproduce without water, stay upright, reproduce without

surrounding water. surrounding water.

2.2. Specialized root tissue, waterproof cuticle, Specialized root tissue, waterproof cuticle,

specialized stem tissue with vascular tissue, specialized stem tissue with vascular tissue,

leaf tissue, spores, seeds.leaf tissue, spores, seeds.

3.3. Meristematic tissue.Meristematic tissue.

4.4. Gymnosperms are either Cycadophyta, Gymnosperms are either Cycadophyta,

Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, or Coniferophyta.Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, or Coniferophyta.

4. Cont. 4. Cont. They reproduce using strobilli – They reproduce using strobilli – naked cones. Angiosperms belong to naked cones. Angiosperms belong to phylum Anthophyta and include all phylum Anthophyta and include all flowering plants. The flower is a flowering plants. The flower is a specialized reproductive structure specialized reproductive structure that produces seeds (zygote) that produces seeds (zygote) covered by fruit.covered by fruit.

5. The two patterns of growth in 5. The two patterns of growth in angiosperms are monocots and angiosperms are monocots and dicots.dicots.

Division Anthophyta has two classes Division Anthophyta has two classes of angiosperms ….of angiosperms ….

Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots

1.1. Describe the two types of vascular Describe the two types of vascular tissue and the cells that make them?tissue and the cells that make them?