Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae

An Evolutionary History of PlantsAn Evolutionary History of Plants

Life on Earth: The First ForestsLife on Earth: The First Forests

Complete the information on the Complete the information on the next two slides (also shown on the next two slides (also shown on the handout provided in class) as youhandout provided in class) as youview the film.view the film.

From the film, list the order of development of the members of the plant kingdom.

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Mosses

Club Mosses

Ferns

Cycads

Conifers (Gymnosperms)

Angiosperms

Circle the group(s) that exhibit each of the properties listed below.

a. Require water for swimming gametesmosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms

b. Possess a vascular systemmosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms

c. Produce spores mosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms

d. Produce seeds mosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms

Algae Are the Algae Are the Ancestors of Ancestors of

PlantsPlants

Photosynthetic Photosynthetic Protists gave rise Protists gave rise

to plants to plants

Algae

Characteristics of Plants Characteristics of Plants

• EukaryoticEukaryotic

• MulticellularMulticellular

• Autotrophic: photosyntheticAutotrophic: photosynthetic

• Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction

• Cell wall made of celluloseCell wall made of cellulose

• Usually non-motile except for gametesUsually non-motile except for gametes

• Adapted to life on land Adapted to life on land

Adaptations to Life on LandAdaptations to Life on Land

• Roots and root-like structuresRoots and root-like structures

• Conduction vessels Conduction vessels

• Structural supportStructural support

• Water-proof coveringWater-proof covering

• Pores for gas and water exchangePores for gas and water exchange

• Mechanisms for dispersal of Mechanisms for dispersal of reproductive products reproductive products

Evolutionary Evolutionary TreeTree

of Major of Major Plant Plant

GroupsGroups

AncestralAncestralAlgaeAlgae

AncestralAncestralAlgaeAlgae

Liver-Liver-wortsworts MossesMosses

BryophytesBryophytes

True vascular tissueTrue vascular tissue& lignin appear& lignin appear

FernsFerns Gymno-Gymno-spermssperms

Seeds andSeeds andpollen appearpollen appear

Flowers &Flowers &Fruits appearFruits appear

Seed PlantsSeed Plants

Angio-Angio-spermssperms

TracheophytesTracheophytes

Shows Shows increasing increasing

adaptations adaptations for land for land dwellingdwelling

Evolutionary trend: reduction of gametophyteEvolutionary trend: reduction of gametophyte

HaploidHaploidDiploidDiploid

GametesGametesform by mitosisform by mitosis

Spores formSpores formby meiosisby meiosis

nnnnnn

Plant Life Cycle: Alternation of Generations

SporeSporeMotherMother

CellCell

EggEgg

SpermSpermGametes meetGametes meet& fuse to form& fuse to formzygotezygote

ZygoteZygote

EmbryoEmbryoSporophyteSporophyte22nn

SporesSporesnn

GametophyteGametophytenn

nnnn

22nn

22nn

22nn

Bryophytes: MossesBryophytes: Mosses

• No fluid-conducting vascular systemNo fluid-conducting vascular system

• Enclosed reproductive structuresEnclosed reproductive structures

• Require moist environmentsRequire moist environments

SporophyteSporophyte(stalk) (stalk)

Female GametophyteFemale Gametophyte(leafy) (leafy)

Tracheophytes: Tracheophytes: Vascular PlantsVascular Plants

• Specialized groups of Specialized groups of conducting cells conducting cells organized into vesselsorganized into vessels

• Functions of vesselsFunctions of vessels– conduct water and conduct water and

nutrientsnutrients– provide support to plant provide support to plant

body with ligninbody with lignin

• Largest group of plants Largest group of plants

Tracheophytes: Tracheophytes: FernsFerns

• Seedless Seedless vascular plantsvascular plants

• Tall leafy Tall leafy SporophyteSporophyte

• Gametophyte Gametophyte requires moist requires moist environmentenvironment

Archegoniaproduce eggs

Antheridiaproduce sperm

Gametophyte

Fern Life Cycle

YoungYoungSporophyteSporophyte

HaploidHaploid1n1n

DiploidDiploid2n2n

mitosis,mitosis,differentiation,differentiation,growthgrowth

MatureMatureSporophyteSporophyte meiosismeiosis

SporeSporeCaseCase mitosis,mitosis,

differentiation,differentiation,growthgrowth

MatureMatureGametophyteGametophyte

growthgrowth

EggEgg

SpermSperm

fusionfusionto formto formzygotezygote

ZygoteZygote

mitosis,mitosis,differentiation,differentiation,growthgrowth

Tracheophytes: Tracheophytes: GymnospermsGymnosperms

• Seed-producing Seed-producing vascular plantsvascular plants

• Pollinated by windPollinated by wind• Conifers adapted to Conifers adapted to

cold, dry climatecold, dry climate– cones to protect seedscones to protect seeds– evergreen evergreen – waterproof needle-like waterproof needle-like

leavesleaves– sap does not freezesap does not freeze

Tracheophytes: Tracheophytes: GymnospermsGymnosperms

Giant SequoiaGiant Sequoia(Largest Living Thing)(Largest Living Thing)

Coastal RedwoodCoastal Redwood(Tallest Trees)(Tallest Trees)

Two Two UncommonUncommon

GymnospermsGymnosperms

GingkoGingko

Cycad

These plants have These plants have separate sexes, separate sexes,

ie. male and ie. male and female plants.female plants.

Tracheophytes: AngiospermsTracheophytes: Angiosperms• Seed and fruit-producing Seed and fruit-producing

vascular plantsvascular plants• Broad, waterproof leavesBroad, waterproof leaves• Modified leaves = Flower Modified leaves = Flower

= reproductive structure= reproductive structure• Many have animal Many have animal

pollinators; some use windpollinators; some use wind• Greatly reduced Greatly reduced

gametophyte gametophyte (pollen grain and (pollen grain and embryo sac with egg)embryo sac with egg)

• Largest number of species Largest number of species (250,000)(250,000)

Applying Your KnowledgeApplying Your Knowledge

Which group of plants Which group of plants

• Encloses seeds within fruit?Encloses seeds within fruit?

• Does not have a vascular system? Does not have a vascular system?

• Protects seeds within a cone?Protects seeds within a cone?

• Has a vascular system but does not Has a vascular system but does not produce seeds? produce seeds?

1.1. MossesMosses2.2. FernsFerns3.3. GymnospermsGymnosperms4.4. AngiospermsAngiosperms