KINGDOMS AND KINGDOMS AND CRUSADESCRUSADES

CHAPTER 15CHAPTER 15SECTION 3SECTION 3

(23 slides)(23 slides)

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ALFRED THE GREATALFRED THE GREAT

king of Wessexking of Wessex drove Vikings out of Britaindrove Vikings out of Britain united Anglo-Saxon kingdomsunited Anglo-Saxon kingdoms new kingdom known as “Angleland” or new kingdom known as “Angleland” or

“England”“England” founded schoolsfounded schools hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in

Anglo-Saxon languageAnglo-Saxon language weak rulers followedweak rulers followed

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WILLIAM THE CONQUERORWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR ruler of ruler of Normandy Normandy (part of western France)(part of western France) descendant of Viking ruler who conquered descendant of Viking ruler who conquered

NormandyNormandy cousin of King Edward of Englandcousin of King Edward of England when Edward died, noble Harold Godwinson when Edward died, noble Harold Godwinson

claimed throneclaimed throne William believed he was rightful kingWilliam believed he was rightful king William & his army defeated Harold & his William & his army defeated Harold & his

foot soldiers at Battle of Hastingsfoot soldiers at Battle of Hastings crowned king of Englandcrowned king of England became known as became known as William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

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Anglo-Saxon resisted his ruleAnglo-Saxon resisted his rule gave land to Norman knightsgave land to Norman knights made them swear loyalty to him as made them swear loyalty to him as

rulerruler officials & nobles spoke Frenchofficials & nobles spoke French Anglo-Saxons spoke own language, Anglo-Saxons spoke own language, later known as Englishlater known as English took first census since Roman timestook first census since Roman times

known as Domesday Bookknown as Domesday Book counted people, manors, & farm animalscounted people, manors, & farm animals

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HENRY IIHENRY II King of EnglandKing of England used law courts to increase his powerused law courts to increase his power central court with trained lawyers & judgescentral court with trained lawyers & judges circuit judges traveled country hearing circuit judges traveled country hearing

casescases established established common lawcommon law

same laws throughout whole kingdomsame laws throughout whole kingdom set up juries to handle argument over landset up juries to handle argument over land

grand jurygrand jury – decided whether people – decided whether people should be accused of a crimeshould be accused of a crime

trial jurytrial jury – decided whether an accused – decided whether an accused person was innocent or guiltyperson was innocent or guilty 5

KING JOHNKING JOHN

son of Henry IIson of Henry II raised taxesraised taxes punished enemies without a trialpunished enemies without a trial English noble resented his power English noble resented his power refused to obey unless guaranteed refused to obey unless guaranteed

certain rightscertain rights forced king to sign forced king to sign Magna CartaMagna Carta, or , or

the Great Charterthe Great Charter6

MAGNA CARTAMAGNA CARTA

a document of rightsa document of rights king & vassals both had certain rights & king & vassals both had certain rights &

dutiesduties established people have rightsestablished people have rights power of government should be limitedpower of government should be limited took away some of king’s powertook away some of king’s power

no longer collect taxes unless Great Council no longer collect taxes unless Great Council agreedagreed

freemen accused of crime had right to fair trial freemen accused of crime had right to fair trial by their peers or equalsby their peers or equals

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PARLIAMENTPARLIAMENT King Edward I held meeting of people from King Edward I held meeting of people from

different parts of Englanddifferent parts of England job was to advise king & help make lawsjob was to advise king & help make laws step towards representative governmentstep towards representative government original original ParliamentParliament

two knight from every countytwo knight from every county two people from every towntwo people from every town all high-ranking nobles and church officialsall high-ranking nobles and church officials

later later ParliamentParliament divided into two housesdivided into two houses House of LordsHouse of Lords

high-ranking nobleshigh-ranking nobles church officialschurch officials

House of CommonsHouse of Commons townspeopletownspeople

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KINGDOM OF FRANCEKINGDOM OF FRANCE

Charlemagne’s empire divided into Charlemagne’s empire divided into three partsthree parts

western region – Kingdom of Francewestern region – Kingdom of France Hugh Capet – first Capetian kingHugh Capet – first Capetian king Capetians controlled area around Paris – Capetians controlled area around Paris –

capitalcapital French nobles had more power than French nobles had more power than

kingskings changed when changed when Philip IIPhilip II became king became king

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went to war against Englandwent to war against England conquered most of western France territoryconquered most of western France territory result – French kings gained more land & result – French kings gained more land &

became more powerfulbecame more powerful Philip IVPhilip IV – called Philip the Fair – called Philip the Fair

met with representatives of three estates, or met with representatives of three estates, or classes, of French societyclasses, of French society

first estate – first estate – clergyclergy (ordained as priests) (ordained as priests) second estate – noblessecond estate – nobles third estate – townspeople or peasantsthird estate – townspeople or peasants meeting began the meeting began the Estates-GeneralEstates-General

France’s first parliamentFrance’s first parliament first step towards representative governmentfirst step towards representative government

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EASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIAEASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIA

SlavsSlavs organized villages in Eastern Europeorganized villages in Eastern Europe made up of families related to each made up of families related to each

otherother shared land, animals, tools, seeds, etcshared land, animals, tools, seeds, etc built houses partly undergroundbuilt houses partly underground kept family warm during cold winterskept family warm during cold winters divided into three major groupsdivided into three major groups

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three major groupsthree major groups SouthernSouthern

Croats, Serbs, & BulgariansCroats, Serbs, & Bulgarians WesternWestern

Poles, Czechs, & SlovaksPoles, Czechs, & Slovaks EasternEastern

Ukrainians, Belorussians, & RussiansUkrainians, Belorussians, & Russians controlled land between Carpathian controlled land between Carpathian

Mountains & Volga RiverMountains & Volga River created farmland by chopping down created farmland by chopping down

forests & burning trees to fertilize the soilforests & burning trees to fertilize the soil planted barley, rye, & flaxplanted barley, rye, & flax

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KIEVAN RUSKIEVAN RUS

Vikings moved into Slav territoryVikings moved into Slav territory became rulersbecame rulers Slavs called Viking rulers the RusSlavs called Viking rulers the Rus intermarried into one peopleintermarried into one people Oleg – Viking leaderOleg – Viking leader

created Rus state around city of created Rus state around city of KievKiev called Kievan Ruscalled Kievan Rus main ruler – Grand Duke of Kievmain ruler – Grand Duke of Kiev Boyars – local princes, rich merchants, & Boyars – local princes, rich merchants, &

landowning nobles helped him governlandowning nobles helped him govern

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rulers who followed increased Kievan rulers who followed increased Kievan Rus sizeRus size from Baltic Sea in north to Black Sea in from Baltic Sea in north to Black Sea in

southsouth from Danube River in west to Volga from Danube River in west to Volga

River in westRiver in west growth attracted missionaries from growth attracted missionaries from

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire Vladimir - Rus rulerVladimir - Rus ruler

married sister of Byzantine emperormarried sister of Byzantine emperor became Eastern Orthodox Christianbecame Eastern Orthodox Christian declared his people Eastern Orthodoxdeclared his people Eastern Orthodox

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MONGOL INVASIONMONGOL INVASION Slavs call Mongols “Tatars”Slavs call Mongols “Tatars” named after Mongol tribe- the Tata peoplenamed after Mongol tribe- the Tata people destroyed almost all major citiesdestroyed almost all major cities only city spared was Novgorod only city spared was Novgorod killed many peoplekilled many people Novgorod rulers (and Russian)Novgorod rulers (and Russian)

had to pay tribute to khanhad to pay tribute to khan accept Mongols as their rulersaccept Mongols as their rulers faced attacks by Germans & Swedesfaced attacks by Germans & Swedes Alexander Nevsky & Slavs defeated Germans & Alexander Nevsky & Slavs defeated Germans &

SwedesSwedes Mongols reward him with title “grand duke”Mongols reward him with title “grand duke”

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THE RISE OF MOSCOWTHE RISE OF MOSCOW

damaged during Mongol invasiondamaged during Mongol invasion recovered & began to growrecovered & began to grow located at crossroads of several located at crossroads of several

important trade routesimportant trade routes Nevsky’s son & descendants became Nevsky’s son & descendants became

grand dukes of grand dukes of MoscowMoscow

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THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES Christian holy warChristian holy war total of ten crusadestotal of ten crusades Muslim Turks seized control of Muslim Turks seized control of

Byzantine lands in Asia MinorByzantine lands in Asia Minor Byzantine emperor asks pope for helpByzantine emperor asks pope for help Pope Urban II Pope Urban II

asked Europe’s nobles to launch war asked Europe’s nobles to launch war against Muslim Turksagainst Muslim Turks

urged capture of Jerusalem & free Holy urged capture of Jerusalem & free Holy LandLand

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EARLY VICTORIESEARLY VICTORIES red cross: sign of obedience to pope’s callred cross: sign of obedience to pope’s call First Crusade First Crusade

captured…captured… Antioch in Syria in 1098Antioch in Syria in 1098 Jerusalem in 1099Jerusalem in 1099

crusaders created four statescrusaders created four states Kingdom of Jerusalem in PalestineKingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine country of Edessacountry of Edessa principality of Antioch in Asia Minorprincipality of Antioch in Asia Minor country of Tripoli (Lebanon today)country of Tripoli (Lebanon today)

surrounded by Muslimssurrounded by Muslims depended on Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice for depended on Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice for

suppliessupplies Muslims fought back & captured Edessa in 1144Muslims fought back & captured Edessa in 1144 European rulers sent another crusade to regain lost landsEuropean rulers sent another crusade to regain lost lands

Second crusade a total failureSecond crusade a total failure

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Muslim named Saladin became ruler Muslim named Saladin became ruler of Egyptof Egypt

united Muslimsunited Muslims declared war against Christian statesdeclared war against Christian states brilliant commanderbrilliant commander defeated Christiansdefeated Christians captured Jerusalem in 1187captured Jerusalem in 1187 led to Third Crusadeled to Third Crusade

DEFEATDEFEAT

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European rulers gathered armies to fight European rulers gathered armies to fight SaladinSaladin

Frederic emperor of Holy Roman EmpireFrederic emperor of Holy Roman Empire drowned crossing a riverdrowned crossing a river

King Richard I of England King Richard I of England Richard the Lion-HeartedRichard the Lion-Hearted captured a coastal citycaptured a coastal city agreed to truce with Saladinagreed to truce with Saladin

Christian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safetyChristian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safety King Phillip II of FranceKing Phillip II of France

went homewent home

THIRD CRUSADE PROBLEMSTHIRD CRUSADE PROBLEMS

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FOURTH CRUSADEFOURTH CRUSADE

called by Pope Innocent IIIcalled by Pope Innocent III Venice merchants used crusade to Venice merchants used crusade to

weaken trading rival (Byzantine weaken trading rival (Byzantine Empire)Empire) convinced crusaders to attack convinced crusaders to attack

ConstantinopleConstantinople burned looted cityburned looted city shocked Western Europeansshocked Western Europeans weakened Byzantinesweakened Byzantines

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AFFECT ON EUROPEAFFECT ON EUROPE increased trade between Europe & increased trade between Europe &

Middle EastMiddle East helped break down feudalismhelped break down feudalism

nobles who joined Crusades sold land & nobles who joined Crusades sold land & freed serfsfreed serfs reduced their powerreduced their power helped Kings build stronger centralized helped Kings build stronger centralized

governmentsgovernments Kings taxed new trade with Middle Kings taxed new trade with Middle

EastEast taxes built stronger kingdoms in taxes built stronger kingdoms in

Western EuropeWestern Europe22

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