kinisiology arch of foot

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Arches of foot

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Page 1: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Arches of foot

Page 2: Kinisiology  arch of foot

FOOT

ARCH• Formed by complex structure of bones, ligaments and

tendons of the foot.

• Arranged in curve shape which functions to distribute

the exerted force to the both end of the foot equally.

FUNCTIONS OF THE ARCH OF FOOT

• Proportional weight distribution

• Acts as segmental lever

• Protects plantar vessels and nerves

• Arch foot is dynamic and pliable

Structural example of

an arch

Page 3: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Method of maintaining the

arch Shape of stones

Intersegmental ties

Tie beams

Slings or suspension bridge

Page 4: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Factors that maintaining the

arch1. Bones

2. Ligaments

3. Muscles

4. Tendons

Static stabilizer

Dynamic stabilizer

Page 5: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Arch of foot

Page 6: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Functions of each bone Talus

* to form a connection between leg and foot so that body weightmay be transferred from ankle to leg.

* to enable to walk and maintain balance.

* to help movement of ankle and together with calcaneus iffacilitates the movement of foot.

Navicular

* play roles in distribution of body weight through bones in foot.

*Helps to hold the arteries running through the foot

Cuboid

* provide stability to foot

Metatarsal

* support weight bearing of the body

* they work with ligament to perform movement.

Page 7: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Phalanges

* Allow metatarsal head to continuosly support the weight of body as

foot move from heel to toe.

Cunieform : 1st cuneiform, 2nd cuneiform, 3rd cuneiform

* 1st cuneiform is the attachment for numerous ligament, such as the

peroneus longus and libialis anterior’s tendon.

*2nd and 3rd helps to hold the arteries running through the foot.

* 3rd to support the body while playing role in motion.

Page 8: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Ligaments

Ligaments hold the tendons in place and stabilize the joints.

Allow the arch to curve or flatten, providing balance and giving the

foot strength to initiate the act of walking by stretching and

contracting

Medial ligaments on the inside and lateral ligaments on outside of

the foot provide stability and enable the foot to move up and down.

The longest of these, the plantar fascia, forms the arch on the sole

of the foot from the heel to the toes

Example : plantar ligament, the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament

and the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

Page 9: Kinisiology  arch of foot
Page 10: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Muscles and tendons

Long flexor muscles and small muscles of foot can exert their action

on bones of forepart of foot and toes

Greatly assist the forward propulsive action of gastrocnemius and

soleus

Active muscular forces assist the arch when stresses and loads on

the foot

Tendons are inelastic but flexible and serve to concentrate the pull of

a muscle on a small area of attachment

Example: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, tendon of tibialis

posterior, tendon of flexor digitorum longus

Page 11: Kinisiology  arch of foot
Page 12: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Arches of foot

Longitudinal arch

Medial

Lateral

Transverse arch

Page 13: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Medial Longitudinal arch

The arch is very tall

Extremely resilient due to its large number of component bones

‹FACTORS STRUCTURES

Bones • ‹Formed by:

i) calcaneus iv) 3 cuneiforms

ii) talus v) 1st, 2nd, 3rd metatarsal

iii) navicular

• Talus “key stone” rests on navicular and on sustentaculum tali of calcaneus

• Joint: talocalcaneonavicular & subtalar

Maintained by MUSCLES

• Tibialis anterior

• Tibialis posterior

• Flexor digitorum longus

• Flexor hallucis longus

• Abductor hallucis

• Flexor digitorum brevis

Long plantar ligaments, short plantar ligaments, spring ligaments, interosseous ligament,

deltoid ligament, plantar aponeurosis

Tendon of tibialis anterior, tendon of tibialis posterior

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Lateral longitudinal arch

FACTORS STRUCTURES

Bones • ‹Formed by:

i) calcaneus

ii) cuboid

iii) 4th and 5th metatarsals

• Calcaneal angle of cuboid supports anterior lower articular surface of calcaneus

• Upward tilt of long axis of calcaneus

• Cuboid as a “key stone”

• Joint : calcaneocuboid joint

Maintained by • Peroneus longus

• Peroneus brevis

• Peroneus tertius

• Abductor digiti minimi

• Flexor digitorum brevis

• Flexor digitorum longus

Long and the short plantar ligaments, plantar aponeurosis

Tendon of peroneus brevis and tertius, tendon of tibialis posterior, tendon of flexor

digitorum longus.

*This arch is more stable and less adjustable than the medial one

• The arch is flat and contains less number of bones

• Bears the body weight before medial arch comes into play

Page 18: Kinisiology  arch of foot
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MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH LATERAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH

Formed by more bones and joints Formed by less bones and joint

Characteristic feature is resiliency Characteristic feature is rigidity

Higher and more mobile Lower and less mobile

Involved in propulsion during locomotion Involved in receiving and supporting body

weight

Summit is formed by talus Summit is formed by calcaneum

Main joint is talocalcaneonavicular joint Main joint is calcaneocuboid joint

Page 21: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Transverse arch

FACTORS STRUCTURES

Bones • Formed by:

i) Cuboid

ii) Cuneiform

iii) Metatarsals

• Wedge shape of 3 cuneiforms

• Bases of middle of 3 metatarsals accentuate arch

Maintained by • Dorsal interossei

• Adductor hallucis

• Peroneus longus

• Peroneus tertius

• Tibialis anterior

Deep transverse ligament, plantar ligaments, dorsal ligaments:

• Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament

• Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments

• Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments

• Dorsal metatarsal ligaments

Tendons of peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius and tibialis posterior

Page 22: Kinisiology  arch of foot
Page 23: Kinisiology  arch of foot
Page 24: Kinisiology  arch of foot

PES CAVUS (HIGH ARCH FOOT)

• The arch will appear higher

• Ankle rolled outwards slightly

• Usually a hereditary condition and in

rare cases, there may be an underlying

neurological problem

• Excessive supination- causes problems

for runners and other athletes

• The foot is less able to provide shock

absorption

• Can cause plantar fasciitis

Abnormal arch of

foot

Page 25: Kinisiology  arch of foot

PES PLANUS (FLAT FEET)

• Little or no arch is seen

• It is called flat foot or fallen arch.

• When tendons do not pull together

properly

• The posterior tibial tendon, which

connects from lower leg along ankle,

to the middle of the arch is damage or

inflammed.

• Excessive pronation- Occurs when the

arches collapse and the ankles roll

inwards.

• Causing an imbalance and leading to

wear and tear in other parts of the

body

Page 26: Kinisiology  arch of foot

POSTERIOR TIBIAL TENDON DYSFUNCTION

• Posterior tibial tendon becomes

inflamed or torn.

• Tendon may not be able to provide

stability and support for the arch of

the foot, resulting in flatfoot.

• An acute injury, such as from a fall,

can tear the posterior tibial tendon

or cause it to become inflamed. The

tendon can also tear due to overuse.

• The arch will slowly fall (collapse)

over time.

Page 27: Kinisiology  arch of foot

Plantar fasciitis

• Micro tears or inflammation of plantar fascia

• Plantar fascia- a fibrous band of connective tissue

located on the plantar surface of the foot

• Assists in forming the longitudinal arch of the foot

• Holds parts of the foot together, helps protect the

sole from injury

Achilles tendonitis

• Longest tendon in the body, connecting the calf

muscles to the heel bone behind the ankle joint.

• Persistent strain on the Achilles tendons causes

irritation and inflammation and also lead to

degeneration and thickening of the tendon.

• Cause over pronation (flat feet). As the feet roll

inwards excessively, the lower leg is forced to

rotate internally, putting a shearing force on the

calf muscles

Page 28: Kinisiology  arch of foot
Page 29: Kinisiology  arch of foot

References

http://sportspodiatryinfo.wordpress.com/2010/08/09/the-transverse-metatarsal-

arch/

http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/arches_of_the_foot.html

http://www.gla.ac.uk/t4/~fbls/files/fab/tutorial/anatomy/arch1.html

Singh, V. (2014), Textbook of Anatomy (Regional and Clinical) Abdomen and

Lower Limb, 2nd ed., page 432-438, Elsevier Health Science, India.

Snell, R.S. (2011), Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 9th ed., Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins, Baltimore.