MEXICAN KINSHIP TERMS

By

PAUL RADIN

UNSITY OF CRORMA PUBLICATIONS IN AMEXCAN ARC:ELOGYAND ETHNOLDGY

Volume 31, No. 1, pp. 1-14. . .P t

UNIVERSlTYiOF CALIPORNIA PRESS- BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

1931- :

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MEXICAN KINSHIP TERMS

BY

PAUL RADIN

UNIVmsITY oP CAIJopORNIA PuTBLiOATioNS IN AM&FICAN AwHAioiwyAND ETHNoLoGY

Volume 31, No. 1, pp. 1-14

Issued August 4, 1931

UMnvxasrrY OF CALIFORNiA PRESSBEIIKE,LY, CALrFORNIA

CAMBRHxE UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON, ENGLAND

MEXICAN KINSHIP TERMS

BY

PAUL RADIN

INTRODUCTION

The following kinship systems were all extracted from olddictionaries and confesionarios. In spite of the fact that the authorsof these works were priests who had no interest whatsoever in thestrange customs of the people they were converting, great care wasgenerally taken in obtaining as complete a list of kinship terms aspossible in order to prevent the natives from marrying within theforbidden degrees of marriage as laid down by the Catholic church.These lists are, on the whole, fairly complete and adequate, i.e., theygive us enough data to determine the type of kinship systems usedby the Indians described.

It is naturally difficult to study kinship systems apart from socialorganization, and we know wretchedly little about the social organ-ization of the Indians of either ancient or modern Mlexico. Of thetribes discussed in this paper we know fairly definitely that the Opata,Tepehuano, Tarahumare, Cora, and Otomi did not have a clan organ-ization and we also know that their social organization was simple.Flor the other tribes our specific knowledge about social organizationis not always much better, but we do know a good deal about theirculture in general. For the Totonaca we have the data given by theolder Spanish sources, particularly Sahagun and Torquemada.' Thereseems to be no adequate reason, on the basis of the facts they give, toassume that the Totonac either had a clan organization or a markeddevelopment of social classes. That their culture was quite complex,however, admits of no doubt. It seems to have been closely relatedto that of the IHuaxtec. Among the Huaxtec there appears to havebeen a fairly well developed "caste" system, but there are no indi-cations of clans. It is only when we come to the Mlixtec and Zapotec

1 This has been excellently summarized by W. Kriekeberg, Die Totonaken,Baessler Archiv, vols. 7 and 9.

2 Un-iversity of Califorsnia Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 31

that we find a highly definite caste system2 and probably a clan organ-ization. For the Zapotec there seems to be little doubt that a clanorganization once existed.3 The evidence for the Mixtec is not sogood, although it seems reasonable to assume that owing to the extremesimilarity of the two cultures in social organization., what holds forthe Zapotec would also hold for the Mixtec. The Mixe and Zoquedo not seem to have had any distinction of classes. Whether they hada clan organization it is hard to say, but the presumption has alwaysbeen that they did.

Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the kinship systems ofMexico is that, with exception of the Maya and Ta.rascan,4 we findno example of the classificatory type and even the two mentioned areonly classificatory in part. In the main the Mexican systems c.an begrouped into three types, the Opata, Tepehuano, Tarahumare, Cora,and Huaxtec constituting the first, the Totonae, Otomi, Mixtec, Zapo-tec, Mixe, and Zoque, the second, and the Tarascan and Maya, thethird.5 The first.group approximates most closely to Spier's type V(Yuman) and the second to his type IV (Acoma).

2 This is even definitely expressed in the language where a special set ofpersonal pronouns exist onily used when addressing one's superiors.

3 The evidence is to be found partly in Burgoa, but particulaxly in Santamariay Canseco, Papeles de Nueva Espafia, Relacion de Mitla, etc. (1580).

4 Paul Radin, Maya, Nahuatl and Tarascan Kinship Terms, AA, n.s., v. 27,no. 1.

5 The Aztec belongs to neither group. In the scheme outlined by Spier itwould have to be placed in his type III (Salish).

6 Leslie Spier, The Distribution of Kinship Systems in North America, UW-PA, vol. 1, no. 2.

Radin: Mexican Kinship Termns

OPATA RELATIONSHIP TERMS7

Parent-Child GroupFather, masMother, deguaSon, noDaughter, mara

Grandparent-Grandchild GroupGrandfather, paoGrandmother, suGrandson, paomariGranddaughter, paom

Sibling GroupOlder brother, baaYounger brother, booOlder sister, cooYounger sister, bii

Uncle-Nephew GroupFather 's older brother, cuhFather 's younger brother, bebirMother 's older brother, soroMother 's younger brother, dechimFather 's older sister, baboFather 's younger sister, derMother 's older sister, teppo.Mother 's younger sister, derNephew, taimNiece, taimari

TEPEHUANO RELATIONSHIP TERMS8

Parent-Child GroupFather, oja, avuscia, mamaMother, daddaChild (father speaking), tututo, alidagaChild (mother speaking), mamata, alidaga

7 Extracted from P. Balcastro, Vocabulario de la Lengua Opata. I am quotingfrom the manuseript copy of A. Pinart in the Bancroft Library.

8 Extracted from Benito Rinaldini, Arte de la Lengua Tepeguana, 1743.

1931] 3

4 Uninsversity of Ca.lifornia Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 31

Grandparent-Grandchild GroupPaternal grandfather, boscicaMaternal grandfather, babbaPaternal grandmother, casuliMaternal grandmother, uliGreat grandparents, visuli, vippizareChild of son (man speaking), bossimataChild of daughter (man speaking), bamataChild of son (woman speaking), easci, camataChild of daughter (woman speaking), bamata

Sibling GroupOlder sibling to older and younger sibling, succuli, supidiYounger sibling to older sibling, scisci

Uncle-Nephew GroupFather's older brother, cumuliFather 's younger brother, aquitaMother 's older brother, cusciMother 's younger brother, tataliMother 's and father 's older sister, dusuliMother 's and father 's younger sister, discicaChildren of older brother (man speaking), aquimataChildren of younger brother (man speaking), cumuliChildren of older sister (man speaking), tataliChildren of younger sister (man speaking), cuscimataChildren of older brother (woman speaking), boboytaChildren of younger brother (woman speaking), dusuli, mamasuliChildren of older sister (woman speaking), discica.Children of younger sister (woman speaking), dusuli

AffinitiesFather-in-law (man speaking), tud baFather-in-law (woman speaking), mat boscidiMother-in-law (man speaking), tud muMother-in-law (woman speaking), mat casuliSon-in-law (man speaking), bamatogaSon-in-law (woman speaking), uli ogadeDaughter-in-law (man speaking), bassimata dudDaughter-in-law (woman speaking), casei duBrother-in-law (older brother speaking), cualiBrother-in-law (younger brother(?) speaking), mayogaBrother-in-law (woman speaking), oteysciSister-in-law, inscisci jonigade9Children's spouses' parents, tasei

9 Literally, wife of my brother.

1adin: Mexican Kinship Terms

TARAHUMARE RELATIONSHIP TERMS1O

Parent-Child GroupFather, on6Mother, eye, yey6Child, ranara, mara; qui

Grandparent-Grandchild GroupPaternal grandfather, achicariMaternal grandfather, apar6chiPaternal grandmother, adcehuriMaternal grandmother, ushuiGreat-grandfather, great-grandchild, omiuriGrandchild, usui

Sibbling GroupBrother, rejimfaraOlder brother, bachira, bachiYounger brother, bonira, boniSister, reteimaOlder sister, cochira, cochiYounger sister, huaye, huai, huaira

Uncle-Nephew GroupUncle, aunt, rat6Nephew, niece, rate

Cousin Group

(Cousins are grouped with siblings.)

AffinitiesFather-in-law, siaMother-in-law, siariuameSon-in-law, moneDaughter-in-law, mon6raBrother-in-law, rep6, huagaSister-in-law, che6, huaga

10 Extracted from Jose Ferrero, Pequenia Gramatica y Diccionario de la LenguaTarahumara, 1920.

1931] 5

6 University of California Publications in Amn. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 31

CORA RELATIONSHIP TERMS"

Parent-Child GroupFather, tiya6ppaMother, titeChild (man speaking), tipericChild (woman speaking), tiyaoh

Grandparent-Grandchild GroupGrandfather, tiyaxuGrandmother, tiyacuariGrandchild (man speaking), tiyaxuGrandchild (woman speaking), tiyacuari

Sibling GroupOlder brother, tihatziYounger brother, tihutziOlder sister, ticutziYounger sister, tihutzi

Uncle-Nephew GroupUncle, tinaoziAunt, titataNephew, tinaoziNiece, titata

Cousin Group(Cousin group same as sibling.)

AffinitiesMan's brother-in-law, tiyaoberiWoman's brother-in-law, tihuitariSister-in-law, tihuitariParent-in-law, timu'niChild-in-law, timiuni

11 Extracted from Nicolas Carlos de Cervantes, Vocabulario en Lengua Cas-tellafia y Cora, 1732.

Radin: Mexican Kinship Terms

HUAXTEC. RELATIONSHIP TERMS12

Parent-Child GroupFather (man speaking), paylomFather (woman speaking), papMother, mimChild (man speaking), atieChild (woman speaking), tam

Grand,parent-Grandchild GroupGrandfather, mamGrandmother, achGrandchild (man speaking), momobGrandchild (woman speaking), yyib

Sibling GroupOlder brother (man speaking), at mimBrother (woman speaking), xibamYounger brother, atatalSister (man speaking), ixamOlder sister (woman speaking), bayilYounger sister (woman speaking), acab

Uncle-Nephew GroupFather's older brother (man speaking), yelam paylomFather 's younger brother (man speaking), tzutz paylomFather's older brother (woman speaking), yelam papFather 's younger brother (woman speaking), tzutz papAunt, tzanubChildren of sister (man speaking), itzaeChildren of brother (woman speaking), yyac

Cousin Group(They are all merged with siblings.)

AffinitiesFather-in-law (man speaking), yyamFather-in-law (woman speaking), alibMother-in-law (man speaking), uxum iyamMother-in-law (woman speaking), uxum alibSon-in-law, yyamDaughter-in-law, alibBrother-in-law (man speaking), baylBrother-in-law (woman speaking), atmulSister-in-law (man speaking), atmulSister-in-law (woman speaking), pahuan

12 Extracted from Carlos de Tapia Zenteno, Noticia de la Lengua Huaxteca,1767.

1931] 7

8 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 31

TOTONACA RELATIONSHIP TERMS13

Parent-Child GroupFather, tlatMother, tzitSon, camDaughter, pozcayacam

Gra,ndparent-Grandchild GroupGrandfather, papaGrandmother, tagoGreat-grandfather, xonapapaGreat-grandmother, xonatagoGrandson, tanatGranddaughter, tanat

Sibling GroupSibling, talaOlder brother (man to man), poxcoOlder brother (woman to man), gag chinYounger brother (man to man), tahoOlder sister, pipiYounger sister (man to woman), tahotYounger sister (woman to woman), chahan

Uncle-Nephew GroupUncle, eocoAunt, napaCousin, puxnimit

Cousin GroupCousin, tapuxnimit

AffinitiesFather-in-law, son-in-law, pohuitiMother-in-law, daughter-in-law, pohuititBrother-in-law, haztaSister-in-law, haztat

13 Extracted from Domingo Pantaleon, Arte de Lengua Totonaca, 1752.

Radin: Mexican Kinship Terms

OTOMI RELATIONSHIP TERMS14

Parent-Child GroupFather, na-taMother, na-meDaughter, xubahtziSon, bahtzi

Grandparent-Grandchild GroupGrandfather, xitaGrandmother, na-tzuGreat-grandfather, buextaGreat-grandmother, buetzuGrandchild, xubehto

Sibling GroupBrother, chuadaOlder brother (woman speaking), ydaYounger brother, tzichuadaSister, machuOlder sister, na-thugueYounger sister, tzichuh, cu

Uncle-Nephew GroupUncle, ueMother's brother, na-gueFather's brother, na-moAunt, ttxitzyMother's sister, na-hiFather's sister, ttzitziNephew, na-bedatzyNiece, na-begue

Cousin Group(No cousin term was found. In all probability the sibling term was used.)

AffinitiesFather-in-law (man speaking), dohioeFather-in-law (woman speaking), tzaMother-in-law (man speaking), na-toMother-in-law (woman speaking), na-caSon-in-law, tzi-gueDaughter-in-law, behoeBrother-in-law, na-coSister-in-law, iamudu, behpo

14 Extracted from Luces del Otomi (Eustaquio Buelna, editor). The vocabu-laries reprinted by Buelna date from the eighteenth century.

1931] 9

10 University of California Publications in, Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 31

MIXTECO RELATIONSHIP TERMS'5

Parent-Child GroupFather, dzutu (A); yua (B)Mother, dzehe (A); dihi (B)Son, dzahya yi (A); dehe hy (B)Daughter, dzahya dzihi (A); dehe dihi (B)

Granfparent-Grandchild GroupGrandfather, sij (A); xii (B)Grandmother, sitna (A); xitna (B)Grandchild, dzaya nianindi (A)Grandson, dehefnani hii (B)Granddaughter, deheflani dihi (B)Granddaughter, dzahya -nani dzihi (A)

Sibling GroupBrother, fiani (B)Brother (man speaking) fiani (A)Brother (woman speaking), cuhua (A)Sister, quha (B)Sister (man speaking), cuhua (A)Sister (woman speaking), cuhui (A)

Uncle-Nephew GroupUncle, dziso, dzito (A); dito (B)Aunt, dzidzi (A); didi (B)Ne.phew, dzasi, dzaxin (A); daxi (B)Niece, dzicu (A); dicun (B)

Cousin Group(The sibling terms were employed although at times descriptive terms

were also applied.)

AffinitiesFather-in-law, yua dido (B); yuva dzidzo (A)Mother-in-law, dzihi dzidzo (A); dihi dido (B)Son-in-law, dzahya cadza (A); dehe cada (B)Daughter-in-law, dzihi xanu (A); dehe sano (B)Brother-in-law, dzidzo yi (A); dido hy (B)Sister-in-law, dzidzo dzihi (A); dido dihi (B)

15 There are two principal sources, an old gramma.r by Fray Antonio de losReyes, Arte en Lengua Mixteca, 1593, and a modern Catecismo en Lengua. Mixteca(Mixteca Baja), Puebla, 1837. The first represents the Upper or Mountain dia-lect (Mixteca Alta) and the second the Valley. The abbreviation A is for Alta,B for Baja.

1Badin: Mexican Kinship Terms

ZAPOTEC RELATIONSHIP TERMS16

Parent-Child GroupFather, bixoceMother, xifiaa-gacana, naayaChild, xini

Grandparent-Grandchild GroupGrandfather, pixoze golaGrandmother, xoce golaGrandchild, xiagaya

Sibling GroupBrother (man speaking), beecheBrother (woman speaking), zaanaSister (man speaking), zaanaSister (sister speaking), beelda, pela

Uncle-Nephew GroupFather's brother, pechetitia; pixioaMother's brother, pizaana naayaFather's sister, pizaana titia; naayaMother 's sister, pela naayaUncle, cdajiu (R)Aunt, cnanjiu (R)Man's brother's son, xini pechoaMan's sister's son, xini tazanayaMan's brother's daughter, xini clhapa pechoaWoman's sister's son, xini bizaanaWoman 's sister 's daughter, xini chapa tazanaya; xiagoyaSister's children, sa 'a (R)17

Cousin GroupMan's male cousin, pecheMan 's female cousin, pizaanaWoman's male cousin, pizaanaWoman's female cousin, pela

AffinitiesWife's father, pixoze gonnaHusband's father, pixoze niquijoyaWife 's mother,.xifaa gonnayaHusband's mother, xiiiaani quijoaMan 's brother-in-law, xiniochia;, pechoaWoman's brother-in-law, chillonayaMan's sister-in-law, chillonaya; xifiaa pechoaSon-in-law, xiniochiaDaughter-in-law, xini hualijehia

16 Extracted from Juan de Cordova, Vocabulario en Lengua. Zapoteca, 1576,and my own notes. Terms obtained by me are marked (R).

1 Sa'a means blood relative.

1931] 11

12 University of California Publication8 in Anr. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 31

MIXE RELATIONSHIP TERMS18

Parent-Child GroupFather, teitMother, taacSon, une, maneDaughter, nox

Grandparent-Grandchild Group

Grandfather, ap, apteitGrandmother, oc, octaaeGandson (man speaking), apuncGrandson (woman speaking), ocune, oemancGranddaughter (man speaking), apuneGranddaughter (woman speaking), ocnox

Sibling Group

Older brother (man speaking), aich, motuucqueexOlder brother (woman speaking), ayYounger brother (man speaking), vich, motuucquuexYounger brother (woman speaking), coyaiOlder sister, tzoo, cotoixYounger sister, vich, cotoix

Uncle-Nephew GroupFather's brother, tzucumteitMother's brother, haimFather's sister, tzueuuMother's sister, tzucuutaacBrother's son, tzoemaneSister's son, haimBrother's daughter, tzocnoxSister's daughter, haim

Cousin GroupOlder male cousin, aichOlder male cousin (woman speaking), ayYounger male cousin, vichYounger male cousin (woman speaking), coyaiOlder female cousin, tzooYounger female cousin, vich

18 Extracted from Fray Augustin de Quintana, Confesionario en Lengua Mixe,1733, and reprinted by the Comte de Charencey.

Badia: Mexican. Kinship Terms

AffinitiesParent-in-law, mootMother-in-law (woman speaking), xoicxBrother-in-law (man speaking), hoyBrother-in-law (woman speaking), noihSister-in-law (man speaking), caipSister-in-law (woman speaking), noihSon-in-law, mootDaughter-in-law (man speaking), tzuuDaughter-in-law (woman speaking), xoicxChildren 's spouses' parents, comoot

Ordinal Names

First-born son or daughter, cob (rabbit)Second-born son or daughter, puut (deer)Third-born son and thereafter, octz (lion)Third-born daughter and thereafter, oic (armadillo)

ZOQUE RELATIONSHIP TERMS19

Parent-Child GroupFather, haataMother, mamaSon, mana; uncDaughter, han

Grandparent-Grandchild GroupGrandparent, aputaMother 's grandparent, ocoFather 's grandparent, tahuataPaternal great-grandfather, tua-putaMaternal great-grandfather, tuocoPaternal great-grandmother, tuta-haataGrandson, aputa unc; oco uneGranddaughter, aputa han; oco hanGreat-grandson, tua-puta; manaGreat-granddaughter, tuha-haata unc; tuha-haata han

19 Extracted from Fray Luis Gonza.les, Arte Breve y Vocabulario de la LenguaZoque, 1672. Reprinted by Raoul de la Grasserie in Bibliotheque LinguistiqueAmericaine, vol. 22. Care must be taken in the use of all of Grasserie's reprints.They are full of typographical errors.

1931] 13

14 University of California Publcations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 31

Sibling GroupOlder brother, hatsiYounger brother, pootzoOlder sister, tza-tzaYounger sister, cose (I am assuming that Grasserie 's designation of cose

as hermana mayor is a typographical error)

Uncle-Nephew GroupPaternal uncle, tzeniPaternal aunt, paapoMaternal uncle, hamoMaternal aunt, emeSon of brother, itzeni-manacSon of brother (sister speaking), poopo-manacSon of sister, apu-manacSon of sister (sister speaking), eme-manacDaughter of brother, tzenli-hanDaughter of sister, apu-han

Cousin GroupCousins, tzenitevaChildren of brothers, poopo-toevaChildren of sisters, eme-toeva

AffinitiesParents-in-law, muentSon-in-law, muentBrother-in-law, pissiSister-in-law (sister of wife), capaySister-in-law (sister of husband), hoyaSon of brother-in-law, tzuu-manac20Son of sister-in-law, sep-manacDaughter of sister-in-law, tzuu-hanDaughter of sister-in-law (woman speaking), sep-hanWife of uncle, sepBrother-in-law of mother, tzuuChildren 's spouses' parents, tzanc

20 In this and the following term manifestly the son of husband's brother andthe daughter of wife 's sister are meant.

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4. The Valley Nisenan, by A. L. Kroeber. - Pp. 253-290. December, 1929 .505. The Bear River Dialect of Athapascan, by Pliny Earle Goddard. P.

291-324. December, 1929 ................... . 406. Peruvian Cumbrous Bowls, by Isabel T. Kelly. Pp. 325-341, 1 figure in

text. ApriL1930.............................. .......................257. The Carver's Art of the Indians of Northwestern California, by Isabel T.

Kelly. Pp 343-360, plates 103-119, 7 figures i text. Aug .408. Yokuts-Mono Chiefs and Shamans, by A. H. Gayton. Pp. 361.420. Octo-

ber 1930 .................... , .809. Yuki Basketry, by Isabel T. Kelly. Pp. 421-444, plates 12-127, 5 figures

in text. November 1930.................... ... . . ......... .40VoL 25. L Iovelock Cave, by Llewellyn L. Loud and . R.I arr Pp. viii +

183, plates 1-88, 25 figures in text. February, 19 .............. .502. Mentawei Religious Cult, by Edwin M. Loeb. P-p. 185-247, plate 69-73.

February, 1929 ....................... ....._.....80

8. Tribal nidations and- Secret Societes, by Edwin .L Loeb. Pp. 249-28%1 map. February, 1929 ....... ........................ .........50

4. Archaeology of the Northern San Joaquin Valley, by W. Egbert Schencl;and Elmer J. Dawson. Pp. 289-413, plates 74-102. September, 1929 --- 55.

Vol. 28. Aboriginal Society in Southern -Caiornia, by Wiliam Duncan Strong. x +358 pp., 7 maps. May1929..&...-- . 4__

Supplement-Author and Title Index, Universty of California Pub-lications in American Archaolog and Ethnology. Volumes 1-26,

1903-1929. 16 pp. June, 1 ....... . .................... .....25Vol 27. A ammar of the Wappo Lg e,. by Paul Rxdin. viii + 194 pp.

November, 1929 .......-. ................ .......... ....................................2.50VooL 28. 1 Chumash Prehbistory, by Ronald L. Olson. Pp. 1-21, 3 figures in text, 1

map.January 1930 .......................... - - ,..302 Textile Periods in Ancient Peru, by ila K O'Neale and A. L. Kroeber.

Pp. 23-5, plates 1-48,13 fgresin tet March,1930. ..- .83 The Ghost Dance of 1870 in South-Central California, by A. H. Gayton.

Pp. 57-8Z 2 figures in text. Muach 1930................................................ .35Vol. 29. 1. Archaologyr of the Dalles-Deschutes Region, by W. Duncan Strong, W.

Egbert enck, and Julian H.- Steward. Pp. viU + 1-154, plates 14.8, 22f-igres in text, 1 map. November 1930...... ... 2.00

2. A Crow Text, with Grammticl Notes, by Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 155-175.December 1930 .- . . . ............ .... . .... .30

Vol.30. iamath Ethnography, by LesUli Spier. Pp. x + 1-33, 22 figures in text.December, 1930 . -... . . 4.00

Vol. 31. 1. Mexican Kinship Terms, by Paul Radin. Pp. 1-14. August 1931 ......... . .25