kis – cvičenie #5 ip konfigurácia v prostredí os windows marián beszédeš, b506...
TRANSCRIPT
Step-by-Step Networking Procedure
• Decide on the type of network– Coax (10base2)– Twisted-Pair (10baseT/100baseT)
• Which brand of Network card to purchase ?
• Installation of the Network Card / Card Driver
• Configuration ...
Windows 98 – Network Configuration
Windows 98 – Network Configuration – Add..., Protocol Configuration
• Add :– Client– Adapter– Protocol– Service
• Protocols– NetBEUI– IPX/SPX compatible– TCP/IP
Windows XP – Network Configuration
IPCONFIG
• This utility allows you to get the IP address information of a Windows computer. It also allows some control over active TCP/IP connections.
• ipconfig – infor about IP address, network mask and gateway for all physical and virtual network adapters
• ipconfig /all – like ipconfig + DNS and WINS settings for each adapter
DNS – Domain name servec
• Definition: The DNS translates Internet domain and host names to IP addresses. DNS automatically converts the names we type in our Web browser address bar to the IP addresses of Web servers hosting those sites.
• DNS implements a distributed database to store this name and address information for all public hosts on the Internet. DNS assumes IP addresses do not change (are statically assigned rather than dynamically assigned).
WINS - Windows Internet Naming Service
• Definition : WINS - automated conversion of computer names to network addresses, for Windows networks. (NetBIOS names to IP addresses)
• distributed client/server system (like DNS)• primary and secondary WINS servers
– dynamically update name/address pairings as computers join and leave the network.
• The dynamic behavior of WINS = supports networks using DHCP.
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Definition - DHCP allows a computer to join an IP-based network without having a pre-configured IP address
• DHCP is a protocol that assigns unique IP addresses to devices, then releases and renews these addresses as devices leave and re-join the network
• DHCP server key parameters – range or "pool" of available IP addresses– correct subnet masks– gateway and name server addresses
NetBIOS - Network Basic Input/Output System
• NETBIOS API allows applications on different computers to communicate within a LAN (Ethernet/Token Ring networks)
• part of NetBIOS Extended User Interface – NETBEUI• frees the application from having to understand the details of the
network - It provides services related to the session layer (error recovery)
• NetBIOS provides three distinct services: – Name service for name registration and resolution
• In order to start Sessions or distribute Datagrams, an application must register its NetBIOS name using the Name service
– Session service for connection-oriented communication• session mode lets two computers establish a connection for a
"conversation," allows larger messages to be handled, and provides error detection and recovery
– Datagram distribution service for connectionless communication• datagram mode mode is "connectionless" (each message is sent
independently), messages must be smaller, and the application is responsible for error detection and recovery
IPCONFIG - /release, /renew
• ipconfig /release– This option terminates any active TCP/IP
connections on all network adapters and releases those IP addresses for use by other applications
• ipconfig /renewThis option re-establishes TCP/IP connections
on all network adapters
• Both options only work on clients configured for dynamic DHCP addressing.
IPCONFIG - /showclassid, /setclassid, /displaydns, /flushdns, /registerdns
• /showclassid, /setclassid– manage DHCP class identifiers– DHCP classes can be defined by administrators on a
DHCP server to apply different network settings to different types of clients
• /displaydns, /flushdns– access a local DNS cache that Windows maintains– /displaydns - prints the contents of the cache– /flushdns - erases the contents– /registerdns
• updates DNS settings on the Windows computer• this option initiates communication with both the DNS server
and the DHCP server to re-register with them
PING - ICMP protocol application
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to communicate specific information between hosts about network or communications problems
• Ping was designed to use ICMP in a heterogenous local area network environment to determine the round trip time and availability of a remote host
• Ping was never intended for use in the general Internet, but it is the most comonly used network troubleshooting tool available
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
• ICMP is implemented as part of IP, but runs as if it were a higher level protocol (it's encapsulated within IP)
• http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/internet/icmp/index.shtml
• ICMP - RFC 792
Traceroute
Traceroute - ICMP protocol application
• Allows the user to determine the route packets take to reach a particular host
• Algorithm:– Tracert works by increasing the "time to live" (TTL) value of each
successive packet sent– When a packet passes through a host, the host decrements the TTL
value by one and forwards the packet to the next host– When a packet with a TTL of one reaches a host, the host discards the
packet and sends an ICMP time exceeded– Tracert, if used properly, can help you find points in your network that
are either routed incorrectly or are not existent at all – The traceroute utility uses these returning packets to produce a list of
hosts that the packets have traversed en route to the destination
• NOTE: may not list the real hosts, it indicates that the first host is at one hop, the second host at two hops. IP cannot guarantee that all the packets take the same route
Tracert - Example
• Site B → Site A– T1 - higher capacity link (1.544 Mbps)– ISDN link - used as a backup if the T1 link fails (128 Kbps)
Tracert - Example
• near-side interfaces are used when reporting– near-side interface = the interface of the router that is
closest to the sending host in the path– Why is it importatnt ?
T1 is up C:\>tracert 10.1.1.6Tracing route to 10.1.1.6 over a maximum of 30 hops --------------------------------------------------- 1 2 ms 3 ms 2 ms 10.1.2.1 2 25 ms 83 ms 88 ms 192.168.11.1 3 25 ms 79 ms 93 ms 10.1.1.6 Trace complete.
T1 was downC:\>tracert 10.1.1.6Tracing route to 10.1.1.6 over a maximum of 30 hops --------------------------------------------------- 1 2 ms 3 ms 2 ms 10.1.2.1 2 75 ms 83 ms 88 ms 192.168.10.1 3 75 ms 79 ms 93 ms 10.1.1.6 Trace complete.
Tracert Troubleshooting
C:\>tracert 10.1.1.6Tracing route to 22.110.0.1 over a maximum of 30 hops ----------------------------------------------------- 1 10.1.2.1 reports: Destination net unreachable. Trace complete.
Notes•Tracert doesn’t help to find ‘latency’. - pathping command•Tracert is available only if the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol is installed as a component in the properties of a network adapter in Network Connections. This is a TCP/IP utility that uses ICMP, a protocol within the TCP/IP protocol suite.