kitakyushu model pollution management...kitakyushu municipal pollution control ordinance was...

Kitakyushu Model

Pollution Management

English

1

Contents

Page

1 Introduction 2

1.1 Purpose 2

1.2 Pollution Management Principles 2

2 Baseline and Policy Review 4

2.1 Purpose 4

2.2 Air Quality Baseline and Policy Review 4

2.3 Water Quality Baseline and Policy Review 8

2.4 Ground Contamination Baseline and Policy Review 13

3 Developing a Strategy : Identification and Quantification of Pollutant Sources 19

3.1 Purpose 19

3.2 Characterisation and Forecasting- 19

3.3 Policy Aims, Objectives and Targets 24

4 Technical Strategy Development : Development of Management Measures 28

4.1 Air Quality 28

4.2 Water Quality 31

4.3 Ground Contamination 33

4.4 Cleaner Production 38

4.5 Policy Development and Instruments 40

5 Strategy Testing and Measurement Tools 45

5.1 Purpose 45

5.2 Key Considerations 45

5.3 Main Technical Options 45

5.4 Stakeholder Consultation 46

5.5 Understanding Opportunities and Constraints 47

6 Procurement and Financing 48

6.1 Purpose 48

6.2 Key Considerations 48

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1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose

This methodology considers air, water and ground pollution. Air, water and ground borne pollutants arising from human activity have the potential to result in adverse impacts on human health, to affect ecosystems, pollute water and impact on the built environment through staining and damage to building fabric. Reduction in water quality can also impact on local and regional economies, affecting industry and tourism. The purpose of a pollution management strategy is to provide a framework for these pollutants over a defined period of time in order to develop a process aimed to control release, improve environmental quality and to meet specified targets designed to protect human health and the natural and built environment.

1.2 Pollution Management Principles

Pollution management is a process that seeks to

determine the pollutants of importance within the study area;

determine the baseline pollution conditions in an area;

identify the sources of these pollutants in the study area;

quantify each pollutant from each of these sources and associated risk;

use this information to identify actions that could be taken to improve pollution conditions and to quantify their effect; and

prepare a plan based on the above to improve pollution and to take regular action to continue to review and assess the pollution in the area and update the actions accordingly.

These actions are usually taken within the context of a target to achieve particular pollutant standards that have been designed to protect human health and the natural and built environment. Pollution

1-1 History of pollution control in Kitakyushu city

Kitakyushu city developed with key industries, such as

chemical, electric, cement and ceramic industries as a base,

since the first government-managed Yahata steelworks in 1901 were constructed.

Kitakyushu played an important leading role in Japan’s rapid

economic growth between the 1960s and 1970s. However, the

urban structure of houses close to factories developed. The

industrial prosperity brought Kitakyushu severe pollution. The emission gas from factories threatened life of citizens and, waste

water from factories and living polluted small and medium

rivers while Douai Bay became a “sea of death” with industrial wastewater.

Kitakyushu municipal pollution control ordinance was established in 1971, Kitakyushu regional pollution control plan

was formulated in 1972.

These measures to prevent pollution and preserve the

environment, together with residents' environmental protection

efforts, yielded good results, considerably improving

Kitakyushu's environment in 1980s. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) of 1985

introduced Kitakyushu's improved environment to the world as

the example of city transformed from a 'Gray city' to a 'Green city'.

The policies have emphasized creation of comfortable urban

environment from pollution control since the city overcame

pollution in 1980s. And the city continues to monitor and instruct factories severely

in order to protect air pollution of mobiles as urban life pollution

and photochemical oxidant.

●Reference

<Toolkit>

・Water pollution control administration(E)

・Air conservation adoministration(E)

・Environmental impact assessment system in Japan(E)

・Kitakyushu City Biodiversity Strategy(E)

<Case Study>

・公害克服の歴史（水質）(J)

・環境と開発と女性（北九州の環境と女性の公害追放運動）(J)

・Women and the Environment(E)

3

standards are usually implemented at national levels although there are also international standards proposed by the World Health Organisation that can be applied. In some cases it is appropriate to apply different (more stringent) standards at a regional or local level, for instance in response to particular sensitive receptors or local policy.

Whilst such pollution standards represent very useful targets to be achieved, some pollutants have no lower threshold below which no harm is caused by exposure; hence there should also always be a continuing effort to improve the environment whether or not standards have been achieved. In some cases, for particularly hazardous substances, it may be appropriate to prohibit the discharge or emission of that substance from a particular activity at any measurable concentration.

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2 Baseline and Policy Review

2.1 Purpose

The development of the existing baseline pollution situation and the review of policy is the first stage in the development of a Pollution Management Strategy. It is initially an information gathering process using desk based studies but may require field surveys depending on the levels of existing information available.

2.2 Air Quality Baseline and Policy Review

2.2.1 Determine the Pollutants of Importance

In an urban environment there can be many sources of pollutants but usually the most important are:

Industrial emissions;

Emissions from power generation.

Emissions from road traffic;

Emissions from building heating;

The pollutants usually of most importance are those associated with the combustion of fossil fuels and any that are directly emitted by industrial processes in the area. As traffic is a ubiquitous part of urban life, emissions from motor vehicles should always be considered to be important. As a result, nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter would always be included within an air quality management study. Other pollutants may also be relevant depending on local conditions. A pollutant checklist is given below in Table VI-1.

.

●Reference

<Case Study>

・現状・政策調査チェックリスト（北九州版） (J/E/C)

5

Table VI-1 Checklist to identify air pollutants

Are there large industrial processes in the area that emit to the atmosphere?

Yes – need specific information on the processes to identify relevant pollutants.

Is there coal or oil fired power generation? Yes –sulphur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides

Is there oil refining in the area Yes - hydrocarbons

Is there steel production in the area? Yes – particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides

Is there nitrogen fertiliser production in the area? Yes- nitrogen oxides

Are motor vehicles are widely used? Yes - nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, fine particulate matter.

Are catalytic converters widely used and maintained? No - carbon monoxide

Is leaded petrol still used? Yes – lead

Does local diesel fuel contain sulphur above 0.5%? Yes – sulphur dioxide

Does the study area include an active port? Yes – sulphur dioxide

Is there a major airport in the study area? Yes – benzene

Is coal or oil widely used for domestic heating? Yes – sulphur dioxide, particulate matter, and fine particulate matter.

Is coal used for power generation and there is no removal of sulphur dioxide at source?

Yes – sulphur dioxide

Are there major fuel storage depots? Yes – benzene

Is biomass widely used for cooking/heating? Yes – particulate matter

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2.2.2 Undertaking a Baseline Pollution Assessment and Policy Review

Air quality conditions within a city vary considerably as pollutant concentration depend on the quantities of pollutant emitted from each source and then how these dilute and disperse away from the source. Therefore, within a city environment, there are very likely to be pollutant “hot spots” near to the larger sources of air pollutants such as major roads or industrial facilities. Air pollutants conditions also have large temporal variations as the weather also has a strong influence on dilution and dispersion. In higher wind speeds the pollutants disperse more quickly compared with lower wind speeds. In addition, many sources vary in their nature; emissions from roads change according to the amount of traffic and this changes throughout the day, emissions from industry are rarely steady as these depend on factors such as the output of the factory and shift patterns. As a consequence, it is very important to obtain information on air quality that has been obtained over a period of time of at least 6 months and ideally a year and that this information is obtained over a wide area to account for spatial variations.

As a result, an assessment of baseline conditions usually examines information on existing air quality obtained from local air quality monitoring but also examines modelled pollutant concentrations that enable conditions over a wider area to be examined. However, as the modelled conditions are an output towards the end of the air quality management process, the assessment of baseline conditions cannot be completed in a single stage.

The baseline air quality review should examine information from the five previous years if possible in order to be able identify trends in pollutant levels in the area. Information should be compiled from credible sources to ensure the quality of the information. Where information is compiled regarding the measured data it is important to also note the measurement method used as this will effects the quality of the information and its associated uncertainties.

The policy review should examine relevant policies at a local, regional and national level that are relevant to air quality, this will include information on industrial regulation of pollutants, emissions controls on vehicles and stationary sources, relevant air quality standards and objectives and other policies that may result in changes in pollutant emissions. Table provides a checklist of information that should be obtained during this process.

2.2.2-1 Air pollution survey as pollution control in Kitakyushu city

Kitakyushu city takes a right guiding principle of government actions on pollution to grasp the situation of air pollution and

weather conditions in north of Kyushu area. The city preserves

pollution at the establishment of new companies and factories improves the situation of pollution proactively. The city took

the following actions (for several years) to develop the basic

documents to investigate above descriptions by scientific way.

Survey on air pollution

Organize measurement

Measure sulphur dioxide, dust deposition（１０

years）

Special survey on air pollution

Survey on Kitakyushu developing areas（survey

on environmental air）

Survey on weather（survey on air current by height）

Survey on emission gas from mobiles

Survey on effect of human health by air pollution

Survey on facilities with smoke and soot

2.2.2-2 Current organization of monitoring air pollution

Kitakyushu city always monitors 11 items of air pollutants

defined by the environmental standard to use the system consolidating 19 distributed measurement locations and

pollution control centre by telemeters. And the city always

supports the monitoring to conduct survey by mobiles with measurement.

2.2.2-3 Organization of testing pollution

Kitakyushu city has an original organization and facility for

increasing testing requirements.

●Reference

<Case Study>

・公害行政の歩み（J）

・北九州市公害対策史（J/E）

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Table VI-2 Baseline and Policy Review Checklist – Air Quality

Information requirements

Checklist Questions

Policy and Regulatory

What national, regional and local policies are already in place for air quality management?

What national, regional and local policies in place for traffic management? What are the objectives of these policies, do they seek to reduce traffic or encourage modal shift to less polluting means of transport? How are these policies implemented and monitored

What are the relevant air quality standards that are applicable in the study area?

Is there any measurement of air quality already taking place within the study area? If so, what type of instruments are used, how is the data quality assured and managed, is this data accessible?

What processes are already in place for the management of air quality in the study area?

What is the system for control of industrial emissions? Are there any emission control regulations in place for vehicle

emissions, how are these implemented and monitored? Governance What are the existing institutional arrangements for air quality

management, the roles and responsibilities of the various bodies involved including roles of municipalities, local governments, the private sector, non-governmental organisations etc?

Who is responsible for control of emissions from industry? Who has responsibility for the achievement of air quality standards and

the implementation of legislation and policy to reduce pollutant emissions?

Who do these bodies work together to manage air quality in an area? Air pollution and industry

Do regulators have a system of regular monitoring of emissions from industrial processes?

Does the regulator maintain records of emissions from each process?

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Checklist Questions

Does the regulator consider the cumulative impacts of emissions from industrial processes and if so, how?

Air pollution and traffic

Is there legislation controlling the emissions of pollutants from motor vehicles?

Do these aims for continuous improvement in the future? Is there information regarding vehicle flows within the study area? Is there information regarding the composition of the vehicle fleet and

how this may change in the future? Economic and Financial

Are there any fines or fees associated with high air pollution, such as older vehicles or industry?

2.3 Water Quality Baseline and Policy Review


Water borne pollutants are likely to be more diverse compared with the major air pollutants as the nature of the sources of pollutants are themselves more diverse. Some of the major sources of water pollutants are:

Industrial discharges;

Spillages from fuel storage;

Historically contaminated land;

Diffuse agricultural emissions;

Urban runoff from surfaces during wet weather.

Waste water treatment;

Discharge of untreated effluents including sewage;

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Leaching from disposal of solid and liquid wastes;

Pollutant can be emitted directly or indirectly into surface water and in may also impact on ground water (aquifers) where the sources are below ground or there is a pathway from the surface to the receptor.

Pollutants can be split into four major categories as follows (1) organic and (2) inorganic pollutants, organic pollutants have the potential to biodegrade and therefore can remove dissolved oxygen from water resulting in further environment damage to aquatic flora and fauna. Both organic and inorganic pollutants can have direct health effects if they are toxic to the humans or to flora and fauna. Other categories include (3) pathogenic pollution which can produce waterborne diseases in both human or animal hosts and (4) radionuclide contamination. Pollution can also result in the alteration of water's physical or chemical properties including acidity, conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Macroscopic pollution describes large visible items polluting the water sometimes referred to as floatables in an urban context, or marine debris when found on the open seas or ports.

An initial checklist to use to obtain information on water pollutant sources is given in Table VI-3.

Table VI-3 Checklist to assess and identify water pollutants

Question Pollutant to be included

Is there a central sewage collection system?

No – organic and inorganic sewage related pollutants, pathogens, macroscopic pollution;

Yes – Is there consistent treatment of sewage in the city? If not pollutants are still likely to be released

Is sewage collection system separate from industrial effluent treatment

No – released sewage is likely to contain industrial related pollutants.

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Is waste disposed of in landfill sites within the study area which are poorly engineered or uncontrolled

Yes – consider the potential for organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants leaching of other pollutants disposed of in waste material. Non aqueous phase organics (i.e. those not soluble in water) may migrate out from such sources as plumes. Soluble pollutants can travel large distances at significant concentrations from such sources.

It should be noted that even well engineered and controlled landfills have some impact on local water quality.

Are there areas of contaminated land or waste disposal from previous industrial uses.

Yes –consider history of industrial activities in the area and determine likely nature of pollutants that would have been emitted from the particular activity.

Is there industry operating in the area with liquid discharges.

Yes – determine the nature of the industry, identify likely pollutants emitted based on the process types and the type of waste water treatment installed. Identify likely discharge receptor (surface water, groundwater of sewer)

Is discharges to water controlled by a regulator or through a permitting system

Yes – do they hold records of discharges or issue permits with specified limits for named pollutants? Is yes, these records or permits be used to assist identify pollutants

Is there regular monitoring of water quality of the watercourses and/or groundwater?

Yes – Use this information to identify pollutants in area.

Consider the key receptors and objectives in the study area

The sensitivity of a particular water resource is an important factor in determining the impact and objectives for a particular area. For instance;

Is local surface water or groundwater used for potable, agricultural or industrial supply?

Are there sensitive ecological receptors such as conservation sites, or flora/fauna species?

Is water used for recreational or aesthetic purposes?

Consider the entire catchment for surface water features?

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Water quality in the study area may change considerably if there are several discharges into a water course in different geographic locations, this is very likely and therefore information will need to be collected over a wide area to fully identify existing conditions in the study area. The monitoring should ensure that it takes into account locations where there are known discharges into the water course so that their effect can be quantified. However, it is very likely that there will be unknown sources or diffuse sources of pollution (such as runoff from surfaces, agricultural emissions such as fertilisers and unrecorded discharges) and a sufficiently detailed survey is required to identify any significant impact from these. There may be seasonal variations in water quality, particularly if the amount of rainfall changes which may dilute water pollutants or increase their discharge through surface run-off. These factors need to be considered in designing a survey to cover the area.

It is possible that regulators will carry out their own surveys of water quality and may have historic information that will demonstrate change in water quality over a period of time. It is also important to obtain information from the regulators in order to identify any initiatives that have already been implemented to improve water quality.

The policy review should examine relevant policies at a local, regional and national level that are

relevant to water quality, this will include information on industrial regulation of pollutants, relevant

water quality standards and objectives and other policies that may result in changes in emissions to

the water environment. Table Ⅵ-4 provides a checklist of information that should be obtained

during this process.

2.3.2-1 Survey on pollution of water quality as pollution

control in Kitakyushu city

There were big problems about pollution of water quality in

rivers/Dokai Bay in Kitakyushu city as factories developed.

Kitakyushu city surveyed the situation of effluent from major factories around Dokai Bay, but did not reach the fundamental

cause and recognized the limitation of water quality pollution

control by one local government. The city planned to develop and implement measures of total purification to consult closely

with regional and national governments as the city recognized

the fundamental measures by nation/regional governments behind this background. Kitakyushu city took the following

actions to work with a nation agency (then economic plan

agency) to gather basic information necessary for measures.

Survey on pollution of water quality in Dokai Bay

Survey on specified water area in Dokai Bay

Survey on effluent from factories around Dokai Bay

Survey on quality of the bottom of Dokai Bay

Survey on pollution of water quality in Murasaki River

Survey on the standard of water quality in

Murasaki River

●Reference

<Case Study>



12

Table VI-4 Baseline and Policy Review Checklist – Water Quality


Checklist Questions


What national, regional and local policies are already in place for water quality management?

What national, regional and local policies in place for waste water collection and treatment? What are the objectives of these policies, do they seek to improve water quality through increased treatment before discharge?

What are the relevant water quality standards that are applicable in the study area?

Is there any measurement of water quality (surface and groundwater) already taking place within the study area? If so, how is the data quality assured and managed, is this data accessible?

What processes are already in place for the management of water quality in the study area?

What is the system for control of industrial emissions? Do these require treatment of before discharge into the environment?

Governance What are the existing institutional arrangements for water quality management, the roles and responsibilities of the various bodies involved including roles of municipalities, local governments, the private sector, non-governmental organisations etc?

Who is responsible for control of emissions into surface and ground water from industry?

Who has responsibility for the achievement of water quality standards and the implementation of legislation and policy to reduce pollutant emissions?

Who do these bodies work together to manage water quality in an area?

Water pollution and industry

Do regulators have a system of regular monitoring of emissions to surface and ground water from industrial processes?

Does the regulator maintain records of emissions from each process? Does the regulator consider the cumulative impacts of emissions from

industrial processes and if so, how?

2.3.2-2 Survey on water environment in Kitakyushu city

Water quality of Kitakyushu city has been improved by setting additional standard of effluent based on the Water Pollution

Control Act, regulating factories/offices based on the Seto

Inland Sea environmental security special measure act and implementing measures of developing public sewerages. The

city monitors/measures environmental items at 32 points of

rivers and 18 points of seas.

●Reference

<Toolkit>

・水質規則の手引（J）

13


Checklist Questions

Water objectives use and demand

Are there records of abstractions and water use in the particular local or regional area?

Are their forecasts for future demand? What types of uses are likely i.e. potable, agricultural, industrial,

recreational, conservation, tourism etc? Map the sensitivity of water receptors in order to judge the impact of

particular pollution sources and objectives for water quality in the local or regional area.

Economic and Financial

Are there any fees or fines associated with water pollution, particularly from industry?

Do industries have to pay extra to properly dispose their wastewater?

2.4 Ground Contamination Baseline and Policy Review


Ground contamination may arise from a number of sources, most notably associated with potentially contaminative land uses such as:

Past or current industrial activities, including storage and distribution activities;

Past or current landfilling / waste disposal activities;

Past or current exploitation of mineral resources.

Ground contamination may either be restricted to the site where a release of contaminants has initially occurred, or may have spread to adjoining land as a result of groundwater migration or airborne spread of contaminated materials, sections 2.2 and 2.3.

The nature and form of pollutants likely to be present will be dependent on the source of the contamination, including the specific nature of past and current activities carried out on a site. A

2.4.1-1 Soil pollution control in Kitakyushu city

1991 Nation developed “Soil environmental standard” 2003 Nation implemented “Soil pollution control law”

Kitakyushu city developed “Soil pollution control guidance for factories/offices and vacant lots where they used to be”

in 1988. The city revised this accordingly to

organization/change of laws in 2011. The guidance decides methods of survey and control and instructs offices.

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wide range of inorganic and organic pollutants may potentially be present within the ground. Pollutants such as metals, inorganic compounds such as sulphates and cyanides, fuel and lubricant hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and asbestos are commonly found in the ground associated with a large range of industrial land uses. Other contaminants including chlorinated solvents, dioxins, pesticides and radionuclides may also be present in areas associated with particular past or current site uses. Hazardous gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane and radon, or hydrocarbon vapours may also be present in the ground associated with site activities or local ground conditions.

An initial checklist to assist in obtaining information on potential sources of ground contamination is given in Table VI-5.

Table VI-5 Checklist to assess and identify potential ground pollutants


Are there, or have there been in the past, industrial facilities in the area?

Have the industries (or commercial activities) included fuel storage

Yes – consider the potential for spillages and on site waste disposal activities. Need specific information on the facilities to identify relevant pollutants

Are there, or have there been in the past, large materials storage and distribution facilities in the area?

Yes – consider the potential for spillages. Need specific information on the facilities to identify relevant pollutants, however fuel spillages relatively common.

Is waste disposed of in landfill sites within the study area which are poorly engineered or uncontrolled (cf. section 2.3)?

Yes – consider the potential for leaching of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants, and the potential for migration of landfill gases.

Is there the potential that waste disposal may have occurred in the past which may have been poorly engineered or uncontrolled (cf. section 2.3)?

Yes – consider the potential for leaching of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants, and the potential for migration of landfill gases. Consider the history of industrial activities in the area and determine likely nature of pollutants that may have been disposed of. Consider the potential for migration of landfill gases.

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Are there, or have there been in the past, large scale mineral extraction activities in the area?

Yes – consider the nature of activities to identify relevant pollutants. Consider potential off site use of waste materials as fill and on and off site disposal as potential source of contaminants and soil gas.

Are there any known sources of naturally occurring potentially hazardous materials in the area?

Yes – consider the local geochemistry and ground conditions to identify relevant pollutants, potentially including heavy metals or soil gases.


The nature, distribution and levels of ground contamination present may vary significantly across an area as a result of different past and present land use and ground conditions, as identified above. The nature of contaminants present and hydrogeological regime may significantly influence the potential for migration of contaminants within the ground and groundwater. The potential for ground contamination may need to be considered over a wide area, taking into account local conditions, in order to allow the likely existing conditions to be appropriately characterised.

Initial assessment of baseline ground contamination conditions is normally carried out based upon a desk based review of information. Due to the large extent of the area under consideration, it is considered that such a study would at first be limited to a high level review of information on past and current site uses that have significant potential for contamination, and main ground conditions, along with existing data relating to previously suspected or identified contamination. This would be used to highlight areas of potentially significant ground contamination.

Further, more detailed, assessments are likely to be required in areas to fully establish the degree of contamination potentially present. This work could be targeted to the most sensitive or polluted areas. More detailed information may be provided by implementing planning policy that requires the public sector to provide site specific information when sites are developed or when premises are permitted for use.

2.4.2-1 Ground pollution countermeasure

●Reference

<Toolkit>

・土壌汚染対策指導要領（J）

16

The policy review should examine relevant policies at a local, regional and national level that are relevant to ground contamination issues. This is likely to include information on the regulation of industrial and water pollution, waste and landfill regulations and building and planning controls. It should consider any relevant standards and objectives that are in place in relation to ground and groundwater quality.

The review should also consider the mechanisms available for managing ground contamination and requiring remedial works, if considered to be necessary. This may include legislatively enforced remediation of sites by responsible persons, or requirements under planning powers for a site to be remediated as site as part of any future redevelopment. Consideration should be given to identifying who the most appropriate regulatory bodies may be to enforce such powers.

A key part of the policy review should be to understand the over-arching basis of the local, regional and national level approach to managing ground condition, as this will be a key to the development of future policies. Two main approaches are typically adopted. These comprise:

The implementation of a requirement for land to be brought to an absolute standard, with levels of contamination considered to present a minimal risk to health or the wider environment. This approach tends to encourage remediation to a standard suitable for all potential future land uses, reducing the likely need for further remedial works in future. As a result, however, the costs associated with remediation can remain high and act as a barrier to development.

The adoption of a “suitable for use” approach, based on risk assessment to ensure that levels of contamination do not present a risk to health or environment in the context of the specific actual/proposed land use and site context. This approach can be used to help facilitate development, by enabling remediation costs to be balanced with the proposed nature of the site development.

Table provides a checklist of information that should be obtained during this process.

Table VI-6 Baseline and Policy Review Checklist – Ground Contamination


Checklist Questions

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Checklist Questions


What national, regional and local policies are already in place for land quality management?

What are the objectives of these policies, do they seek to reduce contamination to defined standards or do they adopt a “suitable for use” risk assessment basis? Are they based upon intervention by regulators, or do they rely on a development driven approach to remediation?

What national, regional and local policies are already in place to ensure appropriate industrial environmental management, including avoidance of spillages and pollution incidents?

What are the relevant contamination standards for soils? Do the standards differentiate between different land uses and sensitivities of those who may be exposed to contamination?

What are the relevant land quality standards that are applicable in the study area?

Is there any measurement of land quality already taking place within the study area? If so, how is the data quality assured and managed, is this data accessible?

What processes are already in place for the management of ground contamination in the study area?

What other systems are in place for the control of pollution that has potential implications or interrelationships with the management of ground contamination?

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Checklist Questions

Governance What are the existing institutional arrangements for land quality management, the roles and responsibilities of the various bodies involved including roles of municipalities, local governments, the private sector, non-governmental organisations etc?

Who is responsible for control of land and water emissions from industry? Who has responsibility for the achieving standards and the implementation

of legislation and policy to reduce the impact of land contamination? How do these bodies work together to manage land quality in an area?

Ground pollution and industry

Do regulators have a system of monitoring the environmental management systems and compliance of industries?

Do regulators monitor and maintain records of spillages and pollution incidents at industrial sites?

Economic and Financial

Are there any fees or fines associated with ground pollution, particularly from industry?

Who is financially responsible for the remediation of ground contamination?

What are the drivers relating to remediation of ground contamination? Is development hindered by current policies?

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3 Developing a Strategy : Identification and Quantification of Pollutant Sources

3.1 Purpose

The identification and quantification of pollutant emission sources is known as preparing an inventory for the study area. This seeks to combine the geographic location of the pollutant source and the amount of pollutant emitted at this location. Also included are other source characteristics that will assist in subsequent pollutant modelling. It is important that applicable regulations for environmental quality are well known at the start of this type of project as these act as targets to achieve and are important indicators of human health. In addition, compilation of available monitoring information and the establishment of further monitoring with appropriate data management form an important component of these studies.

3.2 Characterisation and Forecasting-

3.2.1 Environmental Regulations and Monitoring

Environmental standards for land, air and water are usually set at national and often at regional level. There are also international standards applied by the World Health Organisation that should be applied in the absence of specific local standards. It should be ensured that any standard applied is applicable to the area particularly where there are natural sources of pollutants.

Available information on current environmental monitoring should be compiled so that the current environmental conditions in the area are characterised. However, this compilation is likely to reveal data gaps and a plan for further monitoring within each of the environmental topics should be developed.

3.2.2-1 Features analysis and simulation of air These were conducted for the city to develop the basic

documents to investigate the measures by scientific way to preserve pollution at the establishment of new companies and

factories and improve the situation of pollution proactively.

The city took the following actions (for several years) to way.

Pre-survey on industrial pollution in Kitakyushu area

Gathered basic data on the weather survey, tested the scope of diffusion by correlation wind tunnel tests and calculated the

effect of diffusion by computers. Instructed companies to

improve based on the results of projection of future pollution.

（after 5 years）（Took the same action the second correlation

wind tunnel tests.）The government required basic documents

to investigate the measure to achieve the environmental

standard under control of total nitrogen oxide reduction. The

city simulated the effect of emission gas from mobiles chimneys, major roads and minor roads to model a variety of

pollutant sources and prepare basic documents to investigate

measures to achieve the environmental standard.

Simulation of nitrogen oxide pollution projection

Conducted several surveys on measures to achieve the environmental standard about carbon nitrogen oxide etc. Developed the model of projection diffusion and performed the

regional simulation in those surveys. This model has been used after surveys.

●Reference

<Case Study>



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3.2.2 Air Quality

The emissions inventory is developed at different geographic levels depending on the type of source. Some pollutants are emitted from discrete sources such as chimneys with a specific location. Others are better described over a wider area such as road sources or general domestic heating emissions. Table VI-7 describes some examples:

Table VI-7 Examples of relevant characteristics related to air quality sources

Type of pollutant source

Geographic description in emissions inventory.

Other Information required Typical sources of pollutant data

Power generation, industrial emissions, incinerators, larger commercial heating plant

Point source, map coordinates of source

Mass emission rates of pollutants

Efflux velocity and temperature

Stack height and diameter

Local building dimensions

Measured data from the regulators

Data can be estimated from emission factors (e.g. AP42

1)

which use information such as the type and size of the plant to correlate with pollutant emission data.

Major roads Line sources – different source wherever traffic flows/speeds or compositions change significantly, start and end coordinates for each source

Traffic flows

Traffic speed

Composition of traffic (e.g. % HGV, bus, LGV, car).

Traffic volumes are obtained are measured or modelled data from the highway regulators.

Pollutant emission data is usually derived from this information using emission factors that are based on measured emissions from vehicles as a relationship between speed, fuel type and vehicle type.

1 AP42 - http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/

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Type of pollutant source

Geographic description in emissions inventory.

Other Information required Typical sources of pollutant data

Minor roads Emissions amalgamated within area sources –usually 1km square. Divide study area into 1 km squares, coordinates required to identify grid square location

Within each grid square:

Total kilometres travelled per year;

Composition of traffic.

Some estimates of traffic data may be available from highways regulators. Otherwise estimates will be made using population data and typical vehicle usage data

Domestic heating and small boilers

Emissions amalgamated within area sources, usually 1km squares as above

Emissions are usually derived from proxy statistics such as population within each square.

Estimates made from overall fuel consumption data and population information.

Other transport sources (e.g. airports, ports)

Unless detailed study of individual source is required then these can be described as area sources, usually 1km squares as above.

Emissions are derived from transport statistics such as total number of flights or vessel movements, types of aircraft/vessel involved, fuel type.

Transport statistics available from airport or port operator.

Emission factors available from US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or local information.

The development of an emissions inventory is a complex process and Table provides the outline process. There is a large data compilation and processing tasks required to complete the preparation of a sufficiently detailed inventory for use in air quality modelling.

22

3.2.3 Water Quality

Development of management options for water quality requires a detailed understanding of the sources of water pollution and hence a compilation of the characteristics of known sources in the area. Some examples are provided in

Table VI-8 below.

Table VI-8 Examples of relevant characteristics related to water quality sources

Type of pollutant source Geographic description Other Information required

Typical sources of pollutant data

Industrial emissions Point sources and areas sources where there is run-off

Volume of discharge, concentrations or mass emission rates of pollutants

Licence permit conditions, AP42

Wastewater treatment Point source discharge into water course

Volume of discharge, concentrations or mass emission rates of pollutants

Licence/permit conditions.

Diffuse sources (E.g. run off)

Area sources Estimate of discharge volume, likely level of pollutants

Catchment area, measurements of water quality.

Waste management Area sources Nature of waste disposal sites, is it lined with impervious materials? Type of waste deposited.

Waste disposal records, planning records,

3.2.3-1 Simulation of water quality This was done to grasp effluent COD load volumes to the bay

which are affordable to recover seawater by the self-cleansing action 5 years later.

Executed projection calculation based on the box model to use the results of survey with then Economic Plan Agency

described in a previous page.（The result set the very critical

standard about quality of effluent from factories in Dokai

Bay.）

●Reference

<Case Study>



23

3.2.4 Ground Contamination

Development of management options for ground contamination requires an understanding of the sources and distribution of ground contamination and hence compilation of information on the characteristics of potential sources is required. Some examples of the relevant characteristics that need to be considered in the management of ground contamination are provided in

Table VI-9below.

Table VI-9 Examples of relevant characteristics related to ground contamination sources

Type of pollutant source Geographic description Other Information required Typical sources of pollutant data

Current/recent Industrial/Commercial and Mineral Exploitation sites

Point sources associated with spill and discharge points, area sources associated with general site operations/run off /disposal or re-use of waste materials

Nature and volumes of potential contaminants used/produced

Waste management practices

Past and present site management practices, including ground cover and environmental protection measures

Known existing ground contamination and previous remedial works

Licence/permit conditions

Site management plans

Historical site information

Previous ground investigation and remediation reports

Historic Industrial/Commercial and Mineral Exploitation sites

Point sources associated with spill and discharge points, area sources associated with general site operations/run off/disposal or re-use of waste materials

Nature and volumes of potential contaminants used/produced

Areas of waste disposal/re-use

Past and present site management practices

Known existing ground contamination and previous

Historical site information/maps


24

Type of pollutant source Geographic description Other Information required Typical sources of pollutant data

remedial works

Current/recent Landfill sites

Area sources Nature of waste disposal sites, and form of construction

Type of waste deposited

Known issues (e.g. associated with leachate/landfill gas)

Licence/permit conditions

Waste disposal records

Monitoring records

Historic landfill/waste disposal sites

Area sources Nature of waste disposal sites, and form of construction

Type of waste deposited

Known issues (e.g. associated with leachate/landfill gas)

Historical site information/maps


3.3 Policy Aims, Objectives and Targets

3.3.1 Purpose

Policy aims and targets should be devised to provide a clear pathway for improvement of the atmospheric and aquatic environment and work towards a continual improvement even if relevant standards and objectives are achieved.

3.3.2 Developing policy aims, objectives and targets

Development of new policy requires consideration of the measures needed to achieve the environmental standards; this will determine the areas that will be the target of new policy. It is important to involve all the relevant stakeholders within the policy development including the public,

3.3-1 Pollution control ordinance Kitakyushu city pollution control ordinance was established in

April, 1970 in order to demonstrate the city’s aggressive

attitude which responds to citizens’ requirement for pollution preservation, complements the laws and executes pollution

government. This orders the facilities to pollute, though except

for regulation, to take necessary actions to preserve pollution.

3.3-2 Pollution control agreement One of requirements for the company to launch business in

Kitakyushu city is that mayor of Kitakyushu city and a representative person of the company must reach the

agreement of pollution preservation, from the view of urban

development of houses and factories together. This agreement is about the environmental security control of air and water

quality and practical with the targets. This improves the

effectiveness of pollution preservation to sometimes complement/alternate laws/ordinance, practically regulate

based on more of the laws, regulate unregulated matters and

check before conversion.

3.3-3 Pollution control plan Kitakyushu city has been proactively involved in development

of pollution control plan by governor of Fukuoka prefecture

based on the 17 article of Basic Act for National Environment work with government agencies in Fukuoka prefecture.

“Kitakyushu regional pollution control plan” was formulated in

FY1972 targeting for FY1981. The city continues to maintain this for 5 years to FY1977, FY1982, FY1992, FY1997,

FY2002 and FY2007 in order to solve the unsolved issues. The pollution control plan targeting for FY2020 was developed in

FY2011 to continuously execute measures of pollution

preservation as there were still issues about measures of water quality pollution in Suoh Nada and measures of dioxin in

Dokai Bay.

●Reference

<Toolkit>

・北九州地域公害防止計画（平成 24 年 3 月）（J）

25

the regulators, national, local and regional government representatives and representatives from industry and the motor industry. Pollution standards may have been set locally by the national government or international standards can be applied from the World Health Organisation.

As part of this process, it may be necessary to:

Identify any existing local, regional or national targets that should apply (ensuring that the strategy is in conformity with other, over-riding policies and strategies where relevant).

Assess whether existing targets are sufficient to drive implementation programmes that meet the key aims and objectives (e.g. does a stretch target need to be developed).

Identify and consider existing measurement, monitoring and reporting regimes (e.g. international best practice, government requirements) that may apply.

Consider how indicators and targets for pollution management relate to the wider sustainability framework, for example, do they support or are they detrimental to other policy aims and objectives (what are the priorities for balancing a range of sustainability framework objectives).

3.3.3 Examples of aims, objectives and targets

The overall aims, objectives and targets for Environmental Pollution could be summarised as follows:

Aims

The project aspires to achieve the following vision objectives for pollution management:

Protection and improvement of the atmosphere

Aim to improve land and water quality through reduced discharge of pollutants from industry

Protection of water bodies to maintain and improve biodiversity

26

Efficient use of resources.

Consideration of the interactions between air, water and ground quality.

Objectives

The pollution management process intends to realize the following design objectives:

Air, water and ground quality protection and improvement

Pollution management process implemented.

Reduction in area of land considered to be contaminated

Protection and enhancement of valued native vegetation and habitats

Remediation of impacts of existing development to reduce impacts to air, water and ground.

Targets

The targets proposed are the result of distilling the most relevant criteria from a number of state, regional and local regulatory standards, local best practice guidelines and highly regarded sustainability appraisal tools. This work has considered, where appropriate, the opportunities to develop tiered targets as follows:

Target 1: Business as usual

These targets provide the baseline case or the minimum design standards that must be satisfied as specified by regulatory bodies. In this case, these will be the applicable national standards for air, water and ground quality.

Target 2: Normal target

These targets provide realistically achievable levels of performance to which the design will strive to achieve – these should aim to meet the current most stringent international standards.

4.1.3-1 Mitigation measures in Kitakyushu city―Air

Pollution control agreement

Community bicycles

7electric bicycles stations for 24 hours in

downtown which can be rent/returned anywhere.

Implementation of next-generation automobiles（EV、

PHV etc）

The city was the first to install low-emission

vehicles for public use and conducted aggressive

PR to companies.

Charging facilities for EV

Develop EV charging networks in the city. There

are 55 points like public facilities.

Promotion of no my cars days

Campaign for comers of events to get points in

local shopping arcades has been conducted since FY2007. In FY2010, the second and fourth

Wednesday were specified as no my cars days in

all areas of the city and continued for 5 months. In 2011, this continued to involve

companies/citizens in all areas of the city with

cooperation of restaurants.

Eco-driving project in Kitakyushu

Promotion of modal shift

Develop systems not too much dependent on

trucks to develop the distribution infrastructures

such as Shin-Moji ferries terminals and

Kitakyushu railway freight terminals.

27

Target 3: Stretch targets

These targets are set to push the boundaries of the design to exceptional levels of pollution management. Achievement of these targets is not a statutory requirement, but would demonstrate exemplar best practice and an aspiration to continue to improve in the future.

(4.1.3-1 Cont.)

Insulated houses

Kitakyushu Eco-houses and Eco-friendly houses

Implementation of new energy

Promote a variety of power generations such as PV,

small hydro, waste and co-generations.

●Reference

<Case Study>

・北九州市の環境（2012年度版）（J）

28

4 Technical Strategy Development : Development of Management Measures

4.1 Air Quality

4.1.1 Purpose

Development of management measures to reduce air pollution requires first an understanding of the contribution of the various sources to the observed levels of air pollutants. This allows measures to be prioritised and also to identify the likely effect of a particular mitigation measure which can also allow some assessment of the cost and benefits of any selected approach.

4.1.2 Key Considerations

A city-wide air quality model is required to undertake this type of assessment; this takes all the information from the emissions inventory and combines it with meteorological and terrain data to calculate pollutant concentrations across the study area. The output from the model can be used to identify where there are pollutant hotspots where action is required and also identify the contribution at different locations from each of the major sources.

4.1.3 Main Technical Options

Once there is an understanding of the reductions required in pollutant levels and the sources that are important, various mitigation measures can be considered, and some general themes are provided in Table VI-10 below.

29

Table VI-10 Range of possible mitigation measures to be considered –air quality

Category of source Mitigation measure Comment

Industry Changes to process technology Aim to move to lower emitting technologies

Industry Increase in usage of abatement technology

Aim to increase use of emissions abatement technology – industries must be regulated for this approach to be effective

Transport Low emission zone Can be used to target particularly polluting vehicles such as HGVs or older cars

Aims to reduce pollution within a defined area.

Some user experience available

Transport (private vehicles)

Increase in public transport usage Aims to divert users from small private vehicles into multi occupancy vehicles (buses/trains/subway)

Could reduce total vehicles number on the road.

Transport (private vehicles)

Park and ride Aims to reduce private vehicle numbers in city centres

Transport Use of alternative fuels Some fuels (e.g. gas and electricity) result in much lower emissions at the point of use – these can result in significant air quality benefits

Transport Vehicle Emissions Enforcement Undertake regular testing of the vehicle fleet to identify those vehicles that are emitting pollutants above the required standard for the vehicle type.

Must be locally enforceable emissions standards for testing to have any purpose.

Transport Pedestrianisation of areas May divert traffic elsewhere but will create a local reduction in concentrations.

30


Domestic Use of smoke control areas Widely used to reduce the use of highly polluting fuels

Reduces emissions of sulphur if included in the control areas.

Domestic Increase access to lower polluting fuels

Encourage use of gas and electricity for heating to reduce local emissions

General Promotion of lower polluting energy generation methods

Move from use of fuels such as coal and oil to cleaner forms of energy production and use of renewable.

General Use of the planning system to promote improvements in pollution levels.

Use the planning system to ensure that land uses in urban areas result in improved environmental conditions.

4.1.4 Understanding Opportunities and Constraints

Opportunities

Savings in fuel consumption using more modern vehicles;

Improved public health from less exposure to pollution;

Improvement in visual appearance of city areas (less visible staining of buildings and less visible pollution in the atmosphere and water courses.

Constraints

Access to lower polluting fuels;

Planning systems may have conflicting requirements (e.g. reuse of city centre sites may encourage more polluting industry in urban locations).

31

4.2 Water Quality

4.2.1 Purpose

The aim of water quality management is to manage and improve water quality of the water bodies and groundwater in the area. This requires an understanding of the sources of water pollutants and their contribution to any observed reduction in water quality. This allows mitigation measures to be devised and the likely effect of a measure to be assessed. This allows the costs and benefits of the selected approach to be assessed.


The assessment of water quality in an urban environment is a complex process. Given the potentially complex interactions between sources it is likely that examining the impact of major sources of pollutants separately would be the most practical approach. This will involve setting up an assessment model that predicts how pollutants disperse within the water body and determines the likely levels of pollutants at different locations. This also needs to consider the sensitivity and use of the water resources such that the study can be prioritised and implemented in an integrated manner.


Once there is an understanding of the reductions required in pollutant levels at particular locations and the sources that are important, various mitigation measures can be considered, and some general themes are provided in below in Table VI-11.

Table VI-11 Range of possible mitigation measures to be considered – water quality


Industrial Onsite treatment of effluents Depends on space available – may not be commercially viable at small scale

4.2.3-1 Mitigation measures in Kitakyushu city― Water

quality

Develop sewers

Monitor/guide industrial waste water

Monitored/guided 782 locations of 850 special

business companies in FY2011 to preserve

hazards flowing into the cleansing centre.

Monitor/guide factories/offices to use hazards

Set the individual standard

Fukuoka prefecture established the ordinance

more than the standard of effluent about Dokai

Bay areas which was difficult to apply the national uniformly standard of effluent.

Kitakyushu municipal pollution control ordinance

based on national uniformly standard of effluent

regulates factories/offices, out of scope of water

quality pollution control laws.

32


Industrial Local treatment of trade effluents – i.e. collecting waste from several processes and treating in specific waste water treatment process

Requires similar types of effluent from each process needing the same treatment process, however, can provide significant cost savings for the operators.

Industrial Co-treatment of waste within the domestic sewage network

Industrial wastes should not be toxic to, or incompatible with the process used for domestic waste treatment.

Industrial More stringent discharge consents Need to ensure that any required treatment is reasonably practicable and does not require excessive costs.

Industrial On-site recycling and recovery of materials

Can reduce overall costs

Wastewater treatment

More stringent discharge consents Increases treatment costs but could result on large overall environmental improvements.


Change to treatment process More effective treatment can be achieved


More efficient collection of sewage to avoid untreated discharges to the environment

Requires installation of new infrastructure.

Waste disposal Improvement to licence/permitting conditions to avoid excessive leaching of pollutants into groundwater.

May require significant investment for new infrastructure at the disposal site.

Waste disposal Active management of leachates within disposal site. Install of on-site treatment system.

On-site treatment reduces pollutant levels that can be released into the environment.

Diffuse sources (e.g. run off from surfaces)

Installation of simple capture and treatment systems before discharge (i.e. settlement and oil traps)

May require significant investment for new infrastructure.

(4.2.3-1 Cont.)

Disposal in incineration factories and final landfill

Facilities of bag filters and removing hydrogen

chloride in incineration factories remove pollutants of burning emission gas. Polluted water

like ash cooling foul water and waste water of

cleaning smoke is flowing into the sewers after dispose coagulation-sedimentation and chelate.

Waterproof sheets are laid inside the shore with

widening of embankment by earth and sand to preserve water in the landfill leaching into the

sea. Surplus waste water is flowing into the sea

after through effluent disposal facilities.

Sampling check of industrial waste

Sampling check preserves bringing inappropriate waste in terms of industrial waste to disposal

places.

●Reference

<Case Study>


33


Opportunities

Opportunities for resource recovery through use of new treatment processes.

Cost reduction for industry by use of new combined treatment facilities.

Improved sustainability performance by industry leads to improved investor confidence

Working in collaboration with local research and academic institutions can help to develop regional skills and deliver a local workforce to support new growth sectors.

Constraints

Requires good integration of regional development policies with those for environmental, social and economic policy.

Land availability and cost, compatibility of land uses may restrict use of some treatment processes.

Economic burden on industry may restrict local use of some mitigation measures.

Possible decrease in competitively through increase in costs.

4.3 Ground Contamination

4.3.1 Purpose

Development of management measures to reduce the extent and impact of ground contamination requires both an understanding of the distribution and nature of land affected by contamination and consideration of the potential risks associated with such contamination. This allows management measures to be prioritised and resources to be most appropriately targeted to maximise the benefits that can be achieved.

34


The assessment of ground contamination is often carried out on a risk assessment basis, considering both the potential form and levels of contamination present and the potential impact that the contamination could have on either current or proposed receptors such as human health, water resources or wider environment. Risk assessment should consider the different potential sources of contamination in the context of the land use and the ground and groundwater conditions present.

Due to the likely variability in both contamination, land use and site conditions across the area, it is considered that a phase process of risk assessments are likely to be required. An initial high level assessment could be achieved on the basis of the identified potential contamination sources, general ground conditions in the area and current and, if appropriate, planned land use data. The outputs of the risk assessment will enable key areas of potential concern requiring further consideration in either a regulatory or a development planning context to be identified. Further, more detailed, risk assessments will be required at a later stage to confirm site specific requirements. These are likely to require further desk based research and site investigation works.


Once there is an understanding of the distribution and nature of areas where ground contamination may present a potential risk, various mitigation measures can be considered. Some general themes are provided in Table below.

Mitigation would comprise the implementation of measures intended to prevent ground contamination from presenting an unacceptable risk to human health or the wider environment. Whilst such measures may rely entirely on preventing a site from being used for a particularly sensitive use, they are more likely to include site remediation works.

Site remediation works may include any of a large range of techniques that either reduces the degree of contamination, its mobility and hazardous properties, or the likelihood of those at risk from being exposed to contamination. Such measures may range from the traditional method of excavation and off-site disposal to treatment methods including soil washing, bioremediation, sorting and screening,

4.3.3-1 Mitigation measures in Kitakyushu city―Soil

pollution

Pollution control agreement

One of requirements for the company to launch business in Kitakyushu city is that mayor of

Kitakyushu city and a representative person of the

company must reach the agreement of pollution preservation, from the view of urban development of

houses and factories together. This agreement is

about the environmental security control of air and water quality and practical with the targets. This

improves the effectiveness of pollution preservation

to sometimes complement/alternate laws/ordinance, practically regulate based on more of the laws,

regulate unregulated matters and check before

conversion.

Development/Promotion of Eco-parks

※See Waste Methodology

35

stabilisation, oxidation, thermal treatment or barrier systems such as cover systems, cut off walls and permeable reactive barriers. The choice of remediation technique appropriate to any given site is dependent on the nature and levels of contamination present, ground conditions, desired outcome and site constraints.

Use of appropriately selected remedial treatment techniques in favour of the traditional method of excavation and off-site disposal has substantial benefits in terms of minimising waste and requirements for imported clean materials. Such approaches enable sites to be developed more sustainably. A number of incentives could potentially be used to encourage this more sustainable approach to site development, including local or national taxes to discourage disposal of excavated materials to landfill, or tax relief to encourage development on previously used sites.

Table VI-12 Range of possible mitigation measures to be considered – ground contamination

Category of source

Mitigation measure Comment

Industrial License/Permitting to ensure appropriate environmental management system to reduce any ongoing ground contamination

Need to ensure that any license requirements are reasonably practicable and does not require excessive costs.

Industrial Encouragement of on-site recycling and recovery of materials to limit generation of wastes for on site or landfill disposal

Can reduce overall costs

Industrial Regulatory requirement for remedial works for significant ground contamination

Likely to be of particular relevance where ground contamination is impacting on ground/surface water quality

Need to ensure that any requirements are reasonable practicable.

(4.3.3-1 Cont.)

Disposal in incineration factories and final landfill

Facilities of bag filters and removing hydrogen

chloride in incineration factories remove

pollutants of burning emission gas. Polluted water like ash cooling foul water and waste water of

cleaning smoke is flowing into the sewers after

dispose coagulation-sedimentation and chelate. Waterproof sheets are laid inside the shore with

widening of embankment by earth and sand to

preserve water in the landfill leaching into the sea. Surplus waste water is flowing into the sea after

through effluent disposal facilities.

PCB disposal project

Developed organizations of PCB waste

(transmissions, condensers, PCB pollutants etc) disposal in 7 prefectures Westside from Okayama.

●Reference

<Case Study>


36

Category of source


Former Industrial

Regulatory requirement for remedial works for significant ground contamination

Likely to be of particular relevance where ground contamination is impacting on ground/surface water quality

Need to ensure that any requirements are reasonable practicable and do not require excessive costs. May result in significant costs for responsible party, who may not have been the original polluter. Regulatory intervention may be required to ensure measures can be put in place

Industrial / Former Industrial

Use of planning system to promote/require site remediation works as part of site redevelopments.

Need to ensure that any requirements are reasonably practicable and does not require excessive costs that could deter redevelopment. “Suitable for Use” approach to remediation may encourage redevelopment to a greater extent than a fixed, single remediation standard.

Potential for use of taxes or tax relief to encourage sustainable redevelopment.

Waste disposal Improvement to licence/permitting conditions to avoid excessive leaching of pollutants into groundwater/landfill gas migration.

May require significant investment for new infrastructure at the disposal site.

Waste disposal Active management of leachates within disposal site. Install of on-site treatment system.

On-site treatment reduces pollutant levels that can be released into the environment.

Diffuse sources (e.g. run off from surfaces)

Installation of simple capture and treatment systems before discharge to drainage system (i.e. settlement and oil traps)

May require significant investment for new infrastructure.

37

Category of source


All Use of planning system to ensure that developments do not occur that would result in unacceptable risks from ground contamination

Need to ensure that any requirements are compatible with local development plan. “Suitable for Use” approach to remediation may enable safe use of land by less sensitive land uses than at present.


Opportunities

Improved public health as a result of reduced risks from ground contamination

Improved quality of groundwater and surface water resources

Opportunities for waste minimisation through management of industrial sites to minimise spills and waste materials

Opportunities to facilitate site redevelopment, if a “suitable for use” management policy can be successfully implemented

Constraints

Potentially significant costs associated with remedial works. Careful consideration required of how parties responsible for carrying out these costs are identified, to ensure costs are not excessive.

Aversion during land transactions to perceived commercial liabilities associated with the adoption of a “suitable for use” management policy

Potential conflicts in planning priorities between desired intended land uses and potential ground contamination constraints.

38

4.4 Cleaner Production

4.4.1 Purpose

Cleaner production seeks to implement production efficiency to minimise waste and products to minimise their environmental impact, in doing so, it also seeks to improve profitability.


Key consideration in Cleaner Production are summarised in Table VI-13.

TableVI-13 Key considerations in Cleaner Production

Technologies Examples

Raw material improvement Use of low sulphur fuels Substitution of gas for coal and oil

Reduction of raw material Using higher quality feedstock resulting in less waste production

Removing polluting processes Use of mains electricity to replace local power production

Simplification of the process Consolidating processes that may have been developed over a long period of time.

Substitution of more efficient process Use of high efficiency boilers

Change in operation of process Use of process controls to monitor and control efficiency

New equipment installation Installation of flue gas sulphur recovery

Recycling with the process Use of waste heat

39


The main technical options for Cleaner Production are summarised in Table VI-14. These principles can be applied to the examination of the main processes within the study area to determine the options for application of Cleaner Production.

Table VI-14 Main Options for Cleaner Production

Option Desired Responses

Input material substitution Replacing toxic or harmful material with others that are less toxic

Use of materials from renewable resources

Use of materials with a longer lifetime

Material purification

Technology change Replacing with cleaner technology

Equipment modifications

Optimising process conditions

Increase in automation

Improvements in process controls

Improvements in equipment layout

Good operation practice Changes to production scheduling

Energy management

Maintenance programmes

Procedures for working

Training programs

Good process control

High standards of maintenance and cleaning

Production modification Recycling environmental friendly design

Product life extension

Less material intensive packing

Reduction in use of harmful substances

4.4.3-1 CP of Kitakyushu city Kitakyushu city has promoted industries based on the concept

of CP in the process of overcoming pollution and developing economy for a long time. This concept is that companies can

realize improvement of production and strength of competition

in the process of energy saving and resources saving, as a result, leads to growth of both residential and industrial.

Emission volumes of SOx in Kitakyushu city became 27,575t

（1970）from 607t（1990）75% of reduction was contributed

by CP activities.

KITA

Consists of former employees from representative

companies (Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical,

Nippon Steel & Sumikin Metal, YASUKAWA, TOTO etc) in Kitakyushu city and has

accumulated know-how of Cleaner Production

(CP). Supports developing countries to go forward, educate CP accordingly to the local

technical level and provides training programs.

Kitakyushu Eco Premium Industry Creation Project

The city intends to select eco- friendly products,

technologies and service as “Kitakyushu eco-premium” among industrial/technical activities

and deliverables within the city and

expand/penetrate them. 148 products/technologies

and 30 service were selected.（2011）

40

Option Desired Responses

Reuse and recycling One site recovery and re-use of raw materials in the process, waste water, waste heat and cooling water

Transforming waste in useful by-products

Waste segregation and storage


Opportunities

Cost savings through application of more efficient processes and use of less energy;

Indirect environmental improvements from less need for extraction and transportation of raw

materials;

Reductions in environmental pollution;

Reduction waste produced and subsequent environmental impacts of waste disposal;

Constraints

Investment required for clean processes;

Availability of cleaner feedstock and possible cost increases;

Limited market for recycled or recovered materials.

4.5 Policy Development and Instruments

Policy can be expressed as a short statement that presents the issues that are considered to be a priority by the Government. Within the policy there can be an expression of the Objectives that are the desired situation or outcome that one wishes to achieve. A Strategy then follows that sets out the broad outline of the approach that will be taken to achieve the identified objectives.

(4.4.3-1 Cont.)

Development of more green technologies

Local companies have developed technologies

such as energy saving inverters, water saving caps, high efficiency electromagnetic steel sheet

technologies etc.

Reuse of waste heats

Shin-Moji, Hiagari and Kogasaki factories collect

heats as steam energy at the incineration of waste

and use them for self power generations and conditioners of facilities, supply surplus energy to

others public facilities and sell surplus electricity

to Kyushu Electric Power.

Development/Promotion of Eco-parks

See Waste Methodology

●Reference：

<Case Study>

・History and performance of Cleaner Production No1（E）

・History and performance of Cleaner Production No2（E）

・平成 24年度北九州エコプレミアム（J）

41

Cleaner Production policies may have a variety of Objectives but there are considered to be factors that would be common to most policies:

Aim to promote the concept of Cleaner Production as an economic tool that improves competitiveness and production efficiency while at the same time protecting the environment;

Implement a framework with both obligations and objectives that will stimulate polluters to apply preventative measures;

Aim to optimise the use of natural resources and raw materials and the minimisation of emissions and their impacts;

How the use of end of pipe mitigation measures will be minimised and replaced with preventative measures.

It is considered that Cleaner Production programmes are more likely to be effective when they are supported by a legislative and policy framework that that encourages their implementation, Therefore in promoting Cleaner Production efforts should be made to build the concept in to the highest level environmental policy documents. Within these policies, prevention must be emphasised as the main principle of environmental protection.

Policy development for Cleaner Production should consist of four Stages:

Stage 1 – Analyse the existing situation and ensuring support – at this stage the issue or problem that requires policy intervention should be identified. An initial analysis of the current situation is undertaken to identify what has already been done and who are the stakeholders. The importance of the issues needs to be recognised by policy makers, once this is achieved policy development can start.

Stage 2 – Setting priorities and objectives – a policy development body for the formation of the Cleaner Production policy needs to be formed. This should include representatives from the stakeholders and include relevant technical experts. The role of this body is to analyse the existing

42

situation looking for barriers and supporting factors for Cleaner Production before identifying the needs and priorities to be addressed.

Stage 3 – Policy development – Once priorities have been identified and agreed, a programme should be developed to address the issues and come up with relevant solutions through overall policy development and development of an Action Plan for implementation. The polices and Action Plan need to be first developed at a technical levels and then sufficient backing needs to be obtained from Government for their implantation.

Stage 4 – Implementation and evaluation – The final stage is policy implementation and carrying out the Action Plan to meet policy objectives. The implementation phase must include a component of monitoring to assess which has been successfully achieved and identify any changes that are still required. Finally, there must be an evaluation of the policies and programmes to see whether goals have been achieved or to assess a policy’s effectiveness and efficiency. It may be the case that this identifies elements that have not worked or identifies new issues that may need to be addressed. At this stage the policy development cycle may need to start again.

A Policy Instrument is a tool or mechanism used as a means to achieve specified objectives. There are three general categories of Policy Instruments:

Regulatory Instruments – these require or mandate specific behaviour and determine what is prohibited, what is allowed and how to carry out certain activities;

Economic Instruments – these create incentives for specific behaviours by changing economic conditions;

Information based Instruments – these seek to change behaviour by providing information.

Examples of each of these approaches are provided in Table VI-15.

4.5-1 Regulation

Air

Regulate sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, dust, other hazards based on the law.

Water quality

Set/survey the standard about health items（8

items including cadmium, 19 items including

dichloromethane）, living environmental items

（BOD）, items to be monitored（26 items

including chloroform）

Soil quality

The Basic Act for Environmental Pollution Control set the standard of soil environment about

10 items such as cadmium and cyanogen. There

are 30 items now.

4.5-2 Pollution control agreement One of requirements for the company to launch business in

Kitakyushu city is that mayor of Kitakyushu city and a representative person of the company must reach the agreement

of pollution preservation, from the view of urban development

of houses and factories together. This agreement is about the environmental security control of air and water quality and

practical with the targets. This improves the effectiveness of

pollution preservation to sometimes complement/alternate laws/ordinance, practically regulate based on more of the laws,

regulate unregulated matters and check before conversion. This

also motivates companies to take actions about pollution preservation measures and set of facilities (CP).

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Table VI-15 Examples of Policy Instruments

Regulatory Instruments

Environmental standards and regulations: Emission limits Air quality standards Water and Land Quality Standards Process standards - Enforcement of a particular technology;

Product bans and trade regulations Import duties Import bans on products (e.g. ozone depleting substances).

Raw materials depletion quota Limits on resource extraction; Requiring compensating measures.

Liability assignment – Liability payments are made to compensate for damage caused by a

polluting activity, can include: Environmental fines/fees and taxes, cost of implementing clean-up programmes; compensation to employees and third parties.

Economic Instruments

Public expenditure tools: Subsidies, grants and tax allowances to provide incentive to

undertake an activity – e.g. price support for recycling industry.

Revenue generating instruments: Taxes, charges and fees, these must be set at a sufficiently high

level to discourage a behaviour

Budget neutral instruments Design to collect a surcharge on a potentially harmful substance or

activity and then refund the surcharge if the substance is recycled or restored, or use is avoided.

4.5-3 Pollution control funding system

There is an economic support system for small/medium companies in the city to install/maintain facilities to dispose

pollutants as it is not enough to regulate pollutants in terms of

pollution preservation.

4.5-4 PR activities about CP in Kitakyushu city

Kitakyushu city executes the followings to motivate awareness

for environment and CP.

Kitakyushu Eco Premium Industry Creation Project

Support authorise/register Eco Action 21 activities

International cooperation through KITA

Execute a variety of projects and activities involving

citizens

Publish brochures

Disclose information on environmental regulation and

results of survey on the web-site etc.

Environmental learning in public spaces（Environmental

education supplementary readers for citizens）

Bring people to facilities tours（Environmental learning

tours, Environmental school excursion）

●Reference

<Toolkit>

・水質規制の手引き北九州市(J)

<Case Study>


44

Information Based Instruments

Target setting Target setting is one of the main methods used to promote

environmental improvements, examples include setting recycling targets or reduce disposal of particular waste streams

Public recognition and awards These are effective instruments for building awareness of Cleaner

Production and promoting its implementation.

Product labelling Use of schemes such as eco-labelling are very commonly applied.

These can be used to help encourage Cleaner Production through consumer choices.

Access to Environmental Regulation Making public information on polluting emissions to the

atmosphere, water and land provides stakeholders to ability to argue for environmental improvements.

Industry Codes of Practice The aim of this type is to support improvements to industry by

providing relevant information and enabling them to benchmark their performance against industry norms.

Public Education Campaigns By providing information on environmental topics the general

public are able to understand the benefits of moving to Cleaner Production and will result in pressure for change.

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5 Strategy Testing and Measurement Tools

5.1 Purpose

The selected pollution management strategy should be tested against the achievement of international and local pollution standards designed to protect human health. This requires information on the pollutant levels achieved through a measurement programme and comparison with the standards.

5.2 Key Considerations

Pollution in the atmosphere and aquatic environments are readily measureable and therefore a programme of monitoring needs to be established to demonstrate the success of the measures implements. There also needs to be a programme of monitoring the development and implementation of new policy and regulator controls together with the timetable for future changes.

5.3 Main Technical Options

Overall viability and environmental performance testing and measurement should be undertaken by a specialist in air, water and ground quality management, which may be a consultant technical adviser or a government representative.

Financial performance testing and measurement should be undertaken by a specialist financial advisor, supported by a specialist in air, water and ground quality management, which may be a consultant technical adviser or a government representative.

Social performance testing and measurement may be in relation to a variety of factors such as employment provision, contribution to economic growth or benefits to a wider group of stakeholders that may be directly or indirectly affected by the strategy’s proposals. This may form part of wider sustainability appraisal, stakeholder consultation or specific economic assessment and undertaken by

5.3-1 Test of strategy

The city takes the following actions to test/measure actions and make PDCA cycle practical to improvement in addition to

usual surveys on air and water quality.

Pollution patrol

Automobiles to measure smoke and soot at any time every

month ran and monitored the situation of smoke and soot in facilities of each factory which diffuse dust within the city

under the purpose of securing life of citizens at “emergency”

and “accident”

Development of air pollution regular monitoring

systems

Pollution monitoring centre organized 24 hours intensive monitoring to receive data measured by each monitoring spot

directly on the tele-meter system.

Special weather information systems

Kitakyushu city, which is surrounded by mountains behind and

sea at front, has Dokai Bay deeply flowing in a complicated way at the centre. Sulphur dioxide will not diffuse and tend to

stay at the height of land by the feature of landscape. There is a

Kitakyushu city individual system to alarm the target factories at emergency and request preparation of changing fuels or 20%

reduction.

On-the-spot inspection

Governor of prefecture delegated mayor of Kitakyushu city to

regulate factories in terms of procedures and intensified on-the

spot inspection for facilities which generate smoke and soot.

Inspection of effluent and on-the-spot inspection for one

factory 2-6 times a year was conducted in terms of effluent

from factories.

●Reference

<Case Study>

・北九州公害監視センター（J）

・Kitakyushu Air Pollution Monitoring Center

（E）

46

relevant specialists in these areas. More information on stakeholder consultation is provided in the following section.

Table VI-16 sets out a checklist of the main testing and measurement tools applicable to a quality management strategy.

Table VI-16 Checklist of Main testing and Measurement Tools – Air, Water and Ground Quality Strategy

Item Testing and Measurement Tools

Viability Assessment of performance of installed mitigation measures.

Application of mitigation measures used elsewhere in similar environments.

Environmental Performance Air, water and ground quality modelling.

Environmental monitoring in atmospheric and aquatic environment.

Monitoring of permitting conditions

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).

Cost Capex and Opex spreadsheets derived from empirical data.

Life-cycle replacement costs.

Financial Performance Discounted cash-flow model to establish Net Present Value, Project Internal Rate of Return etc.

Social Performance Sustainability Appraisal (ASPIRE Tool)Stakeholder Consultation

Poverty and Social Analysis

Capacity-Building and Knowledge Management Plan

Resettlement Action Plan

5.4 Stakeholder Consultation

In addition, wider ‘qualitative’ testing of the strategy should be undertaken with all interested stakeholders – these will include regulatory bodies, local authorities, trade bodies and citizens.

5.3.1-1 Stakeholders consultation

Kitakyushu city seriously takes urban development of

residential life and industrial progress together. The city develops systems to integrate stakeholders’ opinions about all

activities.

Tobata ward women’s association

Emission smoke and soot from factories prevented residents

from drying washings in the sun in Tobata. The women’s association required improvement for factories and requested

the government to take actions between them in 1960.They

themselves kept records of the situation of pollution, gathered documents and negotiated with factories on a scientific basis.

As a result, in 1964 they arrived at a compromise by the

government intermediation and promoted pollution control after that. This was the first case for the government to

intermediate companies and residents to a compromise.

Kitakyushu city pollution control council

Investigate the fundamental direction of pollution control

measures and projects execution. Consist of academics,

representatives of citizens (3 municipal council members, chairman of General Federation of hygiene, vice chairman of

Liaison Committee on Women's Association), and

representatives from industries.

Kitakyushu city pollution control liaison committee

Established to coordinate procedures of pollution in

Kitakyushu city and promote pollution control smoothly for each related division including mayor to work together.

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Genuine stakeholder consultation will engage with interested parties at the earliest opportunity when meaningful dialogue can take place. Each stakeholder will have different priorities and may, therefore, require a different approach in terms of mode and means of consultation. To this end a separate stakeholder consultation strategy should be prepared, implemented and managed by a specialist in environmental communication and public consultation, these could be integrated with other related topics such as energy and waste. Stakeholder consultation can also be extended to potential service providers and lenders through soft market testing in the form of workshop where the strategy can be explained to the market and general comments and feedback invited.

5.5 Understanding Opportunities and Constraints

Opportunities

Development of pollution control strategy can result in resource recovery and reuse;

Testing and measurement provides an assurance that the policy proposals and implementation plan developed as part of the strategy are fit for purpose.

Outcomes from the process can help to guide decision-making process and subsequent programme implementation.

Demonstrates that proposals are viable and that key stakeholder concerns have been taken into account during the process.

Constraints

Technology availability and costs;

Economic pressures not wishing industrial costs to increase and potentially decrease profitability.

May be a need to consider alternative options if testing does not provide desired or expected outcomes.

Managing expectations, and balancing the competing objectives of, stakeholders.

(5.3.1-1 Cont.)

Kitakyushu city air pollution control liaison committee

Thoroughgoing execution of air pollution control measures and

communications with companies were established, when prefecture governor’s authority of air pollution control laws

was delegated to mayor of the city. Consist of Fukuoka

Trading Bureau, Fukuoka prefecture, Kitakyushu city, private

sectors（Participating companies occupied 97% of smoke and

soot emissions）

The city required the cooperation with companies,

national/regional governments to execute some municipal

measures through this council. Companies had chances to pre-discuss with the government about regulations. They welcome

to this as a useful opportunity to exchange necessary

information and propose honest opinions on reality of regulations to the government.

Kitakyushu PCB disposal monitoring committee

When facilities of PCB disposal were examined, the

examination committee with professionals was formulated.

The committee investigated ensuring security/information

disclosure and more than 100 times meetings to explain to the citizens were held. This committee is redefined as an

organization with both professionals and citizens to perform

projects based on citizens’ security/confidence safely and properly as actions to exchange opinions with citizens

developed. Play a role of monitoring in the phases of projects

planning, construction and operation and proposing to the city.

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6 Procurement and Financing

6.1 Purpose

Consideration of the risks involved in the delivery of the pollution management strategy is important in order to identify the potential constraints and risk to delivery of the strategy.

6.2 Key Considerations

To successfully procure and finance the infrastructure and mitigation measures required to deliver the pollution strategy the risks associated with delivery need to be identified and understood. Before beginning procurement, a risk specific workshop should take place involved a range of specialists to provide technical, legal, financial, procurement and risk management advice. These can be consultant technical advisors or government representatives.

kitakyushu model pollution management...kitakyushu municipal pollution control ordinance was...

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