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klod frederik bastia
kanoni
is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans
dawerilia 1849 da 1850 wlebSi - exeba dRevandelobas
noemberi, 2007
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
1801 - 1850
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klod frederik bastias klasikuri naSromebis winamdebare qarTuli gamocema momzadebulia ekonomikuri codnis ga-mavrcelebeli sazogadoeba “axali ekonomikuri skola – saqarTvelos” mier, katonis saxelobis institutTan (vaSingtoni, aSS) TanamSromlobiT. Targmnilia frangulidan. Ooriginalis stili daculia. saredaqcio jgufi madlobas uxdis yvelas, vinc monawileoba miiRo da dagvexmara am wignis momzadebasa da gamocemaSi, gansakuTrebiT katonis saxelobis institutis vice-prezidents saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebSi dr. tom palmers. saredaqcio sabWo: paata SeSeliZe
gia jandieri
nino gorgaZe
tom palmeri
mTavari redaqtori, biografiuli cnobebis da garekanis dizainis avtori
paata SeSeliZe
mTargmneli Teona oZelaSvili
stilisturi redaqtori sesili xanjalaZe
teqnikuri redaqtori Tamar xvTisiaSvili
damkabadonebeli irakli SeSeliZe
© axali ekonomikuri skola _ saqarTvelos gamocemaTa seria “Tavisuflebis klasika”, 2007. © gamomcemloba “wignis saxelosno”, 2007.
ISBN 978-9941-0-0204-5
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CLAUDE FRÉDÉRIC BASTIAT
LA LOI
CE QU'ON VOIT ET CE QU'ON NE VOIT PAS
Ecrit en 1849-1850 – L’actualité d’aujourd’hui
NOVEMBRE, 2007
TBILISSI, GÉORGIE
1801 -1850
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La publication géorgienne de l’œuvre littéraire de Claude Frédé-ric Bastiat est préparée par la société pour la propagation de la connaissance scientifique “L’école économique nouvelle – Géorgie” coopération avec Cato Institué, Washington, É.U. La traduction est fait de la langue Français. Le style original est gardé. Le group de rédaction voudrait exprimer la gratitude à tout le monde qui a aidé et participé a la publication. La gratitude spé-cial a Dr. Tom Palmer Vice-président de Cato Institué. Le conseil de rédaction PAATÀ CHECHELIDZÉ GIÀ JANDIERI NINO GORGADZÉ TOM PALMER Le rédacteur eu chef, l’auteur des notes biographique et le dési-gner de la couverture PAATÀ CHECHELIDZÉ Le traducteur TEONÀ ODZELACHVILI Le rédacteur stylistique SESILI KHANJALADZÉ Le rédacteur technique TAMAR KHVTISIACHVILI É taler IRAKLI CHECHELIDZÉ
© La série des publication de l’école économique nouvelle – Géorgie “ Les œuvres classiques de la liberté” 2007
© La maison d’édition “Tsignis sakhelosno”
ISBN 978-9941-0-0204-5
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CLAUDE FREDERIC BASTIAT
THE LAW
THAT WHAT IS SEEN AND THAT WHAT IS NOT SEEN
written in 1849 and 1850 - just as true today
NOVEMBER, 2007
TBILISI, GEORGIA
1801 -1850
6
Georgian publication of classical writing of Claude Frédéric Bastiat is prepared by the Society for Dissemination of Economic Knowledge “New Economic School – Georgia” in cooperation with Cato Institute, Washinton, USA. Translation is made from French. Original style is preserved. Editorial group would like to express its gratitude to everyone who participated in and helped with the preparation of this publication, special thanks to Dr. Tom Palmer, Vice President of the Cato Institute for International Affairs. Editorial board: PAATA SHESHELIDZE GIA JANDIERI NINO GORGADZE TOM PALMER Editor in Chief, Author of Biographical Notes and Cover Designer PAATA SHESHELIDZE Translator TEONA ODZELASHVILI Stylistic Editor SESILI KHANJALADZE Technical Editor TAMAR KHVTISIASHVILI Layout IRAKLI SHESHELIDZE
© Series of Publications of New Economic School - Georgia “Classics of Freedom”. 2007. © Publishing House “Tsignis sakhelosno” 2007. ISBN 978-9941-0-0204-5
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sarCevi
redaqtoris winasityvaoba. paata SeSeliZe.............................. 9
winasityvaoba bastias pirveli qarTuli
gamocemisTvis. tom palmeri............................................................... 11
gafrTxileba me-19 saukunidan. gia jandieri.......................... 12
kanoni.............................................................................................................. 14
sicocxle RvTis saCuqaria..............................................................… …………………. 15 ra aris kanoni.....................................................................................… …………...…………. 15
samarTliani da mtkice mmarTveloba .........................................……………………. 16 kanonis sruli gaukuRmarTeba........................................................ 17
kacobriobis damRupveli midrekileba......................................……………………. 17 sakuTreba da Zarcva............................................................................ 18
dakanonebuli Zarcvis msxverplni...............................................…………………. 18 dakanonebuli Zarcvis Sedegebi...................................................... 19
arakonformistebis bedi..................................................................… …………………. 20 vin gansjis?...........................................................................................… …………………. 20
saarCevni uflebis SezRudvis mizezebi...................................... 21 pasuxi kanonis SezRudvaSi mdgomareobs...................................……………………. 21
dakanonebuli Zarcvis damRupveli idea...................................… …………………. 22 gaukuRmarTebul kanons dapirispirebamde mivyavarT.........… …………………. 22
monoba da sabaJo tarifebi Zarcvaa.............................................… …………………. 23 Zarcvis ori forma..............................................................................… ………………………. 23
kanoni Zarcvas icavs........................................................................… …………………….... 24 rogor amovicnoT dakanonebuli Zarcva?.................................… …………………. 24
dakanonebul Zarcvas bevri saxeli aqvs.....................................… …………………. 25 socializmi dakanonebuli Zarcvaa...............................................… …………………. 25
arCevani Cvens winaSea..........................................................................… ………………….26 kanonis jerovani funqcia................................................................. 26
socializmis macduri momxibvleloba........................................… …………………. 27 iZulebiTi Zmoba Tavisuflebas anadgurebs.............................……………………. 27
sakuTrebis unebarTvo miTviseba Zaladobaa............................… …………………. 27 mZarcvelobis sami sistema...............................................................… …………………. 28
kanoni Zalaa............................................................................................… …………………. 28 kanoni Tavis TavSi akrZalvas gulisxmobs.................................… …………………. 29
politikuri midgoma..........................................................................… …………………. 29 kanoni da qvelmoqmedeba...................................................................… …………………. 30
kanoni da ganaTleba............................................................................… …………………. 30 kanoni da morali..................................................................................… …………………. 31
abdaubda terminebi..............................................................................… …………… 31 socialisti mwerlebis zegavlena..................................................………………… 31
socialistebs RvTis rolis TamaSi surT..................................… …………………. 32 socialistebi kacobriobas gmoben................................................ 33
savaldebulo Sromis dacva..............................................................… ………………… 34 mamobrivad mzrunveli mTavrobis dacva................................... 34 pasiuri kacobriobis idea............................................................. 35 socialistebi mizezebs da faqtebs uaryofen......................... 35
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socialistebs adamianebis yazarmebSi ganawileba surT....... 36 cnobili saxeli da boroti ganzraxva..........................................………………… 37 Sedegad, kanons yovelgvari simdidris ganawileba marTebs...... 37 sazareli idea......................................................................................... 38
demokratebis lideri........................................................................… …………………. 39 socialistebs iZulebiTi Sesabamisoba surT........................... 40 kanonmdeblebs kacobriobis gamoZerwva surT........................ 40 kanonmdeblebma ician rogor marTon adamianebi.................... 41 droebiTi diqtatura........................................................................… …………….…………. 42 socialistebs qonebrivi Tanasworoba surT........................... 43 socialisti mwerlebis Secdoma...................................................... 43 ra aris Tavisufleba?.........................................................................… ………… 44
filantropuli tirania.....................................................................… ……………………… 44 socialistebs surT diqtatura..................................................... 45
diqtatoruli qedmaRloba............................................................... 46 despotizmTan arapirdapiri miaxloeba..................................... 47 napoleons pasiuri kacobrioba sWirdeboda............................ 47 socializmis mankieri wre………………….................................................................… ………………… 48
demokratebis doqtrina....................................................................... 49 socialisturi warmodgena Tavisuflebaze...............................……………………50
socialistebs yovelgvari Tavisuflebis eSiniaT…….................. 50 zeadamianis idea....................................................................................… ………………… 51
socialistebi Tavisufal arCevans uaryofen..........................… ………………… 51 safrangeTis revoluciis mizezi................................................... 52
mTavrobis giganturi Zalaufleba...............................................…………………… 52 politika da ekonomika.......................................................................… ……………………… 53
WeSmariti sakanonmdeblo funqciebi............................................ 54 kanoni da qvelmoqmedeba erTi da igive ar aris........................ 54
mTavari gezi komunizmisken..............................................................… ………………… 55 stabiluri mmarTvelobis
safuZveli................................................................................................… ………………… 55 samarTlianoba Tanaswor uflebebs gulisxmobs..................... 56
gza keTilSobilebisa da progresisken.......................................… ………………… 57 ideis mtkicebuleba.............................................................................… …………………… 57
sxvebis marTvis survili....................................................................… ……………58 neba mogveciT, vcadoT ra aris Tavisufleba............................ 58
is rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans 60 Sesavali.................................................................................................... 61 Camsxvreuli fanjara...........................................................................…………………… 62
jaris daTxovna......................................................................................… ………………… 63 gadasaxadebi............................................................................................… ………………… 66 unda dauWiros Tu ara saxelmwifom mxari xelovnebas?....... 68 saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili samuSao adgilebi......................... 72 Suamavlebi..............................................................................................… …………………. 74 SezRudvebi..........................................................................................… ………………………….... 79
manqanebi.................................................................................................... 82 krediti………..................................................................................................... … ………………… 86 alJiri.................................................................................................. 89 danazogi da fufuneba.......................................................................... 92 visac muSaobis ufleba aqvs, mogebis uflebac aqvs............... 96
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redaqtoris winasityvaoba
frederik bastias Sromebis winamdebare qarTuli Targmani katonis saxelobis institutis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis vice-prezide-ntis doqtor tom palmeris iniciativiT da finansuri mxardaWeriT ga-keTda. misi azriT, romelsac mec viziareb, bastias sibrZne, romelsac fasi ar aqvs, rac SeiZleba met enaze da rac SeiZleba ufro srulad un-da iTargmnos.
ratom aris bastias Sromebi fasdaudebeli?
ubralod imitom, rom mis eseebsa da pamfletebSi logikurad, sxar-tad, cxovrebiseuli magaliTebiTa da gonebis gamomacocxlebeli iu-moriT aris axsnili sazogadoebis warmatebebis mizezebi, pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa da kerZo mesakuTreobis mniSvneloba.
bastiam meurneobis marTvis Seswavlas axalgazrdobaSive ekonomi-kis Seswavla amjobina. istoriam mas sakadrisi pativi miago. is ekonomi-kur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Caurevlobis momxre im frangi liberalebis mowinave warmomadgenlad aRiares, romlebsac Jan batist sei, Jak tiurgo, aleqsis da tokvli, kondensie da sxvebi gane-kuTvnebian. inteleqtualurad, is Tanamedrove politikuri msofl-mxedveloba “libertarianizmis” erT-erT winamorbedad da e.w “avstr-uli ekonomikuri skolis” wevrad moiazreba.
man kalami sakamod gvian, 1844 wels, misi megobrisa da Tanamoazris riCard kobdenis gavleniT mosinja, rodesac ekonomikur Jurnal Le Libre
Échange-s (vaWrobis Tavisufleba) redaqtori gaxda. iozef Sumpeteris azriT, is “yvelaze didebuli Jurnalistia, visac ki odesme ucxovria”.
bastias mTavari damsaxureba ekonomikuri mecnierebis gaxalxure-baa: man SeZlo moeZebna ena da literaturuli xerxebi, romlebic yvelasTvis da yovel droSi gasagebi aRmoCnda. is mraval Temas Seexo: mcdari ekonomikuri warmodgenebis mxilebas man “ekonomikuri sofiz-mebi” miuZRvna. proteqcionizmis kritikas _ “mesanTleebis peticia”; biurokratiul usamarTlobas _ “gadasaxadebis amkrebi”; ekonomikuri kanonzomierebebis axsnas _ “ekonomikuri harmonia”. samarTlebrivi Teoriis safuZvlebs _ “kanoni”. saxelmwifos Teoriis safuZvlebs _ “saxelmwifo” da a.S.
man moaxerxa, rom sakuTari Sromebi erTi mTliani koncefciis Se-madgenel nawilebad eqcia: bastias politekonomia kerZo sakuTrebas, Tavisufal vaWrobasa da saxelmwifos mxridan Caurevlobas efuZneba.
misi azriT, arsebobs bunebrivi harmonia sazogadoebriv urTier-TobebSi: adamianebi usasrulo moTxovnilebebis SezRuduli resurse-biT dakmayofilebas cdiloben. sazogadoeba _ esaa gacvlebze age-buli sistema, romlic efuZneba TiToeuli adamianis pirad interess, kerZo sakuTrebas da konkurencias. kerZo mesakuTreoba adamianebs me-
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warmeobis, SemoqmedebiTobis, muyaiTobis, momWirneobis, SorsmWvrete-lobisa da mSvidobisken ubiZgebs. vaWroba da Sromis danawileba sazo-gadoebis erTianobas amtkicebs. nebayoflobiTi saqonelgacvlebiT yvela mogebuli rCeba. erTis mogeba yvelas mogebaa. materialuri ke-TildReoba yvelasTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba. am process ar sWirdeba marTva, is spontanurad yalibdeba da momxmareblis moTxov-nilebebis dakmayofilebiskenaa mimarTuli. Tavisufal bazarze momx-marebeli batonobs da mTeli warmoeba mis samsaxurSi dgas. momxmareb-lis Wirveuloba da mimwodeblebis konkurencia SezRudul resursebs minimaluri danaxarjebiTa da maqsimalurad Sesabamisi xarisxiT gamo-yenebisken mimarTavs.
mTavroba gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa xarjze arsebobs. sameurneo ur-TierTobebSi misi Careva sxva araferia, Tu ara momxmareblebis fulis xarjva da bevris xarjze mcire jgufis uzrunvelyofa. gadanawileba ar zrdis dovlaTs, aramed erTis magivrad sxvas amdidrebs. rodesac yvela xedavs, rom mTavroba “aSenebs”, cota amCnevs, rom gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli veRar awarmoebs imas, risi SeZenac momxmarebels surs. is, vinc ixdis, rogorc gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, cdilobs, dakarguli sax-elmwifo dakveTebiT, SeRavaTebiTa da subsidiebiT miiRos ukan. sameurneo urTierTobebSi saxelmwifos nebismieri Careva adamianebs warmoebis nacvlad korufciaSi CarTvas aiZulebs. mewarmeobas biu-rokratia anacvlebs. ekonomikur Tavisuflebas _ saxelmwifo regu-lireba. akrZalvebi ukanonobas amkvidrebs. nebismieri SezRudva, li-cenziebiT dawyebuli, importis tarifebis CaTvliT, xelovnurad zrdis danaxarjebs, gavlenas axdens fasebze da, Sesabamisad, dovlaTis warmoeba da sayovelTao keTildReoba iklebs.
sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba imitom ki ar arsebobs, rom es kanoniTaa dadgenili, aramed, piriqiT, sicocxle, Tavisufleba da kerZo sakuTreba ganapirobebs, rom sazogadoeba kanoniT mmarTvelo-bis pirvelmniSvnelobas aRiarebs. Tavad kanonis safuZveli adamianis bunebaa. imisaTvis, rom icocxlos, adamiani saWiroebs Tavisuflebas da kerZo sakuTrebas, bunebis aTviseba rom SeZlos. kanoni, romelic zRudavs Tavisuflebas da sakuTrebas, aris ara kanoni, aramed Zalado-ba, Tanmdevi qaosiT da siduxWiriT.
bastia svavs kiTxvas: rogori ekonomikaa xelsayreli xalxisTvis?... da pasuxobs, rom xalxs Tavisufali bazari da mTavrobis mxridan Ca-urevlobis politika sWirdeba, radgan mxolod am SemTxvevaSi aqvT sa-Sualeba, kerZo sakuTreba sakuTari SexedulebiT gankargon.
am azrs mec veTanxmebi da vfiqrob, Cven am wignis yvela mkiTxvelic SemogvierTdeba.
paata SeSeliZe
axali ekonomikuri skola - saqarTvelos
prezidenti
11
winasityvaoba bastias pirveli qarTuli gamocemisTvis
frederik bastia msoflioSi aRiarebulia, rogorc ekonomikis da politikis erT-erTi saukeTeso eqsperti. misi Sexedulebani erT-droulad Rrma da advilad gasagebia yvelasTvis, iqnebian isini nobe-lis premiis laureatebi, premier-ministrebi, taqsis mZRolebi, mewar-meebi, studentebi Tu diasaxlisebi... mokled rom vTqvaT, nebismieri-sTvis visac saRi azrovneba da survili aqvs, rom Seicnos Tu rogor moqmedebs msoflio.
bastia safrangeTis parlamentis wevri iyo, sadac man SeZlo Zlieri argumentebi warmoedgina proteqcionizmis, imperializmis da komu-nizmis winaaRmdeg, ramac, bevris azriT, 1848 wels safrangeTSi komuni-zmis damkvidrebis SeCereba ganapiroba.
misi “iaraRi” misive Wkua da dauRalavi energia iyo, romelic so-cialisturi ideebis absurdulobis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. misi saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizani iyo adamianebisTvis im saSiSroebaTa Se-saxeb Seetyobinebina, romlebic nebayoflobiT gacvliT urTierTo-bebSi Zalismier Carevas mohyveboda. bastias mixedviT, saxelmwifos da-niSnuleba sabaziso kanonebis dacva da keTildReobis mizniT mom-xmareblebs, mwarmoeblebsa da mewarmeebs Soris Tavisufali gacvlis uzrunvelyofaa. misi Sexedulebani mkacrad gaakritika karl marqsma, romelmac mas imaTi “klasikuri warmomadgeneli” uwoda, vinc Tavis-ufal gacvlas Rirebulebis Semqmnelad miiCnevs.
bastiam yvela ekonomists imis magaliTi aCvena, Tu martivi da gasa-gebi eniT rogor unda axsna is principebi, romlebic umniSvnelova-nesia Tanamedrove msoflios gasagebad. misi Sexedulebebi mdidari da Tavisufali sazogadoebis inteleqtualur safuZvels qmnis.
moxaruli var, rom SemiZlia bastias naSromebi qarTul enaze vixi-lo da msurs Tarjimnebs, redaqtorebsa da gamomcemlebs es warmateba mivuloco.
tom palmeri
katonis saxelobis institutis
vice-prezidenti saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
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gafrTxilebebi me-19 saukunidan
swored ase SeiZleba daarqva frederik bastias Semoqmedebas. Tavisi saqmianoba man mTlianad imas miuZRvna, rom adamiani saxelmwifo-po-litikuri utopiebisagan daecva, iseTis, rogoricaa savaWro da warmo-ebiTi proteqcionizmi, subsidiebi, savaWro deficitis safrTxe, mama-saxelmwifo, gadasaxadebis sikeTe da ase Semdeg.
socialuri da saxelmwifo populizmis zrdis epoqaSi bastiam gag-vafrTxila: „saxelmwifo diadi fiqciaa, romlis saSualebiTac yvela sxvis xarjze „cxovrebas cdilobs“ („saxelmwifo“; fr. bastia). koruf-cia, meqrTameoba, Zalmomreoba, Zalauflebis gadameteba, usaqmuroba, gaflangva, privilegiebi, sxva aTasgvari garyvnileba, es swored sax-elmwifo aparatis cxovrebis wesia. am yvelafris arseboba mxolod imi-tomaa SesaZlebeli, rom adamianebi xSirad scodaven da, advili lukmis misaRebad an pasuxismgeblobis mosaxsnelad, saxelmwifo aparatis ar-sebobas da gaZlierebas uWeren mxars.
Cveni droc „mdidaria“ zemoaRniSnuli gamocdilebiT. es gansakuT-rebiT exeba ganviTarebul evropul qveynebs, sadac mTavroba adami-anebis mier Seqmnili dovlaTis naxevars moixmars, anu, rogorc bastia am SemTxvevaSi ityoda: dakanonebulma Zarcvam mosaxleobis Semosav-lebis naxevars miaRwia (bedis ironia isaa, rom es yvelaze metad sa-frangeTs, bastias samSoblos exeba). axla es “ganviTarebuli” erebi “ganuviTareblebs” uxsnian da mouwodeben, rom swored aseT WaobSi gadaeSvnen.
niSandoblivia, rom swored im dros, rodesac bastia gamalebul brZolas eweoda saxelmwifo aparatis gavlenis gaZlierebis wina-aRmdeg, evropaSi socialurma revoluciebma ifeTqa. swored im peri-odSi Seiqmna mTavari ideologiuri doqtrina am revoluciebis gasa-marTleblad _ komunizmi. misi mTavari idea yovlismomcveli saxel-mwifos Seqmna iyo, sadac pirovneba aRar aris Rirebuleba da mxolod WanWikia naTeli “momavlis Semoqmed” saxelmwifo manqanaSi. samwuxar-od, am doqtrinis moqmedebis savalalo Sedegebi, aTobiT milioni ada-mianis sicocxlis xelyofis CaTvliT, sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda msofli-osTvis _ gamorkveuliyo saRaTas Zilidan. umravlesi kritika mxo-lod im liderebs Seexo, romlebmac ubralod „kargad“ isargebles Seq-mnili mdgomareobiT, xolo doqtrina praqtikulad xelSeuxebeli darCa.
bastiam aseve gvirCia, yovelTvis vecadoT ar vimsjeloT movleneb-ze mxolod maTi myisieri, xilvadi niSnebiT, aramed SevecadoT gaver-kvioT im SedegebSi, romelic momavalSi gvelodeba. es rCeva gansakuT-rebiT mniSvnelovania imisTvis, rom davinaxoT _ politikuri insti-tutebi da saqmianoba moklevadian miznebs emsaxureba da amis gamo maTi
13
efeqti ver gascdeba Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mcdelobas. gansa-kuTrebuli sifrTxilea saWiro politikur dapirebasTan dakavSire-biT _ politikosebi sakuTar xarjze aravis arafers da arasdros hpirdebian. maTi nebismieri axali dapireba Cvens, gadasaxadebis gadam-xdelebis, jibeSi mTavrobis xelis kidev ufro Rrmad Cayofaa...
frederik bastias drouli da brZnuli gafrTxilebebi arasdros gauferuldeba civilizaciisTvis.
gia jandieri
axali ekonomikuri skola - saqarTvelos
vice-prezidenti
14
klod frederik bastia
kanoni
“kanoni” frederik bastiam 1849 wels, safrangeTis mesame revoluci-idan erTi wlis Semdeg gamoaqveyna.
TiToeul adamians sakuTari sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sa-kuTrebis dacvis bunebiTi ufleba aqvs;
saxelmwifos adamianebi Tavdacvis erToblivi organizebis miz-niT qmnian da misi arseboba gamarTlebulia mxolod manam, sanam is am funqcias asrulebs;
kanoni bunebrivi wesrigis manifestacia unda iyos: is samarTli-ania, Tuki yoveli adamianis sicocxles, Tavisuflebasa da sakuT-rebas Tanabrad icavs, xolo usamarTloa, rodesac adamianebis erT jgufs sxvebis xarjze proteqcias uwevs;
yvelas aqvs ufleba sakuTari riskiT da xarjiT icxovros, magram aravis aqvs ufleba sakuTari Sexedeulebebi da maTi ganxorcie-lebisTvis saWiro xarjebi sxvebs ZaliT moaxvios Tavs;
Zarcvis dakanoneba civilizacias kraxs uqadis.
1849
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kanoni
kanoni gaukuRmarTda! masTan erTad saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi wesrigi Se-iryvna. kanonma ara mxolod dakarga Tavisi WeSmariti arsi, aramed sruliad sawi-naaRmdego mizans emsaxureba. igi sixarbis iaraRad gadaiqca. danaSaulis SeboWvis nacvlad Tavad gaxda im borotebis wyaro, romelic unda aRmoefxvra!
Tu es simarTlea, maSin Cems zneobriv movaleobad mimaCnia Cemi Tanamemamu-leebis yuradReba mivapyro am faqts.
sicocxle RvTis saCuqaria
is Cven RvTisgan saCuqrad miviReT, romelic Tavis TavSi yvela danarCens moicavs, es saCuqaria sicocxle _ fizikuri, in-teleqtualuri da moraluri.
magram sicocxles damoukideblad ar SeuZlia arseboba. Cven Se-moqmedma dagvakisra misi gafrTxilebis, ganviTarebis da gaumjobe-sebis pasuxismgebloba. xolo imisTvis rom es movaleoba pirnaT-lad SevasruloT, man araCveulebrivi niWiT dagvajildova da bu-nebrivi resursebis mravalferovnebaSi mogvaqcia. Cven am niWs bu-nebriv resursebze mivmarTavT da maT Semdgomi gamoyenebisTvis saWiro produqtebad gardavqmniT, es procesi aucilebelia, rom cxovrebam Tavisi geziT iaros.
adamians sicocxle, niWi da warmoeba, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, TviTmyofadoba, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba qmnis. miuxedavad po-litikuri liderebis moxerxebuli eSmakobisa, RvTisgan boZebuli es sami saCuqari sazogadoebaSi miRebul nebismier kanonmdeblobas uswrebs da masze maRla dgas.
sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba imitom ki ar arsebobs, rom adamianebma kanonebi Seqmnes. aramed piriqiT, sicocxlis, Ta-visuflebis da sakuTrebis arsebobam ganapiroba, rom adamianebma kanonebi wamowies win.
ra aris kanoni?
maSin ra aris kanoni? es aris pirovnuli uflebebis samarTleb-rivi dacvis koleqtiuri organizebis forma.
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TiToeul Cvengans RvTisgan aqvs miniWebuli Tavisi TviTmyofa-dobis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis dacvis bunebrivi ufleba, rac arsebobis sami ZiriTadi pirobaa. yoveli maTgani erTmaneTze damo-kidebuli da xelSeuxebelia. maSin raRaa Cveni niWi Tu ara Cveni TviTmyofadobis gagrZeleba, xolo sakuTreba _ Cveni niWis ga-grZeleba?
Tu TiToeul Cvengans aqvs ufleba sakuTari Tavi, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki da-icvas, maSin, aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom adamianTa jgufs SeuZlia Zalebi am uflebebis mudmivi dacvis mizniT gaaerTianos. amis mi-xedviT, koleqtiuri uflebis principi, misi arsebobis mizani da ka-noniereba dafuZnebulia individualuri uflebis principze. xo-lo saerTo Zalisxmevas, romelic icavs koleqtiur uflebebs, ar SeiZleba hqondes sxva logikuri daniSnuleba an misia, garda imisa, ris damcveladac gvevlineba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom pirovnebas meore pirovnebis TviTmyofadobis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba ar SeuZlia, arc saerTo Zalisxmeva Se-iZleba iyos gamoyenebuli sxva pirovnebis an jgufebis TviTmyofa-dobis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg.
Zalis amgvari borotad gamoyeneba, orive SemTxvevaSi, Cvens wi-napirobebs ewinaaRmdegeba. Zalaufleba sakuTari Tavis da uflebe-bis dacvis mizniT mogvaniWes. vin gabedavs da ityvis, rom Zala Cveni moZmeebis uflebebis fexqveS gaTelvisTvis mogvces? gana iqidan, rom kanoniT arc erT pirovnebas ar SeuZlia sxvaTa uflebebis Se-laxvis mizniT Zala gamoiyenos, logikurad ar gamomdinareobs ki is faqti, rom saerTo ZalisxmevasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic sxva araf-eria Tu ara individualuri Zalis organizebuli kombinacia, igive principi moqmedebdes?
Tu zemoTqmuli marTalia, maSin cxadze ucxadesia, rom kanoni _ es aris samarTlebrivi dacvis bunebrivi uflebebis organizaciis forma. igi aris individualuri Zalisxmevis saerTo ZalisxmeviT Ca-nacvleba. xolo saerTo Zalisxmeva mowodebulia akeTos is, risi ke-Tebac kanonieri da bunebrivi uflebebiT individualur Zalisxme-vas aqvs miniWebuli, esenia: TiToeuli adamianis Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis dacva, TiToeulis uflebebis dacva, kanonierebis dam-yareba da yvela Cvenganze misi gabatoneba.
samarTliani da mtkice mmarTveloba
eri rom zemoTqmul principebs efuZnebodes, maSin adamianebis azrebsa da urTierTobebSi wesrigi damyardeboda. Cemi azriT, am-gvar saxelmwifoSi, politikuri formis miuxedavad, iseTi momWir-ne, SezRuduli, aradespoturi, samarTliani da mtkice mmarTvelo-ba iqneboda, romlis warmodgenac ki SesaZlebelia.
msgavsi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi yvelasTvis naTeli iqneboda,
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rom gaaCniaT rogorc uflebebi, ise movaleobani. mTavrobas aravin SeewinaaRmdegeboda, radgan yvela darwmunebuli iqneboda sakuTar xelSeuxeblobaSi, agreTve imaSi, rom misi Sroma Tavisufalia, xo-lo Sromis nayofi ki yovelgvari usamarTlobisgan daculi. warma-tebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos aRar gadavuxdiT madlobas da wa-rumateblobis SemTxvevaSi misi dadanaSaulebis iseTive safuZveli gveqneboda, rogorc aqvT fermerebs setyvis an yinvis dros. saxel-mwifo Cven mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc usafrTxoebis garantia.
amis Sedegad SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom saxelmwifos Caurevlo-bis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni zraxvebi da maTi ganxorcielebis gzebis Zieba logikurad urTierTkavSirSi iqneboda. aRar SevxvdebodiT Rarib ojaxebs, romlebic ar elodebian werilobiT miTiTebebs Tu rogor gamoacxon puri; qalaqebs, romelTa mosaxleoba sasoflo dasaxle-bebis xarjze izrdeba da piriqiT; sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetilebe-bis safuZvelze kapitalis, samuSao Zalis da mosaxleobis gadaadgi-lebas.
saxelmwifos mier gamowveuli am gadanacvlebebiT, Cveni arsebo-bis wyaroebi saeWvo da arasaimedo xdeba. amas garda, es qmedebani sa-xelmwifos met pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs.
kanonis sruli gaukuRmarTeba
samwuxarod, kanoni sulac ar ifargleba misTvis Sesaferisi funqciebiT, xolo am CarCodan gamosvlis Semdeg, kanoni ara marto araTanmimdevruli da sadavo gaxda, aramed ufro metic, is Tavis Zi-riTad daniSnulebas daupirispirda. kanoni misive miznis gasanad-gurebel iaraRad iqca: im samarTlianobis gasaTelad, romelic mas unda SeenarCunebina da im uflebebis SesazRudad, romlebic mas un-da daecva. kanonis meSveobiT koleqtiuri Zalaufleba usindiso adamianebis xelSi aRmoCnda, romlebsac sxvaTa TviTmyofadobis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis eqspluatacia surT. man Zarcva TviT am Zarcvis dacvis mizniT daakanona, xolo samarTlianobis dacva danaSaulad gamoacxada misi aRkveTis mizniT.
rogor da ra SedegebiT dasrulda kanonis gaukuRmarTeba?
kanonis gaukuRmarTeba ori erTob gansxvavebuli mizezis _ bri-yvuli sixarbis da TvalTmaqcuri filantropiis gavleniT moxda.
modiT jer pirvelze vimsjeloT, Semdgom ki meoreze.
kacobriobis damRupveli midrekileba
TviTgadarCena da TviTganviTareba adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTe-beli Cveulebrivi miswrafebania. Tu yvelas eqneboda SesaZlebloba SeuzRudavad gamoeyenebina TavianTi uflebebi da Sromis nayofi, maSin socialuri progresi uwyveti, Seuqcevadi da unaklo iqne-boda.
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magram adamianebs kidev erTi midrekileba axasiaTebT. roca ki es SesaZlebelia, isini sxvebis xarjze cxovrebasa da gancxromas cdiloben. es arc windauxedavi braldebaa da arc pirquSi da mzak-vruli sulis nayofi. amas kacobriobis istoria _ mudmivi omebi, masobrivi migracia, religiuri devna, sayovelTao monoba, upa-tiosno vaWroba da monopoliebi _ adasturebs. es damRupveli survili adamianis bunebidan momdinareobs; im pirvelyofili, sayo-velTao da udreki instinqtidan, romelic adamianebs aiZulebs, Ta-vianTi moTxovnilebebi naklebi ZalisxmeviT daikmayofilon.
sakuTreba da Zarcva
adamians cxovreba da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SeuZlia muxlCauxreli SromiT, Tavisi niWis da bunebrivi resursebis uw-yveti gamoyenebiT. es procesi sakuTrebas uqmnis safuZvels.
magram isic simarTlea, rom adamians cxovreba da moTxovnilebe-bis dakmayofileba sxvisi Sromis produqtis miTvisebis xarjze SeuZlia. es ki Zarcvis sawindaria.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom adamianis buneba dasabamidan miis-wrafvis gverdi auaros tanjvas, xolo Sroma ki tanjvaa, adamianebi yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWeben Zarcvas, rodesac es Sromaze io-lia. istoriaSi msgavsi magaliTebi mravladaa, am pirobebSi misi Se-Cereba arc religias SeuZlia da arc morals.
rodis wydeba Zarcva? es maSin xdeba, roca igi Sromaze ufro rTuli xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi naTelia, rom kanonis mTavari mizani qurdobis winaaRmdeg koleqtiuri Zalisxmevis gamoyenebaa. kanoni mowodebulia, rom sakuTreba yvela SesaZlebeli gziT daicvas, xo-lo Zarcva dasajos.
kanons, rogorc wesi, erTi adamiani an adamianTa garkveuli jgu-fi qmnis. magram kanons gabatonebuli Zalis Tanxmobisa da mxarda-Weris gareSe moqmedeba ar SeuZlia, Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblebi aseTi Zalis ndobiT unda aRiWurvon.
kanonis gaukuRmarTebis process xsnis is faqti, rom adamianebi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas rac SeiZleba naklebi Zalis-xmeviT cdiloben. martivia imis axsnac, rom usamarTlobasTan brZolis nacvlad, kanoni usamarTlobis iaraRad gadaiqca da rom kanoni kanonmdeblebis xelSi saSiS iaraRad gadaiqca, romelic ada-mianebis damoukideblobas tyveobiT, Tavisuflebas _ represiebiT da sakuTrebas _ ZarcviT anacvlebs da anadgurebs. amas ki sargebe-li moaqvs imaTTvis, vinc kanons qmnis, maTive Zalauflebis pro-porciulad.
dakanonebuli Zarcvis msxverplni
bunebrivia, adamianebi im usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg ilaSqreben, romlis msxverplnic xdebian. Sesabamisad, roca Zarcva kanonmdeb-
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lebis sasargeblodaa organizebuli, yvela dazaralebuli jgufi, mSvidobiani Tu revoluciuri gziT, kanonis SeqmnaSi monawileobis miRebas cdilobs. dazaralebuli jgufebi, maTi ganaTlebis donis Sesabamisad, politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad or, radika-lurad gansxvavebul mizans isaxaven: isini an dakanonebuli Zar-cvis SeCerebas, an masSi monawileobis miRebas cdiloben.
ubedureba ewveva im ers, roca dakanonebuli Zarcvis msxver-plTa umravlesobis mizani es ukanaskneli gaxdeba da isini Tavad daeuflebian Zalauflebas, rom kanonebi Seqmnan.
sanam es ar momxdara, dakanonebuli Zarcvis praqtikas umcire-soba umravlesobis mimarT iyenebs. es Cveulebrivi praqtikaa, roca kanonis Seqmnis procesSi monawileobis ufleba adamianTa mcire jgufis prerogativaa. magram Semdeg am procesSi monawileoba sayo-velTao xasiaTs Rebulobs da adamianebi TavianT konfliqtur in-teresebSi oqros Sualedis mignebas sayovelTao ZarcviT cdi-loben. usamarTlobis aRmofxvris nacvlad, mas sayovelTaos xdis. rogorc ki gaZarculi klasi politikur Zalauflebas moipovebs, isini sxva klasebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli represiebis siste-mas qmnian. isini sulac ar ibrZvian dakanonebuli Zarcvis wina-aRmdeg (rac ganaTlebis ufro maRal dones moiTxovs), aramed, pi-riqiT, TavianT winamorbedebs swored ZarcvaSi ejibrebian, im Sem-TxvevaSic ki, Tu es maT interesebSi ar Sedis.
sanam samarTlianoba izeimebdes, TiTqos yvelasTvis aucilebe-lia Tavis Tavze gamoscados sastiki bedisweris buneba, zogma Tavi-si borotebis da zogmac Tavisi miuxvedrelobis gamo.
dakanonebuli Zarcvis Sedegebi
araferi ar uqadis sazogadoebas ufro did borotebas da cvli-lebebs, vidre kanonis Zarcvis iaraRad gadaqceva.
ra Sedegebi mohyveba amgvar gaukuRmarTebas? pasuxs tomebi das-Wirdeba, amitom axla yvelaze sayuradReboze SevCerdebiT.
upirveles yovlisa, is TiToeulis gonebaSi samarTlianobasa da usamarTlobas Soris gansxvavebas Slis.
sazogadoebas kanonebis pativiscemis gareSe arseboba ar Seu-Zlia. kanonebis pativiscemis miRwevis yvelaze sando gza maTi pa-tivsacemi formiT Camoyalibebaa. roca kanoni da morali erTma-neTs ewinaaRmdegeba, moqalaqeebi mZime arCevanis winaSe dganan: maT an morali unda uaryon, an kanonebis pativiscema. es ori boroteba Tavisi SedegebiT msgavsia da adamians arCevanis gakeTeba gauWir-deboda.
kanonis arsi samarTlianobis dacvaSi mdgomareobs. saqme isaa, rom adamianTa gonebaSi kanonis da samarTlianobis arsi erTi da igivea. yvela Cvengans aqvs midrekileba irwmunos, rom is, rac kano-
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nieria, aseve samarTliania. amis rwmena imdenad gavrcelebulia, rom bevri raRacas SecdomiT samarTlianad miiCnevs, radgan is ka-noniTaa gansazRvruli. aqedan gamomdinare, Zarcva kanonieri da xelSeuxebeli rom gaxdes, aucilebelia, kanonma saTanado gadaw-yvetilebebi asaxos da neba darTos. monobas, ukanono SezRudvebs da monopolias damcvelebi hyavs ara marto maT Soris, vinc maTi sa-SualebiT xeirobs, aramed mis msxverplTa Sorisac.
arakonformistebis bedi
Tu Tqven eWvs SeitanT am institutebis zneobriobaSi, Tqven ga-mogacxadeben saSiS novatorad, utopistad, Teoretikosad, kanonis damaqcevlad, romelic sazogadoebas safuZvels aclis.
xolo Tu Tqven zneobasa da politikur mecnierebaze leqciebs waikiTxavT, maSin aucileblad gamoCndebian oficialuri organi-zaciebi, romlebic mTavrobas STaagoneben, rom “am mecnierebis Ses-wavla Tavisufal vaWrobasTan (Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis da samarTlianobis) mimarTebaSi aRar SeiZleba, rogorc es aqamde iyo da rom momavalSi es mecniereba unda iswavlebodes im faqtebTan da kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic frangul warmoebas aregulire-ben (faqtebs da kanonebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebas da samarTlianobas). saxelmwifo dafinansebiT Seqmnil samuSao adgilebze momuSave profesorebma Tavi unda Seikavon, rom Tundac mcire doziT safrTxis qveS daayenon arsebuli kanonebi”.
ese igi, Tu arsebobs kanonebi, romelTa mixedviTac monoba da mo-nopolia, Cagvra da qurdoba sanqcirebulia, maTi xsenebac ki ar Rirs. radganac rogor SeiZleba maTi xseneba imis pativiscemis xel-Seuxeblad, romelsac isini STagvagoneben? morali da ekonomikuri politika am kanonis mixedviT unda iswavlebodes im daSvebiT, rom is samarTliania, radganac kanonia.
kanonis tragikuli Seryvnis sxva damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs politi-kur vnebaTaRelvas da TviTon politikas.
zemoTqmulis dasamtkiceblad uamravi faqtis moyvana SeiZleba, magram sailustraciod erTi maTganiT Semovifarglebi. esaa sayo-velTao saarCevno ufleba, romelmac bolo xans yvela Cvenganis goneba daipyro.
vin gansjis?
rusos filosofiuri skolis mimdevrebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs progresul moazrovneebad miiCneven da romlebsac piradad me oci saukunis winandeli azrovnebis mimdevrebad vTvli, ar dame-Tanxmebian qvemoT TqmulSi. arCevnebSi monawileobis sayovelTao ufleba, mkacri gagebiT, sulac ar warmoadgens im xelSeuxebel dogmaTagan erT-erTs, romelSic eWvis Setana an misi gadamowmeba
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danaSaulad unda iTvlebodes. sinamdvileSi ki, sakmaod seriozuli argumentebis moyvana SeiZleba arCevnebSi monawileobis sayovel-Tao uflebis winaaRmdeg.
jer erTi, is, rom sityva sayovelTaos Sinaarss did gaugebro-bamde mivyavarT. safrangeTSi 36 milioni mcxovrebia, xolo imis-Tvis rom saarCevno ufleba iyos sayovelTao, amomrCevelic 36 mi-lioni unda iyos. Tumca es ricxvi ukeTes SemTxvevaSi 9 milions aR-wevs, maSasadame, oTxidan sami adamiani gamoricxulia da, metic, is-ini meoTxis mier arian gamoricxuli. meoTxe ki danarCeni samis ga-moricxvis mizezad maT unarSezRudulobas asaxelebs. zemoT Tqmu-lidan gamomdinare, arCevnebSi monawileobis sayovelTao ufleba mxolod unarianebze vrceldeba. ismis kiTxva Tu vin aris es xalxi? arian ki uunaroebi mxolod arasrulwlovnebi, qalebi, Seura-cxadni da damnaSaveni?
saarCevno uflebis SezRudvis mizezebi
sakiTxs Tu CavuRrmavdebiT, davinaxavT im motivs, romlis mixed-viTac saarCevno ufleba unarianobis princips efuZneba. motivis arsi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom amomrCeveli am uflebas ara mxo-lod TavisTvis iyenebs, aramed yvelaze avrcelebs.
amis mixedviT yvelaze sajaro da yvelaze daxuruli saarCevno sistemebi erTmaneTis msgavsia, gansxvaveba unarianobis gansazRvra-Sia, rac ara imdenad principis, ramdenadac xarisxis sakiTxia.
imis mixedviT, rasac Tanamedrove berZnul-romauli filosofi-uri skolis mimdevari respublikis momxreebi amboben, rom saarCe-vno ufleba adamians dabadebidan aqvs miniWebuli, usamarTlobaa qalebs da bavSvebs arCevnebSi monawileoba aukrZalo. ratom ek-rZalebaT maT es? radganac isini uunaroebad arian miCneulni. da ratomRa aris uunaroba saarCevno uflebis CamorTmevis motivi? imitom rom, arCevanis Sedegebi ara mxolod amomrCevelze, aramed mTel sazogadoebaze vrceldeba; imitom rom, sazogadoebis wev-rebs aqvT ufleba moiTxovon im qmedebebis garantiebi, romlebzec maTi keTildReoba da arsebobaa damokidebuli.
pasuxi kanonis SezRudvaSi mdgomareobs
CemTvis gasagebia Tu ra pasuxi SeiZleba gaeces zemoT Tqmuls, ra argumentebi SeiZleba moviyvanoT da a.S. Tumca axla ar CavuRr-mavdebiT am sakiTxebs, mxolod erTs davamatebdi, rom sayovelTao saarCevno uflebasTan dakavSirebuli es aJiotaJi TiTqmis mTlia-nad dakargavda mniSvnelobas kanoni yovelTvis is rom yofiliyo, rac unda iyos.
sinamdvileSi, kanoni adamianebis, maTi Tavisuflebis da sa-kuTrebis dacviT rom ifarglebodes; kanoni realurad individua-luri uflebebis organizacia rom iyos, romelic TviTdacvaze
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aris mimarTuli; kanoni TiToeuli Cagvris da Zarcvis winaaRmdegi da damsjeli rom iyos, nuTu maSinac vikamaTebdiT, Cven moqalaqeni, saarCevno uflebis masStabebze?
nuTu am SemTxvevaSi saarCevno xmis uflebis zRvrebi safrTxis qveS daayenebda uzenaes faseulobas – sazogadoebriv simSvides? nuTu ganyenebuli jgufebi uars ityodnen mSvidad dalodebodnen TavianT xmis uflebas? nuTu aseTi uflebis miRebis Semdeg isini gulmodgined daicaven TavianT privilegiebs?
kanoni Tavisi WeSmariti funqciebiT rom Semoifarglebodes, ma-Sin TiToeulis interesi kanonisadmi erTnairi iqneboda. nuTu cxa-di ar aris, rom am situaciaSi amomrCevlebi araamomrCevlebs raime saxis uxerxulobebs ver Seuqmnidnen.
dakanonebuli Zarcvis damRupveli idea
magram, meore mxriv, warmovidginoT Semdegi situacia: organize-bis, regulirebis dacvis an waxalisebis mizniT kanoni erTs arTmevs sakuTrebas da mas meores aZlevs; kanoni qonebas arTmevs yvelas da umciresobas aZlevs, magaliTisTvis an fermerebs, an mrewvelebs, an gemis mepatroneebs, an mxatvrebs, an msaxiobebs. am pirobebSi logi-kuria, yvela jgufi kanonis marTvas Seecdeba.
ganyenebuli jgufebi daJinebiT moiTxoven saarCevno xmis ufle-bas da amisTvis sazogadoebasac ki Searyevdnen, maTxovrebi da ma-wanwalebic ki dagimtkiceben, rom maTac imavenairi saarCevno xmis ufleba aqvT, rogorc Tqven. isini getyvian: “Cven ar SegviZlia viyi-doT Rvino, Tambaqo an marili gadasaxadebis gadauxdelad, xolo gadasaxadebi, romlebsac Cven vixdiT, kanoniT, Cvenze mdidrebs ga-daecemaT, rogorc privilegia da subsidia. sxvebi kanons iyeneben purze, xorcze, rkinasa da tansacmelze fasebis gasazrdelad, xo-lo radganac kanons yvela Tavisi interesebisTvis iyenebs, Cvenc gvindeba misi Cveni interesebisTvis gamoyeneba. kanonisgan Cven Se-RavaTebis uflebas moviTxovT e.i. Zarcvis uflebas gaWirvebu-lebis sasargeblod. am uflebis mosapoveblad ki Cvenc unda gvqon-des xmis ufleba, rom Cveni jgufis SeWirvebulobis demonstri-reba movaxdinoT, rogorc Tqven mogiwevT Tqveni jgufis dacvis organizeba. amitom nuRar gvetyviT, rom Tqven Cvens interesebs da-icavT da 600 000 franks gasaCumeblad gadmogvigdebT, rogorc es batonma mimerelma gaakeTa. Cven sxva moTxovnebi gvaqvs da nebismier SemTxvevaSi gvinda, rom garigeba CvenTvis momgebiani iyos, rogorc amas sxva jgufebi akeTeben.”
ras upasuxebdiT aseT arguments?
gaukuRmarTebul kanons dapirispirebamde mivyavarT
sanam sazogadoebis wevrebi eTanxmebian, rom kanonis WeSmariti miznebidan acdena SeiZleba, rom kanons sakuTrebis dacvis nacvlad
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masze Zaladoba SeuZlia, maSin yvelas gauCndeba survili monawile-oba miiRos kanonis SeqmnaSi, rom an Tavi Zarcvisgan daicvas, an is ZarcvisTvis gamoiyenos. politikuri sakiTxebi yovelTvis damRup-veli, gabatonebuli da yovlismomcveli iqneba. sakanonmdeblo pa-latis win gaimarTeba Cxubebi da aranaklebi moxdeba mis SigniT. amis gasagebad saWiroa SeviswavloT is, rac frangul da inglisur ka-nonmdeblobaSia Cadebuli; radganac Tu sakiTxi gvesmis, maSin pasuxic viciT.
aris ki aucilebeli davasaxeloT kanonis gaukuRmarTebis Sede-gebis sazogadoebaze damRupveli zemoqmedebis magaliTebi, da Tu vinmes es sWirdeba, moviyvanoT aSS-s magaliTi, sadac kanonma maq-simalurad SeinarCuna Tavisi WeSmariti miznebi: TiToeuli adami-anis Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis dacva, Sesabamisad, msoflioSi ar arsebobs sxva qveyana, sadac socialuri wesrigi ufro myar safuZ-velze idges, vidre SeerTebul StatebSi. magram SeerTebul Sta-tebSic aris iseTi ori sakiTxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi simSvidi-sTvis did safrTxes warmoadgens.
monoba da sabaJo tarifebi Zarcvaa
monoba da sabaJo tarifebi es ori sakiTxia, romlebTan mimarTe-baSi kanonma SeerTebuli Statebis respublikis saerTo suliskve-Tebis sawinaaRmdegod mZarcvelis buneba gamoamJRavna.
monoba _ es aris dakanonebuli Zaladoba Tavisuflebaze, xolo damcavi sabaJo tarifi Zaladoba sakuTrebaze.
yvelaze saintereso ki isaa, rom es ori dakanonebuli danaSauli, romelic Zveli samyaros memkvidreobas warmoadgens, SeiZleba Se-erTebuli Statebis daSlis mizezi gaxdes. marTlac rom SeuZlebe-lia sazogadoebis gulSi ufro gansacvifrebeli faqtis warmod-gena, rogoricaa: kanonis usamarTlobis iaraRad gadaqceva. da Tu am faqts SeuZlia SeerTebul StatebSi saSineli Sedegebis motana, sadac kanonis mTavari miznidan gadaxveva gamoixateba mxolod mo-nobis da sabaJo tarifebis arsebobaSi, ra SeiZleba moxdes maSin ev-ropaSi, sadac kanonis damaxinjeba principi da sistemaa?
Zarcvis ori forma
batonma montalamberma batoni karlies cnobil proklamaciaSi Cadebuli azris Sesaxeb Tqva: “Cven unda vebrZoloT socializms.” batoni Sarl dupenis mier gansazRvruli socializmis cnebis mi-xedviT is gulisxmobda Semdegs: “Cven unda vebrZoloT Zarcvas.”
magram romeli Zarcvis Sesaxeb saubrobda is? radganac Zarcvis ori forma arsebobs: dakanonebuli da ukanono.
ara mgonia, ukanono Zarcva, rogoricaa qurdoba an TaRliToba, romelsac gansazRvravs, iTvaliswinebs da sjis sisxlis samarTlis debulebebi, SeiZleba socializmad iyos aRqmuli. es ar aris is
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forma, romelic sazogadoebis safuZvels sistematurad emuqreba. asea Tu ise, Zarcvis am formisadmi omis dasawyebad brZanebas aravin dalodebia. mis winaaRmdeg omi dasabamidan daiwyo. 1848 wlis Te-bervlis revoluciamde bevrad adre, socializmis warmoSobamde bevrad ufro adre, safrangeTSi ukve arsebobda policia, mo-samarTleni, Jandarmeria, cixeebi, sapyrobileebi da eSafotebi, romlebic ibrZondnen amgvari Zarcvis winaaRmdeg. kanoni Tavad uZ-Rveba am oms da Cemi piradi survili da mosazrebaa, rom kanons Zarcvis winaaRmdeg mudam aseTi damokidebuleba hqondes.
kanoni Zarcvas icavs
magram es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. zogjer kanoni araTu icavs Zarcvas, aramed monawileobs masSi. ase rom, mosargebleebi sir-cxvilis, xifaTis da sindisis qenjnisgan Tavisufldebian, rac, wi-naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT qcevaze gavlenas moaxdenda. zogjer ka-noni mZarcvelebis samsaxurSi ayenebs mosamarTleebs, policias, cixeebis zedamxedvelebs da Jandarmerias da msxverpls, romelic Tavis dacvas cdilobs, ise epyroba, rogorc damnaSaves. mokled rom vTqvaT, es dakanonebuli Zarcvaa da batoni montalamberi swo-red amis Sesaxeb saubrobda.
kanonmdeblobaSi dakanonebuli Zarcva SeiZleba erTaderTi Savi laqa aRmoCndes. Tu es asea, maSin jobs, rom dainteresebuli mxaree-biis mier atexili xmauris miuxedavad, is naklebi laparakiT da gan-kiTxvis gareSe CamovrecxoT.
rogor amovicnoT dakanonebuli Zarcva?
magram Sedegis miRwevas danaSaulis Cadenis gareSe ver SeZlebda.
maSin saswrafod gavauqmoT es kanoni, is ara marto Tavad aris boroteba, aramed is borotebis nayofieri wyarocaa, radgan is imarjvebs represiebze. Tu aseTi kanoni, romelic SeiZleba calke SemTxveva iyos, saswrafod ar gauqmebula, is gavrceldeba, gam-ravldeba da sistemad Camoyalibdeba. rogor amovicnoT dakanone-buli Zarcva? Zalian martivad. es xdeba maSin, roca kanoni arTmevs adamianebs imas, rac maT ekuTvniT da aZlevs imaT, visac es ar ekuTvnis, roca kanoni moqmedebs erTi moqalaqis interesebis sa-sargeblod, radgan es moqalaqe imave Sedegs danaSaulis gareSe ver miaRwevda.
pirovneba, romelic am kanonidan xeirobs, Tavisi monagari uf-lebebis dasacavad did ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams. is daiwyebs mtkicebas, rom saxelmwifo valdebulia daicvas da waaxalisos misi warmoeba, da rom amisgan saxelmwifo isargeblebs, radganac dacul warmoebas metis daxarjva da Raribi mSromelebis ufro maRali xelfasebiT uzrunvelyofac SeuZlia.
yuradRebas nu miaqcevT amgvar sofizms, am argumentebis aRi-
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areba dakanonebul Zarcvas sistemad Camoayalibebs, rac faqtob-rivad ukve moxda. dRevandelobis iluzia imis mcdelobaa, rom yve-la sxvebis xarjze gamdidrdes, Zarcva sayovelTao gaxdes misi or-ganizebis mizniT.
dakanonebul Zarcvas bevri saxeli aqvs
ase rom, axla ukve dakanonebuli Zarcva SeiZleba mravali gziT ganxorcieldes. aqedan gamomdinare, misi organizebis mravali sa-Sualeba gvaqvs, kerZod tarifebi, proteqcionizmi, pensiebi, sub-sidiebi, waxalisebebi, progresuli gadasaxadebi, sazogadoebrivi skolebi, garantirebuli samuSao adgilebi, garantirebuli Semo-savlebi, minimaluri xelfasis norma, SeRavaTebi, Sromis iaraRebis gamoyenebaze uflebebis gacema, muqTa krediti da a.S. isini, mTli-anobaSi, Zarcvis dakanonebiT cdiloben socializmis damyarebas.
am gansazRvrebiT, roca socializmi doqtrinebis erTobliobas warmoadgens, ra SegviZlia movimoqmedoT mis winaaRmdeg Tu ara om-is gamocxadeba am doqtrinebisTvis? Tu Tqven migaCniaT, rom soci-aluri doqtrina yalbi, uazro da borotebis gansaxierebaa, maSin ukuagdeT igi. rac ufro metad yalbi, uazro da borotebaa igi, miT ufro advilia misi uaryofa. xolo Tu gsurT iyoT Zlieri, maSin amoZirkveT socializmis umciresi Canasaxic ki, romelsac SeiZleba Tqvens kanonmdeblobaSi fesvebi gaedga. da es ar iqneba martivi.
socializmi dakanonebuli Zarcvaa
batoni montalamberi daadanaSaules imaSi, rom is socializms uxeSi meTodebiT ebrZoda. mas unda movuxsnaT es braldeba, rad-ganac man naTlad ganacxada: “brZola, romelsac socializmis wina-aRmdeg veweviT, unda iyos harmoniaSi kanonTan, Rirsebasa da samar-TlianobasTan.”
magram ratom ver SeniSna batonma montalamberma, rom mankier wreSi moeqca? gana kanons socializmis winaaRmdeg gamoviyenebT? socializmi xom TavisTavad am kanonzea dafuZnebuli? socia-listebs samarTlianobis dacva ki ara, aramed Zarcvis dakanoneba surT. socialistebs, rogorc monopolistebs, surT kanoni Tavis iaraRad aqcion. roca erT mSvenier dRes kanoni socializmis mxa-res dadgeba, rogor mivmarTavT mas socializmis winaaRmdeg? xolo mZarcvelebs, romelTa saqmianobasac kanoni axalisebs, aRar eSi-niaT sasamarTloebis, Jandarmeriis da cixeebis. metic, sakuTari Tavis dasacavad maTi moxmobac ki SeuZliaT.
es rom aRgekveTaT SeuSlidiT xels socializms kanonmdeblobis SeqmnaSi monawileobis miRebaSi an sakanonmdeblo palataSi Ses-vlaSi? me geubnebiT, rom Tqven ver miaRwevT sawadels manam, sanam Zarcvis dakanoneba kanonis mTavar saqmianobas warmoadgens. sawi-naaRmdegos mtkiceba alogikuri da absurdulicaa.
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arCevani Cvens winaSea
dakanonebuli Zarcvis problema erTxel da samudamod unda ga-daiWras da amis sami gza arsebobs:
umciresoba Zarcvavs umravlesobas; yvela Zarcvavs yvelas; aravin aravis Zarcvavs. Cven unda avirCioT Zarcvis SezRudvas, misTvis sayovelTao xa-
siaTis micemasa da mis srul aRmofxvras Soris. kanonic am samidan erT-erTs daicavs.
SezRuduli dakanonebuli Zarcva: es sistema maSin Camoyalibda, roca saarCevno xmis ufleba SeizRuda. saWiroa gavauqmoT es siste-ma, raTa SevaCeroT socializmis damkvidreba.
sayovelTao Zarcvis dakanoneba: Cven yvela aRmovCndiT am siste-mis muqaris qveS mas Semdeg, rac msgavsi privilegia sayovelTao gax-da. am privilegiaminiWebulma umravlesobam gadawyvita kanonis da-fuZneba Zarcvis dakanonebis igive principebze, romelsac maTi wi-naprebi iyenebdnen, roca xmis ufleba iyo SezRuduli.
dakanonebuli Zarcvis aRmofxvra: es aris samarTlianobis, mSvi-dobis, wesrigis, stabilurobis, harmoniis da logikis principi. sikvdilamde am princips mudam xmamaRla davicav, Cemi filtvebis dauzogavad (romlebic vai, rom Zalian sustia).
kanonis jerovani funqcia
gulwrfelni rom viyoT, SeiZleba ki kanonisgan sxva ramis moT-xovna, garda Zarcvis aRkveTisa? gana SesaZlebelia kanonis, rome-lic Zaladobas aucileblobidan gamomdinare mimarTavs xolme, ra-cionaluri gamoyeneba yvelaferSi, adamianebis uflebebis dacvis garda? Tavs davdeb, rom aravis ar ZaluZs am miznis CarCoebidan ga-mosvla misi gaukuRmarTebis da Zalis uflebebis sawinaaRmdegod Semobrunebis gareSe. es aris yvelaze ufro metad damRupveli da alogikuri socialuri gaxrwna, ris warmodgenac ki SesaZlebelia. unda SevTanxmdeT, rom sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis arealSi WeS-mariti gamosavali, romelsac amdeni xani veZebdiT, Cadebulia am martiv frazaSi: kanoni _ es organizebuli samarTlianobaa.
aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom: roca samarTlianoba organizebu-lia kanoniT e.i. ZaliT, es gamoricxavs kanonis (Zalis) gamoyenebis daSvebas adamianis nebismieri saqmianobis regulirebaSi, iqneba es Sroma, qvelmoqmedeba, soflis meurneoba, vaWroba, mrewveloba, ga-naTleba, xelovneba Tu religia. romelime CamoTvlili saqmianobis organizebis mcdeloba kanonis mier, upirobod gamouTxrida Zirs fuZemdeblur organizacias – samarTlianobas. sinamdvileSi, rogor SegviZlia warmovidginoT Zalis gamoyeneba moqalaqeebis Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg da, Sesabamisad, samarTlianobis wi-
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naaRmdegac, e.i. Tavisi WeSmariti miznis winaaRmdeg?
socializmis macduri momxibvleloba
aq me gadavawydi Cveni droebis Zalian popularul cdomilebas: is, rom kanoni unda iyos samarTliani, ar aris sakmarisi, kanoni ase-ve unda iyos filantropuli. aseve ar aris sakmarisi, rom kanoni Ti-Toeul moqalaqes aZlevdes maTi SesaZleblobebis Tavisuflad ga-moyenebis garantias fizikuri, gonebrivi da moraluri TviTganvi-TarebisTvis; piriqiT, iTxoven, rom kanonma uSualod uzrunvel-yos keTildReoba, ganaTleba da morali.
swored es aris socializmis macduri momxibvleloba. me kvlav gavimeoreb: kanonis am ori saxiT gamoyeneba erTmaneTs pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba. Cven maT Soris arCevani unda gavakeToT. moqalaqes ar SeuZlia, rom erTdroulad iyos da Tan arc iyos Tavisufali.
iZulebiTi Zmoba Tavisuflebas anadgurebs
erTxel batonma lamartinma Semdegi momwera: “Tqveni doqtrina Cemi programis mxolod naxevaria, Tqven Tavisuflebaze gaCerdiT, me ki win mivdivar Zmobamde.” razec mas vupasuxe: “Tqveni programis meore naxevari pirvels gaanadgurebs.”
sinamdvileSi warmoudgenlad meCveneba sityva Zmobis sityva ne-bayoflobiTisgan gansxvaveba. me ar mesmis, Tu rogor SeiZleba Zmo-ba iZulebiT iqnes Tavs moxveuli kanonis mier, Tuki kanonis mier ar iqneba ganadgurebuli Tavisufleba da Sesabamisad, kanonis mierve ar gaiTeleba samarTlianoba.
Zarcvis dakanonebas ori Ziri aqvs. erT-erTi, rogorc ukve aRv-niSne, adamianis sixarbea, xolo meore _ cru filantropia. am gage-biT, vfiqrob, unda ganvmarto, Tu ras vgulisxmob sityva ZarcvaSi.
sakuTrebis unebarTvo miTviseba Zaladobaa
me ar viyeneb sityva Zarcvas, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme, gau-gebari, araswori, miaxloebiTi an gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. me mas mecnierulad aRiarebuli mniSvnelobiT: sakuTrebis (xalfasis, mi-wis, fulis an sxv.) sawinaaRmdego arsis gamosaxatavad viyeneb. ro-desac erTi piris qonebis nawili, misi Tanxmobis da kompensaciis ga-reSe, ZaladobiT an motyuebiT gadaecema sxvas, romelsac is ar ekuTvnis, maSin me vacxadeb, rom sakuTrebaze ganxorcielda Za-ladoba: moxda Zarcva.
me vambob, rom es is aqtia, romelic kanonma yvelgan da yovel-Tvis unda aRkveTos. magram, roca kanoni Tavad sCadis imas, risi aR-kveTac evaleba, maSin Zarcvas aqvs adgili da davamateb, rom sazo-gadoebisa da misi keTildReobisTvis, uflebebis winaaRmdeg mimar-Tuli agresia uaresic kia. dakanonebuli Zarcvis SemTxvevaSi piri, romelic misgan xeirobs, Zarcvaze pasuxs ar agebs. dakanonebul
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Zarcvaze pasuxismgebloba kanons, kanonmdebels da Tavad sa-zogadoebas akisria. amaSi ukve politikuri saSiSroeba Zevs.
samwuxarod, sityva Zarcva zogisTvis SeiZleba gamaRizianebeli naTqvami aRmoCndes. uSedegod vcdilobdi sxva sityvis SerCevas, radgan arasdros da gansakuTrebiT axla ar minda, rom Cvens dis-kusiebSi raRac sityvebis CarTviT gaRizianeba gamoviwvio, ar vici ramdenad damijereben, magram ar msurs sxvaTa ganzraxvis da mora-lis winaaRmdeg gamovide. me ufro im ideis winaaRmdegi var, ro-melic yalbad mimaCnia, im sistemis, romelic usamarTlo meCveneba, im usamarTlobis, romelic imdenad Tavisufalia piradi ganzraxve-bisgan, rom TiToeuli Cvengani misiT sargeblobs survilisda miux-edavad da misgan itanjeba ise, rom arc ki icis tanjvis mizezi.
mZarcvelobis sami sistema
aq ar ganvixilavT imaTi gulwrfelobis sakiTxs, vinc proteq-cionizms, socializms an komunizms icavs. yvela avtori, romelsac amis survili eqneba an politikuri sulis, an politikuri SiSis gav-lenis qveS imyofeba, Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom proteqcionizmi, socializmi da komunizmi, saerTo jamSi, erTi da igive mcenarea _ zrdis gansxvavebul stadiebze. risi Tqmac SeiZleba isaa, rom komu-nizmis SemTxvevaSi dakanonebuli Zarcva ufro TvalsaCinoa, radgan mas sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs. sakamod xelSesaxebia protqcionizmis SemTxvevaSic, radgan is garkveul jgufebs da sawarmoebs moicavs.
Sesabamisad, am sami sistemidan socializmi yvelaze ufro gaur-kveveli, gaubedavi da ganviTarebis yvelaze ufro gulwrfeli sta-diaa. magram aq calkeuli adamianebis gulwrfeloba-aragul-wrfelobis sakiTxi ar dgas. me ukve aRvniSne, rom faqtobrivad da-kanonebuli Zarcva nawilobriv filantropiazea damyarebuli, maSi-nac ki, Tu is yalbia.
aseTi ganmartebis Semdeg, im popularuli survilis mniSv-neloba, warmomavloba da tendencia ganvixiloT, romelic miznad sayovelTao keTildReobis miRwevas sayovelTao Zarcvis organi-zebis gziT isaxavs.
kanoni Zalaa
iqidan gamomdinare, rom kanoni samarTlianobas uzrunvelyofs, socialistebi amboben, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba, rom Sromis, ganaT-lebis da religiis organizebac kanoniT moxdes.
ratom ar gamoviyenoT kanoni am miznebisTvis? imitom, rom ka-nons ar SeuZlia maTi organizeba samarTlianobis darRvevis gare-Se. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kanoni Zalaa da, Sesabamisad, misTvis Cveuli funqciebi ar SeiZleba Zalis gamoyenebis sazRvrebs gas-cdes kanonis darRvevis gareSe.
rodesac kanoni da Zala adamians samarTlianobis CarCoebSi
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aqcevs, isini mas tvirTad ar awvebian, garda imisa, rom isini adami-ans avaldebuleben, sxvebs ziani ar miayenon. isini ar Zaladoben arc mis pirovnebaze da arc mis sakuTrebaze, isini am yvelafers icaven. atareben ra dacviT xasiaTs, Tanabrad icaven yvelas uflebebs.
kanoni Tavis TavSi akrZalvas gulisxmobs
kanonis daniSnulebis uvnebloba da samarTlebrivi Tavdacvis aucilebloba aSkara, sargebloba cxadi da kanoniereba ki udavoa.
rogorc erTxel erTma Cemma megobarma SeniSna, kanonSi Cadebuli SemzRudveli Sinaarsi imdenad marTalia, rom mtkiceba, TiTqos ka-nonis daniSnuleba samarTlianobis batonobis uzrunvelyofaa, ar aris swori. unda vamtkicoT, rom kanonis daniSnuleba usamarTlo-bis gabatonebis ardaSvebaa.
sinamdvileSi ukanonoba arasamarTliania. samarTlianoba miiR-weva mxolod ukanonobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
magram, roca kanoni Tavisi Seucvleli agentis _ Zalis gamoye-nebiT adamianebs udgens Sromis regulirebis normebs, ganaTlebis meTods an Temas, religiur mrwamss an Sexedulebas, maSin kanons ukve aRar aqvs akrZalviTi xasiaTi; is pozitiurad moqmedebs ada-mianebze. anacvlebs kanonmdeblebis survilebs da iniciativebs ma-Ti survilebiT da iniciativebiT. roca es moxdeba adamianebs aRar aqvT kamaTis, Sedarebis, dagegmvis saWiroeba, maT nacvlad amas ka-noni akeTebs. inteleqti adamianebisTvis usargeblo xdeba, isini nel-nela Sordebian adamianobas, kargaven TavianT TviTmyo-fadobas, Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebas.
SeecadeT warmoidginoT Sromis regulireba Zalis mier, ro-melic Tavisuflebaze Zaladoba ar aris, an keTildReobis ga-nawileba Zalis mier, romelic sakuTrebaze Zaladoba ar aris. Tu Tqven ver SeZlebT am winaaRmdegobrivi movlenebis dakavDSirebas, maSin aqedan unda daaskvnaT, rom kanons ar SeuZlia Sromis da keTildReobis organizeba ukanonobis organizaciis gareSe.
politikuri midgoma
roca politikosi Tavisi kabinetidan uyurebs sazogadoebas, mas danaxuli uTanasworoba ancvifrebs. is dastiris im xelmokleobas, romelic sazogadoebaSia gabatonebuli, xelmokleobas, romelic fufunebis da simdidris fonze bevrad ufro damTrgunvelia.
SesaZlebelia, politikosma hkiTxos Tavis Tavs es mdgomareoba warsuli dapyrobebiT da Zarcva-glejiT xom ar aris gamowveuli, an iqneb arc ise Soreuli dakanonebuli ZarcviT? SesaZlebelia, man Semdegi moifiqros: radgan yvela keTildReobisa da srulyofile-bisken miiswrafvis, xom ar iqneboda kanoni sakmarisi piroba pro-gresis da maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli Tanasworobis miRwevis gzebis stimulirebisTvis individualur pasuxismgeblobasTan SeTan-
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xmebiT? iqneboda es im pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis cnebasTan Se-Tanxmebuli, romelic, RvTis wyalobiT, adamianebs arCevanis saSua-lebas aZlevs mankierebas da saTnoebas da, Sesabamisad, sasjelsa da jildos Soris.
magram politikoss arasdros axasiaTebs msgavsi filosofiuri azrovneba. misi goneba mimarTulia kanonieri Tu TiTqmis kanonieri organizaciebis, kombinaciebis da SeTanxmebebisken. is cdilobs boroteba misi gamomwvevi mizezis _ dakanonebuli Zarcvis sivrcis gazrdiT da misi ukvdavyofis gziT gamoasworos. rogorc vnaxeT, kanoni Tavis TavSi akrZalvas gulisxmobs. arsebobs ki am kanonis ga-moyenebis romelime gza, romelic ar gulisxmobs Zarcvas?
kanoni da qvelmoqmedeba
Tqven ityviT: “arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac ar aqvT fuli” da mimarTavT kanons. magram kanoni ar aris mkerdi, romelic Ta-visiT ivseba rZiT da arc sarZeve sadinarebi aqvs, romlebsac rZe sa-zogadoebis gareT arsebuli wyarodan miewodeba. araferi moxvdeba sazogadoebriv xazinaSi erTi moqalaqis an jgufis sasargeblod, sanam sxva moqalaqeebi an klasebi iZulebiT ar gaiReben saTanado Tanxebs. Tu xazinidan yvela imdens iRebs, ramdenic Cado, maSin ka-noni aravis ar Zarcvavs. magram es procesi arafris momcemia maT-Tvis, visac ar aqvs fuli. is ar uzrunvelyofs Semosavlebis Tanas-worobas. kanoni SeiZleba gaxdes Tanasworobis miRwevis iaraRi, Tu is waarTmevs konkretul pirovnebebs da miscems sxvebs. roca kanoni ase iqceva, is ukve Zarcvis iaraRia.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT gadaavleT Tvali proteqcionistul ta-rifebs, subsidiebs, garantirebul mogebas, garantirebul samuSao adgilebs, daxmarebebis da keTildReobis programebs, sazogado-ebriv ganaTlebas, progresul gadasaxadebs, ufaso kredits da sa-zogadoebriv samsaxurebs.ASeniSnavT, rom isini kanonier Zarcvaze, organizebul usamarTlobazea damyarebuli.
kanoni da ganaTleba
Tqven ityviT: “arseboben arasakmarisad ganaTlebuli adami-anebi” da mimarTavT kanons. magram kanoni TavisTavad ar aris cod-nis lampari. kanoni vrceldeba mTel sazogadoebaze, sadac zogs aqvs ganaTleba, zogs ki – ara, sadac zogs sWirdeba swavla da sxvebs SeuZliaT maTTvis am momsaxurebis miwodeba. am SemTxvevaSi ga-naTlebasTan mimarTebaSi kanons ori arCevani aqvs: mas SeuZlia dauSvas Tavisufali da nebayoflobiTi damokidebuleba moswavle-maswavleblebs Soris an imoqmedos adamianTa survilis sawina-aRmdegod _ waarTvas adamianebs imdeni, ramdenic saWiroa maswav-lebelTa anazRaurebisTvis, romlebic mTavrobis mier ufaso swav-lebis uzrunvelsayofad iniSnebian.
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kanoni da morali
Tqven ityviT: “arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac akliaT morali da religiuri mrwamsi” da kanons mimarTavT. magram kanoni Zalaa da saWiroa ki imis Sexseneba, Tu ramdenad damTrgunveli da uSedegoa Zalis gamoyeneba moralis da religiisadmi?
TiTqos socialistebs, Tundac TviTdamSvidebulebs, ar SeuZ-liaT, rom ar SeniSnon es saSineli dakanonebuli Zarcva, romelic am sistemidan da mcdelobebidan gamomdinareobs. magram ras akeTe-ben socialistebi? isini Wkvianurad niRbaven kanonier mZarcve-lobas sxvebisgan da sakuTari Tavisganac, macdunebeli cnebebiT, rogorebicaa: Zmoba, erToba, organizebuloba da TanamSromloba. radganac Cven ase cotas viTxovT kanonisgan, mxolod samarTliano-bas, socialistebi amtkiceben rom amiT Cven uarvyofT Zmobas, er-Tobas, organizebulobas da TanamSromlobas. isini individualis-tebad gvacxadeben.
magram Cven varwmunebT socialistebs, rom uarvyofT mxolod iZulebiT organizacias da ara bunebrivs.
Cven ukuvagdebT TanamSromlobis iZulebiT formebs da ara Ta-visufals.
Cven uarvyofT iZulebiT Zmobas da ara wrfels.
Cven uarvyofT xelovnur erTobas, romelic adamianebs indivi-dualuri pasuxismgeblobisgan aTavisuflebs, Cven ar uarvyofT sa-zogadoebis bunebriv erTobas.
abdaubda terminebi
socializmi, im Teoriebis msgavsad, romlebsac is efuZneba, mTavrobis da sazogadoebis cnebebs erTmaneTSi urevs. mokled, yo-velTvis, roca mTavrobis ama Tu im qmedebas vewinaaRmdegebiT, so-cialistebi Tvlian, rom zogadad am qmedebas vewinaaRmdegebiT.
Cven ar vamarTlebT saxelmwifo ganaTlebas. am SemTxvevaSi so-cialistebi acxadeben, rom Cven saerTod ganaTlebis winaaRmdegni varT. ar vamarTlebT saxelmwifo religias, maSin isini amboben, rom saerTod nebismieri religiis winaaRmdegni varT. Cven ar migvaCnia swored saxelmwifos mier iZulebiTi Tanasworoba da isini ac-xadeben, rom Tanasworobis mowinaaRmdegeni varT da a.S. da a.S. es ise JRers brali rom dagvdon, TiTqosda ar gvinda adamianebi ikvebe-bodnen, radgan ar gvinda rom marcvali saxelmwifos mohyavdes.
socialisti mwerlebis zegavlena
rogor mividnen politikosebi aseT uazro daskvnamde, rom TiT-qos kanoni imis uzrunvelsayofad Seiqmna, rac mis bunebaSi ar Zevs. kerZod, simdidris, mecnierebisa da religiis, rac gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT keTildReobis safuZvlebia? nuTu es Cveni Tanamed-
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rove mwerlebis gavleniT moxda, romlebic sazogadoebriv sakiT-xebze weren?
Tanamedrove mwerlebi, gansakuTebiT ki socialisturi filoso-fiuri skolis warmomadgenlebi, TavianT Teoriebs saerTo hipoTe-zaze ageben: isini adamianebs or nawilad yofen. pirvel jgufs qmni-an adamianebi mwerlebis gamoklebiT, xolo meore da bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan jgufs TviT mwerlebi. ra Tqma unda, es aris yvelaze ufro warmoudgeneli da ampartavnuli ganmarteba, romelic ki adamians odesme mosvlia TavSi. sinamdvileSi, mwerlebi uSveben, rom maT garda aravis ar aqvT gamWriaxoba, moqmedebis motivacia. isini adamianebs aRiqvamen inertul masad, pasiur nawilad, umoq-medo atomebad, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi raRac mcenaris msgavs arse-bebad, romlisTvisac sul erTia arsebobis sakuTari meTodi. maT miaCniaT, rom xalxi advilad eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS.
ufro metic, TiToeuli am mweralTagani, romlebic saxelmwifo marTvis Sesaxeb weren, uyoymanod warmoidgens _ organizatoris, aRmomCenis, kanonmdeblis an damaarseblis uflebamosilebis Sesa-bamisad _ rom Tavad warmoadgens im survils, dasabuTebul Zalas, Semoqmed energias, romlis umaRlesi misia sazogadoebis damtvre-uli da daqucmacebuli materiisgan adamianis gamoZerwvaa.
socialisti mwerlebi ise uyureben adamianebs, rogorc mebaRe-ebi _ Tavis xeebs. rogorc mebaRe xeebisgan qmnis araCveulebrivi piramidebis, qolgebis, kubebis, larnakebis, maraoebis da sxv. for-mebs, zustad aseve socialisti mwerlebi araCveulebriv formebs qmnian adamianebisgan: jgufebi, centrebi, qvecentrebi, samuSao razmebi da sxv. da rogorc mebaRes sWirdeba najaxi, saWreli kak-vebi, xerxi da makrateli, aseve sWirdeba socialist mwerals Zala, romelic mxolod kanonSi arsebobs. am miznis misaRwevad is SeimuSa-vebs kanons tarifebis Sesaxeb, kanons gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, kanons Semweobebis Sesaxeb da kanons skolebis Sesaxeb.
socialistebs RvTis rolis TamaSi surT
socialistebi adamianebs ganixilaven, rogorc masalas, romlis-ganac SeiZleba socialuri kombinaciebis Seqmna. eWvgareSea, Tu so-cialistebi uecrad daeWvdebian am kombinaciebis warmatebaSi, isini moiTxoven rom kacobriobis mcire nawili am eqsperimentis far-glebs gareT darCes. sakmaod cnobilia yvela sistemis mosinjvis popularuli idea. socialistebis erTma liderma saxeli imiT ga-iTqva, rom konstituciur asambleas seriozulad mosTxova misTvis mcire zomis kar-midamo gadaecaT, iqauri mosaxleebiTurT, Tavisi eqsperimentis Casatareblad.
aseve iqceva gamomgonebeli, romelic realuri manqanis Seqmnam-de, jer models akeTebs; axali ideis gamosacdelad, qimikosi qimiur nivTierebebs azavebs, xolo fermeri Tesls miwaSi rgavs.
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magram ra gansxvavebaa mebaRes da mis xeebs, gamomgonebels da man-qanas, qimikossa da mis elementebs, fermersa da Tesls Soris! gu-laxdilad rom vTqvaT, socialisti msgavs gansxvavebas mxolod Ta-vis Tavsa da kacobriobas Soris xedavs.
araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom me-19 saukunis mwerlebi sazogado-ebas ganixilaven, rogorc kanonmdebeli geniis mier xelovnurad Seqmnil arsebas. am ideam, klasikuri ganaTlebis nayofma, moicva Cveni qveynis yvela inteleqtuali da cnobili mwerali, romlebsac adamianebs da kanonmdebels Soris urTierToba webos da Tixas So-ris urTierTobis msgavsi hgoniaT.
amas garda, roca isini SeTanxmdnen eRiarebinaT adamianis guli-dan momdinare moqmedebis unari da misi gonebidan momdinare gam-Wriaxoba, sabolood is RvTis mier boZebul damRupvel ZRvnad miiCnies. maT gadawyvites, rom adamianebs am ori ZRvenis ze-moqmedebis Sedegad gauCndebodaT fataluri midrekileba TviTga-nadgurebisken. isini Tvlian, rom Tu kanonmdeblebi adamianebs mia-niWeben uflebas Tavisuflad gayvnen TavianT midrekilebebs, maSin adamianebi religiis nacvlad aTeizmamde mivlen, codnis nacvlad, ucodinrobamde, warmoebis da gacvlis nacvlad ki _ siRaribemde.
socialistebi kacobriobas gmoben
am avtorebis mixedviT, marTlac sasixaruloa, rom RmerTma zo-gierT adamians _ mmarTvelebs da kanonmdeblebs, sruliad sawi-naaRmdego Tvisebebi mianiWa, ara marto maTi, aramed danarCeni sam-yaros sasargeblodac! maSin, roca kacobrioba borotebisken ixre-ba, kanonmdeblebs sikeTe swyuriaT, roca kacobriobas bneleTi moicavs, kanonmdeblebi ganaTlebisken miiswrafvian, xolo roca adamianebi mankierebisken ixrebian, kanonmdeblebi saTnoebas mimar-Taven. mas Semdeg, rac maT CaTvales, rom es aris swori mdgomareoba, isini Zalis gamoyenebas iTxoven adamianebis midrekilebebis maTi midrekilebebiT CanacvlebisTvis.
alalbedze gadaSaleT nebismieri wigni filosofiaze, poli-tikaze an istoriaze da naTlad dainaxavT Tu ra Rrmad gaidga Cvens qveyanaSi fesvebi am ideam – klasikuri swavlebis pirmSom, socia-lizmis dedam. TiToeul maTganSi Tqven amoikiTxavT, rom kacob-rioba ubralod inertuli materiaa, romelic sicocxles, organi-zacias, morals da ganviTarebas saxelmwifosgan iRebs; ufro met-ic, isini amtkiceben, rom kacobrioba TviTganadgurebisken miis-wrafvis da mxolod kanonmdeblis jadosnur xels SeuZlia am daR-masvlis SeCereba.
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli klasikuri azrovneba yvelgan acxa-debs, rom pasiuri sazogadoebis ukan dgas faruli Zala kanonis an kanonmdeblis saxiT (an gamoxatuli sxva terminologiiT, romelic aRniSnavs usaxelo adamians an adamianTa jgufs, udavo gavleniT da
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avtoritetiT), romelic kacobriobas amoZravebs, akontrolebs, swyalobs, aumjobesebs.
savaldebulo Sromis dacva
Tavdapirvelad modiT bosuies citata ganvixiloT:
“erT-erTi iqidan, rac Rrmad iyo CabeWdili (vis mier?) egviptelebis gonebaSi – iyo patriotizmi... aravis ar hqonda ufleba yofiliyo gamousadegari sa-xelmwifosTvis. kanoni yvelasTvis iTvaliswinebda samuSaos, romelic mamidan Svils gadaecemoda. aravis ar hqonda ufleba ori profesiis flobis, erTi samu-Sao adgilidan meoreze gadasvlis... magram arsebobda erTi davaleba, romlis Sesruleba yvelasTvis sava-ldebulo iyo: kanonis da sibrZnis Seswavla. poli-tikuri normebis da religiis ignorireba araviTar SemTxvevaSi aravis epatieboda. ufro metic, TiToeu-li saqmianoba gansazruli regionebis mixedviT iyo gawerili (vis mier?)... karg kanonebs Soris erT-erTi saukeTesos mixedviT, yvela kanonis morCilebaSi iwvrTneboda (vis mier?). saerTo jamSi egvipteSi bevri iyo araCveulebrivi gamogoneba da araferi iyo ugu-lebelyofili, rasac SeeZlo cxovreba ufro ioli da mSvidi gaexada.”
bosuies Tanaxmad, adamianebs sakuTriv araferi gaaCnia. patrio-tizmi, keTildReoba, gamomgonebloba, miwaTmflobeloba, mecnier-eba _ es yvelaferi maT kanonis an mmarTvelis ZaliT eniWebaT. adamianebs mxolod isRa darCeniaT, daemorCilon xelmZRvanels.
mamobrivad mzrunveli mTavrobis dacva
bosuie saxelmwifos cnebaSi gulisxmobs yovelgvari keTil-dReobis sawyiss. is ise Sors midis, rom icavs egviptelebs, rom-lebmac uaryves orTabrZolebi da musika. is ambobs: rogor SeiZ-leba es? isini xom trismegistosis mieraa Seqmnili (romelic egvip-telebis RmerT osirisTan kanclerad msaxurobda).
sparselebTan mimarTebaSi bosuie kvlav amtkicebs, rom yvelafe-ri zemodan modis:
“xelmwifis erT-erTi umTavresi movaleoba soflis me-urneobis mxardaWera iyo... ise, rogorc armiis regulirebis mizniT iqmneboda uwyebebi, zustad aseve arsebobda uwyebe-bi soflis meurneobis xelmZRvanelobis mizniT... sparseli xalxi Cagonebuli iyo samefo xelisuflebisadmi usazRvro pativiscemis grZnobiT.”
bosuies Tanaxmad, berZnebs, miuxedavad maTi araCveulebrivi Wkuisa, ZaRlebis da cxenebis msgavsad, ar hqondaT individualuri
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pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da ar SeeZloT umartivesi TamaSebi da-moukideblad moefiqrebinaT.
“berZnebi, bunebiT Wkviani da mamaci xalxi, kultu-ras egviptelma mefeebma da axalmosaxleebma aziares. egvipteli mmarTvelebisgan berZnebma sxeulis gama-jasaRebeli varjiSebi, maraToni, cxenebisa da et-lebis doRi iswavles. magram saukeTeso ram, rac eg-viptelebma berZnebs aswavles, iyo kanonis morCileba saerTo keTildReobis miRwevis mizniT.”
pasiuri kacobriobis idea
udavoa, am klasikuri Teoriebis mtkicebiT (romlebic Cveni drois maswavleblebs, mwerlebs, kanonmdeblebs, ekonomistebs da moazrovneebs ekuTvniT) adamianebi yvelafers garedan iReben. kidev erTi magaliTisTvis aviRoT feneloni.
is ludoviko XIV-is mmarTvelobis TviTmxilveli iyo, amas dama-tebuli is faqti, rom mas miRebuli hqonda klasikuri ganaTleba da etrfoda siZveleebs, bunebrivia, aRiara idea, rom kacobrioba pasi-uri unda iyos, xolo yovelgvari ubedurebis da keTildReobis, mankierebis da saTnoebis gamomwvev mizezad adamianze moqmedi gare faqtorebi _ kanoni da kanonmdebleba miiCnia.
Tavis wignSi “salentumis utopia” feneloni adamianebs TavianTi interesebiT, uflebebiT, survilebiT da mflobelobiT kanonmdeb-lis absoluturi Zalauflebis qveS ayenebs. rasac ar unda exebo-des saqme, adamianebi Tavad ar iReben gadawyvetilebebs, maT nac-vlad xelmwife wyvets. xelmwife adamianTa uformo masis sulis ga-moxatulebaa, romlebic ers qmnis. xelmwifeSia Tavmoyrili azrov-neba, movlenebis winaswar Wvreta, progresi da yovelgvari orga-nizebulobis principi. ase rom, mTeli pasuxismgebloba mas akisria.
swored amas amtkicebs fenelonis “telemaxis” aTive wigni. mkiT-xvels vurCevdi maT wakiTxvas, axla davjerdebi am mSvenieri nawar-moebis citirebas, romelsac jerovnad vafaseb.
socialistebi mizezebs da faqtebs uaryofen
klasikosebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansacvifrebeli mimndobo-biT, feneloni ver amCnevs mizezebis da faqtebis avtoritets, ro-desac is egviptelebis keTildReobas miawers ara maT, aramed maTi mefeebis sibrZnes:
“TvalTaxedvis aredan ver gamogvrCeba mdidari qa-laqebiT gansaxlebuli sanapiroebi, saukeTeso adgi-las gaSlili soflebi; yovelwliurad oqros Tav-TavebiT dafaruli mindvrebi; saqonliT savse mde-loebi; nayofis, romliTac dedamiwa guluxvad ajil-doebs miwaTmflobelebs, simZimiT welSi modrekili
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muSebi; mwyemsebi, romelTa nazi salamurebi da fle-itebi eqos gamoscemen. “bednieria brZeni xelmwifis mier marTuli eri...” — Tqva mentorma.
mogvianebiT mentori Seecada Cemi yuradReba kma-yofilebasa da simdidreze mieqcia, romlebsac mTeli egvipte moecvaT, sadac 22 aTasamde qalaqs iTvlid-nen. is aRfrTovanebuli iyo qalaqebSi kargi polici-uri wesrigiT, samarTlianobiT, romelic mimarTuli iyo Raribebis sasargeblod mdidrebis xarjze; bavS-vebis ganaTlebiT, romelic maT aswavlida morCile-bas, Sromas, sifxizles da xelovnebis da litera-turis siyvaruls, sizustiT, romelic damaxasiaTe-beli iyo religiuri ceremoniebisTvis, uangarobiT da RirsebiT, adamianebis da RmerTis pativiscemiT, romelsac yvela mama aswavlis Tavis Svils. is agr-Zeldebda aRfrTovanebas qveynis keTildReobiT. “bednieria brZeni xelmwifis mier amgvarad marTuli eri” —Tqva man.
socialistebs adamianebis yazarmebSi ganawileba surT
feneloniseuli idilia kretaze bevrad ufro macduria. mento-ri iZulebulia ganacxados:
“yvelafers, rasac am araCveulebriv kunZulze Sex-vdebiT, minosis kanonebis nayofia. aRzrdis meTodi, romelic man bavSvebisTvis daawesa, maT sxeulebs siZ-lieres da simtkices sZens. bavSvebs Tavidanve aCveven zomierebas da Sromas, radgan miCneulia, rom yovel-gvari xorcieli siamovneba asustebs sxeuls da gone-bas. amitomac maT ar aZleven siamovnebis miRebis uf-lebas, simamacis wyalobiT daumarcxeblobisa da saxe-lis moxveWis garda... kretaze im sam mankierebas sdev-nian, romlebic sxva qveynebSi dausjelia: umaduro-bas, mliqvnelobas da Zunwobas. ar arsebobs adamiane-bis dasjis aucilebloba fufunebisa da mflangvelo-bisTvis, radgan isini ucnobia kretaze... akrZalulia aseve Zvirfasi aveji, mSvenieri kabebi, saucxoo nadi-mebi da mooqrovili sasaxleebi.”
swored ase amzadebda keTili zraxvebiT aRtkinebuli mentori Tavis mowafeebs itakis mosaxleobis manipulirebisa da marTvis-Tvis, xolo imisTvis, rom isini am ideis sibrZneSi daerwmunebina, mentors salentis magaliTi mohyavs.
swored msgavsi tipis filosofiisgan viRebT Cvens pirvel poli-tikur ideebs!
Cven gvaswavlian ise moveqceT pirovnebebs, rogorc agraruli
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instruqtori fermerebs miwis damuSavebas da movlas aswavlis.
cnobili saxeli da boroti ganzraxva
axla movusminoT Tu ras ambobs amave Temaze didi monteskie:
“komerciuli sulis mxardasaWerad aucilebelia, yvela kanoni mas umarTavdes xels. am kanonebma ko-merciaSi Seqmnili simdidris proporciuli gayofis Sedegad, yvela Raribi moqalaqe im aucilebeli xelmi-sawvdomi pirobebiT unda uzrunvelyos, rom maT sxve-biviT muSaoba SeZlon. amave kanonebma yvela mdidari adamiani iseT rTul pirobebSi unda Caayenos, rom Tavis gatanis mizniT muSaoba aiZulos.”
Sedegad, kanons yovelgvari simdidris ganawileba marTebs
Mmonteskie Semdeg ambobs:
“marTalia, sruli Tanasworoba demokratiuli sa-xelmwifos sulia, mainc rTulia imis aRiareba, rom ukiduresi sizuste am saqmeSi yovelTvis sasurveli araa. sakmarisia isic, rom SemoRebuli iqneba keTil-dReobis cenzi an arsebuli sxvaoba garkveul sazRv-rebSi moeqceva. mas Semdeg, rac es Sesruldeba, spe-cialuri kanonebi uTanasworobis aRmofxvras moem-saxureba, mTeli tvirTis mdidrebisTvis dakisrebiTa da RaribebisTvis nugeSiscemiT.”
aq isev vxvdebiT kanonis an Zalis mier SesaZleblobebis gaTanab-rebis ideas.
“saberZneTSi ori tipis respublika arsebobda: pirveli _ sparta, romelic iyo samxedro da meore _ aTeni, romelic iyo savaWro. pirvel respublikaSi sa-surveli iyo, rom moqalaqeebs ar eSromaT, xolo meo-reSi piriqiT _ Sromis siyvaruli waxalisebuli iyo.
unda SevniSnoT kanonmdeblebis gasaocari niWi-ereba: maT winaswar icodnen, rom dadgenili zne-Cve-ulebebis uaryofiT da Rirsebaze Sexedulebebis aR-reviT msoflios aRafrTovanebdnen.
likurgma spartas stabiluroba qurdobis samar-Tlianobis sulTan, sruli kontrolis srul Tavis-uflebasTan da yvelaze ufro sastiki rwmenis yvelaze did zomierebasTan SeTavsebis gziT moutana. man qalaqs yvela resursi, xelovneba, vaWroba, fuli da dacvis saSualeba CamoarTva. spartaSi pativ-moyvareoba yovelgvar materialur jildos iyo mok-lebuli. bunebrivi siyvarulisTvis asparezi ar arse-
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bobda, radganac mamakaci aRar iyo arc Svili, arc qma-ri da arc mama. ubiwoebac aRar iTvleboda Sesafe-risad. am gziT likurgma spartas dideba moutana.
berZnuli dadgenilebebis gambedaoba Cveni drois-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli gadagvarebisa da garyvnilebis mizezebSic vlindeba. romeliRaca patiosanma kanon-mdebelma xalxze imgvari zemoqmedeba moaxdina, rom maTTvis erTianoba iseTive bunebrivi gaxda, rogorc simamace iyo spartanelebisTvis.
magaliTad uiliam peni namdvili likurgia. miu-xedavad imisa, rom peni miznad simSvides isaxavda, likurgisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis mizansac omi war-moadgenda, isini erTmaneTs hgvanan imiT, rom maTi av-toriteti Tavisufal adamianebs Soris, maT saSuale-bas aZlevda uareyoYT cru Sexedulebebi, CaexSoT vne-bani da TavianTi xalxi axal gzaze daeyenebinaT.
paragvai kidev erTi magaliTia im xalxis, romelic sakuTari keTildReobisTvis kanonmdeblebs emorCi-leba. simarTle isaa, rom Tu vinme brZaneblobiT mi-Rebul siamovnebas am cxovrebaSi yvelaze did sixaru-lad miiCnevs, mas sazogadoebis winaSe danaSaulis Ca-dena aqvs ganzraxuli; Tumca adamianebis marTva ise, rom maT bedniereba mianiWo, yovelTvis iqneba keTil-Sobiluri idea.
isini, visac msgavsi institutis dafuZneba surT, Semdegnairad unda moiqcnen: ise, rogorc es plato-nis respublikaSia, Seqmnan sazogadoebrivi sakuTre-ba, pativi scen RmerTebs, tradiciebis SenarCunebis mizniT ar dauSvan ucxoelebis xalxTan urTierToba, vaWrobis ufleba xalxis magivrad saxelmwifos miscen. kanonmdeblebma unda waaxalison xelovneba da ara fufuneba, unda daakmayofilon moTxovnilebani da survilebi.”
sazareli idea
isini, vinc mdabiuri brma siyvaruliT arian Sepyrobilni, wamoi-yvireben: “ase Tqva monteskiem! es xom SesaniSnavia! es grandio-zulia!” rac Semexeba me, mtkiced vdgavar Cems azrze: “rogor?! Tqven gyofniT Tavxedoba amas SesaniSnavi uwodoT? es saSinelebaa! sazizRrobaa! es nawyvet-nawyveti citatebi monteskies naSromebidan naTlad asaxavs, rom igi adamianebs, maT Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebas da TviT kacobriobas, kanonmdeblebis gonebis savarjiSo masalad aRiqvams.”
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demokratebis lideri
imave sakiTxebze rusos Semoqmedebac ganvixiloT. es publicis-ti demokratTa Soris udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs. marTa-lia, is socialur struqturas adamianTa nebaze agebs, magram ka-cobriobis sruli inertulobis Teoria man yvelaze metad aRiara kanonmdeblebis arsebobis pirobebSi:
“Tu WeSmaritia, rom didi xelmwife iSviaTobaa, ma-Sin didi kanonmdebeli ufro didi iSviaToba araa? xelmwife unda moqmedebdes kanonmdeblis mier Seq-mnili modelis mixedviT. kanonmdebeli manqanis gamom-gonebeli meqanikosia, xelmwife ki muSa, romelsac manqana moqmedebaSi mohyavs.”
ra roli aqvT aq adamianebs? isini moqmedebaSi moyvanili manqa-nebi arian. sinamdvileSi isini mxolod nedleuli xom ar arian, rom-lisganac es manqanebi mzaddeba?
ase da amgvarad, kanonmdebelsa da xelmwifes Soris urTierToba soflis meurneobis specialistis da fermeris urTierTobis msgav-sia, xolo xelmwifesa da mis qveSevrdomebs Soris urTierToba ki fermeris da miwis urTierTobis msgavsi. am SemTxvevaSi kacob-riobaze ramdeniT maRla dgas es publicisti? ruso TviT kanon-mdeblebs marTavs da aseTi mbrZanebluri toniT aswavlis saqmes:
gsurT saxelmwifos stabiluroba mianiWoT? maSin arsebuli uki-duresobani rac SeiZleba daaaxloveT. ar dazogoT arc mdidrebi da arc Raribebi.
Tu niadagi Raribi da mousavliania an qveyana Zalian pataraa misi moqalaqeebisTvis, maSin mimarTeT xelovnebas da mrewvelobas da sursaTze moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad ivaWreT maTi pro-duqtebiT... niadagis nayofierebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosaxleoba mci-rea, mTeli yuradReba soflis meurneobaze gadaitaneT, radgan es gamoiwvevs mosaxleobis zrdas; gaaZeveT xelovneba, radgan is mxo-lod eris gadaSenebas emsaxureba.
Tu Tqven flobT ganviTarebul da misadgom sanapiro zols, maS-in savaWro gemebiT gadafareT zRva; sanacvlod Tqven miiRebT brwyinvale, magram xanmokle sicocxles. Tu Tqveni zRva mxolod frialo kldeebs recxavs, maSin dae adamianebi barbarosebad darC-nen da TevziT ikvebon; isini bevrad ufro mSvidad icxovreben, SeiZ-leba ukeTesadac ki da albaT, ufro bednieradac.
mokled rom vTqvaT, imis garda, rac yvelas axasiaTebs, TiTo-euli qveyana garkveulwilad Taviseburia da es ganapirobebs, rom kanonmdebloba garemoebebs unda Seesabamebodes.
es aris mizezi, Tu ratom iyo Zveli ebraelebisTvis da am bolo dros arabebisTvis religia ZiriTadi mizani, aTenelebisTvis ki _ literatura, karTagenelebis da tiranelebisTvis _ vaWroba, ro-
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doselebisTvis _ sazRvao saqme, spartanelebisTvis _ omi da ro-maelebisTvis ki _ Rirseba. “kanonebis sulis” avtorma kargad gvaC-vena Tu rogor unda mimarTos kanonmdebelma Tavisi institutebi TiToeul am mizanze... magram davuSvaT, kanonmdebeli cdeba miznis arCevaSi da moqmedebs principiT, romelic gansxvavebulia imisgan, razec saganTa buneba miuTiTebs. warmoidgineT, rom arCeuli prin-cipi zogjer monobas warmoSobs, zogjer ki Tavisuflebas, zogjer simdidres da zogjer siRaribes, zogjer mSvidobas da zogjer dap-yrobebs. miznis arCevanSi Secdomis daSveba TandaTanobiT Zalas arTmevs kanons da asustebs konstitucias. saxelmwifos mudmivi mRelvareba moicavs manam, sanam ar daiRupeba an ar Seicvleba, xolo saganTa uZleveli buneba kvlav ar gabatondeba Tavis sam-flobeloSi.
magram, Tu saganTa bunebis gabatoneba gardauvalia, maSin ratom ar aRiarebs ruso, rom kanonmdeblis saWiroeba, romelic saganTa bunebas Tavis adgils mianiWebs, ar arsebobs? ratom ver xedavs is imas, rom adamianebi instinqturad daamuSaveben nayofier niadags, xolo farTod gaSlil da advilad misadgom napirebze ki vaWrobas gaaCaReben da amas likurgis, solonis an TviT rusos Carevis gareSe moaxerxeben, romlebic martivad SeiZleba rom Secdnen?
socialistebs iZulebiTi Sesabamisoba surT
rogorc ar unda iyos, ruso mZime pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs Semoqmed adamianebs, organizatorebs, administratorebs, kanonmdeblebs da sazogadoebriv revizorebs, amitomac is maTdami gansakuTrebiT momTxovnia:
is, vinc gabedavs da Tavis Tavze aiRebs xalxis politikur Sekav-Sirebas, unda swamdes, rom mas SuZlia adamianuri bunebis Secvlac; TiToeuli pirovnebis Secvla, romelic TavisTavad erTiani da ga-nuyofeli arsebaa, mxolod raRac udidesi mTlianis nawilia, saida-nac is Tavis sicocxles da yofierebas iRebs.
maSin man, vinc adamianebis politikur SekavSirebas ikisrebs, un-da irwmunos, rom Seswevs Zala Secvalos adamianis konstitucia; ga-aZlieros is; RvTisgan boZebuli fizikuri da individualuri arse-boba moraluriTa da koleqtiuriT Caanacvlos. mokled, adamianma, romelic kacobriobis politikur SekavSirebas gadawyvets, mas sakuTari arsi unda waarTvas da sanacvlod ucxo mianiWos.
sacodavi adamianuri buneba! ra moeloda pirovnebis beds, rusos mimdevrebisTvis rom dagvejerebina?
kanonmdeblebs kacobriobis gamoZerwva surT
axla gadavxedoT reinalis Sromebs kanonmdeblis mier gamoZer-wili adamianebis Sesaxeb:
“kanonmdebels Tavdapirvelad klimatis, haeris da
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niadagis Sefaseba moeTxoveba. mis gankargulebaSi myofi resursebi gansazRvravs mis valdebulebebs. Tavdapirvelad man unda Seafasos Tavisi adgil-mdebareoba. Cven, vinc zRvis sanapiroze vcxovrobT, unda gvqondes zRvaosnobis maregulirebeli kanon-ebi, xolo xmeleTis siRrmeSi mcxovrebTaTvis, kanon-mdebelma gegmebi niadagis tipis da mosavlianobis mi-xedviT unda dasaxos...
kanonmdeblis sibrZne gansakuTrebiT sakuTrebis ganawilebis procesSi Cans. rogorc wesi, roca nebis-mier qveyanaSi axali mosaxleoba saxldeba, ojaxis Se-naxvis mizniT yvela mamakacs Sesaferisi miwis nakveTi gamoeyofa...
dausaxlebel kunZulze, romelzec bavSvebs daasaxlebT, sakmarisia simarTlis marcvlebs aRmocenebis saSualeba misceT gonebis ganviTarebas-Tan erTad... magram, roca Tqven warsulis mqone adamianebs axal mxareSi gadaasaxlebT, kanonmdeblis moxerxeba Zevs politikaSi, adamianebs aukrZalos mav-ne azrebi da Cvevebi, romelTa gamosworeba da mkurna-loba SesaZlebelia. Tu gsurT, rom es azrebi da Cve-vebi ar gaxdes mudmivi, Tqven momaval Taobas saxel-mwifo ganaTlebis erTiani sistemiT aRzrdiT. xelm-wifem an kanonmdebelma axalgazrdebis aRsazrdelad brZeni adamianebis wargzavnis gareSe axalSeni ar unda daaarsos...
axalSenSi frTxil kanonmdebels, romelsac adami-anebis adaTwesebis daxvewa surs, didi SesaZleblo-bebi eZleva. Tu is Rirseuli da niWieria, mis gan-kargulebSi myofi miwa da adamianebi mis gonebas sazo-gadoebis keTildReobisTvis saWiro axal gegmebs STaagoneben. mwerals winaswar SeuZlia mxolod gegmis monaxazis Seqmnas, radgan is ucilobladaa dakavSirebuli nebismieri hipoTezis arasaimedoobasTan; problemas mravali forma, sirTule da garemoeba axasiaTebs, romelTa ganWvreta da detalebSi dadgena rTulia.”
kanonmdeblebma ician rogor marTon adamianebi
reinalis instruqciebi kanonmdeblebisTvis, Tu am ukanas-knelebma rogor unda marTon adamianebi, gvagonebs leqciebs, rom-lebsac soflis meurneobis profesori Tavis studentebs ukiTxavs:
“klimati fermerisTvis pirvelmniSvnelovania. is
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gansazRvravs mis moqmedebebs. Tavdapirvelad man un-da gansazRvros geografiuli mdebareoba. ayalo miwis SemTxvevaSi is ase da ase unda moiqces, qviSnar niadagTan ki sxvanairad. fermers, romelsac surs misi niadagis gawmenda da gaumjobeseba, amis yovelgvari SesaZlebloba eZleva. Tu is sakmarisad Wkviania, sa-moqmedo gegmas, mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli nakelis raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT dasaxavs. profesors winaswar SeuZlia mxolod gegmis monaxazis Seqmna, radgan is ucilobladaa dakavSirebuli nebismieri hi-poTezis arasaimedoobasTan; problemas mravali forma, sirTule da garemoeba axasiaTebs, romelTa ganWvreta da detalebSi dadgena rTulia.”
oh, es didi mwerlebi! gTxovT, zogjer gaixsenoT, rom is, rasac Tqven magaliTisTvis ayalo da qviSian niadagad Tu nakelad moix-seniebT da, romlebsac ase TviTneburad gankargavT, sinamdvileSi cocxali adamianebi arian! isini Tqveni Tanasworni arian! isini ise-Tive gonieri da Tavisufali arsebani arian, rogorc Tqven! iseve, rogorc Tqven, maTac aseve miiRes RvTisgan dakvirvebis, winaswar dagegmvis, fiqris da gansjis unari!
droebiTi diqtatura
gadavxedoT mablis mosazrebebs kanonis da kanonmdeblebis Sesa-xeb. nawyvetSi, romelic uswrebs aq moyvanil citatas, mablim ivara-uda, rom kanonebi usafrTxoebis ugulebelyofis Sedegad moZvel-da. Semdgom, is ase mimarTavs mkiTxvels:
“msgavs garemoebebSi cxadia, rom mTavrobis zam-barebi dasustebulia. xelaxla daWimeT isini da bo-roteba ganikurneba... naklebi ifiqreT Secdomebis dasjaze da meti Rirsebebis waqezebaze, romelic Tqven gWirdebaT. am gziT Tqven Tqvens respublikas daubrunebT axalgazrdul mxneobas. radganac Tavis-ufalma adamianebma ugulebelyves es procesi, maT dakarges Tavisufleba!
magram Tu boroteba isea win wasuli, rom marTvis Cveulebriv formebs ar ZaluZs misi gankurneba, maSin mimarTeT moklevadian da mniSvnelovani Zalauf-lebis mqone sagangebo tribunals. moqalaqeebis war-mosaxva Zlier biZgs saWiroebs.”
mablis danarCeni ocive tomis Sinaarsi amis msgavsia.
msgavsi swavlebis gavleniT, romelic klasikuri ganaTlebis na-yofia, movida dro, roca TiToeulma moisurva Tavisi Tavis sxveb-ze maRla dayeneba, Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr maTi mowyobis, or-ganizaciis da regulirebis mizniT.
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socialistebs qonebrivi Tanasworoba surT
amjerad gadavxedoT kondiliakis Sexedulebebs kanonmdeblebsa da kacobriobaze.
“Cemo xelmwifev, warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi li-kurgad an solonad. sanam am nawarmoebis kiTxvas da-asrulebdeT, Tavi gairTeT imis warmodgeniT Tu ro-gor uwesebT kanonebs viRac velurebs, sadRac ame-rikasa Tu afrikaSi. SemousazRvreT maT mudmivi sad-gomi, aswavleT naxiris mwyemsva... SeecadeT ganuviTa-roT socialuri Segneba, romelic bunebam mianiWa... aiZuleT isini ikisron adamianuri movaleobebi... da-sajeT isini avxorci vnebebisTvis, raTa es uka-nasknelni usiamovnebebad eqceT. maSin Tqven SeamC-nevT, rom Tqveni kanonmdeblobis TiToeuli punqti velurebSi mankierebis aRmofxvris da saTnoebis zia-rebis survils aRZravs.
yvela ers aqvs kanonebi, magram cota Tua bednieri. ratom? imitom rom kanonmdeblebi TiTqmis yovel-Tvis ugulebelyofdnen sazogadoebis mizans, romel-ic saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare ojaxebis gaer-TianebaSi mdgomareobs.
kanonis miukerZoebloba ori ramisgan Sedgeba: qo-nebrivi da wodebrivi Tanasworobisgan... radganac ka-nonebi yvelaze didi Tanasworobis sawindaria, isini yvela moqalaqeze vrceldeba... roca arsebobs qoneb-rivi da wodebrivi Tanasworoba da kanoni am Tanas-worobis darRvevis imeds ar tovebs, rogor SeiZleba rom adamianebi iyvnen xarbebi, pativmoyvareni, fuqsa-vatebi, usaqmurni, zarmacebi, moSurneni, moZuleni da eWvianebi?
is, rac Tqven spartas respublikidan SeityveT, un-da dagexmaroT am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi. arc erT sxva saxelmwifoSi kanonebi ar iyo aseT TanxmobaSi bu-nebisa da Tanasworobis moTxovnebTan.”
socialisti mwerlebis Secdoma
sinamdvileSi araferia ucnauri imaSi, rom XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi kacobrioba inertul masalad aRiqmeboda, romelic mzad iyo didi saxelmwifos, kanonmdeblis Tu geniisgan mieRo yvelaferi: forma, saxe, energia, moZraoba da sicocxle. es saukuneebi sazrdoobdnen Zveli drois SeswavliT. xolo Zveli dro, antikuroba ki yvelgan _ egvipteSi, sparseTSi, saberZneTSi, romSi, warmoadgens sanaxaobas, sadac ramdenime adamiani Zalis prestiJulobiT da motyuebiT qmnis kacobriobas Tavisi axirebisamebr.
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magram ras amtkicebs es? mxolod imas, rom radganac adamianebi da sazogadoeba miiswrafvis gaumjobesebisken, bunebrivia, unda mo-velodeT, rom Secdomebi, umecreba, despotizmi, monoba da crurwmena mTeli arsiT istoriis dasawyisSi gamovlindeba. zemoT naxsenebi mwerlebi ar scdebodnen, roca antikur institutebs ase axasiaTebdnen, magram cdebodnen, roca maT momaval Taobebs sTa-vazobdnen, rogorc aRfrTovanebis da mibaZvis obieqtebs.
arakritikuli da moumwifebeli konformistebi antikuri xanis didebas, titulebs, zneobas da xelovnuri sazogadoebis bed-nierebas aqsiomad aRiqvamdnen. maT ar esmodaT, rom codna aR-mocendeba da viTardeba drosTan erTad da, rom codnis zrdis pa-ralelurad, Zala samarTlis mxares ikavebs da sazogadoeba kvlav Tavis Tavs flobs.
ra aris Tavisufleba?
saerTod ra aris politikuri brZola, romlis mowmenic varT? es aris yvela adamianis instinqturi brZola TavisuflebisTvis. raRa aris Tavisufleba, romlis warmoTqmac ki gulis gaxSirebul feT-qvas iwvevs da msoflios sZravs? xom ar aris is yovelgvari Tavis-uflebis erTianoba, rogorcaa sindisis, ganaTlebis, gaerTianebis, mediis, gadaadgilebis, Sromis da vaWrobis Tavisufleba? erTi sit-yviT, xom ar warmoadgens Tavisufleba TiToeuli pirovnebis nebas, srulad gamoiyenos misi SesaZleblobebi sxvebisTvis zianis miu-yeneblad? xom ar aris Tavisufleba despotizmis, aseve dakanone-buli despotizmis ganadgurebis iaraRi? dasasruls, xom ar aris Tavisufleba kanonis SezRudva mizanSewonili qmedebis farglebSi, romelic gulisxmobs kanonier TviTdacvaze calkeuli pirov-nebebis uflebebis organizebis formas da usamarTlobis dasjas?
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom adamianebis miswrafeba Tavis-uflebisken Zlier fexdeba, gansakuTrebiT ki safrangeTSi. amis mi-zezi Cveni sazogado moRvaweebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli damRupveli ideaa, romelic antikuri swavlebidan iRebs saTaves da SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: maT surT Tavi adamianebze maRla daayenon, rom Tavi-anTi fantaziis Sesabamisad moawyon da marTon maTi cxovreba.
filantropuli tirania
sanam sazogadoeba ibrZvis TavisuflebisTvis, es cnobili pirov-nebebi, romlebmac Tavi sazogadoebaze maRla dayenes, XVII_XVIII saukuneebis suliT arian moculni. isini mxolod imaze fiqroben, rom sazogadoeba maTive socialuri gamogonebis filantropul tiranias daumorCilon. rusos msgavsad, maTac surT kacobrioba aiZulon morCilad zidos sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis uReli, romelzec Tavad ocnebobdnen.
es yvelaze naTlad 1789 wels gamoCnda. Zveli reJimi ar dan-
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greula imaze adre, vidre sazogadoeba ar aiZules gadaelaxa sxva-dasxva xelovnuri wyoba, romelTa sawyisi yovelTvis msgavsi iyo: kanonis yovlisSemZleoba.
gadavxedoT im drois zogierTi mwerlis da politikosis Sexe-dulebebs:
sen-Justi: kanonmdebeli momavals gankargavs. misi survili gan-sazRvras kacobriobis keTildReobas. mas SeuZlia adamianebi aiZu-los iyvnen iseTebi, rogoric mas surs.
robespieri: mTavrobis funqcia mdgomareobs eris fizikuri da moraluri Zalis marTvaSi manam, sanam ar miiRweva saerTo keTil-dReoba.
biio-vareni: xalxi, romelic Tavisuflebisken unda Semob-rundes, xelaxla unda Seiqmnas. aucilebelia mtkice Zala da Seubralebeli moqmedeba, rom ganadgurdes Zveli crurwmenebi, Se-icvalos Zveli Cvevebi, gamoswordes gaxrwnili vnebani, SeizRudos daucxromeli survilebi da aRmoifxvras fesvgadgmuli mankiere-bani... moqalaqeebo, spartas respublikas mtkice safuZveli Seuqmna likurgis udrekma sisastikem, xolo solonis sustma da mimndobma xasiaTma aTens monoba moutana. es paraleli mTavrobis mTel arss warmoaCens.
le-peletie: kacobriobis degradaciis donis gaTvaliswinebiT vamtkiceb, rom aucilebelia sayovelTao regeneracia da, Tu SeiZ-leba, ase gamovxato axali eris Seqmna.
socialistebs surT diqtatura
da kvlav gadavawydiT mtkicebas, rom adamiani ubralo nedleu-lia da meti araferi. maT ar moeTxovebaT sakuTari Tavis srulyo-fis survili, maT es ar SeuZliaT. sen-Justis Tanaxmad es mxolod kanonmdebels ZaluZs. adamianebs evalebT iyvnen iseTebi, rogorsac kanonmdebeli moisurvebs. robespieris Tanaxmad, romelic imeo-rebs rusos, kanonmdebeli iwyebs miznis gansazRvras, romlis saSua-lebiTac saerTo keTildReoba moqmedebaSi modis. gansazRvris Sem-deg mTavrobas isRa darCenia eris fizikuri da moraluri Zala am miznis miRwevaze mimarTos. amasTanave, qveynis moqalaqeni sruliad pasiurebi unda iyvnen. xolo biiovarenis Tanaxmad, ers ar unda hqondes raime crurwmena, vneba Tu survili garda imisa, rac kanon-mdeblis mieraa nebadarTuli. is imdenad Sors midis rom, acxadebs TiTqosda mmarTvelis udreki sisastike respublikis safuZvelia.
im SemTxvevaSi, roca gacxadebuli boroteba imdenad didia, rom marTvis Cveulebrivi normebi uZluria mis winaaRmdeg, malbi gvTa-vazobs diqtaturas saTnoebis ayvavebisTvis: “mimarTeT moklevadi-an da mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis mqone sagangebo tribunals. moqa-laqeebis warmosaxva saWiroebs Zlier biZgs.” es doqtrina ar mis-
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cemia daviwyebas. mousmineT robespeirs:
“respublikuri mmarTvelobis principi saTnoebaa, xolo am saTnoebis miRwevis iaraRi ki — terori. Cven gvsurs, rom qveyanaSi SevcvaloT morali egoizmiT, patiosneba RirsebiT, principebi CvevebiT, movale-obebi wesierebiT, gonebis imperia modis tiraniiT, mankierebisadmi zizRi siRaribisadmi zizRiT, siamaye utifrobiT, sulis sidiade amaoebiT, didebis siyva-ruli fulis siyvaruliT, kargi adamianebi kargi kom-panionebiT, damsaxureba intrigiT, genialoba enamax-vilobiT, simarTle brwyinvalebiT, bednierebis mom-xibvleloba siamovnebis kaeSaniT, adamianis sidiade sidiadis umniSvnelobiT, didsulovani, Zlevamosili da bednieri adamianebi Tavaziani, Tavqariani da ub-eduri adamianebiT; mokled, maT surT respublikis saTnoebis da saocrebis Secvla monarqiis man-kierebebiT da absurdiT.”
diqtatoruli qedmaRloba
kacobriobaze ramdenad maRla ayenebs robespieri Tavis Tavs! yuradReba miaqcieT ra qedmaRlobiT laparakobs. is araa Tanaxma ilocos kacobriobis sulis gabrwyinebisTvis da ar elodeba msgavs Sedegs wesieri mmarTvelobisgan. is Tavad Secvlis sazogadoebas teroris saSualebiT.
znedacemuli da urTierTgamomricxavi mtkicebebis es masa ro-bespieris traqtatidanaa, romelSic miznad is moralis principebis axsnas isaxavs, romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelos revoluciurma mTavrobam. unda aRvniSnoT, rom robespieris mier diqtatorobis moTxovna mxolod ucxouri Semotevebis mogeriebis an meamboxe dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mizans ar warmoadgens. mas te-rori ufro imisTvis sWirdeba, rom misi saSualebiT qveyanas mora-lis miseuli principebi moaxvios Tavs. is ambobs, rom es aqti war-moadgens axali konstituciis winmaval droebiT RonisZiebas. mag-ram sinamdvileSi misi mizani sxva araferia Tu ara teroris saSua-lebiT safrangeTidan gandevnos egoizmi, Rirseba, Cveulebani, wesi-ereba, moda, pativmoyvareoba, fulis siyvaruli, kargi partni-oroba, intriga, Wkua, mgrZnobeloba da siRaribe. da sanam Tavad ro-bespieri ar daasrulebs am saswaulebis Seqmnas, rogorc is mas eZa-xis, manamde is kanons kvlav gabatonebis uflebas ar miscems.
“hei, Tqven sacodavo arsebano! Tqven, romlebsac sakuTar Tavze didi warmodgena gaqvT! Tqven, romlebic kacobriobas umniSvnelo nawilakad aRiqvamT! Tqven, romlebsac misi Secvla gsurT! ratom ar SecvliT sakuTar Tavs? am amocanis gadawveta sruliad sakmari-si iqneboda.”
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despotizmTan arapirdapiri miaxloeba
Cveulebriv, am batonebs – reformatorebs, kanonmdeblebs da mwerlebs ar surT, rom despotizmi pirdapir moaxvion kacobrio-bas. isini zedmetad TavSekavebulni da filantropni arian msgavsi pirdapiri qmedebisTvis. sanacvlod, isini am despotizmis, abso-lutizmis da yovlisSemZleobisTvis kanons iyeneben. maT mxolod kanonis Seqmna surT.
safrangeTSi am ucnauri ideis gavrcelebis saCveneblad ara marto mablis, reinalis, rusos da fenelonis, amas damatebuli bosuies da monteskies grZeli citatebis, aramed konvenciis mTeli sasamarTlo warmoebis moyvana damWirdeba. msgavs rames ar gavake-Teb, mxolod mkiTxvels mivuTiTeb maT arsebobas.
napoleons pasiuri kacobrioba sWirdeboda
ra Tqma unda, arcaa gasakviri, rom imave ideam napoleonis yurad-Rebac miipyro. man is mxurvaled miiRo da mtkiced gamoiyena. qimi-kosis msgavsad, napoleoni evropas Tavisi eqsperimentisTvis saWi-ro nivTierebad aRiqvamda. magram es nivTiereba mis sawinaaRmdegod amuSavda.
wminda elenes kunZulze iluziebisgan sabolood Tavisufalma napoleonma TiTqosda aRiara kacobriobis iniciativa. am aRiarebis Semdeg is Tavisuflebisadmi naklebad mtrulad ganwyobili gaxda. miuxedavad amisa, misTvis xeli ar SeuSlia rames, rom SvilisTvis es gakveTili eanderZa: „marTo, niSnavs gazardo da ganavrcelo mora-li, ganaTleba da bedniereba.“ yovelive amis Semdeg ar arsebobs sa-Wiroeba movaxdinoT morelis, babefis, ouenis, sen-simonis da fu-ries citireba. magaliTisTvis moviyvanT citatas lui blanis wig-nidan Sromis organizaciaze:
“Cveni gegmis mixedviT, sazogadoeba mamoZravebel Zalas mTavrobisgan iRebs.“
modiT axla es gavaanalizoT: mamoZravebeli Zalis impulsi unda gamomdinareobdes lui blanis gegmidan, misi gegma Tavsmoxveuli unda iyos sazogadoebaze, sazogadoeba miekuTvneba kacobriobas. aqedan gmomdinare, kacobriobam misi mamoZravebeli Zala lui bla-nisgan unda miiRos.
SemdegSi ityvian, rom adamianebi Tavisufalni arian TavianT ar-CevanSi miiRon an uaryon es gegma. simarTlea is, rom adamianebi Ta-visufalni arian TavianT arCevanSi miiRon Tu uaryon rCeva, visga-nac ar unda iyos is. magram lui blani sulac ar uyurebs amas am kuTxiT. is imedovnebs, rom misi gegma dakanondeba da kanonis ZaliT adamianebze iqneba Tavsmoxveuli:
„Cveni gegmis mixedviT, saxelmwifos mxolod Sromis Sesaxeb ka-nonis gatareba mouwevs (meti arafris?), romlis saSualebiTac Se-
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saZlebelia da unda ganxorcieldes industriuli progresi sruli Tavisuflebis pirobebSi. saxelmwifo sazogadoebas mxolod gad-axris adgilas aTavsebs (sul esaa?). Semdeg ukve sazogadoeba Tavad mixoxavs am daxris mimarTulebiT sagnebis Zalis zemoqmedebiTa da damyarebuli meqanizmis bunebrivi muSaobiT.“
magram ra aris es daxra, romelzec migvaniSnebda lui blani? ar migviyvans ki is ufskrulamde? (ara, is bednierebisken migviZRvis). Tu es esea, maSin ratom ar midis sazogadoeba iqamde Tavisi sur-viliT? (radganac sazogadoebam ar icis ra surs, saWiroa misi sti-mulireba). ras SeuZlia misi stimulireba? (Zalauflebas). da vin unda misces biZgi am Zalauflebas? (manqanis gamomgonebelma, am SemTxvevaSi lui blanma).
socializmis mankieri wre
Cven verasdros gavaRwevT am wres— didi adaminis mier xalxis stimulirebis mizniT gamoyenebuli pasiuri kacobriobis idea da kanonis Zalaufleba.
am daxrilobaze igemebs ki sazogadoeba odesme Tavisuflebis gemos? (ra Tqma unda). ra aris Tavisufleba batono lui blan?
“Tavisufleba ar aris mxolod erTxel da samuda-mod boZebuli ZRveni, is aris individuumisTvis mini-Webuli Zalaufleba, gamoiyenos da ganaviTaros misi unari samarTlianobis batonobis da kanonis mfarve-lobis qveS. es sulac ar aris uazro Tavisebureba, mi-si Sinaarsi Rrmaa, xolo Sedegebi Znelad Sesafasebe-li. mocemul SemTxvevaSi udavoa, rom pirovneba WeS-maritad Tavisufali rom gaxdes, mas unda hqondes ufleba, gamoiyenos da ganaviTaros misi unarebi, aqe-dan gamomdinareobs, rom TiToeuli adamiani sazoga-doebisgan iTxovs ganaTlebis im dones, romelic mas ganviTarebis saSualebas miscems. aqedan aseve gamom-dinareobs, rom TiToeuli pirovneba sazogadoebis-gan iTxovs warmoebis saSualebebs, romelTa gareSe adamianis saqmianoba ar iqneba srulad efeqtiani. ra qmedebiT SeuZlia sazogadoebas misces TiToeul pi-rovnebas aucilebeli ganaTleba da warmoebis saSu-alebebi, Tu ara saxelmwifos zemoqmedebiT?”
ase rom, Tavisufleba Zalauflebaa. risgan Sedgeba es Zalauf-leba? (ganaTlebis da warmoebis saSualebebis mflobelebisgan). vin unda uzrunvelyos ganaTleba da warmoebis saSualebebi? (sazoga-doebam, romelic valdebulia gaunawilos isini yvelas). rogor un-da misces sazogadoebam warmoebis saSualebebi maT, vinc maT ar flobs? (saxelmwifos CareviT). da vis unda waarTvas saxelmwifom isini?
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mkiTxvels davuTmob am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. dae maTac dainaxon is mimarTuleba, saiTkenac miveqanebiT.
demokratebis doqtrina
Cveni drois ucnauri movlena, romelic albaT gaaognebs Cvens STamomavlebs, mdgomareobs doqtrinaSi, romelic dafuZnebulia sammag hipoTezaze: kacobriobis totaluri inertuloba, kanonis yovlisSemZleoba da kanonmdeblis Seucdomloba. es sami idea war-moadgens wminda simbolos maTTvis, vinc sakuTar Tavebs srul de-mokratebad miiCneven.
am doqtrinis damcvelebi mas socialurad moixsenieben.
rogorc demokratebs, maT usazRvrod swamT kacobriobis.
rogorc socialistebs, kacobriobas brboze cota met pativs Tu scemen. es kontrasti ufro detalurad ganvixiloT.
rogoria demokratis damokidebuleba politikuri uflebebis sakiTxis ganxilvisadmi? rogor mimarTavs is xalxs, roca unda air-Ces kanonmdebeli? am SemTxvevaSi isini acxadeben, rom xalxs aqvs in-stinqturi sibrZne, rom is dajildoebulia aRqmis mSvenieri una-riT, misi survili yovelTvis WeSmaritia, sayovelTao survili Se-uZlebelia iyos mcdari, arCevnebi ar SeiZleba iyos zedmetad sayo-velTao.
roca arCevnebis droa, araa aucilebeli amomrCevels mosTxovo misi keTilgonierebis garantiebi. misi neba da unari, miiRos goni-eri gadawyvetileba, saCuqrad aris aRiarebuli. SesaZlebelia ki rom xalxi Secdes? gana ganmanaTlebelTa saukuneSi ar vcxovrobT? gana aucilebelia adamianebis mudmivad sabeliT dabma? nuTu maT ar moipoves TavianTi uflebebi didi ZalisxmeviT da msxverpliT? nuTu maT ar daamtkices TavianTi Wkua da sibrZne? gana ar arian is-ini zrdasrulni? gana maT ar SeuZliaT gansja? gana Tavad ar ician ra aris maTTvis ukeTesi? arsebobs jgufi an adamiani, romelic ga-bedavda da mis Tavs adamianebze maRla daayenebda, gansjida da maT nacvlad imoqmedebda? ara, ara da ara! adamianebi arian da unda iy-vnen Tavisufalni. maT surT Tavad marTon sakuTari saqmeebi da asec moiqcevian.
magram roca ukve kanonmdebeli bolos da bolos arCeulia, ai ma-Sin maTi saubris toni radikalurad icvleba. xalxs abruneben pasi-urobis, inertulobis da Seugneblobisken, kanonmdebeli yovlis-SemZleobisken miiswrafvis. axla maszea damokidebuli iniciativis gamoxatva, stimulireba da organizeba. kacobriobas morCilebaRa darCenia. despotizmis droc dadga. Cven ukve vakvirdebiT am dam-Rupvel ideas: adamianebs, romlebic arCevnebis dros iyvnen aseTi brZenni, Tanasworni da srulqmnilni, axla ar gaaCniaT raime saxis tendencia da Tu gaaCniaT, mxolod degradaciisken mimarTuli.
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socialisturi warmodgena Tavisuflebaze
ar unda gaaCndeT ki adamianebs mciredi Tavisufleba?
magram batoni konsiderani gvarwmunebs, rom Tavisuflebas uciloblad monopoliisken mivyavarT!
Cven gvesmis, rom Tavisuflebidan konkurencia gamomdinareobs. magram batoni lui blanis mixedviT, konkurencia aris sistema, ro-melic akotrebs mewarmeebs da anadgurebs xalxs. es aris imis mizezi, rom Tavisufali adamianebi kotrdebian da iRupebian maTi Tavisuflebis xarisxis Sesabamisad (albaT, batonma blanma unda gadaxedos konkurenciis Sedegebs SveicariaSi, holandiaSi, in-glissa da aSS-Si).
batoni lui blani Cven aseve gveubneba, rom konkurencias mo-nopoliisken mivyavarT da imave mizezebze dayrdnobiT is gvicxa-debs, rom dabal fasebs maRal fasebamde mivyavarT, rom konkuren-cia devnis warmoebas damangrevel aqtivobamde, rom konkurencia, piriqiT, aSrobs energiis wyaroebs, rom konkurencia iwvevs warmoe-bis zrdas da amasTanave, moTxovnis Semcirebas. aqedan gamomdi-nareobs, rom Tavisufali adamianebi moxmarebisTvis ar awarmoeben, rom Tavisufleba adamianebs Soris Cagvras da ugunurebas gulis-xmobs da rom batonma lui blanma amas mTeli misi yuradReba unda dauTmos.
socialistebs yovelgvari Tavisuflebis eSiniaT
ase da amgvarad, ra Tavisuflebis qonis uflebas aZleven ka-nonmdeblebi adamianebs? sindisis Tavisuflebas? (es rom nebadar-Tuli iyos, Cven davinaxavdiT, Tu rogor epotinebian adamianebi aTeizmis SesaZleblobas).
iqneb ganaTlebis miRebis Tavisuflebas? (magram mSoblebi mas-wavleblebs aunazRaurebdnen, rom am ukanasknelebma maT Svilebs uzneoba da sicrue aswavlon? garda amisa, batoni tieris mixedviT: ganaTleba rom Tavisuflebaze igebodes, maSin is ukve aRar iqne-boda erovnuli da Cven Cven Svilebs albaT Turqebis an indusebis ideebs STavagonebdiT, amasTan, unda vaRiaroT, rom ganaTlebis sistemaze msgavsi despotizmis dakanonebis wyalobiT, Cvens bavS-vebs gaumarTlaT, rom izrdebian romaelebis keTilSobil ideebze).
iqneb Sromis Tavisuflebas? (magram is konkurencias niSnavs, ro-melic saqonels gamouyenebls tovebs, biznesmenebs akotrebs da xalxs anadgurebs).
iqneb vaWrobis Tavisuflebas? (magram yvelam icis da proteqci-onistuli tarifebis damcvelebma es ukve bevrjer daamtkices, rom vaWrobis Tavisufleba yvelas akotrebs da keTildReobis mizniT misi SezRudva aucilebelia).
maSin iqneb gaerTianebis Tavisuflebaa? (magram socialisturi
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doqtrinis Tanaxmad WeSmariti Tavisufleba da nebayoflobiTi ga-erTianeba erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSia da socialistebis mizans warmoadgens gaerTianebebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva WeSmariti Ta-visuflebis pirobebSi, adamianebis erTianad SekavSirebis mizniT).
aqedan cxadia, rom social-demokratebis sindiss ar SeuZlia pi-rovnebas raime Tavisuflebis ufleba misces, radganac maT swamT, rom adamianuri buneba yovelTvis miiswrafvis degradaciisa da ubedurebisken. amis mixedviT kanonmdeblebma eris gadarCenis miz-niT, rasakvirvelia, gegmebi unda SeimuSaon.
ganxilvis msgavsi mizani Cven gvayenebs aRmaSfoTebeli kiTxvis winaSe: Tu adamianebi marTlac aseTi uZlurni, uzneoni da uco-dinarni arian, rogorebadac politikosebi migvaniSneben, maSin ra-tom icaven aseTi daJinebiT am adamianebis uflebas, miiRon arCev-nebSi monawileoba.
zeadamianis idea
am organizatorebis mier kacobriobaze uflebis gancxadeba ki-dev erT kiTxvas badebs, romelsac xSirad vusvamdi maT da romel-zec, ramdenadac me maxsovs, maTgan pasuxi ar mimiRia: Tu kacob-riobis bunebrivi tendencia iseTi cudia, rom adamianebisTvis Ta-visuflebis micema usafrTxo ar aris, maSin rogor xdeba is, rom organizatorebis tendenciebi yovelTvis kargia? gana Tavad kanon-mdeblebi da maTi agentebi adamianur rasas ar ekuTvnian? Tu maT swamT, rom Tavad gansxvavebuli Tixisgan arian Seqmnilni vidre da-narCeni kacobrioba?
organizatorebi amtkiceben, rom umarTavad datovebuli sazogadoeba sakuTari Tavis gardauvali ganadgurebisken mieqane-ba, radganac adamianis instinqtebi Zlier biwieria. kanonmdeblebi cdiloben SeaCeron TviTmkvlelobamde mimavali es kursi da miscen mas bevrad ufro jansaRi mimarTuleba. Cndeba STabeWdileba, rom zecam kanonmdeblebs da organizatorebs is Wkua da Rirseba mia-niWa, romlebic maT kacobriobaze maRla ayenebs, Tu es asea, dae maT TavianTi uflebebis damamtkicebeli sabuTi gvaCvenon.
isini Cveni cxvrebis mwyemsni gaxdebian. cxadia, msgavsi gadawy-vetileba gulisxmobs maT bunebriv upiratesobas danarCenebze. ra Tqma unda, Cven sruliad samarTlianad SegviZlia kanonmdeblebisa da organizatorebisgan maTi bunebrivi upiratesobis damamtkice-beli sabuTi moviTxovoT.
socialistebi Tavisufal arCevans uaryofen
gTxovT, sworad gamigoT, me ar vdaob maT uflebaze, gamoigonon socialuri kombinaciebi, moaxdinon maTi reklamireba, daicvan isi-ni da gamoscadon TavianT Tavze sakuTari xarjiT da riskiT. magram me sadavod vxdi maT uflebas, TavianTi uflebebi Tavs kanonis, e.i.
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Zalis meSveobiT mogvaxvion da Tan gvaiZulon, rom maTTvis gadavi-xadoT gadasaxadebi.
me ar moviTxov, rom sxvadasxva socialuri filosofiuri sko-lis mimdevrebma _ prudonistebma, kabetistebma, furies mimdev-rebma, universitaristebma da proteqcionistebma TavianTi ideebi uaryon. me moviTxov, rom ukuagdon saerTo Canafiqri, ubralod uaryon idea imisa, rom gvaiZulon uxmod daveTanxmoT maT jgufebs da midgomebs, socialur proeqtebs, bankebis mier ufaso kredit-ebis gacemas, berZnul-romaul Sexedulebebs zneobze da sameureno urTierTobebis regulirebis maTebur xedvas. me mxolod da mxol-od viTxov, rom am gegmebTan mimarTebaSi Cven TviTon gvqondes ga-dawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, raTa ar gvaiZulon, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir vaRiaroT isini, Tu Cven migvaCnia, rom es gegmebi Cvens mTavar interesebs an sindiss ewinaaRmdegeba.
magram am organizatorebs TavianTi gegmebis gansaxorcieleb-lad erTi suli aqvT sagadasaxado fondebSi SeaRwion da kanonis Za-laufleba Caigdon xelSi. imis garda, rom es Cagvra da usamarTlo-baa, am survilSi Zevs damRupveli hipoTeza, rom organizatori uc-domelia, xolo adamianebi _ arakompetenturni. magram aqac igivea, Tu adamianebs ar ZaluZT Tavad gansajon, maSin ra azri aqvs am saub-rebs sayovelTao saarCevno uflebaze?
safrangeTis revoluciis mizezi
winaaRmdegoba ideebSi samwuxarod magram logikurad aisaxa saf-rangeTSi mimdinare movlenebze. magaliTad, frangebi danarCen ev-ropas sakuTari uflebebisTvis brZolaSi win gauZRvnen an, ufro sworad Tu vityviT, politikuri moTxovnebisTvis brZolaSi. mag-ram am faqts xeli ar SeuSlia CvenTvis gavmxdariyaviT evropaSi yve-laze marTvadi, regulirebadi, motyuebuli, SeboWili da eqsplua-tirebuli eri. safrangeTi sxva erebsac miuZRvis mdgomareobamde, sadac mudmivad revoluciis safrTxe iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi sru-liad bunebrivia, rom asec moxdeba.
ase gagrZeldeba manam, sanam Cveni politikosebi iziareben ideas, romelic mSvenivrad gadmosca batonma lui blanma: “kacobrioba ma-moZravebel energias Zalauflebisgan iRebs.” ase gagrZeldeba ma-nam, sanam adamianebi, romlebsac grZnobebi gaaCniaT, pasiuri darCe-bian; manam, sanam maT swamT, rom Tavad TavianTi WkuiT da energiiT ver SeZleben sakuTari keTildReobis da bednierebis mopovebas; ma-nam, sanam isini yvelafers kanonisgan elian. mokled, manam, sanam maT sjeraT, rom saxelmwifos ekuTvnian ise, rogorc cxvrebi mwyemss.
mTavrobis giganturi Zalaufleba
manam, sanam arsebobs es ideebi, cxadia, mTavrobis pasuxismgeb-loba uzarmazaria. iRbali da uiRbloba, simdidre da siRaribe,
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Tanasworoba da uTanasworoba, saTnoeba da mankiereba _ yvelafe-ri es damokidebulia administraciaze. is yvelafriTaa datvirTu-li, is iRebs yvelafers, akeTebs yvelafers da, aqedan gamomdinare, is pasuxismgebelia yvelaferze.
Tu Cven gagvimarTlebs, mTavroba Cvengan madlobas elis, xolo Tu ar gagvimarTlebs, mTavrobaa amaze pasuxismgebeli. gana Cveni pirovneba da sakuTreba mTavrobis gankargulebaSi araa? gana kano-ni yovlisSemZle araa?
ganaTlebaze monopoliis mopovebisas, mTavrobam unda gaamar-Tlos ojaxis mamebis imedebi, romelTac am gziT waerTvaT Tavis-ufleba, xolo Tu imedebi ar gamarTlda, maSin vin aris damnaSave?
warmoebis regulirebiT mTavroba cdilobs mis ayvavebas, sxva mxriv ki uazrobaa warmoebas waarTva Tavisufleba. xolo Tu warmo-eba gasaWirSia, vin aris damnaSave?
tarifebis saSualebiT savaWro balansis daregulirebiT, mTav-roba cdilobs aayvavos vaWroba. magram Tu ayvavebis nacvlad es mo-qmedeba kraxs gamoiwvevs, vin aris damnaSave?
mTavroba zRvaosnobis mfarvelobiT misi momgebianobis zrdis xelSewyobas lamobs, misive Tavisuflebis sanacvlod. magram Tu es gadamxdelebisTvis zedmeti xarji gaxdeba, maSin vin iqneba dam-naSave?
ase rom, ar arsebobs sazogadoebaSi problema, romelzec mTav-roba Tavisi nebiT iRebs pasuxismgeblobas. aris ki gasakviri is, rom yoveli marcxi safrangeTSi kidev erTi revoluciis safrTxes zrdis?
ra saSualeba arsebobs amis winaaRmdeg? kanonis moqmedebis area-lis SeuzRudavi gavrceleba, anu mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba.
magram Tu mTavroba Tavis Tavze iRebs kontrols, xelfasebis gazrdas, sxvebze zrunvas, vinc amas saWiroebs, yvela umuSevris mxardaWeras, uprocento kreditis gacemas yvela msurvelze da am-as ver asrulebs, Tu im sityvebs mivmarTavT, romlebic, samwuxa-rod, batoni lamartinis kalams ekuTvnis _ “mTavrobas miaCnia, rom misi daniSnulebaa xalxis sulis naTelyofa, ganviTareba, gav-rceleba, gaZliereba, gasuliereba da kurTxeva” _ da amasac ver as-rulebs, maSin raRa rCeba? nuTu ar dadgeba mTavrobis yoveli mar-cxis Semdeg, romelic cxadze ucxadesia, gardauvali revolucia?
politika da ekonomika
axla im Temas davubrundeT, romelsac dasawyisSi gakvriT Seve-xeT: ekonomikis da politikis kavSiri politekonomiasTan.
ekonomikuri mecniereba manamde unda ganviTardes, vidre mox-deba politikuri mecnierebis formulireba. principSi, ekonomika mecnierebaa, romelic gansazRvravs adamianuri intersebi erT-
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maneTTan harmoniaSia Tu winaaRmdegobaSi. es unda vicodeT, sanam mTavrobis WeSmariti funqciebis gansazRvrisTvis politikuri mecnierebis formulirebas movaxdendeT.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis da politikuri mecniere-bis dasawyisSi formulirebis kvaldakval saswrafod unda gaeces pasuxi am umniSvnelovanes kiTxvas, ra aris kanoni? ra unda iyos is? rogoria misi moqmedebis sfero, zRvari? logikurad ra niSnulze Cerdeba kanonmdeblis samarTliani Zalaufleba?
yoymanis gareSe vupasuxeb, “kanoni aris erToblivi Zala, organi-zebulad imoqmedos usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg.” erTi sityviT, ka-noni samarTlianobaa.
WeSmariti sakanonmdeblo funqciebi
ar aris marTali, rom kanonmdeblis uflebamosileba Cvens pi-rovnebasa da sakuTrebaze vrceldebodes. pirovnebis da sakuTre-bis arseboba win uswrebda kanonmdeblis arsebobas da misi funqcia mxolod maTi usafrTxoebis garantirebaSi mdgomareobs.
ar aris marTali, rom kanonis funqcia Cveni cnobierebis, ideo-logiis, nebis, ganaTlebis, azris, Sromis, vaWrobis, niWis da siamov-nebis marTvaa. kanonis funqciaa daicvas am uflebebis Tavisufali gamoxatva da ar dauSvas erTi adamianis mier meore adamianisTvis am uflebebis Tavisufali gamoxatvis SezRudva.
radganac kanoni aucileblad moiTxovs Zalis mxardaWeras, misi gamoyeneba kanonieria mxolod iq, sadac am Zalis gamoyenebis auci-lebloba winaswar aris dadgenili. swored es aris samarTali.
yvela individuums aqvs ufleba, gamoiyenos Zala Tavdacvis miz-niT. swored aqedan gamomdinare koleqtiuri Zala, romelic warmo-adgens individualuri Zalebis Serwymis organizebas, SeiZleba igi-ve miznisTvis kanonierad iyos gamoyenebuli da dauSvebelia, rom misi gamoyeneba sxva miznisTvis kanonierad iqnes miCneuli.
kanoni sxva araferia Tu ara Tavdacvaze individualuri uf-lebebis organizaciuli saxe, romelic manamde arsebobda, sanam kan-oni oficialurad gacxaddeboda. kanoni aris samarTlianoba.
kanoni da qvelmoqmedeba erTi da igive ar aris
kanonis misias ar warmoadgens adamianebis Cagvra da maTi sakuT-rebis mitaceba, imisda miuxedavad, rom kanons SeiZleba filan-tropia amoZravebdes. misi misiaa pirovnebis da sakuTrebis dacva.
ufro metic, ar SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom kanoni SeiZleba ata-rebdes filantropul xasiaTs, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba pirovnebis Cagvras da Zarcvas, es winaaRmdegoba iqneboda. kanoni ver gaeqceva pirovnebebsa da sakuTrebaze gavlenas da Tu kanoni dakavebulia yvelafriT, garda maTi dacvisa, maSin misi qmedeba Zaladobaa pi-
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rovnebis Tavisuflebasa da sakuTrebis uflebaze.
kanoni samarTlianobaa.
is martivi da naTeli, zusti da gansazRvrulia. mas xedavs yvela Tvali, aRiqvams yoveli goneba, samarTlianoba zomadi, mudmivi da ucvlelia. samarTlianobazec zustad imaves Tqma SeiZleba, arc me-tis da arc naklebis.
Tu Tqven gadaabijebT mis sazRvrebs, Tu SeecdebiT gaxadoT is religiuri, Zmuri, gawonasworebuli, filantropuli, industriu-li, literaturuli an mxatvruli, Tqven daikargebiT ucnob miwaze, gaurkvevlobasa da uzustobaSi, iZulebiT utopiaSi an uaresi, uamrav utopiaSi, sadac TiToeuli cdilobs kanoni xelSi Caigdos da Tavs mogaxvios. es yvelaferi asea imitom, rom samarTliano-bisgan gansxvavebiT, Zmobas da filantropias ar aqvs zusti saz-Rvrebi. sad gaCerdebiT? sad gaCerdeba kanoni?
mTavari gezi komunizmisken
batoni sen-kriki misi filantropuli ideebis gavrcelebas mxo-lod zogierT samewarmeo jgufebze varaudobs. mas surs moiTxo-vos, rom kanonma damkveTebi mwarmoeblebis sakeTildReod akon-trolos.
batoni konsiderani samuSao jgufebis saqmianobis dafinansebas varaudobs. is fiqrobs kanonis gamoyenebas maTTvis minimumi sa-mosis, sacxovreblis, sakvebis da sxva saarsebo saSualebebis uz-runvelyofisa da garantirebisTvis.
batoni lui blani Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom sruli Zmobis sa-fuZveli minimumis garantiebia; rom kanonma yvela mSromeli war-moebis saSualebebiT da ufaso ganaTlebiT unda uzrunvelyos .
sxva mis adgilaze SeniSnavda, rom aseTi mowyobac ki tovebs ad-gils uTanasworobisTvis. is pretenzias gamoTqvamda imazec, rom kanonma yvelaze miyruebuli sofelic ki unda uzrunvelyos fufu-nebis sagnebiT, literaturiT da xelovnebiT.
yvela es mosazreba pirdapiri gezia komunizmisken, sadac kanon-mdebloba gadaiqceva, da faqtobrivad asec aris, fantaziebisa da sixarbis brZolis velad.
stabiluri mmarTvelobis safuZveli
kanoni samarTlianobaa.
am mtkicebis qveS SeiZleba vigulisxmoT martivi da mdgradi mmarTveloba, ver daveTanxmebi maT, vinc ambobs Tu rogor SeiZleba gaCndes fiqri revoluciaze, buntze, Tundac yvelaze msubuq wi-naaRmdegobaze mTavrobis mimarT, romlis organizebuli Zala mxo-lod usamarTlobasTan brZoliT ifargleba.
aseTi reJimis pirobebSi yvelaze meti keTildReoba da Tanab-
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roba iqneboda. rac Seexeba kacobriobis ganuyofel tanjvas, aravis azradac ar mouvidoda amaSi mTavrobis dadanaSauleba. es simar-Tlea, radganac, Tu mTavrobis Zalebi usamarTlobis aRkveTiT iq-nebodnen Semofarglulni, maSin mTavroba iseTive udanaSaulo iq-neboda am tanjvaSi, rogoric temperaturis cvlilebaSia.
amis dasamtkiceblad ganvixiloT Semdegi sakiTxi. yofila xalxi odesme SemCneuli saapelacio sasamarTlos winaaRmdeg buntSi an miutania odesme ieriSi momrigebel sasamarTloebze maRali xel-fasis, ufaso kreditis, warmoebis saSualebebze uflebis, sasurve-li tarifebis an samuSao adgilebis moTxovniT? yvelam kargad icis, rom amgvari sakiTxebis gadawyveta ar Sedis momrigebeli an samoqalaqo sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaSi. Tu saxelmwifo Semo-fargluli iqneba misi WeSmariti funqciebiT, male yvela mixvdeba, rom es sakiTxebi ar Sedis TviT kanonis uflebamosilebaSi.
magram SeqmeniT kanoni Zmobis principze dayrdnobiT, ganacxa-deT rom yovelive kargi da cudi kanonidan gamomdinareobs, rom kanoni pasuxismgebelia pirad gasaWirsa da socialur uTanasworo-baze, maSin kari Riaa gauTavebeli saCivrebisTvis, gaRizianebado-bis, areulobis da revoluciisTvis.
samarTlianoba Tanaswor uflebebs gulisxmobs
kanoni samarTlianobaa.
marTlac rom ucnauri iqneboda kanoni sxva rame rom iyos! gana samarTlianoba ar warmoadgens uflebas? gana uflebebi Tanasworia? ra uflebiT maiZulebs kanoni davemorCilo mimerelis, melionis, tieris an lui blanis socialur gegmebs? Tu kanons aqvs ase moq-cevis moraluri ufleba, maSin ratom ar aiZulebs is am batonebs daemorCilon Cems gegmebs? logikuria gana imis mtkiceba, rom bune-bam ar momaniWa Sesaferisi warmosaxvis unari utopiis warmosad-genad? kanonma mxolod erTi fantazia unda airCios mravalTagan, romelsac mTavrobis organizebul Zalas dauqvemdebarebs?
kanoni samarTlianobaa.
modiT nuRar vityviT, rogorc dRemde amboben, rom am mosaz-rebiT is SeiZleba gaxdes aTeisturi, individualisturi da Seubra-lebeli, rom is Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr Seqmnis kacobriobis sa-xes. es absurduli daskva mxolod imaTTvisaa, visac mTavrobis sje-ra da imis, rom kanoni kacobriobaa.
sisulelea! nuTu mTavrobis am Tayvanismcemlebs marTla swamT, rom Tavisufali adamianebi Sewyveten moqmedebas? gamomdinareobs ki aqedan is, rom Tu Cven aRar miviRebT energias kanonisgan, saer-Tod ar miviRebT mas, rom Tu kanoni SezRudulia Cveni unaris Tavisufali gamoyenebis dacvaSi, Cven ver SevZlebT am unaris gamo-
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yenebas?
davuSvaT, kanoni ar gvavaldebulebs mivsdioT religiur rwme-nas, gaerTianebis sistemebs, ganaTlebis meTodebs, Sromis reguli-rebas, vaWrobis regulirebas, qvelmoqmedebis gegmebs, ganapiro-bebs es imas, rom Cven CaveflobiT aTeizmSi, gandegilobaSi, uvico-baSi, siRaribesa da sixarbeSi? Tu Cven varT Tavisufalni, aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom Cven davkargavT RvTisadmi rwmenas, SevwyvetT urTierTobas, erTmaneTis daxmarebas, Cveni uiRblo Zmebis siyva-ruls da dacvas, bunebis saidumloebebis Seswavlas da TviTgan-viTarebas?
gza keTilSobilebisa da progresisken
kanoni aris samarTlianoba.
swored samarTlianobis kanonis Sesabamisad, uflebis batonobis qveS, Tavisuflebis, usafrTxoebis, stabilurobisa da pasuxis-mgeblobis gavleniT yoveli adamiani moipovebs mis WeSmarit faseu-lobas da misi arsebobis utyuar Rirebulebas. mxolod samarTli-anobis am kanonis wyalobiT nela, magram kacobrioba udavod SeZ-lebs, RvTis Canafiqris mixedviT, sazogadoebis wesier da mSvido-bian progress miaRwios.
me mimaCnia, rom es Teoriulad marTalia, radganac ra sakiTxis garSemoc ar unda iyos ganxilva, iqneba es religiuri, filosofi-uri, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri, rasac ar unda exebodes es _ ke-TildReobas, zneobas, Tanasworobas, uflebas, samarTlianobas, progress, pasuxismgeblobas, TanamSromlobas, sakuTrebas, Sromas, vaWrobas, kapitals, xelfasebs, gadasaxadebs, mosaxleobas, finansebs Tu mTavrobas, Cemi mecnieruli horizontis gadasaxedi-dan ra donidanac ar unda daviwyo kvlevebi, yovelTvis erT dask-vnamde mivdivar: adamianebis urTierTobis problemis gadaWris gzebi TavisuflebaSi unda veZioT.
ideis mtkicebuleba
mtkicdeba Tu ara es gamocdilebiT? gadaavleT Tvali msof-lios. romel qveynebSi cxovrobs ufro mSvidi, zneobrivi da bedni-eri xalxi? qveynebSi, sadac kanoni yvelaze naklebad ereva pirad saqmeSi, sadac mTavrobis zemoqmedeba nakleb igrZnoba, sadac pi-rovnebas yvelaze meti SesaZleblobebi aqvs, xolo Tavisufal azrs didi gavlena, sadac administraciuli Zalebi sustni da umcireso-baSi arian, sadac gadasaxadebi msubuqi da yvelasTvis Tanabaria da ukmayofilebis grZnobis gaRviZebas adamianebSi TiTqmis ar aqvs safuZveli, sadac individuumebi da jgufebi ufro aqtiurad asru-leben maTze dakisrebul movaleobebs, sadac adamianebis zneoba, romlebic arasrulfasovnebad arian Seracxulni, mudmivad viTar-deba, sadac vaWroba, sakrebuloebi da asociaciebi nakleb SezRu-
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dulia, sadac Sroma, kapitali da mosaxleoba yvelaze naklebad za-raldeba iZulebiTi gadaadgilebisgan, sadac kacobrioba yvelaze metad misdevs mis bunebriv miswrafebebs, sadac adamianis gamogo-nebani TiTqmis harmoniaSia RvTis kanonebTan. mokled rom vTqvaT, yvelaze bednieri, zneobrivi da mSvidobiani eri aris is, vinc mtki-ced misdevs Semdeg princips: miuxedavad imisa, rom kacobrioba ar aris srulyofili, mTeli imedi emyareba pirovnebis Tavisufal da nebayoflobiTY moqmedebas misi uflebebis farglebSi; kanoni an Zala gamoyenebuli unda iyos mxolod sayovelTao samarTlianobis administrirebis mizniT.
sxvebis marTvis survili
unda iTqvas, rom samyaroSi Zalian bevri “didi” adamiania – kanon-mdeblebi, organizatorebi, keTilismyofelni, xalxTa liderebi, eris mamebi, da a.S. da a.S. Zalin bevri adamiani Tavis Tavs sazogado-ebaze maRla ayenebs, isini TavianT karieras misi organizebis, pat-ronobis da marTvis gziT ikeTeben.
magram viRac ityvis:L “Tqvenc xom igives akeTebT?”
marTalia, magram me sruliad gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT vmoq-medeb, Tu me SevuerTdi reformatorTa rigebs mxolod im mizniT, rom davarwmuno Tavi daanebon adamianebs. me adamianebs zemodan ar vuyureb, rogorc vankazoni Tavis avtomats. rogorc fiziologi adamianis sxeuls aRiqvams iseTad, rogorc aris, mec aseve viReb adamianebs iseTebad, rogorebic arian. me mxolod swavla da aRfrTovaneba msurs.
sxvebis mimarT Cems damokidebulebas kargad aRwers erTi cnobi-li mogzauris monaTxrobi: erTxelac is moxvda velur tomSi, sadac qalma is iyo bavSvi dabada, romelsac beWdebiT, kauWebiT da Toke-biT SeiaraRebuli winaswarmetyvelnis, jadoqrebis da eqimbaSebis brbo Seesia. erTma Tqva: “es bavSvi verasdros SeigrZnobs mSvidobis surnels sanam mis nestoebs ar gavwelav”, meorem Tqva: “is verafers gaigonebs sanam me ar gavwelav misi yuris bibiloebs mxrebamde”, me-samem Tqva: “is ver naxavs mzis sinaTles, sanam ar davubrecav Tva-lebs”, meoTxem Tqva: “is ver gaswordeba, sanam fexebs ar movudrek”, mexuTem Tqva: “es ver iswavlis fiqrs, sanam ar gavubrtyeleb Tavis qalas.”
“SeCerdiT!” – daiyvira mogzaurma: “RmerTma yvelaferi ise Seqmna, rogorc saWiroa, nu ggoniaT, rom masze ukeTesni xarT, RmerTma uboZa organoebi am sust arsebas, dae isini ganviTardnen da gaZlierdnen varjiSiT, moxmarebiT, gamocdilebiT da TavisuflebiT.”
neba mogveciT, vcadoT ra aris Tavisufleba
RmerTma adamianebs misca yvelaferi, rac maT sWirdebaT maTi da-
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niSnulebis Sesasruleblad. man gaiTvaliswina rogorc sazo-gadoebis, ise adamianis forma. socialuri organoebi isea mowyo-bili, rom Tavisuflebis sufTa haerze harmoniulad ganviTar-deba. Zirs eqimbaSebi da organizatorebi! Zirs maTi beWdebi, jaWve-bi, kauWebi, marwuxebi! Zirs maTi xelovnuri sistemebi! Zirs sa-xelmwifo administratorebis axirebani, maTi socialuri proeqte-bi, centralizacia, tarifebi, saxelmwifo skolebi, saxelmwifo re-ligia, ufaso krediti, sabanko monopoliebi, regulireba, Sez-Rudvebi, dabegvris saSualebiT Tanasworobis miRweva da maTi RvTismosaoba!
axla ki, roca kanonmdeblebma da keTilismosurneebma sazogadoebas ase uCumrad moaxvies Tavs es sistema, axla mainc gaCerdnen iq, saidanac daiwyes.
dae maTac uaryon es sistema da Seicnon Tavisufleba, romelic RvTis rwmenis aRiareba da misi Sromis dafasebaa.
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans
“is rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans” 1850 wels romSi daiwera. tuberkulo-ziT daavadebuli bastia ver moeswro mis gamoqveynebas.
adamianebi, rogorc wesi, xedaven mxolod imas, rac zedapirzea da ugulvebelyofen imas, rac dafarulia;
adamianebis moTxovnilebebi usasruloa, maTi dakmayofilebis Se-saZleblobebi - SezRuduli;
buneba awesebs sazRvrebs, romelTa daZleva SeuZlebelia; saxelmwifos nebismieri Careva, romelic mimarTulia samuSao ad-
gilebis Seqmnisa Tu e.w. Sida bazris dacvisken, sagadasaxado Se-mosavlebis gadanawilebas iwvevs da xelovnurad zrdis fasebs;
gadasaxadebi da baJi fuls dagrovebidan da warmoebidan gadana-wilebisken mimarTavs;
sabaJo tarifebi iaf da eqskluziur imports aZvirebs, rac da-grovebasa da investiciebs amcirebs;
sameurneo saqmianobaSi dawesebuli nebismieri saxis barieri, sa-boloo jamSi, sayovelTao keTildReobas amcirebs.
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans
Sesavali
ekonomikis sferoSi nebismieri qmedeba, Cveva, dadgenileba da ka-noni badebs ara erT, aramed Sedegebis mTel jaWvs. amaTgan mxolod erTi, pirveli mJRavndeba uSualod, mis gamomwvev mizezTan erTad – es aris is, rac Cans. danarCeni mJRavndeba erTi meoris mimdevro-biT – es aris is, rac ar Cans da CvenTvis ukeTesia Tu maT winaswar ganvWvretT.
gansxvaveba cud da karg ekonomists Soris isaa, rom pirveli iT-valiswinebs im Sedegebs, romlebic Cans, xolo meore imasac iTval-iswinebs rac Cans da imasac, risi ganWvretac aucilebelia.
es gansxvaveba Zalin didia, radgan TiTqmis yovelTvis ise xdeba, rom pirveli Sedegebi xelsayrelia, xolo Semdgomi _ ukve damRup-veli da piriqiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom cudi ekonomisti Ta-vis arCevans akeTebs mcire keTildReobaze, romelsac momavalSi didi boroteba mohyveba, maSin, roca WeSmariti ekonomisti momav-lis sayovelTao keTildReobaze akeTebs arCevans da dRes mcire borotebis arsebobas riskavs.
igive problebas vawydebiT higienasa da zneobasTan mimarTebaSi, xSirad ama Tu im Cvevis pirveli nayofi rac ufro tkbilia, miT uf-ro mwarea danarCenebi. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT garyvnileba, si-zarmace, mflangveloba. maSasadame, roca adamiani mxolod xilul Sedegebs xedavs da ar SeuZlia imis ganWvreta rac ar Cans, igi ro-gorc midrekilebiT, ise gaTvlebiT damRupvel Cvevebsaa damor-Cilebuli.
amiT aixsneba kacobriobis arsebobis fatalurad mZime pirobebi. uvicoba kacobriobas akvnidanve mohyveba, roca misi moqmedebani pirveli SedegebiTaa ganpirobebuli, im SedegebiT, romlebsac da-badebisas aRiqvams. mas sakmaod bevri dro sWirdeba imisTvis, rom iswavlos danarCeni SedegebisTvis angariSis gaweva. amas ki mas ori gansxvavebuli maswavlebeli aswavlis: gamocdileba da windaxedu-loba. gamocdileba efeqturi, magram mkacri maswavlebelia. is gvaswavlis Cveni qmedebebis Sedegebis Secnobas maTi Cvensave Tavze gamocdiT da, ra Tqma unda, bolos da bolos mivxvdebiT, rom
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cecxli wvavs mas Semdeg, rac Cvens Tavze gamovcdiT. aseTi mkacri maswavleblis nacvlad visurvebdi sxvas, SedarebiT ufro lmo-biers _ windaxedulobas. swored amitomac ganvixilav sxvadasxva ekonomikuri movlenebis Sedegebs, sadac erTmaneTs davupirispi-reb imas, rac Cans da imas, rac ar Cans.
Camsxvreuli fanjara
odesme Tu SeswrebixarT keTilSobil burJua Jak bonomis ris-xvas, roca misma daudevarma Svilma fanjara Caumsxvria?
Tu Tqven SeeswariT am sanaxaobas, maSin Tqvenc, iseve, rogorc danarCeni TviTmxilvelebi, romelTa raodenoba ocdaaT kacs aRe-mateboda, TiTqos piri gqonodaT Sekruli, iCqarebdiT sawyali me-patronis damSvidebas Semdegi sityvebiT: “zogi Wiri margebelia. mrewvelobis safuZvels msgavsi SemTxvevebi qmnis, ra bedi eweodaT meSuSeebs, SuSebi rom arasdros tydebodes?”
am nugeSsacem sityvebSi mTeli Teoria imaleba, romlis ganxil-vac am martivi magaliTis mixedviT urigo ar iqneboda, radgan es swored is Teoriaa, romliTac, samwuxarod, CvenSi ekonomikis mmar-Tveli saxelmwifo institutebi xelmZRvaneloben.
Tu davuSvebT, rom SuSis SesakeTeblad saWiroa 6 franki da amiT imis Tqma surT, rom am SemTxvevam SuSis mrewvelobas 6 franki Sema-ta da am 6 frankiT mas didi daxmareba gaewia, maSin me am msjelobas sruliad veTanxmebi, radgan is absoluturi WeSmaritebaa. mova me-SuSe, Seasrulebs Tavis samuSaos, miiRebs 6 franks, xelebs mo-ifSvnets da gulSi dalocavs daudevar bavSvs, es aris is, rac Cans.
magram Tu msjelobis gziT mivalT im daskvnamde, rom SuSebis xSiri msxvreva kargia, radgan is fulis brunvas uwyobs xels, anu mTeli mrewvelobis waxalisebas emsaxureba, am SemTxvevaSi me val-debuli var wamoviZaxo: “SeCerdiT! Tqveni Teoria mxolod imiT ifargleba, rac Cans da ar surs dainaxos is, rac ar Cans.”
xolo ar Cans is, rom burJuas 6 frankis raRac sxva nivTze daxar-jva SeeZlo, mas es aRar SeuZlia. ar Cans, mas rom ar dasWirveboda axali SuSis Casma gatexilis sanacvlod, is SeZlebda TavisTvis Zve-lis nacvlad axali fexsacmlis an Tavisi biblioTekisTvis axali wignis yidvas. mokled rom vTqvaT, is am 6 franks sxva rameSi gamoi-yenebda, rasac axla veRar moaxerxebs.
modiT gadavxedoT mrewvelobas zogadad mocemuli mdgomareo-bidan. SuSa gatexilia da amiT SuSis mrewveloba 6 frankiT gamdid-rda; es aris is, rac Cans. xolo Tu mxedvelobaSi miiRebdnen imas, rac ar Cans, rogorc uaryofiT faqts, xolo imas, rac Cans, dadeb-iTs, maSin mixvdebodnen rom zogadad erovnuli mrewvelobisTvis araviTari mogeba ar moaqvs imas, SuSa gatydeboda Tu ara.
modiT axla TviT Jak bonoms SevxedoT.
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pirveli varaudis mixedviT, rom fanjara gatyda, is xarjavs 6 franks da sanacvlod iZens igive, arafriT nakleb an met SuSas. me-ore varaudis mixedviT, rom fanjara ar gatyda, is daxarjavda 6 franks axal fexsacmelze da erTdroulad eqneboda rogorc axali wyvili fexsacmeli, ise fanjara.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom Jak bonomi sazogadoebis nawilia, xolo sazogadoba erTi mTliani organizmi, unda davaskvnaT, rom sazoga-doebis erToblivi Sromisa da moxmarebis Sejamebis Sedegad, Cams-xvreuli fanjris Rirebuleba dakargulad CaiTvleba.
Tu zemoT Tqmuls ganvazogadebT mivalT moulodnel daskvna-mde, rom “sazogadoeba nivTebis Rirebulebas kargavs maTi usarge-blo ganadgurebiT” da igive ganzogadebiT aseve mivalT aqsiomamde, romlis gagonebisas proteqcionistebs Tma yalyze daudgebaT: “ga-texva, gafuWeba, ganiaveba erovnuli warmoabis waxalisebas sulac ar niSnavs”, mokled rom vTqvaT “ngrevas mogeba ar moaqvs.”
ras ityviT Tqven, mrewvelobis xelmZRvanelo an Tqven, batoni de sen-Samanis mimdevrebo, romelmac aRsadgeni saxlebis ricxvis mixedviT, parizis dawviT miRebuli mogeba zustad gaTvala?
Zalian vwuxvar rom am metad SemoqmedebiT gaTvlebSi dEaeWvebaBA mixdeba, arada maTi suli Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi Zevs, magram me vTxov baton de sen-Samans xelaxla daiTvalos es mogeba, oRond an-gariSi gauwios imas, rac ar Cans da daupirispiros imas is, rac Cans.
AmkiTxvelma kargad unda gaiazros, rom am patara dramaSi, ro-melic SemogTavazeT, monawileobs ara ori, aramed sami piri. erTi Jak bonomia. is warmoadgens momxmarebels, romelic gatexili SuSis gamo iZulebulia dasjerdes erT siamovnebas oris nacvlad. meore piria meSuSe, romelic warmoadgens mwarmoebels da romelmac am SemTxvevis Sedegad mogeba naxa. mesame piria mewaRe (an sxva nebismi-eri xelosani), romlis Sromac igive SemTxvevis gamo dazaralda.
es mesame piri, romelic yovelTvis CrdilSi dgas, warmoadgens imas, rac ar Cans da problemis gadaWris aucilebeli elementia, gvaswavlis imis danaxvas Tu rogori uazrobaa mogebis ngrevaSi Zi-eba. mogvianebiT swored es mesame piri dagvanaxebs, rom mogebis Sez-RudvebSi Zieba aseve didi uazrobaa, radganac es sxva araferia, Tu ara nawilobrivi ganadgureba. kargad gaiazreT SezRudvebis sasar-geblod moyvanili yvela mtkicebuleba da Tqven verafers aRmoa-CenT garda Semdegi gavrcelebuli sityvebis parafrazebisa: “ra be-di eweodaT meSuSeebs SuSebi rom ar tydebodes?”
jaris daTxovna
konkretul adamianebTan mimarTebaSi yvelaferi iseve xdeba, ro-gorc masebTan mimarTebaSi; raime siamovnebis misaRebad, is, bune-brivia, fiqrobs imaze, Rirs Tu ara masSi imis gadaxda, rac is Rirs.
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erisTvis usafrTxoeba umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia da Tu am amoca-nis misaRwevad saWiroa asi aTas kaciani armia, amis sawinaaRmdegos verafers vxedav. es siamovneba garkveul msxverpls moiTxovs.
ar msurs Cemi pozicia arasworad iyos gagebuli; davuSvaT, asam-bleis wevrma winadadeba wamoayena asi aTasi kacis daTxovnis Sesa-xeb, asi milioni gadasaxadebis gadamxdelisTvis gadasaxadebis Sem-subuqebis xarjze.
Tu mxolod Semdegi pasuxiT SemovifarglebiT, rom “erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis asi aTasi adamiani da asi milionis fuli auci-lebelia, es msxverplSewirvaa, magram mis gareSe safrangeTi an fraqciebisgan Suaze iqneboda gaglejili, an ucxo Zalebis mier dapyrobili.” me araferi maqvs am argumentis sawinaaRmdego, rome-lic SeiZleba sworicaa an arasworic, radgan is, ekonomikuri Teo-riis TvalsazrisiT, mcdari ar aris. magram Secdoma Tavs maSin war-moaCens, roca prioritetad Tavad msxverplSewirva cxaddeba da es viRacisTvis mogebis wyaro xdeba.
Zlier Sevcdebodi Tu vifiqrebdi, rom am winadadebis avtori Tavis adgils daubrundeba da arc erTi oratori ar upasuxebs Sem-degi Sinaarsis sityvebiT: “asi aTasi kacis daTxovna! xvdebiT mainc ras ambobT? ra bedi eweva maT? sad iSovian sacxovrebels? nuTu ar iciT rom samuSao adgilebi arasakmarisia da yvela adgili gadat-virTulia? nuTu am xalxs quCaSi datovebT konkurenciis gazrdis da xelfasebis ganakveTze zewolis mizniT? xolo dRes, roca cxov-reba isedac rTulia, gana Sesaferisi droa, rom saxelmwifom asi aTasi axali umuSevari adamiani daapuros? ifiqreT imazec, rom ja-ri Rvinis, tansacmlis da iaraRis momxmarebelia, rac garnizonis qalaqebSi warmoebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. Mmokled, es RvTis waylobaa uamravi mommarageblisTvis. nuTu ar gaSfoTebT mre-wvelobis am udidesi mamoZravebeli Zalis ganadgureba?”
aSkaraa, es kamaTi asi aTasi jariskacis sasargeblod wydeba, am samsaxuris aucileblobidan gamomdinare mizezebisa da ekonomi-kuri Sexedulebebis gamo. es swored is Sexedulebebia, romelTac uarvyof.
asi aTas kacs, romelTa Senaxva gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs asi milioni ujdebaT, momwodeblebisTvis imdeni mogeba moaqvs, ram-denis miwodebac SesaZlebelia am asi milioniT; es aris is, rac Cans. magram es asi milioni, romelic gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis jibi-danaa amoRebuli, gadamxdelebs da momwodeblebs imdeniT azara-lebs, ramdenis miwodebac SesaZlebelia maTTvis am asi milioniT; es aris is, rac ar Cans. axla modiT yvelaferi daiTvaleT, SeajameT da miTxariT adamianebi amiT ra mogebas naxaven?
Cemi mxriv getyviT sad Zevs danakargi, xolo simartivisTvis asi aTasisa da milionis magier, erTi kaci da aTasi franki ganvixiloT.
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davuSvaT, Cven vimyofebiT “a” sofelSi. modian serJantebi da er-Ti kaci jarSi mihyavT, aseve modian gadasaxadebis amkrebnic da aTas franks iReben. es adamiani TanxasTan erTad q. mecSi mihyavT. es Tan-xa erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi am adamianis Sesanaxadaa gankuTvnili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, arafriTaa dakavebuli.
Tu Tqven yuradRebas mxolod q. mecze gaamaxvilebT, Tqven mar-Tali brZandebiT, es qmedeba sakmaod momgebiania, magram Tu yurad-Rebas “a” sofelze gaamaxvilebT, yvelafers gansxvavebulad gan-sjiT, radgan mxolod brma Tu ver dainaxavs, rom am sofelma dakar-ga muSa da aTasi franki, romelic misi gasamrjelo unda yofiliyo, iseve, rogorc is warmoeba, romelic am aTasi frankis dabandebiT SeiZleboda gafarToebuliyo.
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom kompensacias aqvs adgi-li. fenomeni, romelsac adgili eqneboda sofelSi, axla mecSi gvxvdeba. magram ai sad Cans danakargi: sofelSi is iyo muSa, baravda da Sromobda. mecSi ki is jariskacia, mwkrivSi dgas da xan erT, xan ki me-ore mxares daabijebs. fuli da mimoqceva orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea, magram pirvel SemTxvevaSi Sromis nayofierebis samas dResTan gvaqvs saqme, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ aramwarmoe-bluri Sromis samas dResTan, ra Tqma unda, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samxedro samsaxuris raRac nawili sazogadoebrivi usa-frTxoebisTvis aucilebeli ar aris.
davuSvaT, jari daiTxoves, Tqven mimiTiTebT asi aTas umuSevar-ze da imaze, rom konkurencia saxelfaso ganakveTebs Seamcirebs, es aris is, rasac Tqven xedavT.
magram is, rasac ver xedavT, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: Tqven ver xe-davT, rom asi aTasobiT jariskacis gaTavisufleba, amasTanave mi-lioni frankis aorTqlebas ki ara, aramed maT gadasaxadebis gadam-xdelebisTvis datovebas niSnavs. Tqven ver xedavT, rom bazrisTvis asi aTasi muSis miwodebiT, mas aseve ajerebT asi milioni frankiT, romelic maTi samuSaos anazRaurebaa. Sesabamisad, moqmedeba, rom-lis safuZvelzec muSaTa miwodeba izrdeba, moTxovnasac zrdis. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom xelfasebis Semcirebis SiSi usa-fuZvloa. Tqven ver xedavT, rom rogorc jaris daTxovnamde, ise mis mere, qveyanaSi asi milioni franki asi aTas kacs Seesabameba. mTe-li gansxvaveba imaSia, rom daTxovnamde qveyana as milions asi aTas kacs arafris keTebaSi uxdida, xolo mas Semdeg is igive Tanxas maT muSaobaSi uxdis. erTi sityviT ki, Tqven ver xedavT, rom roca gada-saxadebis gadamxdeli jariskacs araferSi an muSas raRacaSi uxdis fuls, orive SemTxvevaSi fulis mimoqcevis saboloo Sedegebi erTi da igivea, mxolod meore SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT pirvelisgan, ga-dasaxadebis gadamxdeli sanacvlod raRacas uSualod iRebs. dask-vna ki isaa, rom danakargebi ers anadgurebs.
sofizmi, romelsac veWidebi, ver gauZlebs ganvrcobis gamoc-
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das, rac principebis Semowmebis saukeTeso gzaa. Tuki yvelaferi anazRaurebulia, yvela interesi dakmayofilebulia, xolo jaris zrdas erovnuli mogeba mosdevs, ratomac ar unda gaerTiandes misi droSis qveS qveynis mTeli mamrobiTi sqesis mosaxleoba?
gadasaxadebi
odesme Tu gqoniaT SesaZlebloba, mogesminaT Semdegi fraza: yvelaze kargi investicia gadasaxadebia. erTi SexedeT ramdeni oja-xi xeirobs amiT da rogor moqmedebs is warmoebaze, is xom dauSre-teli nakadulia, is TviT sicocxlea.
am mosazrebis ukusagdebad winamdebare arguments moviyvan. po-litekonomias kargad moexseneba, rom misi argumentebi iseTi Tav-Sesaqcevi ar aris rom xSirad ganmeordes, swored amitom “ganmeo-reba sasiamovnoa” Secvala sityvebiT “ganmeoreba codnis dedaa.”
SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac Cinovnikebi eqomagebian, aris is, rac Cans. mimwodeblebis sargeblis zrda aseve aris is, rac Cans. swore-dac rom es gvabrmavebs.
xolo usiamovnebani, romelTa Tavidan aSoreba gadasaxadebis ga-damxdelebs uxdebaT, aris is, rac ar Cans, aseve ar Cans momwodeble-bis zianic, miuxedavad imisa, rom es TavisTavad cxadi unda iyos.
rodesac saxelmwifo moxele Tavisi siamovnebisTvis xarjavs asi suTi (“su” franguli fulis erTeuli bastias dros. redaqtoris SeniSvna) mets, es imas niSnavs, rom gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli asi su-Ti naklebs xarjavs.
saxelmwifo moxelis xarjebi cxadia, imitom, rom es xdeba yvelas Tvalwin, magram gadamxdelebis xarjebi ar Cans, radgan, samwuxa-rod, maTi ganxorcielebis saSualebas ar aZleven.
Tqven ers gvalvisgan gamomSral niadags, xolo gadasaxadebs Sxa-puna wvimas adarebT. dae iyos ase, magram SeekiTxeT Tqvens Tavs sai-dan modis wvima? iqneb sulac gadasaxadebia is, rac niadags sinoti-ves arTmevs da aSrobs?
Tqven kvlav unda hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: “SesaZlebelia rom nia-dagi wvimisgan igive raodenobis sinotives iRebdes, romelsac is aorTqlebis Sedegad kargavs?”
erTi ram cxadia, roca Jak bonomi as sus gadasaxadis amkrebs aZ-levs, sanacvlod arafers iRebs, xolo Semdgom, roca saxelmwifo moxele as sus xarjavs da Jak bonoms Sesabamisi raodenobis puris an Sromis sanacvlod ubrunebs, sabolood, Jak bonomi mainc kargavs 5 franks.
Zalian xSirad, savsebiT samarTlianad, saxelmwifo moxele Jak bonoms Sesabamisi Rirebulebis momsaxurebas uwevs, am SemTxvevaSi orive mxare mogebuli rCeba da ubralod momsaxurebis urTierT-gacvlas aqvs adgili.
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Cems argumentebs saWiro moxeleebis sawinaaRmdego araferi aqvs. imis Tqma minda, rom Tu Tqven gaqvT raime Tanamdebobis Seqmnis survili, jer misi saWiroeba daamtkiceT, dagvanaxeT, rom Jak bono-misgan misi wili gadasaxadis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, mas is ukanve Sesaf-erisi momsaxurebis saxiT daubrundeba. aq moyvanili argumentis garda, nu wamoayenebT argumentad romeliRac saxelmwifo moxe-les, misi ojaxis da mimwodeblebis sargebels, nurc imis mtkicebas SeecdebiT, rom es dasaqmebis waxalisebas uwyobs xels.
roca Jak bonomi saxelmwifo Cinovniks as sus sasargeblo samsa-xurisTvis aZlevs, es igivea, rac mewaRidan axal wyvil fexsacmelSi asi sus gadaxda.
magram roca Jak bonomi Cinovniks aZlevs as sus da sanacvlod arafers iRebs, es igivea, rac am fulis yaCaRisTvis micema.
sisulelea imis Tqma, rom saxelmwifo moxele am fuls erovnuli warmoebis waxalisebis didebuli saqmisTvis daxarjavs, yaCaRic xom imaves moimoqmedebda, iseve, rogorc Jak bonomi, gzaze kanoniT da kanonis darRveviT moqmed parazitebs rom ar gadahyroda.
modiT miveCvioT movlenebis gansjas ara marto imis mixedviT Tu ra Cans, aramed imis mixedviTac, rac ar Cans.
gasul wels finansuri komitetis wevri viyavi. maSin opoziciis wevrebs jer kidev ar ricxavdnen komisiebidan sistematurad. am sa-kiTxSi damfuZnebelTa kreba brZnulad iqceoda. swored maSin mo-vismine batoni m. tieris sityva: “Cemi cxovreba legitimistebis da klerikalebis partiebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gavatare. mas Semdeg, rac saerTo saSiSroebam erTmaneTs dagvaaxlova, uSualo saubre-bis Semdeg mivxvdi, rom isini iseTi urCxulebi ar arian, rogoreba-dac warmomedgina.”
undobloba gazviadebulia, partiebs Soris, romlebic arasodes erTiandebian, siZulvili mZvinvarebs; Tu umravlesoba umcireso-bas komisiebze daswrebis nebas darTavs, SesaZloa aRmoCndes, rom gansxvavebuli mxareebis ideebi arc ise Sors dgas erTmaneTisgan da maTi ganzraxvebi arc ise uzneoa, rogorc Cans.
asea Tu ise, SarSan finansuri komitetis wevri viyavi. yovelTvis, roca Cveni romelime kolega amtkicebda, rom prezidents, minis-trebs da elCebs ufro zomieri xelfasi unda daeniSnoT, mas Sem-degnairad pasuxobdnen: “samsaxureobrivi movaleobis ukeT Sesru-lebis mizniT, zogierTi Tanamdebobis piris gansakuTrebuli Rir-sebebiT Semkoba gviwevs, raTa Tanamdebobebze Rirseuli xalxi mo-vizidoT. uamravi gaWirvebuli mimarTavs prezidents TxovniT da usiamovno mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, mas xom mudam uaris Tqma uwevs. saministroebis muSaobis salonuri stili ki konstituciuri mTav-robebis meqanizmis nawilia.”
marTalia, amgvari argumentebis uaryofa Zalian martivia, ma-
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gram isini udavod imsaxureben seriozul yuradRebas da ganxilvas, radgan isini dafuZnebulia sazogadoebriv interesze, miuxedavad imisa, sworadaa igi gansazRvruli Tu ara. rac Semexeba me, am yYvela-fers gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs CemTvis, vidre rome-lime Tanamedrove katonisTvis (warCinebuli gvari Zvel romSi. mTargmnelis SeniSvna), romelic SuriT da wuwuraqobiT gamoirCeva.
yvelaze metad rac Cems sindiss aRaSfoTebs da maiZulebs Cemi qveynis inteleqtualuri resursebis gamo gavwiTlde, aris feoda-lizmis absurduli gadmonaSTi, romelsac dRemde mxars uWeren: “didebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebis fufuneba axalisebs xelovne-bas, mrewvelobas da Sromas. roca saxelmwifos Tavkacebi da minis-trebi wveulebebs da saRamoebs marTaven, es socialuri organizmis yvela arteriasa da venaSi sicocxles amoZravebs. maTi Semcireba parizis da, e.i., mTeli erovnuli warmoebis dacemas gamoiwvevs.”
gemudarebiT batonebo, mciredi angariSi gauwieT ariTmetikas. nu mosTxovT safrangeTis generalur asambleas, rom maTda sasir-cxvilod dageTanxmon, TiTqosda Sesakrebebis gadanacvlebiT jami icvleba.
magaliTisTvis me SevuTanxmdi miwis mTxrels, rom man Cems min-dorSi as sud Rari gaTxaros, swored maSin, roca Cven mivaRwieT Se-Tanxmebas, modis gadasaxadebis amkrebi, marTmevs as sus da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs ugzavnis. Cemi garigeba CaiSala, xolo ministrma amiT Tavisi sadilis magidas axali kerZi Semata, rodemde unda mis-ceT Tqvens Tavs imis mtkicebis ufleba, rom es formaluri xarji erovnul mrewvelobas uwyobs xels. nuTu ver xedavT rom es ubra-lod ewinaaRmdegeba Sromisa da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-lebas? marTalia ministrs Tavisi magida ukeTesad aqvs gawyobili, magram isic marTalia, rom fermeris mindori ufro metadaa gamo-fituli. parizeli samikitnos mepatrone gamdidrda asi suTi, amaSi geTanxmebiT, magram Tqvenc dameTanxmeT, rom provincielma miwis mTxrelma 5 franki dakarga. am yvelafridan gamomdinareobs rom sa-xelmwifo moxele da mikitani aris is, rac Cans, xolo gamomSrali mindori da miwis mTxreli, romelic samuSaos gareSe darCa, aris is, rac ar Cans.
RmerTo Cemo, ra rTulia politekonomiaSi imis mtkiceba, rom orjer ori oTxia da Tu es maic moaxerxeT, maSin getyvian: “es sa-kiTxi Zalian martivi da sakmaod gasagebia”, xolo arCevans ki mainc ise akeTeben, TiTqos Tqven arc araferi dagimtkicebiaT.
unda dauWiros Tu ara saxelmwifom mxari xelovnebas?
bevri ramis Tqma SeiZleba rogorc am argumentis mxardasaWerad, ise mis sawinaaRmdegod. pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xe-lovneba adidebs, amaRlebs da harmoniaSi mohyavs erovnuli suli. materialuri sazrunavisgan aTavisuflebs mas. silamazis siyvaru-
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lisken ubiZgebs. amgvarad es dadebiTad moqmedebs mis yofaqcevaze, zne-Cveulebebze, adaTze, moralsa da mrewvelobazec ki. ismis kiT-xva, ra mouvidoda safrangeTSi musikas italiuri Teatrisa da kon-servatoriis gareSe, dramatul xelovnebas “Le Théâtre-Français”-is gareSe, mxatvrobasa da xelovnebas koleqciebis, gamofenebis da mu-zeumebis gareSe?
SesaZloa Semdegi kiTxvac daisvas, rom centralizaciis da sax-viTi xelovnebis mxardaWeris gareSe ganviTardeboda ki is Cinebuli gemovneba, romelic franguli Sromis didebuli danamatia da rome-lic mTeli msoflios sakuTrebaa? am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, rac evropis TvalSi mis upiratesobasa da sidiades warmoadgens, misi moqalaqeebisgan mcire gadasaxadebis akrefaze uaris Tqma, nuTu Tavxedobis umaRlesi mwvervali ar aris?
am da sxva mizezebs, romelTa Zalac udavoa, aranakleb dama-jerebeli argumentebi SeiZleba davupirispiroT. pirvel rigSi un-da iTqvas, rom saqme exeba sargeblisa da tvirTis ganawilebis sa-marTlianobas. aqvs ki kanonmdebels ufleba, rom xelosnis Semosa-vali xelovanis sasargeblod dabegros?
m. lamartinma Tqva: “Tu mxarSi aRar amoudgebiT Teatrs, maSin sad SeCerdebiT? gana aseve SewyvetT kolejebis, muzeumebis, insti-tutebis da biblioTekebis mxardaWeras?” amas Semdegi pasuxi SeiZ-leba gaeces: Tu Tqven yvelaferi imis mxardaWera gsurT, rac sasar-geblo da kargia, maSin sad SeCerdebiT? nuTu am SemTxvevaSi ar Ca-udgebiT saTaveSi samoqalaqo siis Camoyalibebas soflis meurneo-bis, mrewvelobis, komerciis, qvelmoqmedebisa da ganaTlebis mxar-daWerisTvis? maSin aSkara iqneba, rom saxelmwifo xelovnebis ganvi-Tarebas uWers mxars?
sakmaod rTulia sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi konsensusis miRweva, mag-ram aSkarad vxedavT, rom warmatebuli Teatrebi sakuTari saxsre-biT arsebobs. Tu ufro CavuRrmavdebiT sakiTxs, aRmovaCenT rom moTxovnilebebi da survilebi erTimeorisgan ibadeba da im regio-nebSi Cndeba, romlebic ufro da ufro daxvewilia, radgan sazoga-do dovlaTi maTi dakmayofilebis saSualebas iZleva; rom mTavro-ba am mxriv aramc da aramc ar unda Caerios, radgan dRevandeli sim-didris pirobebSi dabegvriT xelovnebis waxaliseba SeuZlebelia.
Cemi dakvirvebiT moTxovnilebebis, gemovnebis, Sromis xelov-nur cvlileba da xalxis ZaliT gadasaxleba sazogadoebas, sruli-ad usafuZvlod, gaurkvevel da saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.
saxelmwifo intervenciis mowinaaRmdegeebs mizezad mohyavT wesrigi, sadac yvelas moTxovnilebani da survilebi dakmayofile-buli unda iyos, Sesabamisad, maTi moqmedebani _ organizebuli. va-Riareb, rom erT-erTi imaTgani var, vinc miiCnevs, rom arCevani da impulsi unda modiodes qvemodan da ara zemodan, moqalaqisgan da ara kanonmdeblisgan. sawinaaRmdego doqtrina ki, Tavisuflebis da
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adamianuri Rirsebis xelyofad mesaxeba.
Ees daskvna yalbic aris da usamarTloc, iciT Tu ara raSi sdeben brals ekonomistebs? imaSi, rom roca Cven mTavrobis mxardaWeras vgmobT, savaraudod, Cven imasac vgmobT, risi mxardaWerac ganixi-leba da saerTod, yvelanairi saqmianobis mtrebi varT, radgan gvsurs, rom es saqmianoba, erTi mxriv, Tavisufli iyos da, meore mxriv, kuTvnili gasamrjelo Tavadve moiZion. amgvarad, Tu Cven vfiqrobT, rom saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gziT ar unda Caerios re-ligiur saqmianobaSi, aTeistebi varT; Tu vfiqrobT, rom saxel-mwifo am gziT ganaTlebaSic ar unda Caerios, maSin Cven ganaTlebis mtrebi varT; Tu vamtkicebT, rom saxelmwifom gadasaxadebis saSua-lebiT miwaze an mrewvelobis sxva dargSi fiqtiuri Rirebuleba ar unda daawesos, Cven sakuTrebisa da Sromis mtrebi varT; xolo Tu vfiqrobT, rom saxelmwifom mxari ar unda dauWiros xelovnebas, Cven barbarosebi varT, romlebic xelovnebas arafrad agdeben.
mTeli Cemi ZalebiT vewinaaRmdegebi amgvar Sexedulebebs. roca Cven vambobT, rom saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos yvela amgvari qmedebis Tavisufali ganviTareba sxvebis diskriminaciis gareSe, Sors varT religiis, ganaTlebis, sakuTrebis, Sromis da xelovne-bis uaryofis absurduli ideisgan; migvaCnia, rom sazogadoebis yve-la is macocxlebeli Zala Tavisuflebis gavleniT bevrad ufro harmoniulad ganviTardeba da am gavlenis Sedegad arc erTi maTga-ni usiamovnebis, lanZRvis, tiraniis da areulobis msxverpli ar gaxdeba, rogorc es dRes xdeba.
Cveni mowinaaRmdegeebi miiCneven, rom qmedeba, romelic arc mi-wodebiT da arc mTavrobis mier ar aris xelSewyobili, ganwirulia, maT swamT kanonmdebelis, Cven ki kacobriobis.
amis Semdeg m. lamartini ityvis: “am principis mixedviT Cven unda gavauqmoT sajaro gamofenebi, romlebic am qveynis simdidre da Rirsebaa.” magram pasuxad vetyodi: m. lamartin, Tqveni naTqvamis mi-xedviT, mxaris ardaWera ganadgurebas gulisxmobs. am principidan gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifos nebisgan damoukideblad arafe-ri ar arsebobs. imis mtkicebiT, rom saxelmwifos nebis gareSe damo-ukideblad araferi arsebobs, Tqven gulisxmobT, rom yvelafers, rac cocxlobs, saxelmwifo aZlevs sasicocxlo Zalas. me am mosaz-rebis winaaRmdegi var da gTxovT SeniSnoT, rom yvelaze grandio-zuli da warCinebuli gamofena, romelSic gamoxatulia libera-luri da universaluri suliskveTeba da aseve vityodi, rom huma-nurobac, londonSi mzaddeba, romelSic mTavrobas araviTari mo-nawileoba ar miuRia da romelic gadasaxadebiT ar finansdeba.
modiT davubrundeT saxviT xelovnebas: aqac gavimeoreb, rom bevri argumenti arsebobs, rogorc mTavrobis mxardasaWerad, ise mis winaaRmdeg. mkiTxvelma unda dainaxos rom am naSromis mizani ar aris arc am argumentebis ganxilva, arc maT sasargeblod an
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winaaRmdeg raime gadawyvetilebis miReba.
magram m. lamartinma erTi iseTi argumenti moiyvana, romelsac gulgrilad ver Cavuvli, radgan is mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli am ekonomikur swavlebasTan. “ekonomikuri sakiTxi, rac Teatrs exeba, erT sityvaSia gamoxatuli da es aris Sroma. mas ar ainteresebs Tu rogoria am Sromis buneba. is iseve produqtiuli da nayofieri Sromaa, rogorc Sromis sxva danarCeni saxeebi. Teatrebi safran-geTSi aranakleb 80000 sxvadasxva saxis muSaxels uzrunvelyofs sakvebiT da xelfasiT, esenia mxatvrebi, kalatozebi, dekorato-rebi, kostiumerebi, arqiteqtorebi da sxv., romlebic am kapitalis macocxlebeli da mamoZravebeli Zalaa da swored amitom, isini im-saxureben Tqvens mzrunvelobas.” Tqvens mzrunvelobas! _ davakon-kreteb: Tqvens fuls.
is agrZelebs: “parizis fufuneba provinciebis Sromasa da moxma-rebas ganapirobebs, xolo mdidrebis xelgaSliloba 200000 sxva-dasxva xelobis muSis Semosavali da puria, romlebic mTel respub-likaSi mravalferovani Teatrebis wyalobiT arseboben, romleb-sac es didebuli sanaxaoba saarsebo saSualebiT uzrunvelyofs. es igivea, rac maTTvis 60000 frankis pirdapir jibeSi Cadeba” (Zalian kargi, Zalian kargi, Cinebulia — gaismis darbazidan).
ai me ki iZulebuli var SevZaxo “Zalian cudi! Zalian cudi!” mis Sexedulebebs mxolod aq ganxiluli ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Car-CoebSi SevexeT.
ar uarvyof, rom am 60000 frankidan raRac nawils muSaxelic mi-iRebs, magram es mxolod namcecebiRa iqneba. Rrmad Tu Cavukvirde-biT sakiTxs aRmovaCenT, rom namcxvari sxvas ergo, xolo im muSas, romelsac Tundac namcecebi Sexvda, Zalian gaumarTla. magram mod-iT davuSveb, rom mTliani Tanxa midis mxatvrebTan, dekoratoreb-Tan da ase Semdeg. es aris is, rac Cans.
magram saidan Cndeba es Tanxa? es sakiTxis meore mxarea da iseve mniSvnelovani, rogorc pirveli. saidan Cndeba es 60000 franki? sad wavidoda is kanonmdeblis gadawyvetilebiT Riu deRivolis gav-liT Riu gRenelamde (quCebis saxelwodebebi parizSi. redaqtoris SeniSvna) rom ar mieRwia? es aris is, rac ar Cans.
ra Tqma unda, aravin ar gabedavs daasabuTos, rom kanonSemoqmed-Ta mier micemuli xmis Sedegad saarCevno yuTSi fuli aRmoCndeba; rom es erovnuli simdidris damatebaa da rom ara es araCveulebri-vi xmis micema, es 60000 franki uxilavi da miuwvdomeli darCeboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom saparlamento umravlesobas am Tanxis mxolod erTi adgilidan meorisken mimarTva SeuZlia da Tuki mas erTi ver miiRebs, meores mainc Sexvdeba.
cxadia, gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli, romelic erTi frankiT dai-begra, am franks Tavis gankargulebaSi veRarasdros da veranairi
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saxiT ver daibrunebs, xolo muSa, romelsac is am franks gadauxdi-da, dakargavs am Tanxis Sesabamis anazRaurebas.
modiT nu mivecemiT bavSvur iluziebs, rom saparlamento ken-Wisyris Sedegad 60000 franki qveynis keTildReobis da erovnuli warmoebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli. is mxolod moxmarebisa da xel-fasis gadaadgilebas iwvevs, sul esaa.
SegviZlia ki imis Tqma, rom erTi tipis gasamrjelos da Sromas is cvlis ufro mniSvnelovani, zneobrivi da keTilgonieri gasam-rjeloTi da SromiT? me vityodi, rom gadasaxadebis gadam-xdelisagan 60000 frankis aRebiT Tqven amcirebT muSebis, miwaT-moqmedebis, xuroebis, mWedlebis Semosavals da, Sesabamisad, zrdiT momRerlebisas.
cxadia, ukanasknels ufro meti mxardaWera xvdeba, vidre pir-vels. magram batoni lamartini ase ar fiqrobs. mas miaCnia, rom Te-atrebis Sroma iseve nayofieri da produqtiulia, rogorc sxva da-narCenis. es ki sadavoa, risi saukeTeso mtkicebuleba imaSi mdgoma-reobs, rom is Teatrebis saqmianobis sxvebis xarjze subsidirebas iTxovs.
magram sxvadasxva saxis Sromis Rirebulebis da misi Sedegebis Se-darebas aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs aRniSnul sakiTxTan. erTaderTi, rac unda gavakeTo, unda vaCveno, rom Tu m. lamartinma da misma mom-xreebma dainaxes monetis erTi mxare, kerZod msaxiobebis xelfasi, maSin maT meore mxarec unda daenaxaT, kerZod, dabegvris Sedegad gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis Semcirebuli Semosavlebi. sargeblis araswori gadanawilebiT Tavi sasacilo mdgomareobaSi Caigdes. is-ini rom marTlebi iyvnen TavianT moZRvrebaSi, saxelmwifosadmi moTxovnebs sazRvari ar eqneboda. rac WeSmaritia erTi fran-kisTvis igivea 60000 frankisa da asobiT milioni frankisTvisac.
batonebo, roca gadasaxadebi ganxilvis sagani xdeba, safuZvli-ani mizezebiT unda axsnaT maTi sargeblianoba da ara iseTi uazro-bis mtkicebiT, rom “sazogadoebrivi xarjebi muSaTa klasis sayrde-nia”. es midgoma ukuagdebs erT mniSvnelovan faqts, rom sazogado xarjebi yovelTvis enacvleba pirad xarjebs, maSasadame, Cven saar-sebo wyaros erT muSas meoris nacvlad vaZlevT, magram muSaTa klass amiT araferi emateba. Tqveni argumentebi sakmaod popula-rulia, magram amavdroulad Zalian absurduli, rom keTilgoniv-rulad miviCnioT.
saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili samuSao adgilebi
araferia ufro bunebrivi, vidre is, rom roca eri darwmunebu-lia didi sawarmos momgebianobaSi, mis asamuSaveblad mTel Zalebs uyris Tavs. magram wonasworobas vkargav, roca am proeqtis gasa-marTleblad Semdegi ekonomikuri Sedegi mohyavT: “amis garda, is samuSao adgilebs qmnis.”
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saxelmwifo xsnis gzebs, agebs sasaxleebs, amagrebs quCebs, gah-yavs arxebi da amiT asaqmebs adamianebs, es aris is, rac Cans, magram, meore mxriv, is samuSaos gareSe tovebs sxvebs, es aris is, rac ar Cans.
davuSvaT, gzis mSenebloba daiwyo. aTasobiT muSa modis yovel dilas da midis saRamoTi, isini iReben gasamrjelos, es cxadia. Tum-caRa gzis mSenebloba rom ar dawyebuliyo da ar moziduliyo am-deni resursi, am xalxs arc es samuSao da arc es xelfasi eqneboda, esec cxadia.
magram sakmarisia ki es? es saqmianoba sxva ramesac xom moicavs? im momentSi, roca batoni dupeni sixaruliT warmoTqvams, rom “asam-bleam daadgina”, ivseba ki batonebis fuldisa da binos skivrebi milionebiT? imisTvis rom evolucia dasruldes, saxelmwifom swo-rad ar unda gaanawilos misi resursebi da aucilebeli xarjebi? gadasaxadis amkrebebs gadasaxadebis akrefa, xolo gadamxdelebs maTi gadaxda ar unda dauwesos? SeiswavleT es sakiTxi orive mxri-dan; maSin, roca am milionebs am da ara sxva daniSnulebas miscemT, nurc gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebi dagaviwydebaT, ifiqreT Tu ra daniSnulebas miscemdnen isini am milionebs. Sedegad mixvdebiT, rom saxelmwifo sawarmos arsebobas monetis meore mxarec aqvs. mis erT mxareze gamosaxulia dasaqmebuli muSa deviziT “rac Cans,” xo-lo meore mxares umuSevari _ deviziT “rac ar Cans.”
Cem mier am naSromSi dagmobili sofizmi kidev ufro saxifaToa, radgan saxelmwifo samuSao adgilebTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze gau-gonar sawarmoo saqmianobas da mflangvelobas amarTlebs. Tu mar-Tla arsebobs rkinigzis an xidis saWiroeba, mxolod amis aRniSvna sruliad sakmarisia, magram Tu amis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia, isini iS-velieben aseT mistifikacias: “muSebi unda uzrunvelvyoT samuSao adgilebiT.”
Sesabamisad, xan imis brZanebas gascemen, rom marsis moedanze ar-xebi gaTxaron, xan piriqiT, es arxebi amoavson. napoleons egona did saqmes akeTebda, roca arxebs aTxrevinebda da Semdeg ukanve avsebi-nebda. is ambobda: “ra mniSvneloba aqvs Sedegebs? rac gvWirdeba aris is, rom keTildReoba muSaTa klasze gavrceldes.”
magram modiT ufro CavuRrmavdeT sakiTxs, radganac fulma dag-vabrmava. moqalaqeebs fuladi formiT mosTxovo daxmareba saxelm-wifo saqmianobisTvis, igivea, rac maTgan naturiT moiTxovo es dax-mareba, radganac TiToeuli maTgani SromiT moipovebs im fuls, ro-melsac begravT. amgvarad moqalaqeebisTvis naturiT gadaxda rom mogeTxovaT raRac saerTo saqmisTvis, romelic yvelasTvis sasar-gebloa, es gasagebi iqneboda, maTi jildo samuSaosTvis, TviT am saqmis Sedegebi iqneboda.
magram Tu Tqven maT aiZulebT gaiyvanon gzebi, romlebzec ar iv-lian, aaSenon sasaxleebi, sadac ar icxovreben da argumentad
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samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas mouyvanT, isini mogibrundebian da get-yvian: “raSi gvWirdeba aseTi samuSao, ukeTesia Tu Sin vimuSavebT.”
garkveuli saqmianobisTvis moqalaqeebis mozidva fuladi saxs-rebiT da ara fizikuri SromiT, saerTo jamSi, ar cvlis Sedegebs, saqme isaa, rom meore SemTxvevaSi danakargebi yvelasTvis erTia, xo-lo pirvel SemTxvevaSi ki isini, visac saxelmwifo asaqmebs, Tavs arideben danakargebs, romlebic mTeli simZimiT danarCen moqala-qeebs daawveba.
Cvens konstituciaSi aris muxli, romelic ambobs: “sazogadoeba mfarvelobs da xels uwyobs Sromis ganviTarebas saxelmwifos, departamentebis, olqebis mier Seqmnili samuSao adgilebiT.”
rogorc droebiTi saSualeba, gadamxdelTa qcevaSi am Carevas SeiZleba sasargeblo Sedegebi mohyves, magaliTisTvis SegviZlia aviRoT mZime zamTari misi mTeli SedegebiT. is iseve moqmedebs, ro-gorc dazRveva _ mSvidobian dros is iRebs am Sromas da xelfass, rom gaWirvebis Jams gasces, Tumca Sromas an xelfass arafers matebs.
rogorc mudmivi, saerTo da sistemuri saSualeba, is mxolod da-mangreveli mistifikaciaa _ miuRwevadi da winaaRmdegobrivi, swo-red amitom vxedavT mxolod Sromis mcire nawils, romelic Cans da ver vamCnevT Sromas, romelic dafarulia.
Suamavlebi
sazogadoeba aris momsaxurebis erToblioba, romelsac adamia-nebi iZulebiT Tu nebayoflobiT uweven erTmaneTs, Sesabamisad is moicavs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo momsaxurebas.
pirveli, romelic kanonis mieraa Seqnili da regulirebuli da romlis Secvla survilis SemTxvevaSic ki araa martivi, SeiZleba gadarCes da SeinarCunos sargeblianoba da kvlav saxelmwifo momsaxurebad iwodebodes maSin, roca es saxelmwifo SezRudva uf-roa vidre momsaxureba. meore miekuTvneba Tavisufal nebas da in-dividualur pasuxismgeblobas. yvela gascems da iRebs imas, rac surs da rac SeuZlia urTierTSeTanxmebis gziT; yovelTvis gan-sazRvraven realur sargeblianobas misi fardobiTi Rirebulebis proporciulad.
swored amitomac saxelmwifo momsaxureba erT adgilzea gayinu-li, maSin, roca kerZo momsaxureba progresis Sesabamisad icvleba.
sakmaod ucnauria rom maSin, roca saxelmwifo momsaxurebis ga-daWarbebuli ganviTareba xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi damRupveli parazitis damkvidrebas, Tanamedrove filosofiuri skolebi, rom-lebic Tavisufal da kerZo momsaxurebas aseTive xasiaTs miaweren, cdiloben profesiebi movaleobebad aqcion.
es skolebi did winaaRmdegobas uweven e.w. Suamavlebs. isini yve-
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la kapitalists, bankirs, spekulants, mewarmes, vaWars da damgeg-marebels siamovnebiT gaanadgurebdnen, maT brals sdeben warmoe-bis da moxmarebis SeferxebaSi, rom isini orives arTmeven, magram, sanacvlod, arafers aZleven. ufro metic, am dajgufebebs surT sa-xelmwifos xelSi ixilon Suamavlebis saqmianoba, radganac am SemT-xvevaSi am saqmianobebis SenarCuneba moxerxdes.
socialistebis sofizmi am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi imaSi mdgoma-reobs, rom sazogadoebas daanaxos Tu Suamavlebs maTi momsaxure-bis sanacvlod ras uxdis, xolo damalos is, Tu igive momsaxure-baSi ras gadauxdida saxelmwifos. qvemoT moyvanilia im konfliq-tis Cveulebrivi magaliTi, romelic arsebobs “imas, rac Cans” da “imas, rac ar Cans” Soris.
1847 wels, roca qveyanaSi SimSili mZvinvarebda, socialistebma scades da SeZles maTi damRupveli Teoriis popularizacia. maT kargad icodnen, rom yvelaze uazro ideebis Tavs moxveva mxolod tanjuli xalxisTvis SeiZleba; malesuado fames – SimSili cudi mrCe-velia.
frazebiT, rogoricaa: adamianis mier adamianis eqspluatacia, SimSiliT da monopoliebiT spekulacia, maT Crdili miayenes vaW-robas da misgan miRebul sargebels.
isini amboben: “ra sargebels moitans Tu vaWrebs SeerTebuli Statebidan an yirimidan saqonlis importis uflebas mivcemT? saxelmwifo, departamentebi an qalaqebi TviTon ratom ar uweven am momsaxurebas? isini xom Rarib xalxs produqts sacalo fasebSi miawvdidnen da es sacodavi xalxi gaTavisufldeboda xarkisgan, romelsac axla Tavisufal, anu egoistur, individualur da anar-qiul vaWrobas uxdis.”
xarki, romelsac vaWrebs uxdian, aris is, rac Cans, xolo xarki, romelsac socialistur sistemaSi saxelmwifos an mis agentebs ga-dauxdian – aris is, rac ar Cans.
raSi mdgomareobs es xarki? imaSi, rom ori pirovneba sruliad Tavisuflad cvlis momsaxurebas, razec mxolod konkurencia da Tavisuflad dawesebuli fasebi moqmedebs.
roca mSieri kuWi parizSia, xolo puri, romelsac SimSilis dak-mayofileba SeuZlia – odesaSi, SimSili ar Sewydeba manam, sanam kuWs puri ar miewodeba. amis ganxorcielebis sami gza arsebobs:
mSieri kaci Tavad wava puris saSovnelad; puris Sovnas imas daavalebs, vinc vaWrobiTaa dakavebuli; saerTo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, saqme saxelmwifo moxeleebs
daevaleba. am sami gzidan romels aqvs upiratesoba? yvela drosa da qveya-
naSi, sadac adamianebi ufro Tavisufalni, ganaTlebulni da gamoc-dilni arian, meore gzas irCeven. vaRiareb, CemTvis es sruliad
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sakmarisia, rom upiratesobac mas mivaniWo. miWirs imis dajereba, rom kacobrioba SeiZleba Secdes imaSi, rac misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania.
magram modiT ufro CavuRrmavdeT sakiTxs.
SeuZlebelia, rom 36 milioni adamiani Tavad wavides da SeiZinos puri odesaSi. Sesabamisad, pirveli gza ar gamogvadgeba. momxmarebeli damoukideblad ver imoqmedebs, mas sWirdeba Suamavali, saxelmwofi moxele an agenti.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom pirveli gza yvelaze bunebrivia, radgan realurad adamianma, romelsac Sia, Tavad unda moipovos puri, xolo Tu sxva adamiani gaakeTebs amas misTvis, Sesabamisad, mosTxovs garkveul gasamrjelos. amiT imis Tqma msurs, rom Suamavlebis saqmianoba anazRaurebasac moicavs.
rogorc ar unda iyos, sanam SevexebiT imas, rasac socialistebi parazits uwodeben, minda vikiTxo Tu romeli ufro didi parazitia vaWari Tu saxelmwifo?
vaWrobas (ra Tqma unda Tavisufals, sxva SemTxvevaSi verc ki SevZlebdi mis gansjas), misive interesebidan gamomdinare, weliwadis droebis Seswavla, yoveldRiurad mosavlisTvis Tvalyuris devneba, msoflios yvela kuTxidan informaciis miReba, moTxovnilebebis ganWvreta da winaswari zomebis miReba uxdeba. misi xomaldebi mudam mzadyofnaSia, xolo korespondentebi msoflios yvela kuTxeSi agroveben informacias; misi interesi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rac SeiZleba iafad iyidos, am procesis TiToeul etapze gaswios ekonomia da umciresi danaxarjebiT saukeTeso Sedegebi miiRos. roca safrangeTs puri sWirdeba, mas ara mxolod frangi vaWrebi awvdian, aramed mTeli msoflio, xolo Tu maTi piradi interesebidan gamomdinare, isini iswrafvian, rac SeiZleba naklebi danaxarjebiT ganaxorcielon esa Tu is operacia, maSin maT Soris arsebuli konkurencia maT mier gakeTebuli ekonomiis gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs. roca puri qveyanaSi Semodis, misi Cqari realizacia vaWrobis interesebSia, rom Tavidan aicilos riskebi, daibrunos daxarjuli kapitali da pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave Seudges imave saqmes.
purze gansxvavebuli fasebidan gamomdinare, vaWroba mas mTel qveyanaSi anawilebs da yovelTvis im teritoriidan iwyebs, sadac moTxovna yvelaze didia. SeuZlebelia am saqmis ukeTesi organizaciis warmodgena, romelic aseve iqneba mowodebuli yvelas interesi daakmayofilos, visac es sWirdeba, xolo am organizaciis mimzidveloba, romelsac socialistebi ver amCneven, mdgomareobs mis TavisuflebaSi. marTalia, rom momxmarebeli vaWrebs uxdis am puris miwodebis, gemis qiris, sawyobebis, sakomisio da sxva xarjebs, magram romel sistemaSi xdeba, rom is, vinc purs Wams, ar anazRaurebs misi miwodebis xarjebs? mas
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yovelTvis uwevs am xarjebis anazRaureba, xolo, rac Seexeba am Tanxis sidides, konkurenciis Sedegad is minimumamde dadis. samarTlianobasTan mimarTebaSi ki sakmaod ucnauri iqneboda parizel xelosnebs marselis vaWrebisTvis ar emuSavaT, maSin, roca marselis vaWrebi parizis xelosnebisTvis muSaoben.
davuSvaT, socialisturi Sexedulebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo vaWrobas Caudga saTaveSi, ra moxdeba maSin? am SemTxvevaSi minda vicode sad eqneba adgili ekonomias, Sesyidvis fasSi? warmoidgineT, rom erT mSvenier dRes da swored yvelaze didi gasaWirisas, odesaSi 40 aTasi kaci Cavida, warmoidgineT Tu ra Sedegebi eqneba amas fasebze. xarjebis SemcirebiT miviRebT ki ekonomias? gana ufro naklebi gemebi, ekipaJi, trasporti an karpaWi dagvWirdeba an iqneb saerTod arc aravin gadaixdis rames? gana iqneba es ekonomia vaWrebis mogebis xarjze? gana saxelmwifo moxeleni odesaSi gasamrjelos gareSe wavidodnen an imogzaurebdnen da imuSavebdnen ki isini Zmobis principebidan gamomdinare? gana maTac ar unda iarsebon an maTi dro ar unda iyos anazRaurebuli? gjeraT ki, rom es xarjebi aTasjer ar gadaaWarbebs vaWrebis mogebis 2_3 procents?
Semdeg gadasaxadebiT dabegvris da sakvebis ganawilebis sirTuleebze da im usamarTlobaze ifiqreT, romelic msgavsi movlenis Tanmdevia. aseve ifiqreT msgavs pirobebSi mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobazec.
socialistebma, romlebmac amdeni sisulele moigones da SeWirvebis Jams masebs moaxvies Tavs, sakuTar Tavs “mowinave adamianebis” saxeli miakuTvnes, xolo sityvebis Tavisufali gamoyenebis Cveva garkveul safrTxes Seicavs, rom maTze am sityvebis mniSvneloba gavrceldes. mowinave adamianebi! es gancxadeba gulisxmobs, rom isini ufro mets da Sors xedaven vidre Cveulebrivi mokvdavni, xolo maTi erTaderTi danaSauli isaa, rom Zalian gauswres sazogadeobas, xolo Tu jer kidev ar mosula darCenili Tavisufali momsaxurebebis ganadgurebis dro, romelsac parazitebs uwodeben, es moxda mxolod sazogadoebis wyalobiT, romelic socializms CamorCa. sindisi mkarnaxobs, rom sawinaaRmdego sruli simarTlea da ar vici romel velur saukuneSi SeiZleba veZioT socializmis msgavsi swavleba.
Tanamedrove filosofiuri skolebi yovelTvis upirispireben namdvil sazogadeobas asociacias, magram ver xvdebian, rom Tavisufali regulirebis pirobebSi, sazogadoeba WeSmariti asociaciaa, romelic sxva gaerTianebebze bevrad ufro maRla dgas.
modiT amis dasamtkiceblad magaliTs moviyvan: adamiani rom diliT adges da Seimosos, amisTvis mravali ram unda gakeTdes; jer miwa unda damuSavdes, moixnas, ganayofierdes, unda daiTesos mcenareebi, Semdeg swored am mindorze cxvris fara unda gavides
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saZovrad, rom garkveuli xnis Semdeg mogvces matyli, Semdeg es matyli gasufTavdes, gairecxos, gaSres da gardaiqmnas qsovilad, romlisganac ikereba tansacmeli. am operaciebs kidev bevri sxvac emateba: miwis iaraRebi, saZovrebi, saxelosnoebi, qarxnebi, qvanax-Siri, manqanebi, urmebi.
sazogadoeba rom ar warmoadgendes srulyofil asociacias, ma-Sin adamians, romelsac sWirdeba tansacmeli, mouwevda rom es pro-cedurebi Tavad gaevlo, pirveli baris moqneviT dawyebuli da Tva-lis amoyvaniT damTavrebuli. magram Tanaziarobis wyalobiT, ro-melic Cveni rasisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, es operaciebi uamrav mu-Sas Soris nawildeba da saerTo keTildReobisTvis maT ufro da ufro meti specializebisken mimarTavs; rac ufro izrdeba mox-mareba, vaWrobas yoveli axali damoukidebeli saqmis mxardaWera ZaluZs. Aamas SemdegSi mogebis ganawileba mohyveba da yvelas Tavisi ergeba, Tu es ar aris asociacia, maSin msurs vicode ra aris.
SevniSnavdiT, rom arc erT am momuSaves misTvis aucilebeli nivTierebis umciresi atomic ki ar miuRia. saerTo miznisTvis isini iZulebulni arian erTmaneTs momsaxureba gauwion da mxarSi amo-udgnen, swored erTmaneTisadmi es damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganvi-xiloT Suamavlobad. magaliTad, Tu garkveuli saqmianobisTvis gadazidva imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom moiTxovs calke pirovnebas, darTva _ meores, xolo qsova _ mesames, maSin pirveli ratom iTv-leba ufro did parazitobad danarCenebTan SedarebiT? gana gada-zidva ar aris saWiro? xolo vinc amiTaa dakavebuli gana Tavis dros da Sromas ar xarjavs da Sesabamisad, ar zogavs sxvebisas? xo-lo es ukanasknelni gana masze mets muSaoben? gana isini anaz-Raurebis an produqciis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT Tanabrad ar arian damokidebulni kanonze, romlis mixedviTac fasebi wesdeba? gana saerTo keTildReobis mizniT Sromis danawileba sruliad Ta-visuflad ar ganxorcielda? raSi dagvWirda maSin socialisti, romelic marTvis mimarT pretenziebiT despotias amkvidrebs, rom Cveni nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebani gaanadguros, Sromis danawi-lebis procesi SeaCeros, kerZo sazogadoTi Secvalos da civi-lizacia ukan daxios?
gana asociacia, romelsac me aRvwer, asociacia ar aris mxolod imitom, rom yvelas aqvs Tavisufali ufleba mas SeuerTdes an datovos, airCios misi adgili, ganikiTxos da Tavad gansazRvros Tavisi pasuxismgebloba, rom yvelas Tavisi energia da interesebis garantia moaqvs Tan? imisTvis, rom asociacia am saxels imsa-xurebdes, gana aucilebelia, rom fsevdoreformatorma Tavisi gegma da survili Tavs moaxvios da, ase vTqvaT, Tavis TavSi gana-xorcielos kacobrioba?
rac ufro mets ganvixilavT am ganviTarebul skolebs, miT ufro davrwmundebiT, rom safuZvlad mxolod erTi – umecreba udevT,
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romelic Tavis Tavs Seucdomlad acxadebs da am Seucdomlobis saxeliT despotizmisken mogviwodebs.
vimedovneb, mkiTxveli am gadaxvevas mapatiebs, SesaZlebelia, is sulac ar aris usargeblo dRevandel dRes, roca sen-simonis, fa-lasteris da ikarianis SromebSi uxvadaa Suamavlebis sawinaaRmdego deklamaciebi, romlebsac SecdomaSi SehyavT presa da sazogadoeba da Tavisufal Sromas da savaWro urTierTobebs seriozul safr-Txes uqmnian.
SezRudvebi
batonma prohibanma (mas es saxeli Sarl dupenma Searqva) mTeli misi dro da kapitali Tavis mamulSi rkinis madnis gadamuSavebas Sealia. radganac buneba belgielebis mimarT ufro guluxvi aRmoC-nda, amitomac isini ufro iafad yiddnen rkinas frangebze vidre batoni prohibani, es ki imas niSnavda, rom frangebs an safrangeTs naklebi danaxarjebiT SeeZloT SeeZinaT sasurveli raodenobis rkina patiosani flamandielebisgan. sakuTari interesebidan ga-momdinare, maT Secdomebi ar dauSves da yoveldRe SesaZlebeli iyo SexvedrodiT melursmneebs, mWedlebs, meTvleebs, meqanikosebs, mu-Sebs, romlebic belgiaSi rkinisTvis Tavad midiodnen an Suamavlebs agzavnidnen. es yvelaferi baton prohibans saSinlad ar moswonda.
Tavdapirvelad mas azrad mouvida, rom es boroteba sakuTari ZalebiT SeeCerebina. es iyo sul mcire ris gakeTebac SeeZlo, rad-ganac mxolod is erTi itanjeboda amisgan. “me aviReb iaraRs” _ Tqva man _ “oTx pistolets Cavdeb qamarSi, avavseb savaznes, Semo-virtyam xmals da ase SeiaraRebuli waval sazRvarze. iq ki pirveli-ve Semxvedr mWedels, melursmnes, meqanikoss an zeinkals, romelic akeTebs Tavis da ara Cem saqmes, movklav, dae icodes, rogor unda cxovreba.”
gasvlis win batoni prohibani Cafiqrda, ramac cotaTi gaanela misi saomari SemarTeba, Tavis Tavs uTxra: “jer kidev ucnobia, Tu ra reagireba eqnebaT Cems Tavdasxmaze rkinis myidvelebs, moqala-qeebs da mtrebs, sanam Tavs momakvlevineben jer SeiZleba me mom-klan. Cemi yvela mosamsaxurec rom Tan waviyvano, mainc ver davi-cavT yvela gasasvlels. Bbolos da bolos es saqme Zalian bevrs moiTxovs, imaze bevrs vidre mocema SeuZlia.”
batonma prohibanma is iyo guldawyvetilma gadawyvita Tavis ma-mulSi darCena da sxvebiviT Tavisuflad cxovreba, rom TavSi erTma araCveulebrivma azrma gauelva. mas gaaxsenda, rom parizSi kanone-bis mwarmoebeli uSvelebeli qarxana arsebobs. “ra aris kanoni?” _ gaifiqra man _ “es iseTi normaa, rom erTxel miRebuli, gind cudi an kargi, yvelas mis morCilebas avaldebulebs. misi Sesrule-bisTvis saerTo Zalisxmevis organizeba xdeba, risTvisac xalxs mi-marTaven da misgan fizikur da fulad mxardaWeras iTxoven.
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rom SemeZlos da am parizuli warmoebidan miviRo erTi kanoni “belgiuri rkinis akrZalvis” Sesaxeb, Semdeg Sedegebs miviRebdi: mTavroba Caanacvlebda im mcire momsaxureebs, romelTa gagzavnas sazRvarze vapirebdi, 20 aTasi adamianiT, jiuti mWedlebis, ferme-rebis, xelosnebis, meqanikosebis, zeinklebis, melursmneebis da mu-Sebis SvilebiT. xolo am 20 aTasi mebaJis janmrTelobisa da kargi ganwyobis SenarCunebis mizniT, maT 25 milion franks daurigebda, romelsac isev da isev im mWedlebis, melursmneebis, xelosnebisa da muSebisgan amoiRebda. isini sazRvars bevrad ukeTesad daicavdnen da me araferi damijdeboda, daculi viqnebodi gadamyidvelebis uxeSobisgan, rkinas sakuTar fasad gavyiddi da davtkbebodi imis xilviT, Tu Cveni diadi xalxi rogor gaxda samarcxvino mistifi-kaciis msxverpli. es maT gadaaCvevda, rom sakuTari Tavi evropaSi progresis mqadageblad da mis mamoZravebel Zalad mieCniaT. xoo! es marTlac didi xumroba iqneba, Rirs cda.”
ase rom, batoni prohibani kanonebis qarxanaSi wavida. sxva dros albaT mogiyvebiT misi Savi saqmeebis Sesaxeb, magram axla mxolod Ria saqmeebs Sevexebi. pirvel rigSi man baton kanonmdeblebs Sem-degi werili gadasca:
“belgiuri rkina safrangeTSi 10 frankad iyideba, rac maiZulebs mec igive fasad gavyido. me visurvebdi 15 frankad gameyida, magram amas ver vakeTeb belgiuri rkinis gamo, romelsac wiTeli zRvis fskerze visurvebdi. mogmarTavT TxovniT, SemoiRoT kanoni, rome-lic akrZalavs belgiuri rkinis Semotanas, me maSinve gavzrdi fass 5 frankiT da Sedegebi Semdegi iqneba: yoveli centneri rkinis safasurad, romlesac bazars mivawvdi, me aviReb 15 da ara 10 franks, me gavmdidrdebi, gavzrdi warmoebas da met adamians davasaqmeb. me da Cemi muSebi mets vaWrebs davaxarjavdiT da isini mets moigeb-dnen. es ukanasknelni didi klienturis yolis Sedegad, vaWrobas meti muSa-mosamsaxuriT uzrunvelyofen, rac qveyanaSi orive mxa-ris aqtiurobas gazrdis. fuls, romelsac Tqven Cems jibeSi Cay-riT, rogorc zRvaSi gadagdebuli qva, warmoSobs uwyvet koncen-trirebul wreebs.”
am msjelobiT aRfrTovanebulma kanonmdeblebma, romlebic ga-ocebulni darCnen Tu ra martivad SeiZleboda keTildReobis miR-weva kanonmdeblobis saSualebiT, xma misces am SezRudvas. “ra saWi-roa amdeni saubari Sromasa da ekonomikaze?” _ amboben isini _ “ra saWiroa erovnuli simdidris gazrdis yvela es mtkivneuli gza, roca am miznis misaRwevad sakmarisia mxolod erTi dadgenileba?”.
sinamdvileSi, am kanons zustad is Sedegebi mohyveboda, rac ba-tonma prohibanma gamoacxada, magram is im Sedegebsac moitanda, rac mas ar gauTvaliswinebia. mis gasamarTleblad unda vTqvaT rom misi msjeloba mcdari ar iyo, ubralod arasruli iyo. upiratesobis mo-povebis mizniT man mxolod is SeniSna, rac naTeli iyo, xolo is, rac
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cxadi ar iyo, CrdilSi datova. man mxolod ori moqmedi piri gamo-iyvana, maSin, roca sinamdvileSi saqme sams exeba. xolo am uneblie Tu gamiznuli Secdomis gamosworeba Cvenzea.
simarTlea rom moneta, romelic kanonis ZaliT xvdeba batoni prohibanis jibeSi, momgebiania ara mxolod misTvis, aramed maTTvi-sac visi Sromac man unda waaxalisos. es moneta rom mTvaridan Camo-vardniliyo, maSin misi dadebiTi Sedegebi mavne SedegebiT ar daiC-rdileboda. samwuxarod, es idumali moneta mTvaridan ar vardeba, aramed mWedlis, melursmnis, meTvlis, muSis, xuros da sxvaTa jibe-ebidan modis, erTi sityviT, Jak bonomis jibidan, romelic ixdis, xolo sanacvlod gram rkinasac ki ar iRebs maSin, roca masSi 10 franks ixdida. erTi SexedviTve cxadia, rom es garemoeba sakiTxs sxvanairad ayenebs, srulebiT cxadia, rom batoni prohibani Jak bo-nomis xarjze mdidrdeba, xolo am monetiT baton bonomsac imaves gakeTeba SeuZlia adgilobrivi mSromelebis sasargeblod, rac baton prohibans. qva imitom davarda wylis zedapiris im wertilze, rom kanoniT akrZaluli iyo misi sxva wertilze gadagdeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, is, rac Cans (xiluli) avsebs imas, rac ar Cans (uCinars). amgvari moqmedebis Sedegad Tavs iCens usamarTloba da, rac yvelaze samwuxaroa, kanoniT dadgenili usamarTloba.
magram es ar aris yvelaferi. me ukve vTqvi, rom mxedvelobis miR-ma yovelTvis rCeba mesame piri. axla is wina planze unda wamovwioT, rom 5 frankis meore danakargi dagvanaxos. am garigebis srul su-raTs mxolod maSin miviRebT.
Jak bonomi flobs 15 franks, romelic misi Sromis nayofia, is ax-la Tavisufalia. ras akeTebs am 15 frankiT? 10 frankad is iZens ax-al saqonels, xolo Semdgom am saqonliT is (TviTon an Suamavlis meSveobiT) centneri belgiuri rkinis safasurs gadaixdis. amis Sem-deg mas kide darCa 5 franki, romlesac mdinareSi ki ar isvris, ara-med (da swored es aris is, rac ar Cans) romelime vaWars raRacis (siamovnebis momgvrelis) sanacvlod aZlevs, magaliTad, wignebis gamyidvels _ bosuies “leqciebi msoflio istoriaze” SesaZenad.
ase da amgvarad, erovnuli warmoeba gaizarda 15 frankiT, sadac 10 franki franguli warmoebis produqciis SeZenaze, xolo 5 franki _ wignebiT movaWreze daixarja.
rac Seexeba Jak bonoms, is Tavisi 15 frankis sanacvlod 2 pro-duqts: centner rkinas da erT wigns iRebs.
mMagram, roca axali kanoni ZalaSi Sedis ra mdgomareobaSi ayenebs is Jak bonoms? rogor moqmedebs is erovnul warmoebaze?
Jak bonomi Tavisi 15 frankis yovel sentims baton prohibans ux-dis da Sesabamisad, kargavs wignis an sxva raime nivTis flobis sia-movnebas, is kargavs 5 franks. SeuZlebelia amas ar daeTanxmo, iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia ar daeTanxmo imas, rom roca SezRudvis
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Sedegad fasebi izrdeba, momxmarebeli zaraldeba.
Tumca amboben, rom erovnuli warmoeba mogebuli rCeba.
magram is sulac ar rCeba mogebuli, kanonis SemoRebiT is iseve iRebs 15 franks, gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom kanonis SemoRebis Semdeg Jak bonomis 15 franki mTlianad liToniT vaWrobaSi midis, maSin, roca kanonis SemoRebamde is TerZsa da wignebiT movaWres So-ris nawildeboda.
batoni prohibanis an kanonis mier sazRvarze gamoyenebuli Zala-doba zneobis mxriv SeiZleba gansxvavebulad aRviqvaT. zogs miaCnia rom mZarcveloba srulad gamarTlebulia Tu kanoniTaa daSvebu-li, magram CemTvis warmoudgenelia am mdgomareobaze ufro damam-Zimebeli ram. Mmagram, rogorc ar unda iyos, ekonomikuri Sedegebi orive SemTxvevaSi msgavsia.
rogorc geneboT sakiTxs ise miudeqiT, magram Tu Tqven miuker-Zoebuli brZandebiT, maSin dainaxavT rom kargi araferi moaqvs arc dakanonebul da arc kanongareSe Zarcvas. Cven ar uarvyofT, rom batoni prohibani, misi vaWroba da TviT erovnuli warmoebac iRebs 5 frankis mogebas, magram vamtkicebT, rom amas Tan ori danakargi sdevs, erTi _ Jak bonomis, romelic ixdis 15 franks 10-is nacvlad da meore _ erovnuli warmoeba, romelic ar miiRebs gansxvavebas. airCieT am oridan erT-erTi Cven mier aRiarebuli mogebis anaz-Raurebis mizniT, magram erT-erTi maTgani yovelTvis iqneba sruli kraxi. esec morali: Zaladoba warmoebas ar niSnavs, is ganadgurebas niSnavs. marTlac, Zaladoba rom warmoebas niSnavdes, Cveni qveyana imaze cotaTi ufo mdidari iqneboda, vidre axla aris.
manqanebi
“dawyevlili manqanebi! maTi gazrdili Zalaufleba yovelwli-urad milionobiT muSas siRatakis msxverplad aqcevs, arTmevs sam-saxurs da xelfasebs da purs. dawyevlili manqanebi!”
ai aseTia saerTo crurwmena, xolo misi gamoZaxili ki Jurnal-gazeTebSi gaismis.
magram manqanebis dawyevla, adamianis gonebis dawyevlaa!
yvelaze metad is macbunebs, rom moiZebneba erTi adamianic ki, romelic am doqtrinas Seurigdeba.
Tu es simarTlea, maSin ra aris amis gardauvali Sedegi? is, rom aqtiuroba, simdidre, keTildReoba da bedniereba mxolod suleli da gonebrivad CamorCenili erisTvis aris SesaZlebeli, romelsac RmerTma ar uboZa fiqris, dakvirvebis, gansjis, gamogonebis da didi Sedegebis mcire ZalisxmeviT miRwevis damRupveli niWi. da, pi-riqiT, ZonZebi, qoxmaxebi, siRaribe da gamofitva im erisTvisaa gar-dauvali, romelic rkinaSi, cecxlSi, qarSi, eleqtroenergiaSi, magnetizmSi, qimiisa da meqanikis kanonebSi, erTi sityviT bunebis
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ZalebSi eZebs da poulobs misi bunebrivi Zalebis damatebas. amas swored rom Seesabameba rusos sityvebi: “yoveli adamiani, romelic fiqrobs, garyvnili cxovelia.”
es yvelaferi araa. Tu es doqtrina WeSmaritia, maSin iqidan ga-momdinare, rom yvela adamiani fiqrobs da qmnis, misi arsebobis yov-el momentSi bunebis ZalebTan kavSirs eZebs, Sromisa Tu danaxarje-bis SemcirebiT cdilobs gaakeTos naklebi, rom moipovos rac SeiZ-leba meti kmayofileba naklebi SromiT, unda davaskvnaT, rom mTe-li kacobrioba progresisadmi am gonebrivi miswrafebis Sedegad TviTganadgurebisken mieqaneba, rac mis TiToeul wevrs aRelvebs.
Tu es asea, maSin statistikurad unda iyos damtkicebuli, rom lankasteris mcxovreblebi manqanebis gamo toveben TavianT kar-midamos da mieSurebian irlandiisken, romelsac TvaliTac ar una-xavs manqanebi, xolo istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobili unda iyos, rom barbarosoba civilizaciis epoqebs anadgurebs, xolo civili-zacia yvavis ucodinrobis da barbarizmis epoqaSi.
cxadia, winaaRmdegobebis mTel am masaSi aris raRac, rac gvaS-foTebs da gvaiZulebs vifiqroT, rom problema Tavad moicavs misi gadaWris gzas, romelic safuZvlianad ar aris Seswavlili.
amaSi Zevs mTeli idumaleba? imis ukan, rac Cans, yovelTvis ima-leba is, rac ar Cans. Sevecdebi amovxsna es saidumloeba. gza, rom-liTac amas gavakeTeb, wina SemTxvevebis msgavsi iqneba, radganac problema erTi da igivea.
yvela adamians aqvs Tviseba _ SeiZinos is, rac iafi ujdeba, Tu amas win ar udgas raime saxis SezRudvebi. maT surT SeiZinon rac SeiZleba meti TavianTi SromiT, imisda miuxedavad Tu saidan modis es, ucxoeli mwarmoeblisgan Tu gamocdili manqanuri warmoebidan.
am bunebrivi midrekilebis Teoriuli winaaRmdegoba orive SemT-xvevaSi erTi da igivea. orive SemTxvevaSi mas aSkara pasiurobis ga-mowvevas abraleben, romelic emuqreba Sromas. magram axla Tavis-ufali da ara pasiuri Sroma gansazRvravs mas. da orive SemTxvevaSi isev is praqtikuli winaaRmdegoba iCens Tavs Zalis saxiT. kanon-mdebeli zRudavs gare kunkurencias da krZalavs konkurencias man-qanur warmoebaSi. sxva ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli adamianebisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli miswrafebis CaxSoba, Tu ara Tavisuflebis CamorT-meviT?
Tumca bevr qveyanaSi kanonmdebeli amarcxebs am konkurenci-ebidan erT-erTs maSin, roca ver bedavs Seexos meores, rac mis mer-yev xasiaTze miuTiTebs.
es arc unda gagvikvirdes. mcdar gzaze meryeoba gardauvalia, es rom ara, mTeli kacobrioba msxverplad gadaiqceoda. yalbi princi-pi arasdros da verasdros ver iqneba bolomde miRweuli.
modiT davubrundeT Cvens axsna-ganmartebas, romelic didxans
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ar gagrZeldeba.
Jak bonoms aqvs 2 franki, romelsac or daqiravebul muSas uxdis, magram is Tokebis da girebis saSualebiT qmnis mowyobilobas, rome-lic mis danaxarjebs orjer amcirebs. misi meSveobiT is aRwevs mi-zans, zogavs erT franks da samuSaodan aTavisuflebs erT muSas.
is samuSaodan aTavisuflebs erT muSas _ es aris is, rac Cans.
amis danaxvisas ki amboben: “xedavT, civilizacias rogor Tan sdevs siRaribe, ai asea damRupveli Tavisufleba TanasworobisT-vis. mas mere, rac adamianis gonebam gamarjveba moipova, muSa maSinve siRatakis morevSi gadaeSva. Jak bonoms SeuZlia hyavdes ori muSa, magram maSin maT mxolod xelfasis naxevars miscems, rac muSebs aiZulebs erTmaneTs konkurencia gauwion da sakuTar Tavs dabal fasad sTavazoben. Sedegad mdidrebi yovelTvis mdidrdebian, xolo Raribebi kidev ufro Raribdebian.” mSvenieri daskvnaa, Sesav-lis Sesaferisi.
sabednierod, Sesavalic da daskvnac, orive mcdaria, radgan imis ukan, rac Cans, imaleba is nawili, romelic ar Cans.
Jak bonomis mier dazogili franki ar Cans da arc am danazogis aucilebeli Sedegebi.
am gamogonebis gamoyenebis Semdeg Jak bonomi Sromis anazRaure-baze mxolod erT franks xarjavs, xolo meore franki mas rCeba.
Tu qveyanaze arsebobs dausaqmebeli muSa da kapitalisti gamou-yenebeli erTi frankiT, es ori elementi erTmaneTs xvdeba da erT-deba da, cxadia, Sromis miwodebasa da moTxovnas, xelfasebis miwo-debasa da moTxovnas Soris urTierToba ar icvleba.
gamogoneba da erTi frankiT anazRaurebuli muSa qmnian samu-Saos, romelsac adre ori muSa asrulebda. meore muSa ki axla axal samuSaos asrulebs.
ra gansxvavebas aqvs maSin adgili? damatebiTi erovnuli dov-laTi Seiqmna, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamogoneba kacobriobis usasyidlo monapovaria, mogeba.
Cem mier moyvanili ganmartebebis Semdeg, SesaZlebelia aseTi daskvna gamovitanoT? “mxolod erTi, kapitalisti iRebs mogebas gamogonebidan. xolo muSaTa klasi ara mxolod droebiT izaral-ebs, aramed verasdros gamoiyenebs am gamogonebis upiratesobebs, radganac Tqveni ganmartebebis Sesabamisad, manqanebi erovnuli warmoebis struqturas cvlis mxolod da amiT arc amcirebs da arc zrdis mas.”
am traqtatis SeqmniT ar vapireb pasuxi gavce yvela arsebul wi-naaRmdegobas, Cemi erTaderTi mizani iyo damengria saerTo crurwmena, romelic saxifaToa da sakmaod gavrcelebulic... me mxolod minda davamtkico, rom axali manqana, marTalia, droebiT umuSevars tovebs muSebs, magram, amasTanave, is uciloblad qmnis
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waxalisebis fonds. muSebi da fondi erTiandeba, rom Seqmnas is, ri-si Seqmnac gamogonebamde SeuZlebeli iyo, aqedan gamomdinareobs saboloo Sedegi _ Tanabari muSaobis pirobebSi sargebeli izr-deba.
vin aris mogebuli am damatebiTi sargebliT?
pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, kapitalisti, gamomgonebeli, vinc pirveli xeirobs manqanis gamoyenebiT da amaSi mdgomareobs misi jildo niWierebisa da gambedaobisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cven vnaxeT, warmoebis zrdis xarjze is akeTebs danazogs, romelic razec ar unda daixarjos (da is yovelTvis raRacaze daixarjeba), xels uwyobs imdenive adamianis dasaqmebas, ramdenic manqanam ga-modevna.
magram konkurencia mas aiZulebs dawios fasebi danazogebis proporciulad da ukve ara gamomgonebeli, aramed myidveli, mom-xmarebeli, sazogadoeba, muSebis CaTvliT, erTi sityviT, mTeli ka-cobrioba sargeblobs misi gamogonebiT.
xolo is, rac ar Cans, SemdegSi mgomareobs: danazogebi, romelic yvela momxmareblis xelSi aRmoCnda, qmnis fonds, saidanac gaicema muSebis xelfasebi, romlebic manqanam gamodevna.
Cvens magaliTs rom davubrundeT, davinaxavT, rom Jak bonomi xelfasebSi 2 frankis daxarjviT naxulobs mogebas. misi gamogone-bis wyalobiT ki Sromis anazRaureba mxolod erTi franki ujdeba. sanam is mis produqts yidis igive fasad, erTi muSa am produqtis dasamzadeblad ukve zedmetia, es aris is, rac Cans da rac ar Cans mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Jak bonomis dazogili frankiT anazRaure-bas sxva muSa iRebs.
roca movlenaTa bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegad Jak bonomi iZ-ulebulia warmoebuli produqciis fasi erT frankamde dawios, ma-Sin is ukve aRar flobs danazogs, mas aRar aqvs franki mis gankar-gulebaSi, rom erovnul warmoebas axali produqtis SekveTa misces, magram asparezze axali mogebuli gamodis da es mogebuli kaco-briobaa. yvela, vinc mis produqts yidulobs, ixdis erTi frankiT naklebs da am danazogs xelfasebis fondSi ricxavs, esec kvlav aris is, rac ar Cans.
manqanebis am problemas kidev erTi gadawyveta aqvs, rac faqteb-zea dafuZnebuli.
vTqviT, rom manqanebi amcirebs warmoebis danaxarjebs da produ-qciis fass. mogebis Semcireba iwvevs moxmarebis zrdas, rac uci-lobels xdis warmoebis zrdas da bolos da bolos gamogonebis Se-degad asaqmebs muSebis im raodenobas da metsac, rac gamogonebamde iyo. amis dasamtkiceblad kargi magaliTia beWduri gamocemebi, sar-Tavi saxelosnoebi da sxv.
es ganmarteba ar aris mecnieruli. zemoT moyvanilidan unda da-
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vaskvnaT, rom Tu garkveuli produqtis moxmareba iqneboda mudmi-vi an TiTqmis ar Seicvleboda, maSin manqanebi Sromas zians miaye-nebda, rac ar aris marTali.
davuSvaT, romeliRac qveyanaSi yvela atarebs quds, Tu manqane-bis meSveobiT qudis fasi ganaxevrdeboda, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom gaormagdeboda warmoeba.
vinme ityvis ki, rom am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli warmoebis nawili paralizebulia? saerTo gagebiT es asea, magram Cemeuli gagebiT – ara, am qveyanaSi Tundac erTiT meti qudi romc ar gayiduliyo, sa-xelfaso fondi nakleb daculi ar iqneboda. is, rac ar daixarja qudebis warmoebaSi, momxmareblis gankargulebaSi darCeba da eko-nomikis sxva seqtorSi daixarjeba, rac warmoebis sxva dargebis gan-viTarebas waaxalisebs da im muSebis anazRaurebaze iqneba gamo-yenebuli, romlebic manqanebma umuSevrebi datova. ai aseTia movle-naTa bunebrivi wesrigi.
minaxavs gazeTebi, romlebic 80 franki Rirda, axla ki — 48, aq 32 frankis danazogs aqvs adgili. ucnobia daixarjeba Tu ara es 32 franki sagamomcemlo saqmeze. axla amas arc aqvs principuli mniSv-neloba, erTi ki cxadia da aucilebelic, rom Tu is daixarjeba am saqmeze, maSin sxva saqmezec daixarjeba. erTni gamoiyeneben meti ga-zeTis gamosawerad, meoreni — ukeTesi cxovrebisTvis, mesameni — ukeTesi tansacmlisTvis, xolo meoTxeni — ukeTesi avejisTvis. warmoebani erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. isini qmnian erT mTli-ans, romelTa gansxvavebuli mxareebi erTmaneTTan saidumlo arxe-biTaa dakavSirebuli, rasac zogavs erTi, iyenebs meore. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom gavigoT, danazogebi Sromas da xelfasebs ra zians ayenebs.
krediti
yovel droSi, gansakuTrebiT ki am bolo dros, kreditis gavrce-lebis gziT keTildReobis gavrcelebis uamravi mcdeloba iyo.
vfiqrob, gadaWarbebis gareSe unda iTqvas, rom Tebervlis re-voluciis Semdeg parizulma presam aTi aTasobiT broSura gaavr-cela, sadac socialuri problemis gadaWris amgvar gzaze mi-uTiTebda. magram vai, rom gadawyvetileba mxolod optikur sicru-ezea dafuZnebuli, Tu saerTod aris SesaZlebeli, rom optikuri sicrue raimes safuZveli iyos.
pirvel rigSi adgili aqvs fulis produqtebTan arevis faqts, Semdeg fulis monetebTan arevisas, xolo am ori faqtis Sedegad realobis suraTis daxatvas cdiloben.
am problemis gadawyvetisas aucilebelia daviviwyoT fulis, mo-netebis, Tamasuqebis da sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uwyoben saqonlis xelidan xelSi moZraobas, Cveni saqme exeba Tavad
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produqtebs, romlebic sesxis WeSmariti sagania. roca fermeri sesxulobs 50 franks guTnis sayidlad, is sesxulobs ara am 50 franks, aramed guTans. roca vaWari sesxulobs 20 000 franks saxlis SesaZenad, sinamdvileSi mas ara 20 000 franki, aramed saxli aqvs va-lad. fuli mxolod amartivebs mxareebs Soris garigebas.
piers SeiZleba sulac ar surdes Tavisi guTnis gasesxeba, magram Jaks surdes Tavisi fulis gasesxeba. rogor iqceva am SemTxvevaSi giliomi? is sesxulobs fuls Jakisgan da am fuliT yidulobs pieris guTans.
magram sinamdvileSi aravin sesxulobs fuls fulisTvis, fuli mxolod gacvlis saSualebaa sxvadasxva produqtis SeZenis mizniT. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia romelime qveyanaSi xelidan xelSi am qve-yanaSi arsebulze meti produqti gadaices.
ramdeni moneta da qaRaldis fulic ar unda iyos mimoqcevaSi, msesxeblebi ver miiReben imaze met guTnebs, saxlebs, iaraRebs, ned-leuls, risi miwodebac kreditorebs ZaluZT, aqve kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rom TiToeul msesxebels Tavisi kreditori hyavs, xo-lo nasesxebi saxsrebi valis arsebobas gulisxmobs.
Tu es simarTlea, ra dadebiTi Tvisebis matarebelia sakredito institutebi? imis, rom isini msesxeblebsa da kreditorebs Soris urTierTobis formebs aadvileben, aZleven maT erTmaneTis povnis da erTmaneTTan urTierTobis saSualebas, magram maT SesaZleblo-bebs aRemateba nasesxebi da gasesxebuli sagnebis raodenobis zrda. Cveni reformatorebis miznebis misaRwevad am institutebs swored rom es ukanaskneli Tviseba unda hqondeT, radganac isini miis-wrafian yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxadon guTnebi, saxlebi, iaraRebi da nedleuli.
rogor apireben amis ganxorcielebas?
sesxebis saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofis sistemis danergviT.
modiT ufro Rrmad CavukvirdeT sakiTxs, radganac is moicavs imas, rac Cans da imasac, rac ar Cans. SevecadoT ganvixiloT orive maTgani.
davuSvaT, msoflioSi arsebobs mxolod erTi guTani da misi flobis msurveli ori fermeri.
pieri flobs am erTaderT guTans, xolo Jans da Jaks misi sesxeba surT. Jani Tavisi patiosnebis, simdidris da kargi reputaciis gav-leniT sTavazobs usafrTxoebas. mas endobian. mas aqvs krediti. rac Seexeba Jaks, misdami ndoba Zalian mcirea an saerTod ar arsebobs, Sesabamisad pieri Tavis guTans Jans asesxebs.
magram socialistebis moTxovniT am garigebaSi saxelmwifo ere-va, romelic piers eubneba: “asesxe Seni guTani Jaks, xolo Tavdebad me gamoval da Cem mier SemoTavazebuli usafrTxoeba Janisaze bev-rad ukeTesia, radgan Tavis Tavze is mxolod erTia pasuxismgebeli,
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maSin, roca me ganvkargav gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTi fuliT gadagixdi kapitals da procentebs”. amis Semdeg pieri asesxebs Tavis guTans Jaks, es aris is, rac Cans.
socialistebi TiTebis fSvnetiT ityvian: “xedavT ra kargad mu-Saobs Cveni gegma, saxelmwifos Carevis Sedegad sawyal Jaks aqvs gu-Tani, is ukve aRaraa valdebuli Txaros miwa, is simdidris gzas da-adga. es yvelferi Zalian kargia misTvis da mTeli erisTvis.”
ara batonebo, saqme sulac ar aris amgvarad, es sulac ar aris kargi erisTvis, radgan am yvelafris ukan aris is, rac ar Cans.
ar Cans is, rom guTani Jakis xelSi imitomaa, rom ar aris Janis xelSi.
ar Cans, rom Tu Jaki axla miwas Txris misi moxvnis nacvlad, maSin Jans miwis amoTxris nacvlad moxvna mouwevs.
Sesabamisad, imas, rasac sesxis gazrdis saSualebad miiCnevdnen, sxva araferia Tu ara sesxis ubralo gadanacvleba, garda amisa, am gadanacvlebis Sedegad usamarTlobis ori aqti miviReT.
Janisadmi ganxorcilebuli usamarTloba gulisxmobs, rom man ver miiRo krediti, romelic Tavisi patiosnebiT da aqtiurobiT daimsaxura da moipova.
gadasaxadis gadamxdelebisadmi ganxorcielebuli usamarTloba gulisxmobs, rom isini iZulebulni arian is vali gadaixadon, romelic maT ar ekuTvniT.
ityvis vinme, rom mTavroba Jans da Jaks msgavs SesaZleblobebs aZlevs? magram, radganac guTani erTia, or adamianze mas ver ga-asesxeb. aqac igive arguments vawydebiT, kerZod imas, rom saxel-mwifos Carevis Sedegad imaze meti iqneba nasesxebi, vidre gasa-sesxebeli obieqtebia, radganac aq moyvanili magaliTis SemTxvevaSi guTani Tavisufali kapitalis erTianobas warmoadgens.
marTalia, me es operacia martivi formiT warmovadgine, magram aq SemiZlia moviyvano yvelaze ufro rTuli saxelmwifo sakredito institutebis magaliTi da darwmundebiT, rom Sedegi erTia: ad-gili aqvs kreditis gadanacvlebas da ara mis gazrdas. mocemul qveyanasa da mocemul momentSi arsebobs Tavisufali kapitalis mxolod garkveuli raodenoba da is yovelTvis poulobs Tavis gzas. cud gadamxdelebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebiT, mTavrobas Se-uZlia msesxeblebis raodenobis gazrda, da, Sesabamisad, saprocen-to ganakveTis gazrdac (nebismier SemTxvevaSi gadamxdelTa sazia-nod), magram mas ar Seswevs unari gazardos kreditorTa raodenoba da kreditis moculoba.
magram arsebobs daskvna, romlis fuZemdeblad yofnas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar visurvebdi: me vamtkiceb, rom kanonma xelovnurad ar unda waaxalisos sesxebi, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom xelovnurad wavides maT winaaRmdeg. Tu Cvens giravnobis sistemaSi
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an sxvagan sadme arsebobs kreditis gavrcelebis da misi gamoyenebis winaaRmdegobani, isini unda aRmoifxvras, araferi ar iqneba amaze ukeTesi da samarTliani. sul es aris Tavisuflebis saxeliT risi moTxovnac SeuZliaT kanonisgan reformatorebs, romlebic am saxelis tarebis Rirsni arian.
alJiri
sadRac platformaze oTxi oratori kamaTobs, Tavidan yvela erTad saubrobs, Semdeg cal-calke. raze saubroben? albaT rame Zalian sasaciloze, safrangeTis Zalauflebasa da brwyinvalebaze, mosavlis aRebis mizniT Tesvis aucileblobaze, Cveni veeberTela koloniis brwyinvale momavalze, Soreul manZilze arsebuli mra-valricxovani mosaxleobis upiratesobaze da a.S. da a.S. Ees aris mWermetyvelebis RirsSesaniSnavi magaliTi, romelsac Semdegi daskvna agvirgvinebs: “mieciT 50 milioni (meti an naklebi) alJirSi portebis da gzebis mSeneblobisTvis, emigrantebis iq gag-zavnisTvis, saxlebis aSenebisa da miwis damuSavebisTvis. amiT Tqven samuSaos SeumsubuqebT frang muSas, waaxalisebT alJirelis Sro-mas da mxars dauWerT vaWrobas marselSi. es yovelmxriv momgebiani iqneba.”
diax, es yvelaferi marTalia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT 50 milions, sanam mas saxelmwifo ar daxarjavs, Tu Cven mxolod imas vxedavT, Tu sad midis es fuli da ara imas, Tu saidan modis. Tu Cven amas dadebiTi kuTxiT SevafasebT, roca is gadasaxadis amkrebis jibidan modis da ar tovebs gzad zians da ar sdevnis sikeTes, maSin diax, am viwro gadasaxedidan is marTlac momgebiania. barbariSi aSe-nebuli saxli, iq samuSao adgilebis arseboba, naklebi muSaxeli safrangeTSi da marselSi gaCaRebuli saqonelgacvla, diax es yve-laferi is aris, rac Cans.
magram amaT garda aris is, rac ar Cans. saxelmwifos mier daxar-jul 50 milions gadasaxadis gadamxdelni sxvanairad daxarjavdnen. sanam vityviT, rom Jak bonomi arafers gaakeTebda im frankiT, rome-lic moipova da romelic Semdgom gadasaxadiT daibegra, saWiroa saxelmwifo danaxarjebis Sedegad miRebul sikeTes gamovakloT is ziani, rac kerZo danaxarjebis Tavidan acilebas mohyva. is, rom man am frankisTvis bevri iSroma, niSnavs, rom mas misi gamoyeneba saku-Tari survilisamebr surda, magaliTad, SeekeTebina baRSi Robe, ga-epativebina mindori, daematebina saxlisTvis erTi sarTuli, See-Zina axali iaraRebi, ukeTesad gamokvebiliyo, Caecva, ukeTesi ga-naTleba mieca SvilebisTvis, ukeTesi mziTevi gaemzadebina qaliS-vilisTvis, gamxdariyo MMM“ l'association des secours mutuels”-is wevri, am yvelafers is axla veRar gaakeTebs, swored es aris is, rac ar Cans. erT mxaresaa siamovnebani, romelic mas waarTves da moqmedebis sa-Sualebebi, romlebic axla ganadgurebulia, xolo meore mxaresaa
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miwis mTxrelis, xuros, mWedlis, TerZis, soflis maswavleblis Sroma, romlis waxalisebac SeeZlo da rac axla SeuZlebelia, es yvelaferi aris is, rac ar Cans.
Zalian didia molodini alJiris momavali simdidrisadmi, dae ase iyos. magram saSiSroeba, rac SesaZloa safrangeTs moelis, ar unda darCes mxedvelobis miRma. marselSi vaWroba CemTvis gasagebia, mag-ram Tu amis miRweva gadasaxadebis saSualebiT surT, maSin me yove-lTvis davamtkiceb rom am gziT Tanaswor vaWrobas sxvagan Ziri eTxreba. amboben, rom “barbariSi adgili aqvs emigracias, es ki qve-yanaSi darCenili mosaxleobisTvis Svebaa.” amaze Cemi pasuxi aseTia: “rogor SeiZleba es marTla ase iyos, roca alJirSi emigrantTa transportirebasTan erTad xdeba orjer da samjer meti kapitalis transportirebac, im kapitalisa, romlis gamoyeneba aq, safran-geTSic SeiZleboda?”
samxedro ministrma bolo dros gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom alJirSi erTi adamianis transportireba saxelmwifos 8000 franki daujda, gana cxadi araa, rom es sacodavi arsebani safrangeTSi 4000 frankad Zalian kargad icxovrebdnen. rogor xdeba frangi xalxis yofis Sem-subuqeba, roca mas arTmeven adamians da ori kacis saarsebo saSualebas?
Cemi mizania mkiTxvels naTlad davanaxo, rom saxelmwifo xarje-bis gawevas mogebasTan erTad bevri uaryofiTi Sedegic moaqvs, romlis garCevac arc ise martivia. radganac es CemSi zis, minda, yve-lam am ori momentis danaxva da momavalSi gaTvaliswineba SeZlos.
roca igegmeba saxelmwifo xarjis gaweva, is kargad unda iyos Seswavlili, gamoyofili Sromis waxalisebis pretenziisgan, rome-lic misgan modis, radganac waxaliseba sruli sicruea. am mxriv ra Sedegic ar unda mohyves saxelmwifo xarjis gawevas, igive Sedegebi eqneba kerZo xarjis gawevas, amis gamoa, rom muSaTa interesi sa-kiTxs miRma rCeba.
am naSromis mizani ar aris alJirSi gaweuli saxelmwifo xarjebis niSandoblivi damsaxurebis kritika, magram ar SemiZlia Tavi Se-vikavo zogadi dakvirvebisgan. saqme isaa, rom gadasaxadebis meSve-obiT koleqtiuri xarjebis gawevis ganzraxva yovelTvis usar-gebloa, ratom? pirvel rigSi imitom, rom samarTlianoba garkve-ulwilad ilaxeba. mas Semdeg, rac Jak bonom moipova is franki, romelic Tavisi siamovnebisTvis surda, samwuxaroa, xazina rom un-da Caerios da waarTvas mas es franki da misces sxvas. ra Tqma unda, yovelive amisTvis xazinas an mis maregulireblebs kargi mizezebi aqvT. vaCveneT, rom, samwuxarod, saxelmwifo Semdegnairad ganmar-tavs mis saqciels: “me am frankiT adamianebs vasaqmeb.” magram Jak bonomi, romelic am yvelafers xedavs, rasakvirvelia upasuxebs: “es yvelaferi kargi, magram mag frankiT mec xom SemeZlo xalxis dasaqmeba.”
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am msjelobis miRma, sxvebi TavianT Tavebs niRbebis gareSe war-moadgenen, ris gamoc debatebi xazinasa da Rarib Jaks Soris bevrad ufro martivdeba, roca mTavroba Jaks eubneba, rom misgan aRebuli kronebi misive usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad ixarjeba polici-elebis gasamrjeloze; quCebis mokirwyvlaze, sadac yoveldRiur-ad dadis; saxelmwifo moxelis xelfasze, romelic uzrunvelyofs misi uflebebis da sakuTrebis dacvas; jariskacis Senaxvaze, rome-lic icavs sazRvrebs. maSin Jak bonomi mzadaa uyoymanod gadaixa-dos am yvelafrisTvis. magram roca mTavroba mas eubneba, rom amas akeTebs imisTvis, rom miwis kargad damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi mas jildos saxiT daubrunos am fulis nawili an mis Svils misces ganaTleba, romlis micemac Jaks SeiZleba arc surdes, an ministrma Tavis sadilis sufras kidev erTi kerZi Sematos, an alJirSi saxli aaSenos, xolo am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi yovelwliurad kidev er-Ti franki unda amoiRos, rom iq imigrantebi Seinaxos. amas kidev 100 franki unda daematos jariskacebis gasamrjelos saxiT, romlebic imigrants icaven da kidev erTi franki jariskacebis generlis an-azRaurebaze da a.S. da a.S. sawyal Jaks albaT aRmoxdeba rom: “kano-nis es sistema TaRliTobaa da meti araferi!” ras akeTebs saxelmwi-fo am winaaRmdegobis winaswarganWvretis Semdeg? is erTmaneTSi urevs sagnebs da win ayenebs im mizezs, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs am sakiTxTan. is saubrobs am frankis xarjvis Sedegebze, migviTiTebs ministris mzareulsa da momwodebelze, is gvaCvenebs emigrants, jariskacs da generals, romlebic am frankiT cxovro-ben, mokled yvelafer imas, rac Cans da Jaks mxedvelobaSi rom ar mi-eRo is, rac ar Cans, is motyuebuli darCeboda, swored amitom vcdi-lob gavakeTo yvelaferi, rac SemiZlia misi gonebis misapyrobad am problemaze da kvlav da kvlav igives gavimeoreb.
radgan saxelmwifo xarjebi iwvevs Sromis gadaadgilebas misi zrdis gareSe, maT winaaRmdeg meore mniSvnelovani varaudi arse-bobs. Sromis gadaadgileba momuSaveTa gadaadgileba da bunebis kanonSi Carevaa, romelic aregulirebs qveynis masStabiT mosax-leobis ganawilebas. Tu 50 milioni franki gadasaxadis gadamx-delTa gankargulebaSi darCeba, da radganac isini yvelgan arian, Sromis waxaliseba safrangeTis 40 000 komunaSi moxdeba. isini moq-medeben bunebrivi erTobis principidan gamomdinare, romlis mi-xedviTac yvela Tavis mSobliur mxaresTanaa dakavSirebuli. isini Tanabrad nawildeba mSromelebs da yovelgvar warmoebas Soris. roca saxelmwifo mosaxleobisgan aRebul 50 milion franks raRac garkveul teritoriaze xarjavs, es am teritoriisken mSromelebis garkveul raodenobas izidavs. aseT SemTxvevebSic, adamianebi mSob-liur adgilebs toveben, xalxi gadaadgildeba da klasobriv kuTvnilebas kargavs. Tavs uflebas mivcem da vityvi, rom es yvela-feri saxifaTo xdeba, rodesac maT sasicocxlo saxsrebi ewure-baT. amas ki Semdegi Sedegebi mohyveba (rac Cems naTqvams adas-
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turebs): es gacxovelebuli aqtivoba erT viwro sivrceSia moqce-uli, is yvelas yuradRebas ipyrobs da swored es aris is, rac Cans. xalxi moxiblulia, is gaocebulia gegmis mSvenierebiT da simarti-viT da mis gagrZelebas da ganvrcobas moelis. is, rasac isini ver xe-daven, aris is, rom mTel danarCen safrangeTSi mSromelebis igive raodenoba umoqmedobam moicva.
danazogi da fufuneba
mxolod saxelmwifo xarjebis SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba, rom is, rac Cans, faravs imas, rac ar Cans. politekonomiis naxevris gverdze ga-dadebiT am fenomens mcdar daskvnamde mivyavarT. is aiZulebs xalxs erTmaneTs daupirispiros zneobrivi da materialuri inte-resebi. ra SeiZleba iyos ufro Tavgzaambnevi da dasanani?
ar arsebobs ojaxis Tavi, romelsac Tavis movaleobad ar miaCnia SvilebisTvis wesrigis, wyobis, mzrunvelobis, ekonomikis da fulis xarjvaSi zomierebis swavleba.
ar arsebobs religia, romelic ar ilaSqrebs zeimebis da fufu-nebis winaaRmdeg. es asec unda iyos, magram, meore mxriv, ramdenad popularulia Semdegi SeniSvnebi?
“dagroveba adamians sisxls uSrobs.”
“ZlierTa fufuneba uZlurT Svebas aniWebs.”
“mflangvelebi zians ayeneben TavianT Tavs, magram amdidreben qveyanas.”
“swored mdidrebis dovlaTi uzrunvelyofs sakvebs Raribebis-Tvis.”
aq, ra Tqma unda, did winaaRmdegobas aqvs adgili zneobasa da so-cialur azrs Soris.
ramdeni cnobili adamianis suli ganisvenebs mSvidad amgvari gan-cxadebebis gakeTebis Semdeg. amis gageba arasdros SemeZlo, mgoni rom araferia imaze ufro samwuxaro, vidre imis aRmoCena, rom ka-cobriobas ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendencia axasiaTebs. ra-tom ganicdis degradacias yovelgvari ukiduresoba – ekonomikas siRaribemde, xolo mflangvelobas ki zneobriv degradaciamde miv-yavarT. sabednierod, es gavrcelebuli ukiduresobani danazogebs da fufunebas mcdari kuTxiT warmoaCens, iTvaliswineben ra mxo-lod ucabed Sedegebs, romlebic Cans da ugulebelyofen grZelva-dian Sedegebs, romlebic ar Cans. modiT, vnaxoT, SegviZlia Tu ara am mcdari Sexedulebis gamosworeba.
mondors da mis Zmas, aristoss mSoblebis memkvidreobis gayofis Sedegad TiToeuls 50000 franki ergo. mondori modur filantro-piasaa ayolili, Tamamad SeiZleba mas fulis mflangveli vuwodoT, is avejs saxlSi weliwadSi ramdenjerme anaxlebs, Tavis aRWurvi-lobas yovel Tve cvlis. bevrs laparakoben mis gonebamaxvilur
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gamogonebebze, romlebsac cota xanSi daasrulebs, erTi sityviT, balzakis da diumas TayvanismcemlebSi Surs aRZravs.
irgvliv yvela mis Sesaxeb saubrobs: “mogviyeviT rame mondorze! gaumarjos mondors! is muSaTa keTilismyofelia, xalxis mfarveli. marTalia, rom is TavaSvebuli cxovrebiT tkbeba, rom gamvlelebs Tavze lafs asxams, rom misi da kacobriobis Rirseba safrTxis qve-Saa, magram amiT ra? magram Tu is ar zrunavs Tavisi TavisTvis, is zrunavs Tavis simdidreze. is fulis mimoqcevas iwvevs, masTan misu-li vaWrebi ukan yovelTvis kmayofilni brundebian; gana fuli imis-Tvis araa mrgvali, rom itrialos?
aristosma cxovrebis gansxvavebuli gegma SeimuSava. SeiZleb mas ar vuwodoT egoisti, magram individualisti ki namdvilad aris, Tavisi danaxarjebi kargad aqvs gaazrebuli, misi moxmareba mokrZa-lebuli da gamiznulia, zrunavs Tavisi Svilebis ganaTlebaze da, erTi sityviT, danazogebs akeTebs.
modiT movusminoT Tu ras amboben masze: “ra xeiria masaviT mdi-dari da wuwuraqi kacisgan? misi cxovrebis ubralo stilSi aris ra-Rac STambeWdavi, isic adamiania, qvelmoqmedi da keTilSobili, mag-ram is angariSobs, ar flangavs Semosavlebs, misi saxli marTalia ar brwyinavs, magram arc usufTaoa. ra xeiri moaqvs mas Spaleris gamk-vrelisTvis, Tvlebis mkeTebelisTvis, cxenebiT movaWrisa da kon-diterisTvis?”
es Sexedulebani, romlebic zneobisTvis damRupvelia, dafuZne-bulia imaze, rasac Tvali aRiqvams, Cvens SemTxvevaSi es mflan-gvelis danaxarjia da imaze, rasac Tvali ver aRiqvams, damzogvelis Tanabar da ufro mniSvnelovan danaxarjebze. socialuri wesrigi RvTismetyveli gamomgoneblis mier ise STambeWdavadaa organize-buli, rom, rogorc yvelgan, aseve aqac politikuri ekonomika da zneoba Sorsaa uTanxmoebebisgan, maT Soris Tanxmoba sufevs. xolo aristosis goniereba araTu didebuli, aramed mondoris ugunure-basTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro momgebiania. magram momgebianobaSi ara marto aristosis an mTeli sazogadoebis momgebianobas vgu-lisxmob, aramed muSaTa da mrewvelobis momgebianobasac.
amis dasamtkiceblad saWiroa Cveni goneba mivapyroT Sedegebs, romelic adamianis TvalisTvis SeumCneveli rCeba.
ra Tqma unda, mondoris mflangvelobas nebismier SemTxvevaSi xi-luli Sedegebi mohyveba. yvela xedavs mis landos, faetons, berli-nas (etlebis nairsaxeobebi. mTargmnelis SeniSvna), Zvirfas naxatebs kedlebze, xaliCebs, saxlis brwyinvalebas, yvelam icis rom misi cxenebi doRSi monawileoben, sadilebi, romelsac parizis saxlSi marTavs, aTasobiT adamians izidavs bulvarebidan, isini amboben: “es xelgaSlili adamiani Sorsaa Semosavlebis dazogvisgan, is al-baT mTel mis qonebas aniavebs”, es aris is, rac Cans.
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muSaTa interesebidan gamomdinare, ar aris martivi imis danaxva, Tu ra mosdis aristosis Semosavlebs. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom misi mTeli Semosavali, ukanaskneli obolic (fu-lis umciresi erTeuli bastias droindel safrangeTSi. redaq-toris SeniSva) ki muSaTa intersebs emsaxureba, iseve, rogorc mon-doris simdidre; magram maT Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba: mondoris ugunuri mflangveloba misi Semosavlis Semcirebas da gaqrobas iw-vevs, maSin, roca aristosis gamiznul xarjebs wlidan wlamde mo-geba moaqvs. xolo Tu es asea, maSin sazogadoebis interesebi zne-obasTan TanxmobaSia.
aristosi Tavis Tavsa da meurneobaze weliwadSi 20000 franks xarjavs, Tu es Tanxa ar aris sakmarisi misi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, maSin is ar imsaxurebs Wkviani kacis saxels. is ganicdis Rarib-RatakTa yofas da Tavs movaled Tvlis 10000 fran-kis odenobis daxmareba gauwios maT, rac misgan qvelmoqmedebaa. vaWrebs, mrewvelebsa da agronomebs Soris mas bevri megobari hyavs, romlebsac mudmivad raRac sirTuleebi aqvT, is yovelTvis ecnoba maT mdgomareobas da keTilgoniersa da efeqtur daxmarebas uwevs, xolo amis gansaxorcieleblad kidev 10 000 franki aqvs gamoyofi-li. mas ar aviwydeba arc qaliSvilebi, romlebsac mziTevi sWirde-baT da arc vaJiSvilebi, romelTa momavlis uzrunvelyofa misi mo-valeobaa da amisTvis calke damatebiT 10 000 franks zogavs.
mis xarjebs Semdegi saxe aqvs: piradi xarjebi . . . . . . . . . 20 000 franki qvelmoqmedeba . . . . . . . . . .10 000 franki klubi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. ... . 10 000 franki danazogebi . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 000 franki
modiT ufro detalurad ganvixiloT TiToeuli da davinaxavT, rom erovnul warmoebas erTi obolic ki ar akldeba.
piradi xarjebi. aq Sedegebi igivea, rac mondoris mier daxar-juli Tanxisas, es TavisTavad cxadia da amaze mets ar SevCerdebiT.
qvelmoqmedeba. 10 000 franki, romelic am saqmes xmardeba, vaWro-bisTvis aseve momgebiania, realurad es Tanxa yasabis, mcxobelis, TerZisa da xuros SemosavalSi Sedis; aq mTavari isaa, rom purs, xorcs Tu tansacmels ara aristosi, aramed isini moixmaren, vis da-saxmarebladac es Tanxa iyo mimarTuli. erTi momxmareblis meore-Ti Senacvleba vaWrobaze, rogorc aseTi, ar moqmedebs, aristosi daxarjavs franks Tu Rataki mis nacvlad, erTi da igivea.
klubi. megobars, romelsac aristosi 10000 franks asesxebs, es fuli miwaSi Casadebad ar sWirdeba, es ukve SeewinaaRmdegeboda hipoTezas. is adamiani am fuls saqonlis SesaZenad an valebis gasas-tumreblad moixmars, pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme vaWrobasTan gvaqvs, ityvis ki vinme, rom mondoris mier 10000 frankad SeZenili jiSiani cxeni vaWrobisTvis ufro metad fasobs, vidre aristosis an misi
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megobris mier 10 000 frankad Rirebuli saqonlis SeZena? rac Se-exeba meore SemTxvevas, anu valis gastumrebas, ukve Cndeba mesame piri _ kreditori, romelic am fuls vaWrobaSi, saojaxo meurne-obasa an fermaSi daabandebs. is aristossa da muSebs Soris Suamav-lad gvelineba. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod saxelebi icvleba, xolo xar-ji da vaWrobis waxaliseba igivea.
danazogebi. am yvelafris Semdeg darCa 10 000 frankis danazogi, aq ki Cans, rom xelovnebis, vaWrobis, Sromisa da muSaTa waxalisebis TvalsazrisiT, mondori TiTqosda aristosze bevrad maRla dgas, Tumca, zneobriobis TvalsazrisiT, aristosi mondors aRemateba.
bunebis did kanonebs Soris aseTi cxadi winaaRmdegobis yureba SeSfoTebisa da dardis gareSe arasdros SemeZlo. kacobrioba iZulebuli rom yofiliyo mxolod or partias Soris gaekeTebina arCevani, sadac erTi mis interesebs ayenebs zians, xolo meore — sindiss, maSin momavlis imedi aRar gveqneboda. sabednierod, ase ar xdeba, xolo aristosis ekonomikuri upiratesobis danaxva sakmari-sia Semajamebeli aqsiomis gasagebad, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom paradoqsulad JRers, srul WeSmaritebas warmoadgens: “dazo-go niSnavs daxarjo.”
ra mizans emsaxureba aristosis saqcieli dazogos 10000 franki? gana baRSi dasamarxavad sWirdeba? ara, ra Tqma unda. mas Tavisi kapi-talis da Semosavlis gazrda aqvs mizandasaxuli, Sesabamisad es Tanxa miwis ijaraze, saxlis aSenebaze da sxv. ixarjeba an kide vaWris an bankiris xelSi xvdeba. Tvals Tu mivadevnebT am fulis mimoq-cevis process, davrwmundebiT, rom vaWrebis da msesxeblebis xelSi es fuli zustad iseve axalisebs Sromas, rogorc aristoss, Zmis msgavsad, avejis, Zvirfaseulobis da cxenebis SesaZenad rom dae-xarja igi.
roca aristosi 10000 frankad yidulobs an ijariT iRebs miwas, misi es qmedeba eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom mas am fulis daxarjva ar surs, swored aqedan iRebs saTaves misdami arsebuli pretenziebi.
magram adamianis qmedeba, romelic yidis an ijariT gascems miwas, dafuZnebulia mosazrebaze, rom is am fuls sxva rameSi gamoiyenebs da, bunebrivia, daxarjavs. ase rom, fuli nebismier SemTxvevaSi ix-arjeba, aristosis Tu sxva piris mier.
muSaTa klasis interesebidan da Sromis waxalisebidan gamom-dinare, aristossa da mondors Soris arsebobs erTi gansxvaveba. mondori fuls Tavis Tavze xarjavs da, Sesabamisad, Sedegebic advilad aRsaqmelia, magram aristosi fuls Suamavlebis meSveobiT xarjavs da Sedegi aq rTuli aRsaqmelia; magram, sinamdvileSi, maT, vinc icis Tu rogor daukavSiros Sedegi mis gamomwvev mizezs, advi-lad Seicnobs, rom, rac ar Cans iseTive realuria, rogorc is, rac Cans, es damtkicebulia im faqtiT, rom fuli mudmivad mimoiqceva, mas ar inaxaven mZime zandukebSi, saidanac TviTonve flangaven. Sesa-
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bamisad, sicruea imis mtkiceba, rom danazogi vaWrobas zians aye-nebs da, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, is fufunebasaviT sasargebloa.
vnaxoT Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom mxolod myisier Sede-gebiT dakmayofilebis nacvlad, saboloo Sedegebic ganvWvritoT.
ra bedi elis 10 wlis Semdeg mondors, mis simdidres, popularo-bas. is gakotrdeba. Tu adre weliwadSi 60000 franks xarjavda, axla ukve amaSi SezRudulia. nebismier SemTxvevaSi is ukve aRar aris sa-surveli maRaziis mepatroneTaTvis, aRar aris xelosnebis da vaW-robis mfarveli, aRarc mas Tavad da arc mis STamomavlebs, romleb-ic gawira, muSebisTvis aRaraviTari sargebeli ar moaqvT. igive 10 wlis Semdeg aristosi araTu Zveleburad abrunebs Semosavlebs, aramed wlidan wlamde zrdis mas. misi saSualebiT izrdeba erovnu-li kapitali — fondi, saidanac gaicema xelfasebi da romlis sidi-dezecaa damokidebuli muSaxelze moTxovna, is monawileobs muSa-Ta klasisTvis anazRaurebis zrdaSi, xolo sikvdilis Semdeg, mas rCeba memkvidreebi, romelTac aswavla masze ukeTesni yofiliyvnen.
zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, fufunebasTan SedarebiT dazogvis upiratesoba udavoa. damamSvidebelia imaze fiqri, rom politeko-nomiaSi es asec aris, da rom yvelam, vinc ar izRudeba garkveuli movlenis pirveladi, xiluli SedegebiT, icis rogor gaanawilos investiciebi bolo Sedegamde.
visac muSaobis ufleba aqvs, mogebis uflebac aqvs
“Zmano, Tqven saerTo ZalebiT unda miSovoT samuSao Tqveni fas-iT”, es aris muSaobis ufleba, e.i. pirvel safexurze mdgari martivi socializmi.
“Zmano, Tqven saerTo ZalebiT unda miSovoT samuSao fasiT, ro-melsac me viTxov,” es aris mogebis miRebis ufleba, e.i. meore safe-xurze mdgari daxvewili socializmi.
orive am uflebis arsebobas ganapirobebs is faqti, rom maTi Se-degebi Cans, xolo maTi ganadgurebis safuZveli iqneba is Sedegebi, romlebic ar Cans.
is, rac Cans, aris Sroma da mogeba, romlis safuZvelsac socia-luri wili warmoadgens, xolo is, rac ar Cans, aris Sroma da mogeba, romelic wilis Sesabamisad gaizrdeba Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa xelSi iqneboda.
1848 wels Sromaze ufleba raRac momentSi ori saxiT warmogvid-ga, es sakmarisi aRmoCnda sazogadoebrivi azris gasanadgureblad.
erTs erqva erovnuli saxelosnoebi, xolo meores ormocdaxuTi sentimi. yoveldRiurad milionobiT franki Riu deRivolidan saxe-losnoebSi midioda, es medlis samarTliani mxarea.
esec sawinaaRmdego — Tu am saqmeze milionebi daixarja, es Tanxa Tavidan viRacas unda gaeRo, amitomac Sromis uflebis
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organizatorebi mimarTaven gadamxdelebs, ris Sedegadac glexis pozicia aseTi iqneba: “ormocdaxuTi sentimis gadaxdiT me iZule-buli var uari vTqva tansacmelze, mindvris moxvnasa da saxlis aSe-nebaze”.
soflis muSis pozicia ki Semdegia: “radganac burJua iZulebu-lia uari Tqvas tansacmelze, veRar amuSavebs mindors da ver axer-xebs saxlis SekeTebas, Sesabamisad, TerZs, drenaJors, xurosa da ka-latozs naklebi samuSao eqneba.”
cxadia, erTi gasroliT or kurdRels ver daiWer; mTavrobis mi-er SeTavazebuli samuSao adgilebi gadamxdelTa xarjze Seiqmna. es Sromis uflebis dasamareba iyo, romelic TavisTavad qimera da usa-marTlobaa, xolo, rac Seexeba Tvalsazriss mogebis uflebis Sesa-xeb, romelic mxolodRa Sromis uflebis gazviadebaa, jer kidev ar-sebobs da batonobs.
ar aris ki samarcxvino proteqcionistis roli, romelsac sazo-gadoebaSi TamaSobs?
is ambobs: “Sen unda momce samuSao da, ufro metic, Semosavliani samuSao. me SecdomiT avirCie vaWroba, romelic 10 procents ma-kargvinebs. Tu Sen 20 frankiT dabegrav Cems Tanamemamuleebs da am fuls me momcem, maSin wagebis nacvlad mogebas miviReb da Sen val-debuli xar es gaakeTo, radganac mogebis miReba Cemi uflebaa.” amis Semdeg ki nebismieri sazogadoeba, romelic am sofists mousmens, mis dasakmayofileblad Tavs daibegravs, imis gaucnobiereblad, rom danakargi, romelic vaWrobis Tanmdevia, sulac araa danakargi, radganac sxvebi iZulebulni arian moaxdinon misi kompensacia. ase-Tia sazogadoeba da masze dawesebul SezRudvebs imsaxurebs kidec.
* *
am magaliTebiT gavigeT, rom politekonomiis arcodnisas movlenis pirveladi efeqtebiT varT dabrmavebulni, magram mis Sesacnobad, cnobieriT da qvecnobieriT Sedegebs unda CavwvdeT.
me SemiZlia aq sxva magaliTebic moviyvano, magram Tavs Sevi-kaveb gameorebisgan da daskvnis saxiT istoriaze Satobrianis Sexe-dulebas warmogidgenT: “istoriaSi arsebobs ori Sedegi: erTi, ro-melic maSinve iCens Tavs da meore, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi warmogvidgeba. es ori Sedegi xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs, pirveli maTgani Cveni SezRuduli azrovnebis nayofia, xolo meore _ xangrZlivi azrovnebis. winaswargansazRvruli movlena adamia-nis qmedebis Semdeg Cndeba, RmerTi adamianebs miRma rCeba. uaryav-iT, Tu SeZlebT, umaRlesi sabWo, misi qmedebani, ikamaTeT sityvebis Sesaxeb, garemoebaTa Zala da arsi, rogorc amboben, ganWvriteT, magram SexedeT dasrulebul movlenas, dainaxavT, rom misi Sede-gebi yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeba mosalodnels Tu Tavidanve ar iyo dafuZnebuli zneobasa da samarTlianobaze.”
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ekonomikuri codnis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba “axali ekonomikuri skola - saqarTvelo” (aesko) 2001 wlis agvistodan saqmianobs, xolo saqarTvelos ka-nonmdeblobiT oficialurad daregistrirda 2003 wlis 2 aprils, gldani-naZaladevis raionuli sa-samarTlos #1/9-48 gadawyvetilebiT.
sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneloba, misi TiToeuli wevri da msmeneli madlieri iqneba nebismieri piris, romelic gamoiCens yuradRebas “aesko”-s saqmianobis mimarT da Tavisi moraluri da materialuri mxardaW-eriT uzrunvelyofs misi moRvaweobis gamraval-ferovnebas.
sazogadoebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrile-biTi informaciisTvis ixileT eleqtronuli gverdi:
www.nesgeorgia.org
an dagvikavSirdiT eleqtronuli fostiT:
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