Knowledge Economy of Social Sciences in India: Knowledge Economy of Social Sciences in India: A Case of EconomicsA Case of Economics

BINO PAUL GD, TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Key elements for discussionKey elements for discussion

Knowledge as public, quasi, private goods

Author and Institutional Concentration

Social network of authors

• Role of social network or Knowledge output is also a function of social interaction

• Does this social interaction of authors follow a particular pattern?

Literature and Context of the Literature and Context of the studystudy

Knowledge Economy of Social Sciences in India:Knowledge Economy of Social Sciences in India:

A Case of EconomicsA Case of Economics

Concentration inConcentration in

Knowledge Knowledge

OutputOutputCox and Chung Cox and Chung

(1991) Hodgson and (1991) Hodgson and Rothman (1999) Bino Rothman (1999) Bino et al. (2005)et al. (2005)

Role of Social Role of Social

network in network in

Knowledge Knowledge Granovettor(1985)Granovettor(1985)

Cowan and Jonard Cowan and Jonard

(1999) Klamer and (1999) Klamer and

Van Dalen (2002Van Dalen (2002))

Testing of Testing of

small worldsmall worldBarabasi and Barabasi and

Bonabeau (2003)Bonabeau (2003)

Goyal et al (2006)Goyal et al (2006)

(Economics(Economics))

Economics of Economics of GrowthGrowth

Solow (1956)Solow (1956)

Romer (1990)Romer (1990)

Does geography matter in knowledge productionDoes geography matter in knowledge production

Did the emergence of new technologies affect the structure of Did the emergence of new technologies affect the structure of knowledge activity? knowledge activity?

Link between social network of authors and citationsLink between social network of authors and citations

How does the Indian network look different from the broader How does the Indian network look different from the broader international network? international network?

An illustration of Indian Economics An illustration of Indian Economics

Major questions?Major questions?

Data for the present study comes from six leading economics Data for the present study comes from six leading economics journals in India- IER, IEJ, IJAE,JQE, AV, IESHR (Krishna & Bino, journals in India- IER, IEJ, IJAE,JQE, AV, IESHR (Krishna & Bino, 2009)2009)

The network database consists of authorship for forty years from The network database consists of authorship for forty years from 1966-2005 (most extensive database)1966-2005 (most extensive database)

Authorship for each article and conference proceedings are Authorship for each article and conference proceedings are compiled for each journal separatelycompiled for each journal separately

The entire data base is divided into four windows; 1966-75, 1976-The entire data base is divided into four windows; 1966-75, 1976-85, 1986-95 and 1996-200585, 1986-95 and 1996-2005

Sample and sourceSample and source

The network database consists of authorship publications for forty The network database consists of authorship publications for forty years from 1966-2005 years from 1966-2005

We start with a simple network framework: Social network is We start with a simple network framework: Social network is defined as a set of nodes and a set of lines. defined as a set of nodes and a set of lines.

Each publishing author is considered as a node and two authors Each publishing author is considered as a node and two authors are connected by a line if they have co-authored. are connected by a line if they have co-authored.

We assume that coauthorship relation is nondirectionalWe assume that coauthorship relation is nondirectional

Network FrameworkNetwork Framework

(Social Network of authors)(Social Network of authors)

ResultsResults

Journal 1966-75 1976-85 1986-95 1996-05

Total Papers 1035 1377 1457 1257

Single-authored .870 .802 .759 .725

Two authors .103 .150 .193 .212

Three authors .021 .040 .043 .052

Four or more authors .004 .006 .004 .011

Source: Krisha & Bino (2009)

1966-75 1976-85 1986-95 1996-2005

Total authors 889 1223 1328 1246

Size of the network(Percentage)

244(27.3)

437(35.7)

496(37.3)

626(50.2)

Degree Distribution (%)

0 72.6 64.3 62.7 49.8

1 17.8 23.2 23.5 31.6

2 6.5 7.7 10.1 11.5

3 2.2 3.1 2.3 3.5

4 0.2 1.3 1.1 2.6

5 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.4

6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3

7 0.2 0 0.1 0.0

8 0.0 0 0.0 0.2

9 0.1 0 0.0 0.2

10 0.0 0 0.0 0.1

Source: Krishna & Bino (2009)

ResultsResults

1966-75 Sparse co-authorship network

source: Krishna & Bino (2009)

Size of the Giant Component for the Period 1966-1975 Stage 1: Developing stage (low Cliqueshness) Average Distance 4.71Source: Krishna & Bino (2010)

1996-2005: More dense network, Source: Krishna & Bino (2009)

Size of the Giant Component for the Period 1996-2005Stage of High Cliqueshness, more integrated , less number of structural holes,Source: Krishna & Bino (2009)

Questions?

• Why does the Indian network look different from the broader international network?

Share of Top Three Institutional Contributors to Indian Journals, 2005

Journals and Period

Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Total

IER (1966-2005)

Delhi School of Economics

Institute of Economic Growth

Indian Statistical Institute*

19.98

IEJ (1978-05) University of Bombay

University of Delhi

Delhi School of Economics

10.07

JQE (1986-2005)

Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research

Reserve Bank of India

Institute of Economic Growth, Monash U, U of California

12.26

IJAE (1964-2005)

Punjab Agricultural University

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmadabad

19.1

IESHR (1985-2005)

University of Delhi

Delhi School of Economics

Jawaharlal Nehru University

20.26

Source: Krishna & Bino (2009)

Magnitude of concentration in economic journals in India

Frequency Distribution of Authors by Number of Publications, 1990-2002 Journals N Frequency Distribution†

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >9 Indian Economic Review (-3.06) 178 84.27 12.36 1.69 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Indian Economic Journal (-3.1) 673 84.4 10.4 3.57 0.7 0.45 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.15

Artha Vijnana (-2.72) 277 82.67 11.91 2.17 1.4 1.08 0.0 0.72 0.0 0.0 0.0

Journal of Quantitative Economics (-3.27)

263 87.8 9.1 1.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics (-2.7)

370 79.7 11.89 3.51 1.89 1.62 0.81 0.27 0.27 0.0 0.0

Indian Economic and Social History Review (-3.5)

191 86.9 10.4 2.09 0.52 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0.0

Indian Journal of Economics (-2.86)

468 85.47 9.4 2.6 1.07 0.43 0.85 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.21

Lotka’s Law++ --- 60.8 15.2 6.8 3.8 2.4 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.8 6.4

*Figures in parenthesis represent the author concentration β N = Number of Authors. †Percentage of authors publishing ‘n’ papers ++ The proportions of authors predicted by Lotka’s law. Source: Bino et al., (2005)

Distribution of Paper by Number of Citation, 1996-2005Source: Bino & Krishna (2010)

Frequency Distribution†

Number of Citation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >9

Indian Economic Review (447) 53.2 16.3 8.9 4.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 5.9

Indian Economic Journal (411) 71.8 12.1 6.5 3.5 1.8 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.2 1.4

Artha Vijnana (87) 30.2 30.2 11.6 11.6 2.3 4.7 2.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 4.7

Journal of Quantitative Economics (362) 47.9 18.2 9.7 8.5 6.1 3.6 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 2.4

Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics (1169)

59.2 14.4 9.4 4.9 3.1 1.4 1.8 0.5 0.6 1.0 3.6

Indian Economic and Social History Review (186)

80.9 8.2 4.1 1.5 1.2 2.1 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3

Indian Journal of Economics (232) 78.4 11.5 2.3 3.2 2.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5

Economic and Political Weekly (2127)

57.9 14.0 7.0 4.3 3.5 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 5.6

Source: Tabulated and compiled from Hazing’s Publish or Perish Database †Percentage of papers cited ‘n’ times Figure in parenthesis represents number of citations.

Author Distribution in EPW

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Number of papers

Per

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Observed distribution

Lotka's Law

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