oTar qvriviSvili

k olxuri

runeb i

gamomcemloba `nekeri~2016

gamokvleva miznad isaxavs aCvenos, rom Zveli kolxe­Tis kultura uZvelesi mowinave civilizaciis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda. igi organulad iyo CarTuli zogad­sakacobrio evoluciis uwyvet nakadSi da masSi mniSvnelo­van rols TamaSobda. amis garda, naCvenebi iqneba, rom Zvel kolxeTSi kargad ganviTarebuli runuli niSnebis sistema arsebobda. kolxeTis arqeologiur masalaSi _ kolxur keramikaze, samkaulebze, liTonis ia raRebze da sxvadasxva ritualur nakeTobebze gamosaxu li calkeuli grafikuli niSnebi swored is magiuri ga mosa xulebebia, romlebsac Zve­li kolxebi sulier samyarosTan urTierTobis garkveul formad iyenebdnen. argonavtikis periodSi runebi brZo­lis RmerTis kultTan erTad kolxeTidan dasavleTiT, evropis kontinentze gavrcelda. mogvianebiT swored es magiuri niSnebi daedo safuZ vlad evropuli runuli dam­werlobis Camoyalibebas.

naSromSi gatarebulia paralelebi kolxur runebsa da uZvelesi anbanuri damwerlobis niSnebs Soris da sau­baria maT Soris arsebul SesaZlo kavSirebze.

naSromi popularul enazea dawerili da gankuTvni­lia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.

dakabadoneba da ydis dizaini giorgi bagrationisa

saavtoro ufleba © oTar qvriviSvili, 2016 yvela ufleba daculia

meore qarTuli gamocema 2016

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2016

ISBN 978-9941-457-54-8

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sarCevi

argonavtebis devna. kolxuri kolonia evropaSi . . . . . 5

druidebi, odini, runebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

hermesuli kulti kolxeTSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

evropuli runebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

runebis adgili damwerlobis istoriaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis niSnebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Zveli kolxuri damwerloba — kirbebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

kolxuri runebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

runebis grafika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

ornamentebi da runebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

runebis naSTebi Tanamedrove epoqaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

SeniSvnebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

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argonavtebis devna. kolxuri kolonia evropaSi

argonavtebis eposi berZnuli samyaros erT­erTi yvelaze popularuli Temaa. Zvel berZnul literaturaSi iSviaTia xelovani, romelic am Temas ar Sexebia.

argonavtebis ambavs kargad icnobdnen homerosi, hesiode, kalimaqe, pindare, platoni, aristotele da sxvani. bevrma werilobiTma Zeglma Cvenamde verc moaRwia.

arsebobs cnoba, rom sofoklem argonavtebis Temaze yvelaze meti Txzuleba Seqmna, Tumca Cvenamde arc erTs ar mouRwevia. evripidesac eqvsi mniSvnelovani tragedia dauweria, magram dReisTvis mxolod erTia cnobili. esqiles argonavtebis Tqmulebebis safuZvelze Seqmnili hqonda trilogia, aseve dauweria ramdenime tragedia da satiruli drama. Zv. w. III saukuneSi argonavtikis Temaze monumenturi Txzuleba Seqmna apolonios rodoselma.

adre Tu Zveli kolxuri kulturis Sesaxeb msje­loba ZiriTadad werilobiTi wyaroebisa da miTosuri suraT­xatebis mixedviT xdeboda, Semdeg arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebma naTlad warmoaCina ganviTarebis is maRali done, romelzec Zveli kolxeTi imyofeboda. nivTieri masalebis kvlevebma daadastura, rom ber­Z nul miTosSi warmodgenili kolxuri samyaro ara marto Rirseuli warmomadgeneli iyo Zveli civilizaciisa, aramed Zala Seswevda sxva kulturebis ganviTarebazec moexdina zemoqmedeba. maSinac ki, roca misi Tanadrouli civilizacia ukve mkveTr degradacias ganicdida, ro­ca erTmaneTis miyolebiT ecemodnen iseTi xalxebis kulturebi, rogorebic iyvnen egviptelebi, babilonelebi, kreta­minoselebi, pelazgebi, etruskebi da sxva, kol­

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xeTs jer kidev SeeZlo mZlavri sulieri impulsebiT gaenayofierebina axali drois mzardi kulturebi. berZnul miTebSi swored es istoriuli realobaa gadmocemuli. kolxuri kultura iyo is gardamavali rgoli, romelic Zvel da momaval axalgazrda kulturebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebda, maT Soris xidad iyo gadebuli. degradaciis gzaze mdgari egviptidan momdinare mZlavri sulieri impulsebi swored kolxurma misteriebma Semo­inaxa, raTa garkveuli drois Semdeg igi mzard berZnul samyaros misi saSualebiT aeTvisebina. berZnuli wya­roebis mixedviT es sulieri saganZuri (oqros sawmisi) kolxebma egviptelebisgan memkvidreobiT miiRes. kol­xuri misteriebis xasiaTic mkveTrad merkuruli, anu hermesuli yofila, rac niSandoblivad damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli egvipturi sulieri cxovrebisTvis.

argonavtebis mier kolxeTidan waRebuli oqros saw­misis mniSvnelobis gasarkvevad aucilebelia im Tqmu­lebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic oqros sawmisis kolxeTSi moxvedris ambavs gadmogvcems.1

rogorc berZnuli miTosi iuwyeba, RrubelTa qal­RmerTma nefelem Tavis vaJs, friqses, hermesisgan bo­Zebuli oqrosmatyliani verZi gadasca da dasTan erTad kolxeTisken gaamgzavra. da­Zma hele da friqse am ver­ZiT gafrindnen aietis qveynisken. gzad hele verZidan gadmovarda da zRvaSi CaiZira. friqsem mSvidobiT CaaRwia kolxeTSi. man oqrosmatyliani verZi RmerTebs Seswira, xolo tyavi kolxeTis mefe aiets gadasca. aietma igi muxaze Camokida da urCxuli dauyena darajad. ase moxvda oqros sawmisi kolxur samyaroSi.

argonavtebis miTis mimarT swori mimarTebis Camo­yalibebisTvis aucilebelia am miTSi gadmocemuli am­bavi gagebul iqnas ara Tanamedrove istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli formiT, aramed miTosuri saburveliT. miTis avtorisTvis amqveynad mimdinare xiluli mov­

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le nebi da masTan dakavSirebuli sulieri procesebi erTi mTliani istoriaa da maTi Sesabamisi epizodebi erTmaneTisgan arc aris gancalkevebuli.

argonavtebis miTSi gadmocemulia kacobriobis is­toriis erT­erTi grandiozuli movlena, ramac mniSv­nelovani roli Seasrula civilizebuli samyaros evo­luciis procesSi.

kacobriobis istoriis im periodSi, rodesac berZ nuli samyaro wina planze gamovida, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi daiwyo adamianTa cnobierebis sferoSi. manamde wminda gansjiTi azrovneba ar arsebobda. Zveli epoqis brZenkacTa umTavres amocanas sulieri arsebebis ganzraxvaTa gamocnoba warmoadgenda. maTi mzera mTlianad suleTisken iyo mimarTuli. cnobierebis amgvar formaSi aqcentebi grZnobad Semecnebaze iyo gadatanili, xolo gansjiTi impulsebi did rols ar TamaSobdnen. am uZvelesi epoqis misteriebSi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi grandiozuli sibrZne dagrovda. igi adamiansac da mTel fizikur da sulier samyarosac erT mTlianobaSi ganixilavda.

racionaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebam Zvel sibrZneSi disonansi Seitana. gansjiTi azrovnebis monapovrebi, cxadia, obieqturad asaxavdnen fizikur samyaros, mag­ram igi mniSvnelovnad gaeTiSa suleTis aRqmas. Zveli sibrZnis mTlianoba dairRva. logikuri azrovneba mxolod materiis kvlevisken iqna mimarTuli.

azrovnebis amgvari formis ganviTarebac, cxadia, bunebrivi aucileblobiT iyo gansazRvruli. adamiani TandaTan Zlierdeboda sakuTar azrovnebaSi, Tumca ki es individualizacia suleTisgan mowyvetis xarjze xdeboda.

istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, es movlenebi maSin gan­viTarda, roca Zveli epoqis udidesi civilizaciebi istoriis arenas tovebdnen, xolo axali xalxebi jer kidev Zalebs ikrebdnen TavianTi misiis Sesasruleblad.

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im epoqis brZenkacebs kargad esmodaT, rom Zveli sibrZnisgan mowyveta sasurvel Sedegebs ver moitanda. is didi ganZi, rac pirveladi sibrZnidan daikarga da racionaluri sibrZnisgan mowyvetili aRmoCnda, xatovan enaze oqros sawmisiT aRiniSneboda. miTosur enaze rom vTqvaT, argonavtebis epoqis saberZneTSi oqros sawmisi dakarguli iyo. berZeni xeldasxmulebi naTlad Wvretdnen misi xelaxla mopovebis aucileblobas. maTTvis isic cnobili iyo, rom es berZnebisTvis dakarguli prasibrZne jer kidev cocxali saxiT arsebobda imdroindel kolxur samyaroSi. aietis kolxeTi, umTavresad, cnobierebis Zveli formisken iyo midrekili. argonavtebis miTSi es faqti imiTac mieniSneba, rom kolxeTSi jer kidev wina Taobis RmerTebs uranossa da geas scemen Tayvans. axali berZnuli samyaro ukve RmerTebis axal Taobas eTayvaneboda.

berZnebis winaSe idga fundamenturi amocana — daearsebinaT axali drois misteriebi, sadac cnobierebis axali forma kvlav pirvelad RvTaebriv sibrZnes unda dakavSireboda. dakarguli prasibrZne, romelic verZis tyaviTaa simbolizebuli, Zvelma kulturam dafarul sferoebSi gadaitana. faqtobrivad, igi kolxuri sai­dumlo skolebis kuTvnilebad iqca.

berZenTa moZRvrebi da, rogorc miTebi gvauwyeben, berZenTa RmerTebic daJinebiT moiTxovdnen oqros sawmisis mopovebas.

argonavtebis miTSi swored es movlenaa aRwerili. iazonma, orfeosma, heraklem da berZnuli samyaros sxva gmirebma es amocana warmatebiT Seasrules. saberZneTSi Caitanes is Zveli sibrZne, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZ­lebeli gaxda axali tipis misteriuli skolebis daarseba. axali epoqis sulieri krizisi swored am movleniT iqna daZleuli. berZnul samyaroSi oqros sawmisis gadataniT warmatebiT ganxorcielda grandiozuli epoqaluri

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cvlileba. Zveli egviptis, SuamdinareTisa da maTi Ta­namedrove sxva kulturebis degradacias berZnul­romauli samyaros aRmavloba moyva.

rogorc irkveva, heles da friqses miTi im istoriul movlenaze mianiSnebs, romelsac jer kidev berZnul­romauli kulturis wina periodSi hqonda adgili. mas Semdeg, rac egvipturi kulturis centrebi dacemis gzas daadgnen da wina planze berZnulma samyarom iwyo gamosvla, aucilebeli gaxda egviptur misteriebSi mopovebuli sulieri codnis im periodamde Senaxva, vidre berZnuli samyaro saTanadod momZlavrdeboda mis misaRebad. am mizniT, egvipturi misteriebis yvelaze ufro sakraluri nawili kolxeTSi iqna gadatanili. misteriuli kerebis amgvari gadanacvleba daaxloebiT Zv. w. meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi ganxorcielda. rogorc irkveva, ukve Zv. w. XIX saukunidan Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan mZlavri misteriuli kerebi Camoyalibda. es misteriebi merkuruli (anu hermesuli) xasiaTisa iyo. am TvalsazrisiT, isini swored uZveles egviptur misteriebs enaTesavebodnen.

sulieri cxovrebis is memkvidreoba, rac warRvnis­Semdgomma epoqam atlantiduri periodidan miiRo, sxva­dasxva kulturul SreSi sxvadasxva saxiT ganviTarda. egvipturi kultura im impulsebs daefuZna, romlebic atlantidis periodidan merkuruli (hermesuli) ora­kulebis sulieri memkvidreobis saxiT iqna gadmotanili. am kulturis winamZRoli da pirveli qurumi hermes­toti iyo.2 zemoT naxsenebi Tqmulebac xom swored imas iuwyeba, rom friqsem hermesisgan boZebuli verZi kolxeTSi Camoiyvana. es uwyeba miTosur enaze swored hermesuli sibrZnis kolxeTSi gadanacvlebaze mianiSnebs.

argonavtebis mier gavlili gzis ganxilva naTlad aCvenebs, rom igi `Sedgenilia~ ara gadaadgilebis optimaluri marSrutis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed im

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geografiuli adgilebis mixedviT, romelTa erTianobac garkveul konceptualur mTlianobas, anu miTosur istorias gamosaxavs.

argonavtebis marSruti Zalze Taviseburia. argo­navtikis kvlevebSi didi xania SemCneulia, rom maTi gavlili gza Segnebulad gadis imdroindel mniSvnelovan sulier centrebze — im adgilebze, sadac mZlavri misteriuli kerebi arsebobda da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi axalgazrda berZnuli samyaro maTi sulieri impulsebiT viTardeboda.

kolxidasken mimavali argonavtebi kunZul samo­Trakiasa da lemnoss stumrobdnen. berZnuli tradiciis mixedviT kunZuli lemnosic da gansakuTrebiT samoTrakia kabirebTan dakavSirebuli misteriebis umTavres centrad iTvleboda. kolxur misteriebSi CaRrmavebis gzaze es iyo erT­erTi mniSvnelovani mosamzadebeli safexuri.

argonavtebis marSruti isea warmodgenili, rom isini kunZul kretazec xvdebian. cxadia, kreta­minosis kulturac swored is winare kulturaa, saidanac aseve saukuneebis manZilze berZnuli samyaro ikvebeboda. TiTqosda moulodnelad argonavtebi saberZneTis gverdiT Caivlian da samxreTiT afrikisken miemarTebian. es regionic, cxadia, uZvelesi misteriebis samyaroa. swored Crdilo afrikis da gansakuTrebiT egviptis sulieri impulsebi daedo safuZvlad im droisaTvis mravali civilizaciis saZirkvelis momzadebas.

imis garda, rom berZnuli miTebi suraT­xatovan enaze gadmogvcemen, rom Zvelma egvipturma misteriebma TavSesafari kolxur samyaroSi poves, aseve berZnul nawerebSi vxvdebiT istoriuli xasiaTis Tqmulebebs, sadac egviptur­kolxuri urTierTobebia warmodgenili. es gadmocemebic nawilobriv miTosuri xasiaTisaa. maTi istoriuli qargili simboluri saxeebiTaa datvirTuli. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa berZnebis Tqmuleba

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egviptis mefe sesostrisis laSqrobisa da mis mier kolxeTSi egvipturi dasaxlebis daarsebis Sesaxeb.

marTalia, garegnuli istoriuli wyaroebi sulieri cxovrebis Sinagan xasiaTs ar gadmoscemen, magram mainc sainteresoa mokled gavixsenoT, Tu ra werilobiTi cnobebi arsebobs kolxeTisa da egviptis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.

berZnul wyaroebSi kolxeTis dasaxelebas pirvelad Zv. w. VIII saukunis moRvawis evmelos korinTelis Txzu­lebaSi vxvdebiT.3

Zv. w. VII­VI saukuneebidan kolxeTis Tema berZnul mwerlobaSi Zalze popularuli xdeba.

pirveli cnoba kolxTa eTnogenezisis Sesaxeb hero­dotes (Zv. w. 484­425 w.) ̀ istoriaSi” gvxvdeba. igi aRniSnavs kolxebis genetikur naTesaobas egviptelebTan. rogorc Cans, misTvis cnobilia manamde arsebuli Tqmuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom egviptelma faraonma sesostrisma (ramzes II­m) laSqrobisas Tavisi jaris nawili Savi zRvis sanapirosTan daasaxla da kolxeTi am koloniisgan Camoyalibda. herodote aRniSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia amtkicos am Tqmulebis istoriuloba, magram dabejiTebiT irwmuneba, rom kolxebi namdvilad egviptelebi ariano.

herodotes cnobiT, imis garda, rom kolxebi Sav­gvremanebi da xuWuWTmianebi yofilan, maT egvip telebis msgavsi wes­Cveulebac hqoniaT. kerZod, yvela xalxTagan, mxolod kolxebi, egviptelebi da eTiopielebi yofilan, romlebic Tavidanve awarmoebdnen winadacveTas. siri­elebsa da makronebs es Cveuleba im periodSi kolxebisgan gadauRiaT.

herodote cdilobs sxva sabuTebic moZebnos kolxTa egvipturi warmomavlobis dasamtkiceblad. igi aRniSnavs, rom mxolod kolxebi da egviptelebi amuSaveben sels erTnairad; maT cxovrebis wesi da enac ki msgavsi aqvTo. herodotes isic gaurkvevia, Tu ra icodnen egviptelebma

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da kolxebma erTmaneTis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom kolxebs ukeT axsovdaT egviptelebi, vidre egviptelebs kolxebi. amis garda, egviptelebs faraon sesostrisis laSqrobisa da egviptelTa kolxeTSi Casaxlebis Tqmulebac scod niaT.4

odnav mogvianebiT msgavs cnobas vxvdebiT saxel­ganTqmuli eqimis hipokrates (460­356) TxzulebebSic. mas Tavad umogzauria kolxeTSi da didi sizustiT aRwers kolxeTis bunebriv pirobebs. hipokrates cnobiT, kolxebs kanis feri muqi hqoniaT (yviTeli, TiTqos siyviTle sWirdeT).5

Semdgomi periodis berZeni moRvaweebis TxzulebebSi mravalgzis aRiniSneba kolxTa da egviptelTa naTesaobis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, umravlesoba herodotes avto­ritets eyrdnoboda.

diodore sicilieli (Zv. w. I saukune) saintereso paralels atarebs kolx da ebrael xalxTa mimarTebaSi. is wers, rom kolxebi da iudevelebi egviptidan gamovidnen da sxvadasxva adgilas dasaxldnen — kolxebi pontoSi, xolo ebraelebi arabeTsa da sirias Soris.6

diodore sicilielis cnobiTac am xalxebs msgavsi wes­Cveuleba hqoniaT.

dRevandel samecniero wreebSi kolxTa da egviptelTa genetikuri kavSiri arc dadasturebulia da arc uaryofili.

vfiqrobT, ar arsebobs safuZveli sruli undobloba gamovucxadoT berZnul wyaroebs. cxadia, arc imis safuZveli arsebobs, vifiqroT, rom mTeli kolxeTis teritoria egvipturi warmomavlobis mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. SesaZloa, egvipturi koloniis Ca­moyalibebis Semdeg maT marTlac wamyvani poziciebi daikaves kolxeTis kulturul cxovrebaSi. rogorc apolonios rodoseli iuwyeba, egviptidan Camosaxlebul aias mkvidrT TavianTi winaprebis Zveli kirbebi, anu warwerebiani qvis svetebic ki hqoniaT Semonaxuli.7

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ase rom, berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebi naTlad adastureben, rom garkveuli kulturuli nakadi egviptidan kolxeTSi aRwevs. rac Seexeba am kulturuli nakadis Sinaarss, berZnul wyaroebSi mis Sesaxeb argonavtebis istoriis miTosur enazea moTxrobili. swored miTosur saburvelSia mocemuli im misteriebis Sinaarsi, romelTan ziarebac berZeni gmirebis miznadaa dasaxuli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom naxsenebi misteriebi TiTqosda kolxeTis istoriis erT garkveul periods exeba (magaliTad, friqses mier aietisTvis gadacemuli oqros sawmisi aseve aietisagan waiRo iazonma), sinamdvileSi, cxadia, aq saubaria istoriuli ganviTarebis sakmaod grZel periodze. oqros sawmisis kolxeTSi Catana da Semdeg iqidan waReba TiTqmis aTeuli saukunis procesia. egvipturi misteriuli kerebis kolxeTSi gadanacvleba maSin xdeba, roca egvipturma kulturam Tavisi sulieri ganviTarebis zeniti ukve gadaiara, xolo berZnuli kultura jerac bavSvobis asakSia. ra Tqma unda, berZnebma egvipturi memkvidreobis didi nawili maTgan uSualod miiRes, magram, am SemTxvevaSi, kolxuri samyaros gavliT gadaecaT ara garegnuli kultura, aramed misteriebis yvelaze ufro idumali nawili. kacobriobis spiritualuri nakadi or dinebad gaiyo — misteriuli sibrZnis da racionaluri sibrZnis nakadad. swored es misteriuli sibrZne iqna gadatanili kolxeTis idumalTmetyvelebis centrebSi, xolo racionaluri sibrZnidan momdinare impulsebi uSualod, pirdapiri gziT gadaeca berZnul kulturas.

berZnul miTosSi berZen moRvaweTa Zvel saidumlo sibrZnesTan ziarebis procesi mxolod argonavtebis miTiT ar Semoifargleba. Tundac mxolod aietTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom misi ori da — pasifae da kirke — berZen gmirTa miRvaweobas mniSvnelovan epizodebSi ukavSirdebian.

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eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT, Zveli minosis mosaxleoba kolxebTan erTad saerTo jgufSi erTiandeba. kunZul kretaze minosuri kulturis aRmavlobis periodi (Zv. w. XIX­XV ss) swored kolxuri kulturis zeobis xanas emTxveva. egviptur da berZnul misteriebTan mimarTebaSic kolxebi da kretelebi erTmaneTs hgavdnen. isini gardamaval safexurs qmnidnen egviptur da berZnul kulturebs Soris.

berZen gmir Tezevss swored kretas kunZulze uwevs Tavisi xeldasxmis erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi safexuris gavla. mrisxane minosis meuRle aris aietis da pasifae, rac naTlad mianiSnebs am or misteriul garemoTa Soris arsebul kavSirze. Tezevsi minosisa da pasifaes qaliSvilis (medeas mamidaSvilis) ariadnes daxmarebiT aRwevs labirinTSi da minotavrs klavs. Semdeg igi ariadnesTan erTad gaemgzavreba kretadan. am SemTxvevaSic TvalsaCinoa ariadnesa da Tezevsis siyvarulis istoriis msgavseba medeasa da iazonis siyvarulTan.

am TvalsazrisiT, analogiuri SemTxvevaa odisevsTan dakavSirebul miTSic. kunZul aiaiaze, romlis dasa xelebac analogiuria kolxeTis samefos dasaxelebisa, cxovrobs aseve aietis da — jadoqari kirke. kirkes jadoqrobisagan odisevsic siyvarulma ixsna. kunZulis grZneul dedofals berZeni gmiri Seuyvarda. marTalia, man odisevss jados­nuri wamliT sakuTari samSoblo daaviwya da erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavis kunZulze datova, magram Semdeg odi­sevsi gons moego da kvlav gaagrZela iTakasaken mogzau­roba. kirke daexmara mas, raTa qvesknelSi moxvedriliyo da tireziasgan iTakas ambebi gaego.

rogorc vxedavT, samive berZen gmirs (iazons, Tezevss, odisevss) TavianTi iniciaciis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan epizodebSi kolxuri samyaros warmomadgenlebTan uxde­baT Sexvedra. faqtobrivad, maTi iniciacia swored kolxuri misteriebis zemoqmedebiT xdeba.

_ 15 _

argonavtebis mogzauroba Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebSia navaraudevi. rogorc Cans, am periodSi moxda kolxeTis sulier centrebSi dagrovili sulieri codnis inten­siuri aTviseba berZen moRvaweTa mier. swored am pe­riods mosdevs berZnuli misteriuli centrebis mkveT­ri aRmavlobac. berZnuli kultura TandaTan ikavebs imdroindeli kacobriobis lideris adgils. rac Se­exeba qarTul kulturas, imave periodSi iwyeba misi degradaciac. kolxurma misteriebma ukve Seasrules TavianTi misia. maT saWiro dromde Semoinaxes is sulieri saganZuri, rac winare, egvipturi epoqidan miiRes da amiT gza gauxsnes axali, berZnuli kulturis aRmavlobis process.

strabonis ̀ geografia~ gvauwyebs, rom aietis kolxeTi Zvelad saxelganTqmuli qveyana yofila. misma memkvidre mefeebma ki qveyana calkeul skeptuxiebad dayves.8 ese igi, aietis Semdeg periodSi kolxeTis centralizebuli saxelmwifo calkeul samTavroebad dayofila.

aRniSnuli periodidan, ese igi, Zv. w. XI saukunidan, ukve aRiniSneba qarTveluri tomebis kulturis Tan­daTanobiTi dacema. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi mcire aziaSi kimerielTa Semosevam kidev ufro Seasusta maTi poziciebi da am periodidan moyolebuli qarTveluri tomebis saxelebi mcire aziaSi TandaTanobiT qreba.

indoevropeli tomebis SemoWra mcire aziasa da xmelTaSua zRvis teritoriaze saukuneTa manZilze grZel­deboda. isini TandaTan aviwroebdnen mkvidr mosaxleobas da maT teritoriebs ikavebdnen. saukunovani brZolebis dasasruli xatovan enaze aisaxa berZnul miTosSi, kerZod, troas garemocvasTan dakavSirebul movlenebSi. xangrZlivi garemocvis Semdeg Zveli kulturis erT­erTi ukanaskneli centric ecema da kacobriobis istoriis wina planze axalgazrda berZnuli kultura gamodis. qarTveluri tomebi, romlebic swored am Zveli eTnosis

_ 16 _

nawils warmoadgenen, mkveTrad izRudebian teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT. isini, ZiriTadad, CrdiloeTiT, kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebisaken lokalizdebian.

rogorc cnobilia, sesostrisi egviptis mefe iyo. is aris igive ramzes II. istoriuli wyaroebis mi­xed viT ramzes II Zv. w. XIII saukuneSi cxovrobda. apolonios rodoselis mixedviT sesostrisma kolxeTSi argonavtebamde Zalian didi xniT adre ilaSqra. maSin kolxeTSi darCenil egviptur jars kolonia swored iq dauarsebia. Tu am SemTxvevaSi movlenebs realur istoriul WrilSi ganvixilavT, cxadia, miTosuri saxeebi garkveul winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndebian istoriasTan. ramzes II argonavtebamde didi xniT adre ver ilaSqrebda kolxeTSi, radgan argonavtebis kolxeTSi mogzaurobac daaxloebiT misi moRvaweobis periodSi igulisxmeba. apolonios rodoselis cnobiT ki sesostrisma mravali saukuniT adre daaarsa kolxuri kolonia.

egviptur­kolxur urTierTobebs namdvilad Zveli istoria aqvs da egvipturi hermesuli misteriebis kolxeTSi gadanacvleba namdvilad argonavtebze bevrad Soreul warsulSi, daaxloebiT Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi igulisxmeba. ubralod, es movlena miwerilia ramzes II­sadmi, romelic TiTqmis argonavtTa Tanamedrove iyo. roca apolonios rodoseli kolxTa egviptur warmomavlobaze saubrobs, igi amave dros iTvaliswinebs herodotes cnobil koncefcias egviptelTa kolxeTSi dasaxlebis Sesaxeb.

sainteresoa, rom apolonios rodoseli teqstis im nawilSi yveba egviptelTa jaris kolxeTSi darCenisa da aq egvipturi koloniis daarsebis Sesaxeb, roca mogviTxrobs kolxTa jarisagan argonavtebis dadevnebis ambavs. swored am devnas mohyva is, rom kolxTa jari ukan aRar dabrunebula kolxeTSi, ramzes II­is jaris msgavsad isic ucxo miwaze darCa da aseve axali kolonia daaarsa.

_ 17 _

berZnul miTSi farTodaa aRwerili am axali kolxuri koloniis daarsebis geografiuli garemoebani.

friqsesa da aietis asulis qalkiopes ufrosi va­Jis argosis rCevis Semdeg argonavtebma kolxeTidan saberZneTSi dasabruneblad gansxvavebuli gza airCies. maT dunaiSi (istrosSi) Secures da aRma auyvnen mas. argosi am gzas ̀ saidumlo gzas~ uwodebs, romelic Zvelad ukvdav qurumTa naCvenebi yofila. swored am uwyebas mosdevs monaTxrobi egviptur­kolxuri urTierTobis Sesaxeb:

` . . . aravin icis, mxolod argosma ase mimarTa smenadqceulebs:

maS gaveSuroT wminda orqomens, saiTac uTqvams im Tqven WeSmarit

winaswarmetyvels, visac kolxeTis Soreul gzaze SeyrixarT Tqvena.

aris meore sazRvao gzaca, tritonur Tebes STa­momavalTa.

ukvdav qurumTa naCvenebia Zvelad is didi gza saidumlo.

jerac ar iyo yvela varskvlavi, dRes rom cimcimebs mosarkul caze;

wminda danaes da misi modgmis saxsenebelic ar iyo qveynad,

Tundac ekiTxaT, da arc qebuli devkalionis STa­momavalTa —

devkalidebis iyo sufeva pelazgTa qveynis miwa­wyal­zeda,

mTels eladaSi saxlobdnen marto apidaneli arka­dielni,

es tomi Turme selene — mTvaris dabadebamde cxovrobda mTebSi,

da rko iyoo misi saWmeli, ase gvauwyebs Zveli simRera.

_ 18 _

im dros yofila ukve ganTqmuli mTels cisqveSeTSi Savi egvipte,

uxvyaniani da uZvelesi axalgazrdobis mSobeli deda, masTan tritonis didi mdinare, uxvi, mSvenier tal­

Rebiani, romlis wylebiTac is dalocvili Savi xmeleTi

noyierdeba: iq xom ar modis zevsis wvima da deda­mdinare apurebs

yanas, iqidan mosul kacs dauvlia Turme azia, mTeli evropa, mamacTa razmis ZaliT da RoniT gadmouseravs zRva da

xmeleTi; im laSqrobaSi daasaxlao uricxvi daba, qalaq­soflebi; zogi maTgani dResac arsebobs, xolo zogisa kvalic

aRgvila, — es xom Soreul warsulSi moxda, saukuneTa wiaRTa

miRma! xolo aia, dResac urRvevi, dgas da cxovroben im did

qalaqSiim mamac gmirTa STamomavalni, didma molaSqrem aq rom

datova. Senaxuli aqvT mamapapuri Zveli kirbebi, werilsvetebi, da im kirbebze naCvenebia gzebi yovelTa zRvaTa da

xmelTa. im wyalTa Soris erTi mdinare bolo totia okeanisa, TviTon sabargo gemebisaTvis sakmaod Rrma da sakmaod

farTo, — ucxo mxareSic icnobdnen im wyals, SoreTs istrosad

saxeldebulsa.~9

rogorc vxedavT, teqstis am mcire monakveTSi Zalze mniSvnelovani uwyebebia koncentrirebuli.

aq warmodgenilia egviptesa da kolxeTs Soris uZvelesi droidan cnobili saidumlo gza, romelic

_ 19 _

ukvdav qurumTa naCvenebi iyo. es gza `tritonur Tebes STamomavalTa~ gza yofila. aq, cxadia, igulisxmeba egviptis Tebe, xolo `tritoni~ nilosis Zveli saxelia. ese igi, apolonios rodoseli TiTqosda Zalze ucnaur cnobas gvawvdis — kolxeTisa da egviptis damakavSirebeli erT­erTi gza mdinare dunaize gadiodao.

vfiqrobT, am uwyebasac ZiriTadad sulieri mniS­vneloba ufro unda mieniWos, vidre istoriuli faqtisa. dunais aRma ayoliT egvipteSi Casvla SesaZlebeli kia, magram es gza Zalze grZelia da Zneli asaxsnelia, ratom unda evloT am gziT. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom odesRac egviptidan kolxeTisken samxreTidan momavali gzebi mtrulad ganwyobili tomebisagan iyo Caketili da kolxur­egvipturi urTierTobebi aseTi SemovliTi gziT xorcieldeboda.

am mcire monakveTSi Zalze zustad da lakoniuradaa moTxrobili egvipteSi mdinare nilosis (tritonis) irgvliv egviptelTa cxovrebis TaviseburebaTa Se­saxebac. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom argosis es sityva miTSi daaxloebiT Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebSi warmoTqmulad unda vigulisxmoT, cxadi xdeba, ramdenad Zveli unda yofiliyo egviptur­kolxuri urTierTobebi. argosi saubrobs im droze, roca eladaSi mosaxle tomebi rkoTi ikvebebodnen da jer mTvarec ki ar iyo dabadebuli. devkalionis STamomavlebic jer ar mosuliyvnen pelazgTa miwaze.

rogorc vxedavT, miTis avtori cdilobs egviptur­kolxuri urTierTobebi warmoudgenlad Soreul warsulSi warmogvidginos. egviptel meomarTa razmic swored aseT Soreul warsulSi damkvidrebula kolxeTSi da aq mZlavri kolonia dauarsebia.

aqve moyvanilia Zalze mniSvnelovani uwyeba: kolxebs Senaxuli hqoniaT mamapapuri damwerloba — `Zveli kirbebi, werilsvetebi.~

_ 20 _

vidre am uwyebebs ufro vrclad SevexebiT, jer miTis mixedviT Tvali gadavavloT argonavtebisa da mdevari kolxebis gzas mdinare dunais aRma mimarTulebiT.

argosi yveba, rom mdinare istrosi, anu dunai ripeosis mTebidan iRebs saTaves, gaivlis Trakiis, skviTiis sazRvrebs `da iq iSleba or calke totad. erTi Cven zRvaSi Caedineba, xolo meore erT Rrma ubeSi — trinakriis zRvis nawilSi Cadis~.

es zRva xmeleTSi Rrmadaa SeWrili da eladas emij­neba. ese igi, apolonios rodoselis cnobiT dunais erTi toti Sav zRvaSi Cadis, xolo meore adriatikis zRvaSi, saidanac Semdeg saberZneTSi moxvedra SeiZleba. argonavtebi swored am sazRvao marSrutiT gadawyveten samSobloSi dabrunebas.

miTis am epizodma Semdegdroindel moRvaweTa seri­ozuli kritika daimsaxura. cxadia, dunaize aRma curviT veraviTar SemTxvevaSi gemiT ver movxvdebiT adriatikis zRvaSi. dunais adriatikis zRvaSi Camavali ganStoeba ara aqvs.

miuxedavad am Seusabamobisa, miTis SinaarsSi prin­cipuli winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs. miTosuri Txroba arasodes gulisxmobs amgvar racionalizms, miT umetes, rom miTSi aRwerili marSrutis gavla realurad SesaZlebelia, Tundac gemis gamocvlis gziT.

miTSi, sadac moZravi kldeebisa da calTvala ciklopis ambavia moTxrobili, amgvari marSrutis geografiuli niuansebis kritika azrs moklebulia.

miTis mixedviT, oqros sawmisis motacebis Semdeg, argonavtebi dunais aRma auyvnen. kolxTa gemebic ukan daedevnen. kolxTa flotma ufliswul afsirtes winamZRolobiT erT­erT ganStoebaSi mokle gziT Secura da argonavtebs gaaswro.

kolxTa mravalricxovani floti `TviTon afsirtes winamZRolobiT, istross miadga: mokle gzas ahyva,

_ 21 _

gauswro gmirebs, gascda mSvenier SesarTavs gemi, Semouara mcire yels curviT, Seusvenebliv gaiWra wina, da ioniis zRvis ukidures ubes miadga argoze adre~.

kolxebma gza mouWres argonavtebs. apoloniosis cnobiT am adgilebSi ucxovriaT skvi­

Tebs, Trakielebs, siginebs, gravkenebs. iq lavrionis far To udabur velebze sindebis modgma yofila da­saxlebuli.10

kolxebi istrosis mcire StoSi gadasulan da kronosis zRvaSi argonavtebze adre SeucuravT. maT aq yvela gasasvleli Caketes. male argonavtebis gemi brigeidis kunZulebs miadga. mxolod aq, erT­erT kunZulze, sadac artemides taZari idga, ar iyvnen kolxi meomrebi — isini salocavs moridebian.

medeas rCeviT iazoni swored am kunZulze Casafrda. medeam afsirte kunZulze Seityua viTomda molaparakebis mizniT. afsirte miendo medeas da RamiT artemides taZarTan marto mivida. safaridan gamoxta iazoni da `dahkra maxvili Wabuks, viTarca yasabi dahkravs Zalumad xars najaxs... dasca taZarTan, rac artemides kunZulis gaRma sanapiroze mkvidrma brigebma auges Zvelad~.11

am epizodSi kolxTa ufliswulis — afsirtes sikvdilis suraTia warmodgenili. im droisTvis kolxeTSi xaris kulti iyo da amis garda TavisTavad kolxuri samyaro astrologiuri TvalsazrisiTac xaris epoqis kulturas warmoadgenda. am kulturam Tavis zeobas swored am epoqaSi miaRwia. axali, berZnuli kultura verZis epoqis kulturaa. mze xaris zodiaqodan verZis zodiaqoSi gadavida. xaris epoqis kulturebi daecnen. miTis mixedviT, kolxeTSi berZenma gmirebma swored xari daimorCiles da aqedan verZis tyavi (oqros sawmisi) waiRes.

kolxeTis momavali mefe — afsirte samsxverplo xariviT kvdeba artemides taZarTan.

_ 22 _

kolxTa mravalricxovani laSqari meTauris gareSe darCa. dabneulma kolxebma veRar SeZles argonavtebis gamodevneba. aietis risxvis SiSiT veRarc kolxeTSi dabruneba gabedes da iZulebuli gaxdnen im Soreul miwebze dasaxlebuliyvnen.

`iqiT ki kolxebs Tavzarsa scemda aiet mefis sastiki risxva,

amitom veRar gabedes ukan — kutaiaSi, Sin dabruneba. sawylad gzaSive ganibna yvela: zogi sad darCa da zogi

sada; erTni dasaxldnen im kunZulebze, sadac gmirebma

dahyves xani da dResac imaTi STamomavalni — afsirtelebi cxovroben

iqa. sxvebma qalaqi iq daafuZnes, sad iliriis, didi mdinarismuq wyalTa Soris, gmiris kadmosis da harmoniis aris

samare, enqel vaJkacTa tomis mezoblad, danarCenebi

cxovroben dResacim kldovan mTebSi, romelTac axlac keravniis mTebs

uZaxis xalxi~.12

rogorc vxedavT, apolonios rodoseli kolxTa jarisagan axali koloniis daarsebis geografiul areals konkretulad miuTiTebs.

kolxebis nawili adriatikis zRvaSi, iliriis sana­piroebTan brigedis kunZulebze dasaxlebulan. am kunZulebs straboni afsirtidebs uwodebs (VII, 5, 5). igive dasaxeleba gvxvdeba plinius sekundusTanac.

herodotes cnobiT frigielebs adre brigebi ewo­debodaT. afsirtidebad moxsenebulia adriatikis zRvaSi arsebuli ori kunZuli — axlandeli kvarneros kunZulebi adriatikis CrdiloeTiT.

_ 23 _

kolxebis nawils qalaqi dauarsebia. antikuri gad­mocemebis mixedviT Tebes legendaruli damaarsebeli kadmosi da misi meuRle harmonia siberis Jams Tebedan enqelebSi (iliriis xalxia) gadasaxldnen. kolxebs sadRac im teritoriaze dauarsebiaT qalaqi.

apoloniosis cnobiT kolxTa kidev erTi nawili keravniis mTebSi dasaxlebula. es mTebi iliriis mTebia, axlandeli kimara.13

rogorc vxedavT, apolonios rodoselis uwyebiT kolx meomrebs daaxloebiT Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebSi axali kolonia Zvel iliriaSi dauarsebiaT. maTi dasaxlebis adgilebis zusti gansazRvra, cxadia, Znelia, magram ZiriTadad miTiTebulia adriatikis zRvis sanapiros is nawili, sadac dReisaTvis xorvatiis teritoriaa.

_ 24 _

druidebi, odini, runebi

samxreT evropaSi kolxuri koloniis daarsebis pe­riodSi iq mZlavri druiduli kultura arsebobda. evropuli kulturis fesvebi swored misgan momdinareobs. misi arqauli periodi Zv. w. III­II aTaswleulebis epoqaze modis.

uZvelesi druiduli misteriebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc mze­mTvaris misteriebi. druidebis mziuri iniciacia organulad erwymoda mTvareul sibrZnes, rac Tavis mxriv miwieri samyarodan momdinare sulieri Zalebis SemecnebaSi mJRavndeboda. dolmenebisa da kromlexebis miRma druidebi mzis sulier saxes Wvretdnen. qurumebi mTeli arsebiT eZleodnen sulieri samyarodan momdinare impulsebs. isini CarTuli iyvnen ciur sxeulTa wliur wrebrunvaSi. mzisa da mTvaris moZraobis ciklebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda druidTa religiur msaxurebaSi. mTeli gare samyaros Semecneba swored am mze­mTvaris sulieri Wvretidan momdinareobda. bunebaSi moqmedi ganayofierebis, zrdis, yvavilobisa da sxva movlenaTa gamomwvevi Zalebis miRma swored mze­mTvareuli procesebi Seicnoboda. yvela am movlenaSi ki adamiani garkveul sulier arsebebs Wvretda.

druiduli kultura sruliad iyo mindobili gare samyarodan momdinare impulsebs. masSi praqtikulad ar SeimCneoda racionaluri cnobierebis elementebi. misTvis sruliad uCveulo iyo sakuTar TavSi CaR r ma­vebuli, Cafiqrebuli adamianis tipi. amgvari cno­biereba im periodSi samxreTuli kulturebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. samxreTuli kulturis erT­erTi ti­puri warmomadgeneli imdroindeli egvipte iyo. iqauri

_ 25 _

qurumebis sulieri mzera naklebad iyo mimarTuli gare samyarosken. maT interess ZiriTadad miRmiuri sfero warmoadgenda. am samyaroSi isini sikvdilis Zalebs Wvretdnen. sakuTar samyaroSi CaRrmavebuli, moazrovne adamianis tipi egvipturi kulturis ideals warmoadgenda. swored im periodSi (ese igi, 30­35 saukunis win) egviptis msgavsi kultura samxreTSic bevrgan gardamaval safexurze iyo.

kacobriobis sulieri cxovrebis am gardamaval periodSi druidul kulturaSi mkveTri cvlilebebi SeimCneva.

rogorc r. Staineri uZvelesi druiduli misteriebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, im dros druidul religiur cnobierebaSi jer ar arsebobda votanis kulti. swored am periodis Semdeg votanis, anu odinis kulti evropul druidul samyaroSi aRmosavleTidan, ufro konkretulad ki Savi zRvispira misteriebidan Semodis. im periodSi SavizRvispira misteriebma erTgvari kolonizacia moax­dines dasavleTis teritoriaze da am gziT druidebis Zveli sibrZnis axali impulsebiT ganayofiereba moxda.

`misteriebi, romlidanac votanis kultura gamovida, merkuris misteriebi gaxldaT. druidul misteriebSi mzisa da mTvaris impulsebs SeuerTda merkuris impulsi~.14

es impulsebi ar arsebobda Zvel druidul samyaroSi. igi arsebobda aRmosavleTSi, saidanac is dasavleTiT gavrcelda da misi kolonizacia moaxdina. votan­merkuris kultma Tavisi moqmedeba aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken gaavrcela.

swored amiT efineba naTeli im sakiTxs, Tu ratom iTvleba votani dasavleTSi runuli damwerlobis Camomtanad. votanma runebis saxiT dasavleTSi moitana is, risi meSveobiTac is jer kidev umartivesi, primitiuli inteleqtualuri formiT cdilobda gareSe samyaros Semecnebas. es iyo bunebis erTgvari gaSifvris xelovneba

_ 26 _

— druiduli samyaros pirveli inteleqtualuri biZgi — votanis biZgi.

votanis mosvlamde druidebisaTvis sruliad ucxo iyo raime azris werilobiT, anda simboloTi gamosaxva. janmrTeli cxovrebis wesi gulisxmobda bunebaSi cxov­rebas, mis sulier ZalebTan Serwymas da sruliad gaugebari iyo misi raime saxiT, Tundac raime niSniT gamosaxva.

evropis religiur cnobierebaSi votanis mosvlamde sruliad ucxo iyo sikvdilis samyaroSi CaRrmavebis problema. Zveli evropeli mTlianad gare samyaroSi — gansulierebul kosmosSi cxovrobda. igi adamians gardacvalebis Semdegac am gansulierebul kosmosTan SeerTebulad ganixilavda. misTvis aseve uCveulo iyo samyaros racionaluri Semecneba — rac Zvel misteriebSi planeta merkurs, anu berZnulad hermesis Zalebs miewereba (egvipteSi mas ToTi erqva).

hermesi, romelic sikvdilisa da azrovnebis Zalebs ukavSirdeba, sruliad ucxo iyo evropis mze­mTvareul religiur cnobierebaSi.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom balduri — votanis Ze da misi kultis umTavresi saxe, druidul samyaroSi ara sicocxlis, aramed sikvdilis ZalebTanaa dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom balduri mziuri arsebaa, ma­inc kvdeba; igi miemgzavreba sikvdilis samyaroSi da ar Seswevs mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Zala. druidebs mkurnalobis mravali meTodi hqondaT, magram isini votanis runuli inteleqtualizmidan momdinare mziur RvTaebas mxolod miRmiur samyaroSi xedavdnen. dasavlur miTosSi mogvianebiT gaCnda balduris qvesknelidan daxsnis Tqmulebebic, magram es gviandeli Tqmulebebia da Taviseburad gamoxatavs aRdgomis misteriis Zvel TqmulebebSi gadatanis survils.

`saocari saxiT CrdiloeTSi mziur da mTvareul

_ 27 _

Zalebze merkuris zemoqmedebis Sedegad momzadda Tvalsazrisi qristes impulsis Sesaxeb. baldurSi, RmerTSi, romelic eqvemdebareba sikvdils da ar SeuZlia aRdgoma, Cven vxedavT CrdiloeTisaTvis qristes winamorbeds. ieso qristec kvdeba, magram mas SeuZlia aRdgoma~.15

votanis Ze balduri Zvelad moiazreboda rogorc merkuris mier areklili mziuri Zala. igi momdinareobs merkuruli, anu hermesuli cnobierebidan.

_ 28 _

hermesuli kulti kolxeTSi

zemoT ganxilul mcire zomis epizodSi apolonios rodoseli Txrobas egviptis jaris mier kolxeTSi koloniebis daarsebis gaxsenebiT iwyebs. Semdeg iqve gvauwyebs axla ukve argonavtikis epoqaSi kolxeTidan jaris gadanacvlebis da adriatikis sanapiroebTan (iliriaSi) axali koloniis daarsebis Sesaxeb.

hele da friqses miTosuri istoria saocari siRrmiT gadmogvcems im misteriebis sulier Sinaarss, romelic egviptidan kolxeTSi iqna gadatanili. Tavisi xasiaTiT es misteria hermesuli (anu merkuruli) xasiaTisa iyo. am miniSnebiT ukve bevri ramaa naTqvami kolxuri misteriebis Taviseburebebze.

egviptidan kolxeTSi gadmotanili cnobierebis fo­r ma, romelic Zvel egviptur sibrZnes efuZneba, da­xasiaTebulia rogorc hermesuli cnobiereba.

egviptur misteriebSi hermesi is RvTaebaa, romelic Rrmad ukavSirdeba iseT mistikur gancdas, rogoricaa adamianis mimarTeba sikvdilis samyarosTan. hermesi Suamavalia gardacvlil adamiansa da gardacvlil uzenaes RvTaebas _ oziriss Soris. ozirisis samsjavroze gardacvlilTa sulebs swored hermesi acilebs.

advilad SevamCnevT, rom sesostrisis (ramzes II­is) aRmosavleTSi mogzaurobisa da iq dasaxlebebis daarsebis istoria msgavsia aseve egvipturi uzenaesi RvTaebis — ozirisis istoriisa.

egviptelTa mziur RmerTs ozirissac, roca is egvipteSi mefobda, aziaSi umogzauria, iqauri xalxi gaunaTlebia, qalaqebi auSenebia.

yvela Tavis saqmianobaSi oziriss ToTi exmareboda.

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egvipteli ToTis berZnuli dasaxelebaa hermesi. ro­maelebi mas merkurs eZaxian. egviptur gadmocemaSi hermesi ozirisis brZeni mrCevelia.

swored aziis laSqrobidan dabrunebis Semdeg ozirisi mZime gansacdelis winaSe aRmoCnda. mas aujanyda sakuTari Zma — seTi (tifoni). man ozirisi motyuebiT kidobanSi Caketa da nilosSi Caagdo. kidobani finikiaSi gairiya.

didi xnis Ziebis Semdeg izidam kidobani finikiaSi ipova. ozirisi mainc ver gadaurCa sikvdils. seTma misi sxeuli 14 nawilad daWra da mTel egvipteSi mimoabnia. izidam yvela nawili Sekriba, magram ozirisis gacocxleba veRar SeZlo.

ozirisi micvalebulTa samyaros gamgebeli gaxda. gardacvalebis Semdeg hermesi sulebs ozirisis samsjavroze waradgenda. advili SesamCnevia, rom ozirisis egvipturi misteria Tavis gamoxmaurebas povebs afsirtes daRupvis istoriaSic. jer ozirisis msgavsad sesostrisi laSqrobs kolxeTSi da aq dasaxlebebs aarsebs, Semdeg igives akeTeben kolxebi — ukve adriatikisa da dunais sanapiroebTan afuZneben dasaxlebebs. afsirte ozirisisa da sesostrisis msgavsad Tavisi jariT laSqrobaSi (argonavtebis devnaSi) miemarTeba. adriatikis zRvaSi afsirtesac RalatiT klaven. argonavtikis zogierTi versiis mixedviT mokluli afsirtes sxeuli dakepes da zRvaSi gadayares. vidre aieti afsirtes sxeulis nawilebs agrovebda, argonavtebma gaqceva moaxerxes.

ozirisi mziuri RvTaebaa. kolxur misteriebTan msgavseba am aspeqtSic aSkaraa. kolxeTis mefe aieti heliosis Zea. kolxeTis ufliswul afsirteze apolonios rodoseli xatovnad mianiSnebs:

`etlis sadave TviTon faeTonts, Wabuk afsirtes eWira xelTa~.16

ese igi, afsirtec mziuri gmiris saxiTaa daxa sia­Tebuli.

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egvipturi misteriebis mixedviT, ozirisis amqveyniur mefobaSi igulisxmeba is warsuli epoqa, roca adamianebi mTlianad sulieri arsebebis garemocvaSi cxovrobdnen, roca maT moqmedebaSi mTlianad sulieri samyaros neba vlindeboda. SemdgomSi racionaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad es Zveli suliereba TandaTan daikarga, `mokvda~. ozirisi mokvda. sulier samyarosTan ziareba axla ukve mxolod im mowafeebs SeeZloT, vinc sikvdilis samyaroSi SeRwevas SeZlebdnen. swored amitomac egvipturi xeldasxmis ritualebi sikvdilis gancdaze iyo orientirebuli. adamiani maSin xvdeba oziriss, roca sikvdilis karibWes gaivlis da mis winaSe warsdgeba. dedamiwaze adamians ar SeeZlo ozirisTan Sexvedra. miwier yofaSi ozirisis sxeuli danawevrebuli iyo. mas aq ar SeeZlo arseboba.

hermesi Suamavalia adamiansa da uzenaes RvTaebas So­ris. igi Suamavlis rols asrulebs Zvelsa da axal epoqas Sorisac. igi Tavadaa racionaluri impulsebis matarebe­li. racionaluri cnobierebis ganviTareba axali epoqis erT­erTi centraluri amocanaa — magram ise, rom ar mox­des sulierebis dakargva, suleTTan kavSiris gawyveta.

egviptur misteriebSi borotebasTan brZolaSi uzenaesi mziuri RvTaeba kvdeba, magram mas rCeba Ze. ozirisi micvalebulTa samyarodan evlineba hoross da aswavlis, Tu rogor unda ebrZolos seTs. marTlac, horosi brZolaSi amarcxebs seTs. saxezea gamarjvebuli, qveynierebis mmarTveli Zis — horosis suraT­xati.

kolxur misteriaSi aietis Ze — afsirte iRupeba. egviptis mefes oziriss Tavisma Zmam uRalata. afsirtes sakuTari da Ralatobs. kolxeTSi mefe cocxali rCeba, taxtis memkvidre ki kvdeba.

am mxriv pirdapiri analogiaa evropul misteriasTan. borotebas iqac votanis (odinis) Ze balduri ewireba. borotebis gansaxiereba — loki RalatiT klavs mas.

_ 31 _

am mxriv kolxur da germanul­skandinaviur istoriebs Soris paraleli aSkaraa. orive SemTxvevaSi mkvdari Ze ver axerxebs aRdgomas. Zis aRdgomis saswauli mxolod mogvianebiT ieso qristeSi iqca realobad. manamde is jer kidev moumwifebeli miTosuri saxe iyo.

rogorc vnaxeT, kolxeTis ufliswul afsirtes is­toriac ozirisis misteriebis Sinaarss gamoxatavs. axa­li epoqis dasawyisSi, axali racionaluri cnobierebis gariJraJze misi adgili aRar rCeba amqveyniur yofaSi. is, rogorc Zveli misteriebis warmomadgeneli, axal mi­waze — evropis sulier cxovrebaSi micvalebulis saxiT warsdgeba. marTalia, kolxebma TavianTi kultura evro­paSi Caitanes, magram maTi winamZRoli mkvdaria. sxvanai­rad rom vTqvaT, kolxebma Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos evropis kontinenti sikvdilis misterias aziares. sikvdi­li sulieri TvalsazrisiT, cxadia, mxolod biologiur sikvdils ar gulisxmobs. sakuTar TavSi CaRrmaveba, ada­mianis cnobierebis Sinagani aqtivobac mistikuri sikvdi­lis formaa. amgvari cnobiereba sru liad ucxo iyo im­driondeli evropisTvis. druiduli samyaro mTlianad garemoSi gamovlenil sulierebaze iyo orientirebuli.

rogorc Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi aCveneben, da­mar xuli RvTaebis sulieri xati damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo Zveli kolxuri misteriebisTvis.

vanis gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenil iqna Zv. w. III saukunis erTi metad uCveulo samarxi. masSi erTmaneTis gverdiT aRmoCnda ori gvami. erTi ekuTvnoda qurums, xolo meore — kremaciis wesiT damarxul mZimed SeiaraRebul meomars. am or namarxs Soris dafluli iyo daaxloebiT 30 sm­is simaRlis RvTaebis skulptura. igi liTonisagan iyo Sesrulebuli da oqroTi iyo Semkuli.

am namarxSi aSkarad ikveTeba RvTaebis damarxvis rituali, rac im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli miste­riuli warmodgenebidan momdinareobda.17

_ 32 _

votani, anu odini germanul da skandinaviur miTosSi axali Taobis RmerTebis winamZRolia. man Zveli Taobis RmerTebi daamarcxa da axal epoqas daudo saTave. votani omis RmerTicaa. igi brZolis velis gamgebelia. votanis Zalian bevri epiTeti arsebobs, sadac igi omis RmerTis atributebiTaa warmodgenili. is aris jaris mama, gamarjvebis RmerTi, omSi dacemulTa mfarveli da sxva.

Zveli germanuli miTologiuri panTeonis erT­erT umTavres RvTaebas warmoadgenda `ziu~. igi Weqa­quxilis gamgebeli iyo berZnuli panTeonis zevsis msgavsad. Zveli Taobis RmerTis zius adgili daikava axali Taobis RmerTma tirma, romelic amave dros omis RmerTic iyo. ese igi, germanuli miTosis mixedviT Weqa­quxilisa da omis RvTaeba tiri axali Taobis RmerTia da misi kulti mogvianebiT Cndeba germanuli RmerTebis panTeonSi.18

germanul miTosSi arsebuli omis RmerTebi yvela wyaros mixedviT mogvianebiT gamoCndnen. germanuli tomebi manamde sxva RmerTebs scemdnen Tayvans.

odini omis RmerTebis — aesirebis mefe iyo. erT­erTi miTis mixedviT didi omi gaCaRda Zvel RmerTebsa da aesirebs Soris. axali Taobis omis RmerTebma odinis meTaurobiT gaimarjves. sabolood maT Soris zavi daido da axalma RmerTebma zeciur panTeonSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikaves.

kolxuri omis RmerTis saxelis etimologiasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom analogiuri fuZe aqvs bevr iseT RvTaebas, romlebic omis RmerTis, an Weqa­quxilis RvTaebas gamosaxaven. z. gamsaxurdiam aRniSna, rom fuZe `tar~ RvTaebas aRniSnavda da misgan aris nawarmoebi uZvelesi mcireaziuli amindisa da Weqa­quxilis RvTaebebis saxelebi. Taru egeosur­anatoliuri fuZea, elva­Weqis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli (aqedan momdinareobs qarTuli sityva `tarosi~ — amindis aRmniSvneli). tarhu iyo luviuri panTeonis mTavari

_ 33 _

RvTaeba Weqa­quxilisa, xolo protoxeTur RvTaebaTa panTeonSi omis RmerTis saxelwodeba iyo tar­xoni, tar­xo~.19

berZnul istoriul wyaroebSi SemorCenilia cnoba kolxuri samyarodan omis RvTaebis kultis berZnul samyaroSi gadanacvlebis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca berZenTa kulturul eqspansias bunebrivad Tan axlda maTi religiuri kultebis aqtiuri gavrceleba, zogjer pi­riqiT, kolxuri religiuri kultebic `axerxebdnen~ berZnul religiur sferoebSi SeRwevas.

berZnuli gadmocemebis mixedviT kolxidaSi gavrce­lebulma zogierTma RvTaebam saberZneTSic SeaRwia. ax. w. II saukuneSi arsebobda tradicia, rom sparta — tarapinis gzaze yvelaze Zveli taZari iyo aresis salocavi, sadac omis RmerTis statua inaxeboda. es statua gadmocemis mixedviT dioskurebma kolxididan Camoitanes. am taZarSi aresis zedwodeba yofila tereiti. rogorc fiqroben, es saxeli kolxuria.20 rogorc Cans, omis RmerTs mniSvnelovani adgili ekava Zveli kolxeTis RmerTebis panTeonSi.21

kolxuri omis RmerTis kulti Zalze Zlieri yofila. amitom, ar unda iyos gasakviri, Tu igi Zvel germanul panTeonSic axerxebs fexis mokidebas. votanis, anu odinis saxiT kolxuri omis RmerTi druidul samyaroSi mkvidrdeba. dReisTvis ar aris cnobili, ra erqva am RmerTs Tavad kolxur samyaroSi.

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, votanis (odinis) kulti evropaSi SavizRvispira misteriebidanaa gada­tanili. misteriis gadanacvlebis epoqac zustad Se­esabameba evropaSi kolxuri koloniebis daarsebis dros. berZnulma miTebmac Semoinaxa cnoba kolxTa adriatikis sanapiroebsa da dunais auzSi dasaxlebis Sesaxeb. ase rom, istoriuli Tanxvedra aSkaraa.

mniSvnelovania germanuli miTosis uwyeba imis Sesaxeb,

_ 34 _

Tu rogor moipova votanma (odinma) runebi. odini codnas iyo mowyurebuli. man Tavisi yuri gacvala sibrZnis wyaros wyalSi. igi cxra dRe­Rame ekida samyaros xeze SubiT miWedili da swored iq moipova runebi. runebis mopovebiT odinis istoriaSi axali epoqa iwyeba.

gavixsenoT, rom argonavtebis mixedviT swored xeze iyo dakidebuli verZis tyavi, romelzec, berZenTa warmodgeniT, saidumlo warwerebi iyo gamosaxuli. iasonma swored xeze dakidebuli oqros sawmisi moipova.

Zveli kultebis urTierTgavlenis sferoSi, cxadia, erT­erTi sakvanZo sakiTxia RvTaebaTa etimologiis dadgena. am sakiTxis Seuswavlelobis gamo dabejiTebiT msjeloba Znelia, magram arsebobs zogierTi varaudi etimologiuri paralelebis Sesaxeb.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Zveli dros, Zveli Jamis aRsaniSnavad qarTul enaSi arsebuli sityvebi ̀ odindeli~, `odiTgan~ SesaZloa kavSirSi iyos im uZveles epoqasTan, roca odinis kulti arsebobda.22

ra Tqma unda, mxolod etimologiuri damTxveva ar aris sakmarisi argumenti am sakiTxis dabejiTebiT mtkicebisa, magram rogorc faqti, mainc gasaTvaliswinebelia Sem­dgomi kvlevis gzaze.

ticitusis mixedviT Zvelgermaneli xalxebis umaR­lesi kastis qurumebi iyvnen armanebi (Armanen).23 swored am terminis mixedviT fon listi germanuli runebis sistemas armanuls uwodebs.24

cxadia, germanelTa Zveli qurumebis es dasaxeleba (armani) Zalze axloa Zveli qarTuli miTosis gmiris ami­ranis saxelTan.

amiranis miTi mTel saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli. mas centraluri adgili ekava kolxur miTologiaSic.

varaudoben, rom amiranis miTosuri saxe daaxloebiT 3500 wlis win, ese igi, kolxuri misteriebis epoqaSi Seqmnila.25 zemoT swored igive epoqa iyo miTiTebuli

_ 35 _

odinis misteriebis kolxeTidan dasavleTisaken gavrce­lebasTan dakavSirebiTac.

aseve aSkara etimologiuri msgavseba arsebobs da­savluri misteriebis erT­erT umTavres RvTaebas bal­durs (baldrs) da qarTuli miTologiuri panTeonis RvTaebebs Soris.

amiranis miTis erT­erT personaJs badri hqvia. badri amiranis Zmaa.

balduris etimologiasTan aseve Zalze axloa qarTuli miTosuri panTeonis kidev erTi RvTaeba — baaduri. erT­erTi versiiT, saxeli baaduri ̀ Sahnamedan~ momdinareobs, magram am sakiTxze erTiani azri ar arsebobs.

qarTul miTosSi baaduri RvTisSvilia. igi gmiria, naxevrad RmerTi. es aris erT­erTi uZvelesi xat­salocavi. baaduris ZiriTadi salocavi gudanSia, Tumca cnobilia, rom mas kidev ufro Zveli salocavi sane­Reles mwvervalze hqonia.

baaduris erT­erTi epiTetia `beberi xati~. amave dros igi moxsenebulia rogorc beri baaduri. ese igi, miTosSi garkveviT mieniSneba, rom baaduris kulti Zalze Zvelia, igi uZvelesi panTeonis RvTaebaa. morige RmerTma RvTisSvilTagan pirvelad swored baaduri CamouSva cidan.

_ 36 _

evropuli runebi

gavixsenoT, rom ozirisis sikvdilis istoriaSi naTqvamia, rom seTma igi kidobanSi Caketa da niloss gaatana. kidobanSi Caketva yvela drois mistikur warmodgenaSi sulis miwier samyaroSi Caketvas, ma­te riaze mijaWvas mianiSnebs. seTi swored am Zalebis warmomadgenelia. igi Zveli sulierebisgan mowyvetisken ubiZgebs kacobriobas. egvipturi gadmocemebis mixedviT ozirisis kidobani wyalma finikiaSi gariya. gvamis sapovnelad izidas finikiaSi uwevs wasvla.

erT­erT aspeqtSi aq xatovnad mieniSneba Zveli egvipturi sulierebis manifestaciis — ieroglifuri anbanis Secvla finikiuri asoiTi anbaniT, rac ieroglifur anbanTan SedarebiT gvamad ganixileba. egviptidan finikiaSi midis sulieri damwerloba — egvipturi ieroglifuri damwerloba, xolo ukan, egvipteSi brundeba ozirisis gvami — abstraqtuli Srifti. bgeriTi anbani ukve aRar gamosaxavs Rrma sulier Sinaarss. asoebi abstraqtul bgerebs Seesabamebian da ara Sinaarss. es ukve axali racionaluri epoqis erT­erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania.26

rogorc zemoT iTqva, kolxebma evropis kontinentze Caitanes damwerlobis specifikuri saxe — runebi. es ar aris is abstraqtuli anbanuri damwerloba, rac finikiidan momdinareobs, magram imdroindeli druiduli cnobierebisaTvis es namdvili revolucia iyo.

zogadad, runebis warmoSobis istoria kacobriobis yofis uaRresad Zveli fenebidan iRebs saTaves. runebis winare formebad SeiZleba vigulisxmoT yvela is magiuri aRniSvna, rasac uZvelesi adamiani qvaze, an xeze kawravda da masSi zemoqmedebis garkveul Zalas ganicdida.

_ 37 _

arsebuli arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, ukve or aTaswleulze metia, rac runebma evropul teritoriaze sistematizebuli saxe miiRes da erTgvari damwerlobiTi forma SeiZines.

runuli damwerlobis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb sxva dasxva versiebi arsebobs. maTSi udao is aris, rom runuli dam­werloba Zveli kacobriobis mier saukuneebis ganmav­lobaSi gamomuSavebuli magiuri niSnebia, romelSic Zveli qurumebi RvTaebriv qmedebas Wvretdnen. man TandaTan sistematizebuli saxe miiRo. sazogadod, es etapi unda vigulisxmoT runuli damwerlobis zeobis periodad. SemdgomSi, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi runuli damwerloba ukve bgeriTi anbanebis mibaZviT TandaTan calkeuli bgerebis gamosaxvis funqciasac iTavsebs da amiT TandaTan uaxlovdeba Cveulebriv anbanur sistemebs.

evropaSi runuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb saboloo Tanxmoba dReisTvis ar arsebobs. gamoTqmulia uamravi samecniero hipoTeza.

runebis gaSifvris mcdeloba ZiriTadad im warwerebis mixedviT xdeba, sadac runebs ukve bgeriTi mniSvnelobebi aqvT da garkveuli TanmimdevrobiTi mwkrivis formiT raime sityvas gamosaxaven. es ukve runuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis is etapia, roca isini damoukidebeli ideogramebis saxiT ki aRar gvevlinebian, aramed an­banur sistemebs uaxlovdebian da aqcenti bgerebis asoiT gamoxatulebaze keTdeba. ese igi, es aris runuli damwerlobis anbanurisken gadasvlis gardamavali periodi. am movlenas evropaSi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi hqonda adgili.

norvegieli mecnieris marstranderis koncefciis mixedviT runebi Crdilo­etruskul­alpiuri weriTi niSnebidan warmoiSva.

1812 wels gaTxrebis dros avstro­ungreTSi, ne­ga usTan (Stiria) axlos, aRmoCenil iqna ori aTeuli

_ 38 _

brinjaos muzaradi, romlebic Zv. w. 200 wliT daTariRda. maTze warwera alpiuri niSnebiT iyo Sesrulebuli, magram germanuli teqsti ikiTxeboda.

am koncefciis Tanaxmad, Crdilo­etruskul­alpiuri aso­niSnebis mixedviT axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi markomanebis tomma zemo rainisa da zemo dunais regionSi runuli damwerloba Seqmna.

iTvleba, rom etruskuli anbani dasavluri berZ nu­lidanaa warmoSobili. maT Soris grafikuli msgavseba namdvilad arsebobs. Tavis mxriv berZnuli anbanis winamorbedad finikiuri anbani iTvleba.

zogierTi mkvlevari runebs laTinuri warmoSobisad Tvlida, magram es varaudi male iqna uaryofili. bevri maT warmomavlobas berZnul werilobiT sistemaSi eZebda.

arsebobs aseve farTod gaxmaurebuli koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac runebi Savi zRvispiras mcxovrebma goTebma Seqmnes.27

erTxans, gansakuTrebiT ki adolf hitleris periodSi, runebis fuZemdeblad germanelebi iTvlebodnen, magram am koncefciam seriozuli mxardaWera ver pova.

g. ienseni Tvlis, rom runebis dasaxelebebi uZveles epoqaSi ideogramebis dasaxelebebi iyo, Semdeg ki roca calkeuli ideogramebi uSualod gadavidnen runul anbanSi, maT igive dasaxelebebi SeinarCunes.28

igive g. iensenis mixedviT Zvel germanelebs hqondaT primitiuli werilobiTi niSnebi _ ideogramebi, romlebic azrobriv niSnebs warmoadgenda. maTi saSualebiT ra­ime Setyobineba ar gadmoicemoda. es ideogramebi ga­moiyeneboda magiuri miznebisaTvis. am azris dasa­mowmeblad xSirad moyvanilia tacitusis sityvebi,29 sadac naTqvamia, rom germanelebma orakulisgan miiRes joxebi, romlebzec datanili iyo niSnebi da misi saSualebiT winaswarmetyvelebdnen. bevr mecniers saeWvod eCveneba es cnoba, radgan Tvlis, rom axali eris dasawyisis

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germanuli runuli anbani mkveTr msgavsebas amJRavnebs samxreTul anbanebTan.

swored am periodidan Cndeba germanuli runuli warwerebi qvemo rainis auzSi, cota mogvianebiT ki aRmoCenilia goTuri Subis pirebze gamosaxuli runuli niSnebi (ax. w. 230 w.).

ax. w. V­VII saukuneebSi ukve CrdiloeTis tomebi (skandinavielebi) qmnian mravalricxovan runul Zeglebs.

daniaSi Zeglebze runuli warwerebi XII saukunemde gvxvdeba. runebi didxans SemorCa SvedeTSi. man TiTqmis ukanasknel saukuneebamde (XVIII s.) moaRwia. misi naSTebi Tanamedrove epoqaSic ki gvxvdeba.

evropaSi runuli anbanebi aSkarad saerTo fuZidan ganviTarda. amitomac klasikur runul sistemad iTvleba germanuli runuli anbani, romelic 24 niSans Seicavs. es anbani Tavad germaniaSi VIII saukunis Semdeg aRar ixmareba. skandinaviis qveynebSi is gacilebiT dRegrZeli aRmoCnda.

inglisSi germanuli runuli anbanis safuZvelze Seiqmna anglo­saqsuri runuli anbani, romelic 33 niSans aerTianebda. es anbani laTinurTan erTad VIII saukunemde iyo xmarebaSi.

runul anbanSi yvela runas aqvs dasaxeleba. Tavad runis fonetikuri mniSvneloba xSirad am dasaxelebis pirvel asos Seesabameba.

Tavad klasikurma runulma anbanma Tavisi dasaxeleba (`futark~) pirveli eqvsi runis fonemis erTobisagan miiRo.

roca runuli damwerloba fonemur niSanTa sistemad iqca, man faqtobrivad dakarga Tavisi Tavdapirveli ideogramuli gamomsaxveloba da paralelur anbanur sistemad Camoyalibda. SemdegSi man konkurencia veRar gauwia klasikur anbanur damwerlobas da TandaTan dakarga gavrcelebis areali.

runuli damwerlobidan anbanur sistemebze gadasvlis

_ 40 _

erT­erT gardamaval etapad SeiZleba ganvixiloT goTuri anbanis Seqmna.

goTebis episkoposma vulfilam bibliis goTurad Targmnisas uari Tqva goTur runul damwerlobaze. man ZiriTadad berZnuli anbanis gamoyenebiT Seqmna axali anbanuri sistema, magram zogierTi aso­niSani Zveli runuli damwerlobidan aiRo. im droisaTvis ukve aSkara iyo, rom runuli damwerloba Tavisi gamomsaxvelobiTi Taviseburebis gamo Cveulebriv damwerlobad ver ga­modgeboda. runebi damoukidebeli ideogramebia. bibliis teqstis gadmosacemad ki bgerebis zusti ga mosaxva iyo saWiro, raTa bibliis teqstis Sinaarsi zedmiwevniT zustad yofiliyo gadmocemuli.

ase rom, episkoposma vulfilam goTuri anbanis saxiT faqtobrivad Sereuli anbani Seqmna. am faqtSi naTlad vlindeba runuli epoqis dasasruli.

Tavad termin ̀ runa~­s warmomavlobisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saboloo Tanxmoba ar arsebobs. germanuli sityva runa, rune dakavSirebulia goTur rûna­sTan, rac `saidumlos~ niSnavs. aseve masTan axlos mdgomia Zveli germanuli sityva (zmna) rûnen (Tanamedrove germanulSi raunen), romlis mniSvnelobaa — `CurCuli~.

aseTive mniSvnelobebis sityvebi sxva enebSic gvxvdeba. rogorc naijel penikma miuTiTa, Zvel kelturSic sityva run aseve `CurCuls~ niSnavda, xolo Tanamedrove irlandiurSi sityva run — `saidumlos~.30

es mniSvnelobebi Zalze kargad gamosaxavs Tavad runebis Sinaarss. cxadia, runebi Zvel droSi mniSvnelovan saidumloebebs gamosaxavdnen da am dros maTi swavlebac albaT idumalad, intimur garemoSi xdeboda.

Zvel droSi mravali saxis runuli niSan­simbolo arsebobda. maTi zusti ricxvis dadgena SeuZlebelia. anbanuri damwerlobis niSnebad maTgan mxolod daax­loebiT ocdaaTi iqna gamoyenebuli. ese igi, runebi

_ 41 _

gaiyo or nawilad: runa­asoebi da runa­ieroglifebi. runa­aseobma SeinarCunes TavianTi dasaxelebebi da mniSvnelobebi, xolo runa­ieroglifebma anbanuri dam­werlobis danergvis Semdeg TandaTan dakarges Zveli mniSvnelobebi, radgan maTi gamoyeneba damwerlobis niSnebad SeuZlebeli iyo.

Tanamedrove epoqaSi runebis Zveli sulieri mniSv­nelobebi yvelaze metad skandinaviur cnobierebaSi SemorCa.

Crdilouri miTebis mixedviT samyaro pirvelyofili qaosidan warmoiSva. am qaoturi substanciidan pirvelad androgenuli giganturi arseba umri Seiqmna. am gigantis saxeli `umr~ niSnavs _ `moRriale (myvirali) xma~. ese igi, pirveladi arseba xmis saxiTaa warmodgenili. samyaros pirveladi xmovaneba aseve cnobilia samxreTuli da aRmosavluri religiebisTvisac. induri warmodgenebiTac samyaro pirvelad ismineboda da mxolod Semdeg gaxda xilvadi. imave azrisaa iudeuri da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobac.

samyaros Sesaqme imiT grZeldeba, rom umri odinma da misma Zmebma mokles da misi sxeulisgan qveyniereba Seqmnes. alegoriulad, aramaterialuri substanciis materializacia swored sikvdiliT gamoisaxeba. materia umris sxeulisgan iqmneba da mis struqturas safuZvlad edeba Tovlis fifqis forma. materialuri samyaros yvela kanonzomierebas fifqis heqsagonuri forma gansazRvravs. ramdenadac cnobilia, gayinuli wylis molekulac zustad heqsagonuri formiTaa agebuli.

Sesaqmes miTi gadmogvcems, rom marTalia mTeli qveyniereba fifqis sqemiTaa Seqmnili, magram misi organizacia gaazrebulia rogorc kosmosuri xe. Tavad es kosmosuri xec swored Tovlis fifqis formiT gamoisaxeba.

Crdiloeli xalxebis miTologiaSi arsebobs samyaros

_ 42 _

Seqmnis erT­erTi `versia~, romlis mixedviTac samyaro Seiqmna erTaderTi yinulis namcecisgan, yinulis marcvlisgan.31

Sesaqmes es versia adamianTa realuri dakvirvebis Sedegebidan momdinareobs. Crdiloeli xalxebi gan­sa kuTrebiT intensiurad iyvnen dakavSirebuli ga re samyarosTan, bunebis ZalebTan. samxreTeli civili­zaciebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTa yuradRebac didi doziT iyo mimarTuli adamianis Sinagani arsebisken, Crdilouri kulturebi TavianTi cnobierebis dasayrdens umTavresad bunebis Zalebsa da movlenebSi eZebdnen. Sinagani koncentracia, sakuTari arsebis Sinagani gancda maTTvis uCveulo movlena iyo. Crdiloeli xeldasxmulebi swored bunebis movlenebSi Wvretdnen Sesaqmes process.

fizikuri samyaro maT cnobierebaSi warmodgenili iyo oTxi mTavari stiqiis (miwa, wyali, haeri, cecxli) da kidev mexuTe elementis, maTi damakavSirebeli sulieri substanciis saxiT. am stiqiebis erTmaneTSi gadasvla fizikurad siTbos zemoqmedebiT xdeba. haeris gacivebisas misgan wylis wveTebi gamoiyofa. balaxze dafenili nami amis naTeli dadasturebaa. wyali, Tavis mxriv, gacivebisas yinulad gardaiqmneba. siTbos, anu cecxlis zemoqmedebiT ukuprocesic analogiuria. yinuli wylad gardaiqmneba, wyali _ haerad. cecxli kidev ufro faqizi substanciaa. vizualuri dakvirvebisas isic aSkaraa, rom wyali mxolod mdinareebsa da zRvebSi ki araa, aramed arsebobs `zeda wyalic~, romelic haerSia. mcire gacivebiT is zevidan wvimad moedineba, xolo Zlieri gacivebiT myar nivTierebad _ Tovlad iqceva. Crdiloeli xalxebisTvis haeris es gamyarebis procesi gansakuTrebulad cxadi realobaa. myari materiis Seqmnis es suraT­xati veranairad ver warmoiqmneboda imave periodis, magaliTad, egviptur kulturaSi. ese igi, Crdiloeli realurad xedavs, rom siTbos, anu cecxlis

_ 43 _

CamocilebiT haeridan myari nivTiereba, anu `miwis~ stiqia warmoiqmneba. ase rom, samyaros Sesaqmes zemoT naxsenebi miTi Crdiloeli xalxis realuri dakvirvebidan momdinareobs. adamiani xedavs, rom Sesaqmes procesSi materia gansazRvruli kanonzomierebiT formirdeba. haeridan `Camosul~ materias TviTneburi forma ki ara aqvs, aramed sruliad zust geometriul kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba. rogorc cnobilia, fifqebi, romlebic cidan mofrinaven, zusti kanonzomierebiT eqvsqimiani varskvlavebis saxisani arian.

am gamosaxulebas Zalze myari geometriuli saxe aqvs: aq yvela xazi erTmaneTis tolia. yvela kuTxec erTnairia. ese igi, samyaros Sesaqmisas yovel nawilakze erTi da igive niSani aRibeWdeba _ es aris fifqis geometriuli gamosaxuleba. Crdilouri misteriebis xeldasxmulni am niSanSi RvTaebrivi Sesaqmes umTavres simbolos Wvreten. buneba Tavad gamosaxavs am niSans. radgan materia sulierebis TandaTan gamkvrivebiT, stiqiebis safexurebrivi gavliT miiReba, cxadia, xeldasxmuli cdilobs am sulierebis kvali materiaSi amoikiTxos. materiaSi sulierebis Wvretis gza swored am safuZvlidan iwyeba.

samyaros amgvari aRqma evropel xalxebSi evoluciis garkveul etaps Seesabameba.

materiaSi gamosaxuli niSnebis mistikuri Wvreta ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli Zveli druiduli samyarosTvis. maTi cnobiereba mTlianad grZnobad­xatovani iyo da bunebis sulierebas mTeli arsebiT iyvnen micemulni. isini arc

_ 44 _

arafers werdnen da arc arafers kiTxulobdnen. Zvel druidul cnobierebaSi revoluciuri procesi maSin daiwyo, roca Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroebidan maT RmerTebis panTeonSi axalma RmerTebma SeaRwies. es iyo votanis (odinis) kulti.

umaRlesi RvTaeba odinis saxeliT skandinaviis xalxebSia cnobili. imave RvTaebas inglisSi vodini erqva, xolo Sua evropaSi _ votani. dReisTvis ucnobia, ra iyo misi pirveladi kolxuri saxeli.

skandinaviaSi arsebuli zepiri tradiciis mixed­v iT, odini 49 saxeliT iyo cnobili. sxvadasxva xal­xebSi saxelebis garda Tavad odinis saxec Zalze mravalferovnadaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad imisa, rom odini uzenaes RvTaebas ganasaxierebs, skandinaviur miTebSi arsebobs warmodgenebi, sadac es saxeli mikuTvnebuli aqvs adamians. kerZod, naTqvamia, rom vinme sigi iyo im xalxis beladi, romelic ax. w. I saukuneSi kaspiis zRvasTan axlos cxovrobda. am belads Tavad uzenaesi RvTaeba odini gamoecxada, ris Semdegac is Tavis toms CrdiloeTisken gauZRva da SvedeTis teritoriamde miaRwia. am pirovnebas SemdegSi ukve Tavad ewodeboda odini. am `istoriulma~ odinma Seqmna mniSvnelovani kultura, xolo gardacvalebis Semdeg xalxSi RvTaebad iqna miCneuli. misi saflavi SvedeTSia.

vfiqrobT, am miTSi SemorCenilia skandinavieli xalxis mexsierebaSi daleqili istoriuli Sre, romlis mixedviTac odinis kulti am xalxebSi samxreT­aRmosavleTidan movida. rogorc aRvniSneT, Sua evropis xalxebSi odinis pirvelad samSoblod Savi zRvis sanapiro igulisxmeboda, sadac im dros kolxeTis kultura arsebobda.

votani samxreTuli misteriebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli hermesuli cnobierebiT xasiaTdeboda. gadmocemis mixedviT es hermesuli kulti Zvel kolxeTSi egviptidan

_ 45 _

gadavida. TiTqmis aTeuli saukunis Semdeg, daaxloebiT Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebidan kolxuri misteriebi evropis teritoriaze iWrebian. evropuli miTebi cxadad asaxaven maT panTeonSi axali Taobis RmerTebis mosvlisa da ZvelebTan brZolis istorias. rogorc istoriulad xdeba xolme, axalgazrda RmerTebma votanis (odinis) meTaurobiT gaimarjves. Zvel da axal RmerTebs Soris zavi daido. axalma RmerTebma mniSvnelovani adgili daikaves evropeli xalxebis religiur warmodgenebSi. odins kolxeTidan druidul samyaroSi hermesuli cnobiereba Seaqvs. es cnobiereba ki swored samyaros racionalur aRqmas gulisxmobs. swored misTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli garegan formebSi simboluri mniSvnelobebis Wvreta, sulieri arsis geometriuli formiT warmodgena, maTematikuri da geometriuli niSnebis metafizikuri arsis garkveva, bgerebisa da sityvebis niSnebiT gamosaxva.

es yvelaferi sruliad ucxo iyo druiduli samyarosTvis. odinma evropaSi Caitana racionaluri azrovnebis elementebi. Zveli cocxali suraT­xatovani cnobierebis fonze es iyo mkvdari, usulo gamosaxulebebi. Zveli xeldasxmulebi masSi sikvdilis Zalebs xedavdnen. Zveli suliereba ecemoda. adamiani ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWebda abstraqtul gamosaxulebebs. TaobaTa brZolac swored am dapirispirebaSi gamoixateboda.

miuxedavad Zveli sulierebis dacemisa, cnobierebis racionaluri mimarTuleba kacobriobis evoluciis aucilebeli nawili iyo da, bunebrivia, TaobaTa dapirispirebac swored amitom damTavrda odinis gamarjvebiT. votanma, anu odinma evropis kontinentze magiuri niSnebi _ runebi Caitana. runebi swored is geometriuli gamosaxulebebia, romlebSic samyaros kanonzomierebebia mocemuli. es niSnebi Tavad Semoqmedma aRbeWda materiaSi. odinma isini swored miwieri samyaros SemecnebiT moipova.

_ 46 _

runebis mopovebis istoria miTosur suraT­xatebSia moTxrobili.

runebis warmoSobis miTosuri istoria gadmocemulia CrdiloeTis xalxebis zepirsityvierebaSi. praqtikul sferoSi runebi yvelaze didxans skandinaviis qveynebSi SemorCa. samxreT da Sua evropaSi maT konkurencia ver gauwies qristianul eklesias. am teritoriebze runebis damwerlobiTi funqciac Zalze Seaviwrova samxreTidan Semosulma anbanurma sistemebma. evropis xalxebmac maTi mibaZviT sakuTari anbanuri sistemebi Seqmnes da runulma damwerlobam funqcia dakarga.

runebis pirveladi, warmarTuli mniSvnelobebi uZve­lesi saxiT SemorCenili ar aris. maTze msjeloba mxolod zepiri tradiciebiT da skandinaviis qveynebSi TiTqmis Tanamedroveobamde SemorCenili runuli Samanebis ga­fermkrTalebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze SeiZleba.

uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaroebi, romlebSic ale­goriuli eniTaa aRwerili runebis warmoSobisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, aris skandinaviuri edebi. es aris konkretuli avtorebis mier Segrovili da mxatvruli saxiT gamosaxuli skandinaviuri miTebi. swored am miTebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia runebTan dakavSirebul istorias.

egreT wodebuli `ufrosi eda~, romelic islandieli vikingebis mier Seqmnil poeturi saxiT daweril miTebs aerTianebs, Sedgenilia qristiani beris saimundis mier ax. w. VIII saukuneSi.

`mcire eda~ ufro gvian, XIII saukuneSi daiwera islandieli moRvawis snori sturulsonis mier.

islandiasa da norvegiaSi mcxovreb vikingebs mravali saukune Tqmulebebis saxiT SemounaxavT es istoria.

orive eda Zveli miTebis krebulia, Tumca am miTebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb mecnierTa Soris erTiani azri ar arsebobs.

_ 47 _

bevri mecnieri fiqrobs, rom radgan miTebis Cawera qristianul epoqaSi moxda, warmarTuli miTebi ukve qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis gavlenas ganicdis da maTi pirveladi Sinaarsebi ukve Secvlilia.

`ufrosi edis~ mixedviT, runebi odinma moipova. odinma kacobriobisTvis sikeTis motanis mizniT gaiRo msxverpli _ sakuTari nebiT SubiT mieWeda maRal xeze. odini TaviT qvemoT iyo dakiduli cxra dRis ganmavlobaSi. xis fesvebi usasrulod Rrmad eSveboda miwis wiaRSi. odini cxra dRis ganmavlobaSi Cahyurebda qvesknels. am drois manZilze ar miuRia arc saWmeli, arc sasmeli. cxra dRis Semdeg man qvesknelSi dainaxa runebi.

sxva fragmentSi naTqvamia, rom kosmosur xeze TavdaRma dakidebulma odinma miwaze dayara cxra joxi. joxebma erTmaneTze gadaWdobiT Seqmnes geometriuli saxe, romelSic odinma runebi dainaxa.

marTlac, yvela runa am geometriul sqemaSi iwereba. gadmocemis mixedviT odinma 24 runa dainaxa da swored es jgufi dRemde klasikur runul sistemad iTvleba, Tumca maT garda kidev mravali runaa cnobili.

rogorc vxedavT, odinis dayril cxra joxs miwaze Tovlis fifqebi gamousaxavs. samyaros pirvelsawyisi xom swored es formaa. cxra joxi runuli sqemisTvis ufro martivi saxiTac SeiZleba gamoisaxos:

_ 48 _

am sqemaSi cxra `joxia~ da masSi yvela runa advilad Tavsdeba.

rogorc legenda gadmogvcems, odinma runebi miwis wiaRidan moipova. ese igi, runebi man grZnobad samyaroSi, bunebis kanonzomierebebSi amoikiTxa. isini qveynierebis Seqmnisas aRibeWda masSi. radgan materiis Sesaqme fifqis formis gamosaxulebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda, buneb­rivia, runebic swored am geometriul sqemas daefuZna.

runebis mosapoveblad odinma didi msxverpli gaiRo. man erTi Tvali Seswira.

cxadia, esec konkretuli sulieri xatia. sazogadod, fizikuri Tvalis dabneleba simbolurad imas niSnavs, rom adamians mzera fizikuri samyarodan sulierze gadaaqvs, fizikuris nacvlad sulier samyaros Wvrets. radgan odinma mxolod erTi Tvali daTmo, es niSnavs, rom igi erTdroulad fizikur samyarosac aRiqvams da suliersac. odini fizikur samyaroSi sulier anabeWds Wvrets. swored es aris kidec runa.

aseve mniSvnelovania imis garkvevac, Tu ratom ekida odini kosmosur xeze TaviT qvemoT?

es aris cnobili sulieri xati:cxovelisgan gansxvavebiT adamians da xes saerTo

is aqvT, rom vertikaluri mimarTulebiT arian ganviTarebuli. adamiani qveda kidurebiT miwaze dgas. sxeuli vertikalur mdgomareobaSia. mxrebidan zemoTaa mimarTuli zeda kidurebi _ xelebi. tanis vertikali zeviT TaviT mTavrdeba. ese igi, adamiani fexebiT miwas eyrdnoba, TaviT ki ciskenaa mimarTuli.

_ 49 _

adamianis sasqeso organoc zogadad kidurebis rigSi ganixileba da isic qveviTaa mimarTuli. sqematurad adamiani ase gamoisaxeba:

Tu imave TvalsazrisiT xes ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom aq yvelaferi piriqiTaa. xe amobrunebuli adamiania. Tavis Sesabamisi xeSi fesvebia. skandinaviuri kosmogoniis mixedviT, kosmosur xes sami fesvi aqvs. am fesvebiT igi miwis siRrmeSia Cazrdili da sami sxvadasxva sferodan iRebs mkvebav wyals. xis tani adamianis tanis analogiuria, xolo vertikalurad gaSlili totebi _ kidurebis. sqematurad xec adamianis msgavsi grafikiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos, magram Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT.

roca odini TaviT daRma mieWeda kosmosur xeze, es niSnavs, rom am dros is xis mdgomareobaSi gadadis da srulad erwymis kosmosuri xis arsebas. amave dros SubiT miWedeba faqtobrivad jvarcmacaa. odini gadis cxradRian iniciacias. is srulad eziareba kosmosur xes. mas erTi Tvali dabrmavebuli aqvs, anu sulieri mzera aqvs axelili. meore TvaliT fizikur samyaros Wvrets. TavdaRma dakiduli odini miwis qvesiRrmeebs Cascqeris. igi materiaSi gamovlenil sulierebas Wvrets. es suliereba ki runebis formebSia gadmocemuli. ase moipova odinma runebi, man igi qvesknelidan miiRo.

qvesknelidan sibrZnis mopoveba yvela Zveli kulturisTvis cnobili suraT­xatia. igi gvxvdeba TiTqmis yvela xalxis miTebsa da zRaprebSi. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia iudeuri ezoteruli legenda solomonis

_ 50 _

taZris mSeneblis, xuramis mier miwis wiaRSi kaenisgan miRebuli xeldasxmis Sesaxeb. iq xurams gonio, CaquCi da sami saidumlo sityva gadaeca.

rogorc aRvniSneT, runebis, anu miwieri samyaros safuZveli heqsagrama, anu Tovlis fifqis saxea. igive heqsagrama gvxvdeba solomonis taZris legendaSic. aq xuramis xeldasxma gamosaxulia rogorc wylisa da cecxlis SeerTebis saidumlos Secnoba, rac ori sapirispirod mimarTuli wesieri samkuTxediT gamoixateba.

qvevidan zeviT mimarTuli samkuTxedi cecxlia,

zevidan qveviT _ wyali.am gamosaxulebaSi xerxdeba cecxlisa da wylis

SeerTebis saidumlos gadaWra.rogorc irkveva, igive geometriuli safuZvelia

gamoyenebuli mcxeTis sveticxovlis SemTxvevaSic. sve­ticxovlis taZaric da misi sulieri simbolikis ga­momxatveli atributebic mTlianad heqsagramis sa­fuZvelze igeba.32

rogorc solomonis taZris legendaSi, aseve sve­ticxovlis misteriaSi centraluri adgili ukavia kos­mosuri xis Temas.

mcxeTaSi swored es kosmosuri xe ikveTeba da mis Zirze qristianuli taZari, sveticxoveli aRimarTeba.

solomonis taZris simbolikaSi sicocxlis xisa da xe­cnobadis urTierTobis problemaa mocemuli, rac sabolood golgoTaze gadaiWra. macxovris aRdgomiT mkvdari xe ayvavilda.

samyaros sawyisad heqsagramis warmodgena ucxo ar aris samxreTuli misteriebisTvisac. samyaros pirvel­

_ 51 _

sawyisad platoni swored tolgverda samkuTxeds asaxelebs. swored am samkuTxeds efuZneba heqsagrama.

Sua saukuneebis evropaSic es gamosaxuleba Zalze popularuli iyo. igi iTvleboda graalis simbolod.

bunebrivia, gavarkvioT, ra geometriuli kanon­zomierebebiTaa agebuli is sqema, romelic mTeli xiluli samyaros Sesaqmes safuZvladaa miCneuli. rogorc aRiniSna, skandinavielTa miTosSi es aris Tovlis fifqis forma, geometriuli TvalsazrisiT _ heqsagrama.

odinis cxra joxmac xom swored heqsagrama gamosaxa. xiluli samyaros yvela saidumloc runebis saxiT masSia Cawerili.

sazogadod, xiluli samyaros Tormet mxared war­modgena yvela xalxis cnobierebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. es warmodgena ZiriTadad kosmosis Tormet zodiaqod dayofis analogiuria. kosmosi da dedamiwa erTi da imave sqemiTaa dayofili. rogorc vxedavT, heqsagrama am TormetobiT dayofasac gulisxmobs, radgan misi eqvsi `sxivi~ da eqvsi waxnagi swored Tormet mimarTulebas afiqsirebs. es dayofa Seexeba orientacias, magram roca naTqvamia, rom is cxra joxisgan Sedgeba, aq igulisxmeba ara sivrciTi orientacia, aramed cxrawevrovani Sed­geniloba. cxrawevrovani Sedgeniloba, Tavis mxriv, samobiT princips efuZneba (cxra samjer samia).

samyaros cxrawevrovani (anu samwevrovani) agebulebac ar aris ucxo Zveli religiuri warmodgenebisTvis.

rogorc aRmosavleTis, aseve dasavleTis religiur

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swavlebaSi adamiani swored aseTi saxiT ganixileboda. adamiani bunebrivad aris samwevrovani. igi Sedgeba sxeulisgan, samSvinvelisgan da sulisgan. TiToeuli es wevric, Tavis mxriv, sam­sam nawilad iyofa. magaliTad, sxeuli Sedgeba gvamisgan (anu fizikuri sxeulisgan), sasicocxlo sxeulisgan da grZnobadi sxeulisgan. aseTive gradaciaa damaxasiaTebeli samSvinvelisTvisac da sulisTvisac. samSvinvelis gradacia (grZnobadi samSvinveli, gansjiTi samSvinveli, cnobieri samSvinveli) Tanamedrove adamianis dakvirvebisTvis SedarebiT gasagebia, magram sulis gradaciaze saubari, cxadia, Sors scildeba mecnieruli dakvirvebis meTodebs. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc aRmosavleTis, aseve dasavleTis religiur swavlebaSi is cnobili iyo. magaliTad, induri terminologiiT sulis am sam nawils manasi, budxi da atma ewodeboda.

ese igi, adamiani farTo gagebiT cxra wevrovania. es cxra nawili, Tavis mxriv, sam jgufadaa warmodgenili.

mTel gareSe sinamdviles adamiani aseve samwevrovnad ganicdis. igi garkveviT xedavs Tavis yofas amqveyniur sinamdvileSi (sknelSi), romlis zeviTac eguleba zeskneli (zeca), xolo qveviT _ qveskneli.

rogorc irkveva, es samwevrovnebac imave gradacias eqvemdebareba. ca aseve cxra ierarqiisgan Sedgeba. magaliTad, qristianuli swavlebiT esenia: angelozebi, mTavarangelozebi, sawyisni, xelmwifebani, Zalni, uf­lebani, taxtni, qerubimebi, serafimebi. es cxra ierarqiac sam­samadaa dajgufebuli.

Zvel ezoterul moZRvrebebSi qvesknelic zecis analogiurad cxrawevrovania. qvesknelis cxrawevrovneba xSirad gvxvdeba Zvel miTosur cnobierebaSic. igi farTodaa warmodgenili qarTul xalxur zRaprebSic.

qarTul zRaprebSi aseve xSirad gvxvdeba sknelis cxrawevrovnebac. magaliTad, roca naTqvamia, rom gmiri

_ 53 _

cxra mTas iqiT wavida, aq yovelTvis igulisxmeba, rom man, garkveuli gagebiT, sknelis sfero datova. cxra mTas iqiTa movlenebi ukve materialur sferos aRar gulisxmobs da igi simbolurad zegrZnobad movlenebze mogviTxrobs. zecaSi an qvesknelSi Casvlac xSirad cxra sferos gadalaxvis Semdeg xdeba.

sknelis cxrawevrovnad warmodgena aseve farTodaa damaxasiaTebeli Crdiloeli xalxebisTvisac.

odinis cxra joxic swored am cxrawevrovnebas ga mo saxavs. xiluli samyaros mTeli sibrZne mis cxrawevrovnebaSia mocemuli. sulieri samyaros sai­dumloebac am cxrawevrovnebaSia aRbeWdili da misi Semecneba im runebiT SeiZleba, romlebsac am cxra joxisgan Sedgenili fifqis forma, anu heqsagrama ga­mosaxavs.

rogorc aRvniSneT, votanma (odinma) kolxeTidan Sua evropaSi hermesuli cnobierebis elementebi Caitana. Zvel druidul imaginaciur cnobierebaSi hermesuli cnobiereba SeiWra. swored am cnobierebisTvisaa da­maxasiaTebeli samyaros abstraqtuli simbolizeba. marTalia, es niSnebi da simboloebi TviTneburi ar aris da uSualod samyaros dakvirvebidanaa aRebuli, magram mTlianad xatovan, imaginaciur cnobierebaSi mcxovrebi druidebisTvis igi mainc Zalze uCveulo iyo. samxreTSi hermess swored amitomac miewereba iseTi qmedebebi, rogoricaa anbanis Seqmna, geometriis gamogoneba, adamianebisTvis racionaluri azrovnebis swavleba.

meti sicxadisTvis gavecnoT runebis sulier mniS­v nelobebs im saxiT, rogorc isini skandinaviis qveynebSi dRevandlamdea SemorCenili:

Fe (F)

_ 54 _

es aris maradiuli Sesaqmes Zalebis gamomxatveli runa.

es aris moZravi energia, romelic yvela sagansa da arsebaSi cirkulirebs, erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadadis.

runa Fe gviCvenebs raRacis miRwevas, dasrulebas, rac, amave dros, dasawyisia axali procesisa. ufro cxovrebiseuli gagebiT, is aris simdidris simbolo, magram es ar aris statikuri simdidre. masSi igulisxmeba simdidris is forma, rac mudmiv moZraobasa da gan­viTarebaSia.

es runa adamians exmareba dasaxuli miznis gan­xorcielebaSi. mas SeeZleba sworad Seafasos Tavisi simdidris WeSmariti Rirebuleba, gaarCios, ra aris mTavari, an meorexarisxovani.

igi adamians aniWebs Zalas, warmatebiT daasrulos dawyebuli saqme.

`ur~ U (u)

es runa aris simbolo miTologiuri wminda Zroxis _ audumblis, rac niSnavs _ `mkvebavi~. es Zroxa Seiqmna kosmosuri cecxlisa da yinulis pirveli Serevisas. miTis mixedviT, samyaro pirvelyofili qaosisgan Seiqmna. es qaosi arsebobda or ukiduresobas, cecxlsa da yinuls Soris. `ur~ simbolurad swored am qaoss ukavSirdeba. qaosis wiaRSi daibada giganti `umr~. mas Tavisi rZiT kvebavda audumbli.

skandinaviuri miTebis mixedviT qaosSi Sobili giganti umri androgenuli arseba iyo. is iyo erTdroulad dedac da mamac im RmerTebisa, romlebic imdroindeli samyaros wesrigs gansazRvravdnen.

_ 55 _

runa `ur~, am SemTxvevaSi, ganasaxierebs im potencias, romelic pirvelsawyis qaosSi arsebobda. am qaoss Zvelnorvegiul enaze `ginung~ ewodeboda. es gamoTqma gagebulia, rogorc araorganizebuli sasicocxlo arsi, romelic gardaisaxeba formaSi, an sulSi. winsarTi `gin~ swored imas mianiSnebs, rom es arsi raRacis wina pirobaa _ aqedan iwyeba raRac. Sesaqmes gagebiT is samyaros arsebobis dasawyisia _ misi winapirobaa. `ur~ aris is Zala, romelic jer argamovlenil samyaroSi Sesaqmis winapirobaa _ misi gamovlenis potenciuri SesaZleblobaa.

ramdenadac runa ̀ ur~ gamosaxavs Zroxa audumbls, igi gvevlineba rogorc samyaros Sesaqmis kosmosuri deda.

bunebaSi runa `ur~­iT SeiZleba gamovsaxoT is sasicocxlo energia, romelic TeslSi SeigrZnoba da momavali dabadebisa da zrdis winapirobas warmoadgens.

runa `ur~­is praqtikuli gamoyenebac swored mis am Tvisebas emyareba. am runas iyenebdnen maSin, roca adamians esaWiroeboda Sinagani SemoqmedebiTi energiis gamovlena, roca adamians undoda sakuTar TavSi epova Zala raRac SemoqmedebiTi amocanebis gadasawyvetad, raRac axali saqmis dasawyebad, SemoqmedebiTi suliskveTebis asamaRleblad.

xSirad runa ̀ ur~ ganixileboda aRdgomis simbolodac, rogorc Zala ganaxlebisa _ sawyisad yovelgvari Sesaqmisa _ mis pirvelmizezad.

SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom am runis gaxmovaneba _ `ur~ Zalze nacnobia samxreTuli kulturebisTvisac. rogorc cnobilia, uri erqva SuamdinareTis qalaqs, saidanac civilizaciis mniSvnelovani nakadebi iReben saTaves.

ebraelTa warmodgeniT, maTi kultura swored uridan gamovida. ebraelTa mamamTavari abraami uridan wamovida, raTa axali modgmisTvis mieca dasabami. uri Zveli aRTqmis samyaros sawyisia, misi winapirobaa.

qarTul enaSi bolosarTi `ur~ swored imave Sinaarss

_ 56 _

gadmogvcems. is mianiSnebs, Tu sadaa ama Tu im arsebis, an movlenis sawyisi. imaves niSnavs kiTxva _ sada­uri? raRacis warmomavloba `ur~ nawilakis darTviT aRiniSneba: Tbilis­uri, kax­uri, mTiul­uri, xalx­uri, bavSv­uri da a. S.

skandinaviuri miTosis msgavsad, samyaros mkvebavi Zroxac cnobili suraT­xatia samxreTul miTosSi.

`Turs~ TH (T)

iTvleba, rom am runis dasaxeleba skandinaviuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs `gigants~. igi mianiSnebs did fizikur Zalaze, Zalismier, mizandasaxul moqmedebaze. skandinaviuri Sesaqmes mixedviTac qaosis kosmosad mowesrigebas didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeboda. praformis formad gardaqmnisTvis garkveuli Zalisxmevaa saWiro. Tumca yvela Tesli potenciurad Seicavs garkveul formas, magram es potencia konkretuli Zalisxmevis gareSe realobad ver iqceva. viRacam miwa Zalis gamoyenebiT unda daamuSaos, gaafxvieros, sarevelebisgan gawmindos, Tesli daTesos, ganviTarebisTvis pirobebi Seuqmnas da misi zrdis procesSic gareSe zemoqmedebisgan daicvas.

makrosamyaroSic analogiuri suraTia. samyaros wes­rigic ZalisxmeviTaa ganpirobebuli. ciuri sxeulebis marTlzomier moZraobas grandiozuli kosmosuri Zalebi gansazRvraven. ciuri sxeulebi TavianT orbitebze kon­kretuli Zalebis zemoqmedebiT brunaven. es Zalisxmeva au cilebeli faqtoria kosmosuri wesrigisTvis ro­gorc makrokosmosSi, aseve mikrokosmosSi. adamianis pirovnuli Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebac analogiur kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba. wesrigis dacvasac xSirad Zalis gamoyeneba sWirdeba.

_ 57 _

swored amgvar Zalas ganasaxierebs runa `Turs~. grafikulad mas culis forma aqvs. swored culi miiCneoda simbolod Zalis gamovlinebisa, Zalismieri ganwmendisa axlis ganviTarebis mizniT.

arsebobs am runis interpretaciis Semdgomi ga­grZelebac. igi miiCneva mamakacuri Zalis simbolod, rac ganayofierebis unarsac gulisxmobs.

am runis geometriul saxeSi zogjer ekals, an falosis formasac xedavdnen. zogadad, es interpretaciebic ar ewinaaRmdegeba mis kosmogoniur daxasiaTebas. isini SeiZleba kerZo saxeebad miviCnioT.

`ass~ A (a)

sityva `ass~ niSnavs RmerTs, amave dros, Zvel anglosaqsur dialeqtze `piris~ mniSvnelobac aqvs.

ZvelTaganve am runaSi danaxuli iyo is kosmosuri Se­moqmedebiTi Zala, romelic logosSi vlindeba. mi To­logiuri TvalsazrisiT samyaroSi am Zalis gamovlena maSin moxda, roca odinma da misma Zmebma vilim da vem giganti umri mokles da misi sxeulisgan samyaro Seqmnes. swored es axali samyaro Seiqmna sityvis SemoqmedebiTi ZaliT.

runa `ass~ gvevlineba im Zalad, romliTac Semoq­medebiTma sulma, RvTaebrivma sityvam sakuTari Tavis gamovlena moaxdina.

es runa ukavSirdeba haeris stiqias, radgan samyaroSi sityva swored haerSi vibrirebs. es aris Zala, romliTac haerSi aRiqmeba bgera, sityva, musika. haeri gansazRvravs sasicocxlo sunTqvas. umris saxiT arsebuli substancia swored imitom iqca mowesrigebul samyarod, rom mas odinma sunTqva mianiWa, vilim _ grZnoba, xolo vem _ nebeloba.

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odinis saxelSic es gancdaa mocemuli. Zvelnor­vegiulad `od~ qars niSnavs. mTlianobaSi `odin~ niS­navs moZrav, yovelives momcvel qars, anu yvelafris ganmsWvalav suls.

ZvelTaganve runa `ass~ RvTaebrivi codnis simbolos warmoadgenda da gamosaxavda winaparTa sibrZnes, ro­melTan dakavSirebac am runiT SeiZleba.

runa Tavisi geometriuli moxazulobiT naZvis xes hgavs. sqemaSi mxolod xis erTi mxarea mocemuli. ma­radmwvane naZvi aris simbolo maradiulobis, ukvdavebis.

praqtikul sferoSi runa `ass~-s iyenebdnen adamianis arsebaSi im SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis gasacocxleblad, romliTac SesaZlebelia axali STagonebis mopoveba, axali ideebis dabadeba, SemoqmedebiTi unarebis gaaqtiureba, azrovnebiTi Zalebis gaZliereba, sasicocxlo energiis gaaqtiureba.34

`reid~ R (r)

es aris Zala, romelic samyaroSi ritmul moZraobas gansazRvravs. planetebis cikluri moZraoba mzis irgvliv, mTvaris moZraoba dedamiwis irgvliv, yovelgvari kosmosuri wrebrunva am runis Zalebs ukavSirdeba.

zogadad, es runa aris simbolo mizanmimarTuli moZ raobisa. am moZraobaSi mudam igulisxmeba myari ka­nonzomiereba, gawonasworebuli moqmedeba. xSirad am runas adareben mxedars, romelic Tavisi nebis Sesabamisad miaWenebs cxens.33 es moZraoba mxedrisganaa kontrolirebadi.

ramdenadac runa `reid~ Zalze mWidrodaa dakav Sire­buli mzisa da sxva sxeulebis wrebrunvasTan, zogjer mis simbolod gamosaxavdnen borbals rva sxiviT.

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runis dasaxeleba ̀ reid~ niSnavs rCevas, anu mrCevels, TiTqosda igi mudam gawonasworebul rCevas iZleva.

Zvelad arsebobda tradicia, rom am runas, raime saganze amokveTils, mogzaurobisas Tan waiRebdnen xolme. mogzaurs xSirad sWirdeboda raRacis Zieba da swori gadawyvetilebebis miReba, raSic am runis Zalebs iyenebda. amitomac xSirad runa `reid~­s mogzaurTa runas uwodebdnen.

praqtikul cxovrebaSi am runas maSin mimarTaven, roca saWiroa raime situaciaSi swori mimarTulebis garkveva, swori mimarTulebiT moqmedeba.

am runis Zalebi adamians exmareba Tavisi cxovrebis ritmi sworad Seuxamos bunebis ritmebs, an religiuri ritualebis ciklur monacvleobas.

runa ̀ reid~ ̀ r~ bgeris aRsaniSnavad iqna gamoyenebuli. `r~ bgeris mniSvnelobac swored ciklur moZraobas gamoxatavs. maT Soris sruli Sesabamisobaa.

`ken~ K (k)

es runa gamoxatavs Sinagan sinaTles. es aris Sinagani cecxli, romelic `rogorc cecxlis ali mWedlis quraSi nivTierebas gadaaqcevs damyolad da damuSavebisTvis vargisad~.35

sityva `ken~ erTdroulad niSnavs rogorc `codnas~, aseve `SeZlebas~. es runa gamosaxavs im Zalas, romelsac SeuZlia ̀ Sinagani naTeli~ mohfinos raime gaurkvevlobas. ramdenadac igi Sinagani cecxlia, Seswevs Zala Sinagani gardaqmnisTvis, axleburi saxiT formirebisTvis. `ken~­iT aRZruli energia safuZvelia raime sakiTxisadmi enTuziazmis aRZvrisa, Ziebis gzis miniSnebisa. adamians aRZravs Ziebisa da Semecnebisken.

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`ken~­is cecxlovani energia angrevs Zvels da xels uwyobs axali formebis dabadebas. es runa garkveulobas aniWebs azrebs, erTgvar sinaTles hfens maT, adamians exmareba azris naTlad gadmocemaSi, ideis garkvevaSi.

`ken~ ar aris garegani cecxli. igi mudam Sinaganad ganicdeba. igi adamians exmareba sakuTari Tavis ga­moxatvaSi, naTel azrovnebaSi, aniWebs enTuziazms moqmedebisTvis.

`gifu~ G (g)

es runa dakavSirebulia drois gancdasTan. dro

Zvelad ise abstraqtulad ar aRiqmeboda, rogorc Tanamedrove epoqaSi. adamians hqonda gancda, rom mas RmerTisgan garkveuli dro hqonda micemuli. es iyo RmerTis saCuqari. swored runa `gifu~­Si igulveboda is Zala, romliTac am drois sworad marTva SeiZleboda. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze adamiani am dros msxverplad gaiRebda da mis sanacvlod raRacas iRebda. es aris uwyveti procesi, romlis daregulirebac am runis Zalebs miewereboda.

drois msxverplSewirva igive sicocxlis msxverpl­Sewirvaa, rac zogadad religiuri ritualis nawilia _ adamianis sulieri cxovrebis formaa.

ramdenadac dro uwyvetad mimdinareobs, runa `gifu~ amave dros kosmosuri borblis simbolocaa. es cikluri brunva amave dros samyaros wonasworobis safuZvelicaa.

runa `gifu~ aseve gulisxmobs im Zalebs, romlebic urTierTdapirispirebul arsTa wonasworobas ganapi­robebs.

praqtikul qmedebaSi am runas mimarTaven drois sworad marTvis unaris gasaZliereblad, swori urTierTobebis

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dasamyareblad rogorc gareT adamianebTan, aseve Sinaganad, sakuTar maRal `me~­sTan.

`vinia~ W

`vinia~ _ es aris im yovlismomcveli siyvarulis Zalis potenciali, romlis adamianze zemoqmedebac sixarulis Sinagan gancdaSi gamoixateba.36 es aris Zala, romelic adamianur arsebaSi amaRlebul ganwyobilebas aZlierebs. aseT dros ukana planze midis wvrilmanebi, sxva adamianebTan, an movlenebTan negatiuri ganwyobebi, urTierTobebSi arsebuli bzarebi.

es runa pirovnebis Zalze piradul, intimur grZnobebs gamoxatavs. igi adamians aniWebs unars, raRac diadiT, srulyofiliT aRfrTovandes, masSi sixarulis gancda hpovos. amgvari ganwyobileba mas Sinaganad ubiZgebs srulyofilebisken eswrafvodes. Zvelnorvegiuli sityva `vinia~ swored `srulyofilebis didebas~ niSnavs.

`vinia~ uangaro siyvarulis Zalaa. igi adamians yoveldRiuri yofis wvrilmanebze maRla ayenebs, yovelive arsebulSi amaRlebulis Wvretisken mimarTavs.

amgvari Sinagani ganwyobileba xels uwyobs adamianis swrafvas moraluri idealebisken, rasac xSirad adamianis potenciis swori realizacia mosdevs Sedegad.

adamiani ganicdis sixaruls Tavad am swrafvisganac. amgvari jansaRi damokidebuleba, Sinagani amaRlebuli ganwyobileba, Tavis mxriv, mkurnalad evlineba adamianis fsiqikas, aqrobs Zvel Sinagan Wrilobebs. adamiani kma­yofilebas grZnobs sakuTari SromiT, sakuTari gaRebuli msxverplis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis gancdiT.

swored amitom runa ̀ vinia~ sixarulisa da bednierebis simbolod iTvleba.

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`hagal~ H (h)

sityva ̀ hagal~ iTargmneba rogorc ̀ setyva~, anu setyvis yinulis marcvali. mis simbolur mniSvnelobas xazs usvams is garemoeba, rom yinulis es marcvali cidan Camovarda. ese igi, uxilav, zeciur sivrceSi moxda gamyarebis (kristalizaciis) movlena, ris Se de gadac xilul samyaroSi materia Semovida. swored amitomac am runas ganixilavdnen, rogorc xids uxilav da xilul samyaroTa Soris. radgan amgvari sulieri datvirTva cisartyelasac aqvs, zogjer runa `hagal~ cisartyelasTanac asocirdeboda.

skandinaviaSi yinulis marcvali xatovnad aRiqmeba rogorc `Sesaqmes kvercxi~, pirveladi safuZveli materialuri samyaros Seqmnisa. is aris pirveladi Tesli yovelgvari yofierebisa.

ramdenadac yinulis kristali heqsagramis struq­turas efuZneba, xSirad es runa eqvsqimiani varskvlaviTac gamoisaxeba.

Crdilour miTologiaSi yinulis marcvali warmoiqmneba kosmosuri cecxlisa da kosmosuri yinulis SeerTebis Sedegad.

yinulis kristalebi dedamiwaze ukve gamyarebuli saxiT gvevlinebian. maTi geometriuli struqtura myar geometriul kanonzomierebas efuZneba. amitomac `hagal~ runis Zala am myari kanonzomierebis SenarCunebisken swrafvaSia danaxuli _ igi aris safuZveli materialuri ucvlelobisa, kanonzomieri wesrigisa.

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rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, heqsagrama aris is geo­metriuli sqema, romelSic yvela runa gamoisaxeba. odinis miTSic swored heqsagrama gamoisaxa miwaze dayrili joxebisagan. odinma RvTaebrivi runebi maTSi amoikiTxa. runa `hagal~­is SemTxvevaSi swored es sqemaa mocemuli da amitomac ganasaxierebs igi samyaros kvercxs. zogjer am runas `dedobriv runasac~ uwodeben. igi Tavis TavSi yvela danarCeni runis gamosaxulebasac moicavs.

kristalis es forma mxolod skandinaviaSi ar iyo cnobili. zogan amgvar gamyarebul pirvelad elementad kvarcis kristals ganixilavdnen. kvarcis kristals skandinavielTa yinulis pirveladi nawilakis simboluri datvirTva eniWeba.

`hagalisgan~ momdinare energia mowesrigebuli samyaros energiaa. igi myar formas afiqsirebs. es aris uxilavis xilulSi gamovlenis energia, anu kavSiri uxilav da xilul samyaroTa Soris. ramdenadac realur yofaSi setyvis marcvlebi mxolod myari materiis formirebis process ki ar gamosaxaven, aramed stiqiis Sedegad ngreva da ganadgurebac moaqvT, runa ̀ hagal~­is erT­erT aspeqtad imgvari potencialis arsebobac ganixileba, romelsac gardaqmna mosdevs. igi angrevs Zvels da mis adgilze axal wesrigs amyarebs.

am runis es orgvari buneba imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom masSi danaxulia kosmosuri cecxlisa da yinulis Sexvedra. cecxli dematerializaciis simboloa, yinuli _ uZravi materiis. swored heqsagrama gamosaxavs sam­xreTul misteriebSic cecxlisa da wylis harmoniuli urTierTobis SesaZleblobas.

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am runas praqtikulad maSin iyeneben, roca saWiroa rTul situaciaSi simSvidis, simtkicis SenarCuneba. aseve am ZaliT SesaZlebelia im gavlenebis transformireba, rac xels uSlis harmoniul mTlianobas. ese igi, SesaZlebeli xdeba arasasurveli gavlenebisgan ganTavisufleba. adamianSi stimulirdeba unari daafiqsiros Tavisi miswrafebebi, erTmaneTTan harmoniaSi moiyvanos sxva­dasxva dapirispirebuli Tvalsazrisi (rogorc cecxli da wyali).

`niid~ N (n)

zogadad, runologebi am runaSi Wvreten Zalebs, romlebic mimdinare movlenebs aucileblobiT gan­sazRvravs, aucilebel bedisweras uqvemdebarebs. runebis epoqaSi movlenebis aucileblobiT gansazRvras bevrad ufro farTo gageba hqonda, vidre imas, rasac dRes bedisweras eZaxian.

skandinaviuri miTosis mixedviT runa `niid~ Rrmad ukavSirdeba qalRmerT nornebs, romlebic drois mo­nacvleobas warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis saxiT gan­sazRvraven. ufrosi qalRmerTi gamoisaxeboda moxuci qalis saxiT. mas erqva urd. es qalRmerTi mianiSnebda warsuls, romelmac gansazRvra awmyos am saxiT arseboba.

SuaTana qalRmerTs erqva verdandi da igi im movlenebs ukavSirdeboda, rac awmyoSi xdeba. verdandi gamoisaxeba qali­dedis saxiT.

umcros nornas gamosaxavdnen gogonas saxiT. mas erqva skald. axalgazrda qalRmerTi ganasaxierebda imas, rac jer ar aris da unda iyos momavalSi.

nornebi, skandinavielTa warmodgeniT, arTaven Zafs,

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romelic sayovelTao bedisweras gansazRvravs. Zafi gamosaxavs uwyvet dros, xolo is boWkoebi, romlisganac is dairTveba, aris warsulis movlenebi, romlebic yo­velwamierad awmyod iqcevian, awmyos movlenebs gan­sazRvraven. swored am procesSi ibadeba momavalic. momavali warsuliTa da awmyoTia ganpirobebuli.

nornebis saxeebi mkafiodaa mocemuli skandinaviur miTSi sicocxlis xis, igdrasilis Sesaxeb. am kosmosur xes dedamiwis siRrmeSi sami fesvi aqvs. isini sami Widan ikvebebian sasicocxlo wyliT. aRniSnuli nornebi am Webs mfarveloben. ese igi, kosmosuri xe dros samive aspeqtSi aerTianebs.

adamianisagan warsulis sworad gageba gansazRvravs mis sworad moqmedebas awmyoSi, rac Tavis mxriv, safuZveli iqneba imisa, rac swori mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba momavalSi. RmerTis nebis verganWvreta adamianis ar­sebaSi bunebrivad iwvevs winaaRmdegobebs. movlenebis kanonzomierebebis verSecnoba adamianSi gaorebas, mer­yeobas, stresul mdgomareobebs amZafrebs. is ar aris Tavdajerebuli, ver iRebs gabedul gadawyvetilebebs.

runa `niid~ swored droSi gansazRvruli kanon­zomierebebis SegrZnebaSi exmareba adamians. amiT igi ufro myarad dgas awmyoSi da naklebad eSinia momavlis, advilad arkvevs mimdinare movlenebSi ra aris mniSvnelovani da ra aris meorexarisxovani.

`iss~ E (i)

am runis dasaxeleba iTargmneba rogorc `yinuli~. es dasaxeleba zustad gamoxatavs mis xasiaTs. rogorc wylis yinulad gadaqcevisas misi forma fiqsirdeba, aseve `iss~ runis Zalebi mimdinare procesebis fiqsacias eswrafvis.

_ 66 _

es aris maformirebeli Zala. igi anelebs yovelgvar moZraobas, formaSi fiqsaciisken, uZraobisken mihyavs igi, plastikurobas ukargavs yovelives da simkvrives aniWebs. es runa anelebs procesebis ganviTarebas, sta tikur mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs igi. misi zemoqmedebiT xdeba stabilizacia, ucvlelobis SenarCuneba, energiis `Senaxva~.

marTalia, es runa uZraobas aniWebs adamians, magram es ar niSnavs, rom adamiani bolomde pasiuri rCeba. `iss~­is moqmedebiT man SesaZloa Sewyvitos aqtiuri kavSirebi gare samyarosTan, magram am dros xdeba Sinagani Caketva, Sinagani CaRrmaveba, rac TviTSemecnebis safuZvelia. xSirad igi faqiz Sinagan impulsebs saimedod icavs uxeS garemoSi gaTqvefisgan.

Sinagani energiis Senaxva, garegani aqtiuri pro­cesebisgan ganrideba xSirad swored momavali aqtiuri qmedebebisTvisaa saWiro. am runiT im energiis Senaxva unda moxdes, rac Rirebulia momavlisTvis.

ase rom, arsebulis `dakonserveba~ yovelTvis ne­ga tiuri movlena ar aris. is aucileblad unda emsa­xurebodes momavlis tendenciebs.

Sinagani CaRrmavebis Sedegad, rac garemosgan izo­lirebas mosdevs, adamians uviTardeba damoukideblobis gancda da piradi pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. es runa xSirad Sedarebulia Samanis kverTxTan, rac Zalauflebis simboloa.37

praqtikul cxovrebaSi am runas zogjer maSin mimarTaven, roca raime avadmyofobis procesi, anda tkivilis grZnobis gancda arsebobs. runa am process anelebs, garkveulad amsubuqebs avadmyofis mdgomareobas.

sazogadod, runa ̀ iss~ Zalze frTxilad gamosayenebeli runaa. misi arasworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi adamianma SesaZloa seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas sakuTar Tavs, SesaZloa iseTi procesebi Seaferxos, rac negatiurad aisaxeba mis Semdgom cxovrebaze.

_ 67 _

am runas aqvs praqtikuli gamoyeneba iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca sWirdebaT sakuTari aforiaqebuli gonebis dam­Svideba raime koncentraciis win, adamians exmareba yuradRebis raime saganze fiqsaciaSi. `iss~ garkveul garemoebaSi ganamtkicebs nebelobas, ramdenadac Sinagani koncentraciiT sasurveli mimarTulebiT mimarTavs mas.

`iara~ Y

runa gamosaxulia ori geometriuli formiT, rom lebic erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebebs mianiSneben, magram amave dros erTobliobaSi wriul brunvasac gamosaxaven. ukve aqedan aSkaraa, rom igi droSi ganviTarebul procesTanaa dakavSirebuli. ori urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli figura gamosaxavs or urTierTsawinaaRmdego substancias _ yinuls da cecxls. maTi erToblivi wrebrunva ki wliur cikls mianiSnebs _ zamTrisa da zafxulis droTa ciklur monacvleobas. zamTris yinuli da zafxulis cecxli cikluri monacvleobiT, myari kanonzomierebis mixedviT enacvlebian erTmaneTs. es aris bunebrivi procesi. adamianis cxovrebac garkveuli drois mdinarebaSi bunebrivadaa Cawerili. runa `iara~ swored im Zalebs gamosaxavs, romlebic movlenebis bunebriv, kanonzomier ganviTarebas gansazRvraven. maT xelovnur aCqarebas, an Senelebas disonansi Seaqvs evoluciis procesSi da Sedegi uTuod negatiuria. bunebaSi yovelgvari nayofis damwifebas Tavisi gansazRvruli vada da pirobebi esaWiroeba. logikuri Sedegis misaRebad adamianic unda ecados bunebis am kanonebiT icxovros, mudam zomierebasa da bunebasTan Tanxmobas cdilobdes.

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es ganwyoba Seexeba ara mxolod bunebasTan urTi­erTobas, aramed zogadad adamianis cxovrebas garemomcvel kosmosSi, misi sulieri cxovrebis CaTvliT.

runa `iara~­s Zalebis moxmobiT adamians SeuZlia moZebnos bunebriv procesebTan harmoniuli urTierTobis damyarebis gzebi, sxeulebrivadac da sulieradac sworad iyos CarTuli bunebrivi kanonzomierebiT gansazRvrul procesebSi. amiT yvelaze ufro xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmneba masSi arsebuli potenciis realizaciisTvis, im SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisTvis, rac mis arsebaSi bunebrivadaa mocemuli.

bunebriv ciklur procesebTan swori mimarTebis gamomuSaveba adamianSi moTminebis unars aviTarebs. es runa swored am Zalebs aniWebs adamians _ masSi Tanamimdevruli moqmedebis, zomierebis SegrZnebis unarebs aZlierebs. misi daxmarebiT adamiani jansaRad aRiqvams bunebriobidan momdinare cvlilebebs. myardeba harmoniuli kavSiri bunebasTan, rac xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis Tavad adamianis gegmazomieri formirebisTvis.

`io~ ǓO, Ei (ei)

es aris runa, romelic gamosaxavs sasicocxlo Zalebs. es aris ̀ vegetaciuri~ Zalebi, rac mineraluri samyarosgan gansxvavebiT, mcenareul samyaroSia gamovlenili. cxadia, es Zalebi aris cxovelTa da adamianTa samyaroSic. radgan sasicocxlo Zalebis pirveladi gamovlinebis sferod mcenareuli samyaroa miCneuli, es runa swored am samyarosTan asocirdeba. sqematurad igi xis tans gamosaxavs. roca igive warmodgenebi adamianze vrceldeba, igive gamosaxuleba ukve adamianis xerxemlis svets

_ 69 _

ukavSirdeba. xis tanisa da xerxemlis svetis simboluri kavSiri samxreTis sulier warmodgenebSic uZvelesi droidan arsebobda.

runa `io~­Ti mocemuli sasicocxlo Zalebis gamov­lena ar Semoifargleba dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris moqceuli periodiT. igi mianiSnebs, rom es procesi dabadebamde iwyeba da sikvdilis Semdegac uwyvetad grZeldeba, cxadia, saxecvlili formiT. swored am uwyvetobas mianiSnebs vertikaluri xazis qvemoT da zemoT arsebuli monakveTebi, romlebic aqtiurad arian mimarTuli sxvadasxva mxares da amave dros vertikalur xazTan mTlianobaSi sicocxlis procesis uwyvet wre­brunvasac mianiSneben.

xec xom simbolurad fesvebiT miwaSia Cazrdili, xolo wveriT ciskenaa mipyrobili.

swored sasicocxlo Zalebisa da procesebis uw­yvetobasa da aqtiurobas exmareba runa ̀ io~. igi adamianSi sicocxlis uwyvetobisa da maradiulobis rwmenas ga­namtkicebs.

`petra~ P (p)

es runa ganasaxierebs im Zalebs, rac yovel CanasaxSi potenciis saxiT arsebul niSan­Tvisebebs inaxavs.

am TvalsazrisiT, igi SeiZleba Seedaros qalis saSvilosnos, sadac Canasaxi viTardeba. masSi ukve mocemulia warsulidan momdinare unarebi. masSi mocemulia Tavisi winaprebis niSnebi da amave dros momavalSi gansaviTarebel unarebsac Seicavs. Zalebi, romlebic am Canasaxs ifaravs da mis TandaTanobiT, kanonzomier ganviTarebasa da dabadebas uzrunvelyofs, runa `petra~­Tia gamosaxuli. ese igi, es aris momavlis

_ 70 _

potencialis dacva, Senaxva, kanonzomieri gamovlena. amave dros, igi Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs memkvidreobiT niSnebs, rac Soreuli warsulidan momdinareobs da Canasaxis saxiTaa mocemuli. swored es memkvidreoba gansazRvravs saxeobaTa igiveobriobas. igive Seexeba adamianis individualur niSan­Tvisebebsac, rac evoluciis procesSi unda iqnas daculi da momavalSi gadatanili. `petras~ Zalebis adamianur arsebaSi gamovlena nebismier asakSi marTlzomieria, radgan masSi yovelTvis arsebobs daubadebeli, ganviTarebadi Canasaxi. misi dabadeba xangrZlivi da uwyveti procesia. misi saWiro dromde dacva da kanonzomieri gamovlena `petras~ Zalebis swor funqcionirebazea damokidebuli.

ramdenadac `petraSi~ damcavi Zala igulisxmeba, mis simbolod iTvleba mineralur samyaroSi arsebuli Zalebi. mTeli danarCeni yofa mas efuZneba. is aris simbolo Zalisa da simyarisa, anu klde, rogorc es qristianul simbolikaSia miRebuli.

`petras Zala _ es aris im potencialis neli trans­formacia, romelic winaprebisgan memkvidreobiTaa miRebuli da Rrmadaa dafaruli qvecnobieris doneze~.38

`petra~, amave dros, aris im mizez­Sedegobrivi procesis sworad gamovlena, romelic manamde dafaruli saxiT, potenciis saxiT arsebobda.

`petra~ aris Zala, romelic inaxavs momavlis ten­dencias, gansazRvravs mis sicocxlisunarianobas, sim­yares, igiveobriobas.

praqtikul yofaSi `petras~ Zalebi adamians exmareba sworad, obieqturad dainaxos masSi arsebuli potenciali, jer gamouvlinebeli unarebi. es ki, cxadia, mis bunebriv ganviTarebas waadgeba.

xilul samyaroSi yvelaze Soreuli, myari memkvidre­oba mineralur samyaroSia SemorCenili. swored amitomac runa petra `miwis~ stiqiasTan asocirdeba.

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`olgiz~ Z (z)

am runis gamosaxuleba asocirebulia sicocxlis xesTan, misi zeda nawilis aqcentirebiT. ese igi, xaz­gasmulia sknelisa da zesknelis, miwieri yofisa da zeci­uris urTierToba. swored amitomac am runis xatovan saxes xSirad gedis saxiT warmoadgendnen.

evropis qveynebSi ZvelTaganve gedi iTvleboda miwieri da sulieri samyaroebis damakavSirebel arsebad. ese igi, runa `olgiz~ aZlierebs im Zalebs, romliTac SesaZlebelia zeciur sferosTan harmoniuli kavSiris damyareba.

meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti, rac am runas ukav­Sirdeba, aris is, rom masSi danaxulia instinqturi TavdacviTi unaris ganmsazRvreli Zalebi. ramdenadac es unarebi mineralur da mcenareul samyarosgan gansxvavebiT, pirvelad cxovelur samyaroSi vlindeba, runa `olgiz~ cxovelTa samyarosTanacaa asocirebuli. calkeuli cxovelebi am unarebis sxvadasxva saxiT gamovlenis simboloebad ganixilebian. bunebrivia, in­stin qturi TavdacviTi unari adamianSic cxadadaa gamovlenili. runa `olgiz~ swored am unars aZlierebs. misi daxmarebiT adamiani sworad da efeqturad reagirebs gareSe safrTxeebze. rTul, saxifaTo situaciebSi misi moqmedeba zusti da adekvaturia.

ese igi, runa `olgizis~ daxmarebiT adamians SeuZlia efeqturad aicilos Tavidan mosalodneli safrTxeebi da, meore mxriv, sworad daamyaros kavSiri zegrZnobad sferoebTan, sulieri samyarodan moipovos SemoqmedebiTi ideebi.

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`sol~ S (s)

runa `sol~ gamosaxavs mziur energias.amave dros es runa spiralur brunvasac gulisxmobs.runa `sol~ sinaTlis simboloa, am ZaliT sagnebi da

movlenebi TavianTi WeSmariti saxiT warmoCindebian.igive runa gamosaxavs adamianis `me~­s Zalebs. runa

`sol~ aaqtiurebs sulier energias, stimuls aniWebs SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas, adamians exmareba Sinagani bu­nebis gamomJRavnebaSi.

`tir~ T (t)

am runis geometriuli saxe sabrZolo Subis formas hgavs. es runa aris simbolo simamacis, mamakacuri Zalis gamovlinebis. es niSnavs ara brZolas omis velze, aramed mizandasaxul, gabedul moqmedebas, Tavdauzogav swrafvas winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvisken, dasaxuli amocanis Sesrulebisken.

`tir~ aris Zala, romelic gamoixateba umaRlesi idealebisken swrafvaSi, adamianis mier gaRebul msxverplSi maRali miznebis ganxorcielebis gzaze.

amave dros igive runa gamosaxavs bunebaSi arsebul im mamrobiT sawyiss, rac sazogadod ganayofierebis, gamravlebis process gansazRvravs.

runa `tir~ xSirad asocirdeba iseT cnebasTan, ro goricaa `sulieri meomari~, rac adamians srul pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs Tavis moqmedebaSi.

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ramdenadac runa `tir~ mkveTrad mizandasaxul moq­medebas gamosaxavs, mas qaosis mowesrigebis funqciac ekisreba. zogjer igi warmodgenilia im svetad, romelsac sayovelTao wesrigi efuZneba.39 `tir~ mianiSnebs ara zogadad brZolas, aramed brZolas WeSmaritebisTvis, harmoniisTvis. es aris moraluri brZola.

praqtikul cxovrebaSi am runis Zalebis gamoyeneba adamianSi zrdis gambedaobas, Seupovrobas miznisken swrafvaSi. mis moqmedebaSi Zlierdeba gaazrebuli qmedebis elementebi, aniWebs gabeduli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maT Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebis unars. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas adamiani ufro yuradRebiani xdeba, emateba sakuTari Tavis rwmena da Rirsebis gancda.

`biarka~ B (b)

runa biarka gamoxatavs im qalur Zalas, romelic yovelive cocxals qveynad moavlens da mas zrdis procesSi icavs (igive Zala icavs nayofs Casaxvidan dabadebamdec). es aris dedobrivi mfarvelobis mkafio gamoxatuleba. runis grafikuli saxe mianiSnebs qalis mkerds, rac simboloa dedobriobis, nayofierebisa da mzardi arsebis kvebisa.

yvelaze cxadad am Zalis gamovlena mocemulia dedisa da Cvilis urTierTobaSi. swored es dedobrivi mzrunveloba, Cvilis dacva garemos safrTxeebisgan naTlad gviCvenebs runa `biarka~­Si gacxadebul Zalebs. sxva adamianebis mimarT es Zalebi iseTsave harmoniul urTierTobas uzrunvelyofs, rogorc dedisa da Cvilis urTierTobaSi arsebobs maTi erTianobis, ganuyoflobis gancda. am TvalsazrisiT am runas gankurnebisTvis

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saWiro energia gaaCnia. darRveuli harmoniis aRdgena gankurnebis erT­erTi winapirobaa.

praqtikul cxovrebaSi igi adamians exmareba piradi urTierTobebis ganmtkicebaSi, krizisuli situaciebis daZlevaSi, mfarvelobiTi Zalebis gaZlierebaSi.

metyvelebis sferoSi igive Zalebi, sazogadod, damaxasiaTebelia bgera `b~­sTvisac. amitomac araa SemTxveviTi, rom aRniSnuli runa swored am bgeriTaa gaxmovanebuli da roca runuli damwerloba Seiqmna, `b~ bgeris mniSvneloba swored am runas mieniWa.

`e~ Eh (e)

skandinaviuri tradiciiT es runa asocirdeba odinis miTosur cxenTan _ sleipnirTan. am cxenis saSualebiT odins SeeZlo sxva ganzomilebaSi gadasuliyo. skandinaviur miTebSi swored cxeni warmoadgens grZnobadi samyarodan zegrZnobadSi (an piriqiT) gadamyvan saSualebas.

am TvalsazrisiT, runa `e~ aris arsebobis sxvadasxva formebs Soris damakavSirebeli Zala. magaliTad, adamianis urTierToba sulier arsebebTan an Tundac miwier ZalebTan, cxovelTa samyarosTan, mcenareTa da mineralTa ganmsazRvrel arsebebTan swored `e~ runis gamovlinebaa.

yoveldRiur yofaSi gansakuTrebiT aqcentirebulia `e~­s Zalebis gamovlena Tavad adamianTa urTierTobis sferoSi. Zala, romelic adamianTa harmoniul urTierTobas gansazRvravs, `e~ runaSia danaxuli.

xSirad igi kidev ufro dakonkretebulia da aqcentirebulia qalisa da mamakacis urTierToba. es Tavisebureba am runis geometriul formaSicaa gamovlenili. es aris runa ̀ lagu~, romelic SeerTebulia

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Tavis sapirispiro formasTan.es aris qaluri da mamakacuri sawyisis harmoniuli

SeerTeba. es urTierToba gulisxmobs ara mxolod fizikur, aramed mSvinvier da sulier sferosac.

`e~ runa xels uwyobs qalisa da mamakacis jansaRi partniorobis Camoyalibebas, ufro farTo gagebiT ki, adamianis urTierTobas sazogadoebasTan. adamians exmareba, swori damokidebuleba hqondes sawinaaRmdego sqesis mimarT, mudam SeeZlos wonasworobis dacva sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi.

`madr~ M (m)

am runis dasaxeleba `madr~ Zvelnorvegiulad niSnavs _ `adamiani~. igive saxeli erqva warmarTul RvTaebas, romelic xorcielad Seiqmna. ese igi, es runa adamians gamosaxavs ara viwro, amqveyniuri gagebiT, aramed im RvTaebriv nawils, rac adamianSi sulieri samyarodanaa mocemuli, rac adamians, rogorc sulier arsebas gansazRvravs. adamiani rom am saxiT gamovlindes, is mudmivad unda eswrafvodes srulyofisken, anu qristianuli terminologiiT _ ganRmrTobisken. ese igi, `madr~ aris is RvTaebrivi marcvali, rac adamianSia Cadebuli da misi ganviTareba umaRlesi amocanaa.

es runa simbolurad gamoisaxeboda odinis Tanmxlebi ori yornis saxiT. es yornebi odinis macneebi iyvnen.

erTi maTgani, saxelad `hugin~ gamosaxavs adamianis gansjis unars, xolo meore ̀ munin~ _ intuicias. adamianSi erT­erTi amaTganis ganviTareba da meoris daClungeba mis calmxriv orientacias iwvevs. mxolod inteleqtisa da intuiciis harmoniuli ganviTarebiT adamiani Tavisi RvTaebrivi bunebis srulyofil gamovlinebas aRwevs.

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am ori gansxvavebuli unaris harmoniuli erToba runologebis mier danaxulia am runis grafikul sa­xeSi. runa `vinia~ SeerTebulia Tavis sarkisebur gamo­saxulebasTan, raTa miRebul iqnas runa `madr~.

runa `madr~ im Zalebis stimulirebasac gulisxmobs, romelic adamianTa sulier urTierTobebs da aseve adamianis bunebasTan jansaR sulier mimarTebasac gan­sazRvravs.

am runis daxmarebiT adamians SeuZlia eswrafvos TviTganviTarebas, srulyofas. xels uwyobs dafaruli talantis gamovlenas, sulieri potencialis realizacias. adamiani SeigrZnobs Tavis sulier erTobas ara mxolod RvTaebriv sawyisTan, aramed garemomcvel bunebasTan da im sazogadoebasTan, sadac uxdeba cxovreba.

igive runa aviTarebs inteleqtisa da intuiciis Zalebs, rogorc ojaxSi, aseve sazogadoebaSi adamianTa amaRlebul, sulier urTierTobebs aZlierebs.

`lagu~ L (l)

sityva `lagu~ Zvelnorvegiuli sityvaa da niSnavs _ `tba~. marTlac, runa `lagu~ gamosaxavs wylis stiqiis Zalebs. wylis stiqia Zvel xalxebSi ukavSirdeboda sasicocxlo Zalebs. wyali aris mudmivad cvladi, denadi stiqia, romelic mudmivad icvlis formas, reagirebs gareSe zemoqmedebaze. amitom igi simboloa adamianis grZnobadi cxovrebisa. amave dros, wyals aqvs sxva aspeqtebic. igi erTdroulad aris rogorc sikvdilis, aseve aRdgoma­ganaxlebis simboloc.

miTosur xatebSi wyalSi CaZirva grZnobad samyaroSi STanTqmas niSnavs. wyalSi mocemuli sasicocxlo Zalebi

_ 77 _

mas aRdgomisa da ganaxlebis kuTxiTac warmoaCenen. wyali adamianis grZnobad­mSvinvieri cxovrebaa. wylis amgvari farTo gageba igulisxmeba runa `lagu~­Si.

praqtikul cxovrebaSi runa `lagu~­s gamoyenebiT adamiani sakuTar grZnobebsa da emociebs eufleba. runa aumjobesebs unars, gaerkves sakuTar grZnobebSi, naTlad dainaxos iqidan momdinare impulsebi, izrdeba mgrZnobeloba.

adamiani ufro Tavdajerebulad grZnobs Tavs mSfoT­vare sasicocxlo procesebis mdinarebaSi.

ing (ing)

es runa asocirdeba memkvidreobasTan, im niSan­TvisebaTa SenaxvasTan, rac arsebobis erTi formidan meoreSi gadasvlisas unda iqnas Senaxuli da gadatanili. mcenareul samyaroSi masSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT is potencia, rac TeslSia Senaxuli, xolo adamianis SemTxvevaSi is sulieri monapovari, rac adamians amqveyniuri yofidan sikvdilis karibWis gavliT miRmier samyaroSi gadaaqvs. am runis erT­erT gamosaxulebas swored daxuruli sivrcis forma aqvs da im RvTaebriv Tesls gulisxmobs, rac sxva samyaroSi gadasvlisTvis emzadeba, raTa iq axleburi saxiT aRorZindes.

runa `ing~­s sxva aspeqtic aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi igi mianiSnebs Casaxvis procesze. cxadia, am drosac is Tesli ibadeba, saidanac axali sicocxle axal garemoSi unda aRmocendes. am SemTxvevaSic runa `ing~ gamosaxavs Zalebs, romlebic arsebobis gansxvavebul safexurze gamovlinebas gansazRvravs.

praqtikul sferoSi am runis Zalebi adamians gan­

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sxvavebuli realobis aRqmis unars uviTareben. aseve Zlierdeba adamianis unari, rom mas sxva adamianebis darwmuneba, maTze gavlenis moxdena SeeZlos.

am runis daxmarebiT umjobesdeba mexsiereba, mtkic­deba Sinagani rwmena, farTovdeba adamianis cnobierebis horizonti. adamians sakuTari Tavis realizaciisTvis axleburi sfero exsneba.

`odal~ O (o)

es runa gamoxatavs yvela im niSan­Tvisebas, rac adamians dabadebidanve aqvs mocemuli. runis saxeli `odal~ Zvelnorvegiulia da niSnavs _ `sakuTrebis ufleba~. ese igi, es aris sakuTrebis gamomxatveli runa, Tumca es cneba Zalze farTodaa gagebuli. masSi igulisxmeba yvela is memkvidreoba, rac, erTi mxriv, adamianma Tavisi miwieri winaprebisgan sxvadasxva unarebis saxiT miiRo, da meore mxriv, aseve is memkvidreobac, rac gansxeulebisas am individualobam sulieri samyarodan moitana.

Tavad runis grafikuli saxe Sedgenilia. aq erT­maneTzea dadebuli ori runa _ ̀ gifu~ da ̀ ing~. ese igi, runa `odal~ gamosaxavs im sakuTrebas, rac individualobam warsulis memkvidreobiT SeiZina.

zogjer es runa asocirdeba `saxlis~ cnebasTan. am SemTxvevaSic igulisxmeba, rom is, rac saxlSia, misi mflobelis sakuTrebaa.

am runis gamoyenebiT adamians uviTardeba Tavisi `sakuTrebis~ naTeli gancda. xels uwyobs misi talantis ganviTarebas, gamovlenas. exmareba sakuTari Tavis Se­mecnebaSi.

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es runa adamians materialur sferoSic exmareba. mas sakuTrebis SeZenis unars umaxvilebs, aseve misi ojaxuri sakuTrebis jansaR gancdas gamoumuSavebs.

`dagaz~ D (d)

runis saxeli `dagaz~ niSnavs _ `dRe~.am runis asocireba xdeba ganTiadTan, dilasTan.

am dros xdeba gaRviZeba, qveynierebas zeciuri naTeli efineba. iwyeba axali dRe. es aris axlis dasawyisi, magram igi Zvelidan momdinareobs.

runa `dagaz~ TviTtransformaciis maCvenebelia. igi xels uwyobs adamianis Sinagan gamoRviZebas.

amave dros, runa gviCvenebs moniWebul sinaTles, rogorc saCuqars ganvlili periodisTvis.

runis Zalebi adamians exmareba sulier ganviTarebaSi, axlis warmatebiT dawyebaSi. igi adamianSi aRviZebs WeS­mariti realobis gancdas, realobis mTlianobaSi aRqmis unars.

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runebis adgili damwerlobis istoriaSi

damwerlobis pirveladi Canasaxi SeiZleba im Soreul epoqaSi vigulisxmoT, rodesac adamiani bunebisgan ga­moyofas iwyebs, roca pirvelad gaCnda subieqt­obi eqtis bundovani SegrZneba. manamde adamiani bunebis ga nuyofeli nawili iyo daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc evo luciis Tanamedrove safexurze cxovelTa samyaro SeiZleba warmovidginoT. adamianis bunebidan gamoyofas Sedegad mosdevs Semecnebis pirveli Canasaxebis war moSoba. pirvelad maSin Cndeba tendencia, is, rasac adamiani aRi q­vams, raRac saxiT gamosaxos kidec. am gamosaxvis uZv e les formebs warmoadgens Jestebi, bge rebis warmoTqma, pri­mitiuli ideogramuli niSnebis datana raime masalaze.

evoluciis es safexuri aseulobiT saukune grZel­deboda. adamianebis mier miwaze, xeze, tyavze an sxva rbil masalaze datanili niSnebi, cxadia, istoriam ver Semoinaxa. mxolod myar masalaze (qvebze, gamoqvabulebis kedlebze) datanili ideogramebiT SeiZleba am pro­cesisTvis Tvalis midevneba. dReisTvis aRmoCenili amgvari nimuSebi 200­300 saukunes iTvlis.

iseT calkeul ideogramul gamosaxulebebs, rogo­ricaa, magaliTad, mRvimis kedlebze daxatuli mamontebi, ver CavTvliT damwerlobis nimuSebad. Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT, damwerlobis istoria maSin iwyeba, roca am ideogramuli niSnebis erT sistemaSi moqceva xdeba da am sistemiT adamians ukve samyarosadmi Tavisi da­mokidebulebis gamosaxva SeuZlia. damwerlobis istoriis saetapo periodad SeiZleba ganvixiloT ieroglifuri damwerlobis Camoyalibebis epoqa. ieroglifebic Zi­riTadad ideogramebia, magram mas ukve sistemuri xasiaTi

_ 81 _

aqvs. ieroglifuri damwerlobis Camoyalibebas ukve mxolod aTaswleulebi gvacilebs da masze msjelobac gacilebiT advilia, radgan arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mecnierebas sakmaod moepoveba nivTieri masala. sazogadod, es droc ki Zalze didia imisaTvis, rom zustad iqnas gansazRvruli, Tu ra Sinaarsebi igulisxmeboda calkeul ieroglifebSi.

dReisTvis yvelaze ufro farTod egvipturi iero­glifebia Seswavlili. miuxedavad amisa, ieroglifebis ZiriTadi nawili, romlebic ideogramebis saxiTaa warmodgenili, bgeriT wakiTxvas ar eqvemdebareba. Se­uZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu rogor gamoiTqmeboda isini. ZiriTadad gaSifrulia ieroglifebis azrobrivi mniSvnelobebi, magram ucnobia maTi gaxmovaneba. egviptur damwerlobas aqvs damatebiTi nawilic, sadac niSnebi ara ideogramebs, aramed ukve logogramebs, anu bgeriT marcvlebs gamosaxaven. am niSnebiT sakuTari saxelebi gamoisaxeboda. maT ukve gaxmovanebis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT. evoluciis Semdgom safexurze egvipturi damwerlobis es nawili calkeul bgerebamde iqna dayvanili (marcvlebSi Tanxmovnebs xmovnebi Camoscilda) da, faqtobrivad, safuZveli daedo konsonanturi anbanuri sistemis Seqmnas. Tanamedrove mecnierTa didi nawili ukve im daskvnamde mivida, rom Crdilo­dasavlur semitur samyaroSi pirveli anbanis Seqmna cariel adgilze ar momxdara. misi saTaveebi egviptur ieroglifur dam­werlobas ukavSirdeba. egvipturi damwerloba cal keuli bgerebis grafikul gamosaxvamde mivida, magram Zvel ideogramul ieroglifebs veRar Seelia. egviptelTa warmodgeniT, semitebis anbani zedmetad abstraqtuli iyo da ieroglifebSi mocemul sulier Sinaarsebs veRar gamoxatavda. egviptelebi TavianT damwerlobas wminda damwerlobad miiCnevdnen da mis Semdgom gamartivebas ver Seeguvnen.

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roca egviptur ieroglifebs marcvlebis gamomsaxveli niSnebis jgufi emateba, igi faqtobrivad, damwerlobis dasrulebul sistemad warmosdgeba.

miuxedavad amisa, mainc arsebobs gare samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi Taviseburebebi, rac egvipturi ieroglifebiT srulyofilad ver gadmoicema. Zvel ideogramul niSnebs, garda imisa, rom isini samyaros arsebebsa da movlenebs gamosaxavdnen, kidev hqondaT erTi mniSvnelovani funqcia. isini ara marto gamoxatavdnen samyaroSi moqmed sxvadasxva Zalebs, aramed Tavadve SeeZloT am Zalebis inspirireba. es iyo niSnebis magiuri zemoqmedebis unari. am magiuri gamosaxulebebiT ada­mianebi cdilobdnen zemoqmedeba moexdinaT gare sam­yaroze, raime negatiuri zemoqmedebisgan daecvaT Tavi, anda sakuTar arsebaSi moexdinaT garkveuli unarebis gaZliereba. es yovelive, cxadia, aRar aris Tanamedrove gagebiT ganxiluli damwerlobis funqcia.

swored amgvari moTxovnilebidan Camoyalibda ru­nuli sistema. runebi calkeuli magiuri niSnebis saxiT bevrad ufro adrec arsebobdnen, magram amjerad isini erTian sistemaSi eqcevian. faqtobrivad, es aris is fena, rac Zveli magiuri niSnebidan ieroglifuri damwerlobis Camoyalibebisas auTvisebeli darCa. Zveli ieroglifebis magiuri funqciebi runebSi koncentrirda. Cven ver gamovricxavT SesaZleblobas, rom amgvari magiuri unarebi uZveles ieroglifebSic raRac saxiT igulisxmeboda da Semdeg moxda maTgan runebis gamoyofa, roca ieroglifebis damwerlobiTi funqcia gaaqtiurda.

pirvel etapze runebi ar iyo damwerloba. is ga­mosaxavda ara arsebebsa da movlenebs, aramed samyaroSi moqmed Zalebs. amave dros runebs hqondaT am Zalebis realur planSi gamowvevis unari. runebi iyo magiuri niSnebi.

evoluciis Semdgom etapze, roca erTi mxriv, sam­

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xreTis xalxebma ukve konsonanturi damwerlobiTi anbanebi Seqmnes da amave dros Zvelma runulma magiamac realuri funqcia dakarga, moxda runebis Sereuli saxis damwerlobiT sistemad gardaqmna. runebis nawils bgeriTi mniSvnelobebi mieniWa, nawilma ki kvlav Zveli magiuri Tvisebebi SeinarCuna. amgvari Sereuli anbanebis saxiT igi arsebobda ara mxolod dasavleT evropis xalxebSi, aramed aziis calkeul regionebSic.

sazogadod, damwerlobis evoluciis procesi ar SeiZleba martivi, xazovani saxiT warmovidginoT. erTsa da imave epoqaSi yovelTvis arsebobda misi sxvadasxva evoluciuri formebi. isini mudmivad zemoqmedebdnen erTmaneTze da TavianT mxriv axal formebs qmnidnen. damwerlobis istoriis erTiani mizez­Sedegobrivi jaWvis saxiT warmodgena moxerxebuli kia, magram igi movlenis zedmetad gamartivebul suraTs warmoadgens da xSirad realobas damaxinjebuli saxiT gamosaxavs.

rogorc aRvniSneT, calkeuli magiuri niSnebis mra valsaukunovani epoqa win uswrebs da amzadebs ie­roglifuri damwerlobis Camoyalibebas. sakacobrio evo luciis igive fenas unda miekuTvnos igive magiuri niS nebidan runuli sistemis Camoyalibeba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ieroglifuri damwerlobis da runuli magiis epoqa sakacobrio evoluciis erTsa da imave fenas warmoadgens.

damwerlobis evoluciis Semdgom safexurad uk­ve anbanuri sistemebis Camoyalibebis epoqa unda vi­gulisxmoT. am jgufSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc logogramuli (marcvlovani), aseve konsonanturi (bge­riTi) anbanuri sistemebi.

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi Zalze did problemad iqca runuli damwerlobis adgilis garkveva. dasavleT evropis xalxebis runuli anbanebisa da samxreTuli konsonanturi anbanebis grafikuli msgavsebis gamo

_ 84 _

runuli sistema am bgeriTi anbanebidan warmoSobilad warmodginda, rac seriozuli Secdomaa. runuli sistema Tavisi arsiT evoluciis ufro Zvel fenas gamoxatavs, vidre bgeriTi anbanuri damwerloba. bgeriTi anbanidan runebis warmoSoba istoriuli procesis ukan dabrunebas niSnavs, rac logikurad SeuZlebelia.

rac Seexeba runebisa da samxreTuli bgeriTi anbanebis msgavsebas, cxadia, igi ueWveli faqtia. ramdenadac Zveli welTaRricxvis II da I aTaswleulis mijnaze bgeriTi (konsonanturi) anbanebis Camoyalibeba faqtobrivad imave, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mosazRvre teritoriebze moxda, sadac runebi iyo gavrcelebuli, logikuria, rom anbanebis grafikuli saxis formirebisas swored runebis grafikis gavlena ganvixiloT.

anbanis niSnebis Seqmnisas, bunebrivia, gamoyenebuli yofiliyo im uZvelesi magiuri niSnebis grafikuli saxeebi, romelTa arsebobac msoflios yvela xalxebSi mravalsaukunovan istorias iTvlis. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am runebma kolxur samyaroSi sistemuri saxe miiRes _ erTian sistemad gaerTiandnen da am saxiT SeaRwies evropaSi.

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Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis niSnebi

idea imis Sesaxeb, rom uZveles droSi saqarTveloSi damwerlobis garkveuli forma arsebobda, didi xania trialebs. marTalia, es sakiTxi sabolood gadawyvetilad ver CaiTvleba, magram garkveuli Sedegebi udavod saxezea.

javaxeTSi e. w. `amiranis goraze~ nasoflaris gaT x risas aRmoCenil iqna Tixis WurWeli, romelzec wriulad amokawrulia aTi niSani. es WurWeli Zv. w. III aTaswleulis dasawyisiT daTariRda. marTalia, warweris gaSifvra ver moxerxda, magram mecnierTa didi nawili varaudobs, rom es aris piqtogramuli warwera.40

akademikos Salva amiranaSvilis azriT `amiranis goris~ warweraSi meore niSani gvels gamosaxavs. msgavsi gamosaxulebebi uZveles Sumerul piqtogramebSi gvxvdeba. me­8 gamosaxuleba aSkarad frinvels gamosaxavs. uruqis, jemedeT­nasris da uris arqaul damwerlobaSi xSirad vxdebiT frinvelis msgavs grafikul gamosaxulebas.

frinvelis win aris gamosaxuleba, romelic Tavisi formiT arqaul damwerlobaSi aseve kargad aris cnobili, rogorc mdedrobiTi sqesis maCvenebeli.41

arsebobs sxva niSanTa daxasiaTebis cdebic, Tumca mTlianobaSi amiranis goris warwera gaSifruli ar aris.

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zogadad ki cxadia, rom es niSnebi calkeul cnebebs gamosaxaven.

amiranis goris mwvervalze aRmoCenilia sxva Wur­Welic, sadac amokawrulia xazebis erTgvari bade. es gamosaxulebebi Zalze waagavs uris samefos samarxebis erT­erT cilindrul sabeWdavze mocemul niSnebs.

TrialeTSi sofel oznSi aRmoCenil iqna fiala, romelzec simboluri niSnebia gamosaxuli. b. kuftini am niSnebs piqtogramul damwerlobad miiCnevs da mas proto­elamur niSnebs amsgavsebs.

samwuxarod verc am niSnebis gaSifvra moxerxda, Tumca gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom isinic ieroglifuri damwerlobis xasiaTisani arian.

`mtkvar­araqsis~ kulturis periodis qarTuli dam­werlobis kidev erT nimuSad miCneulia is niSnebi, romlebic 1961 wels dmanisis raionis yorRanuli samarxis gaTxrisas qvebze aRmoCnda.

aRniSnuli warwerebis gaSifvras mniSvnelovnad abrkolebs is garemoeba, rom isini sxvadasxva xasiaTisani arian da ver xerxdeba maTi erTian sistemaSi arsebobis dasabuTeba. Tu isini marTlac damoukidebeli dam­werlobiTi sistemebis fragmentebia, gamodis rom uZveles saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva saxis piqtogramuli damwerloba yofila gavrcelebuli.

arc erT am warweras ar gaaCnia meore msgavsi analogi, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos Sedareba. yvelaze mTavari prob­

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lema ki imaSia, rom ver dgindeba, Tu ra Sinaarss unda gamoxatavdnen isini.

amdenad, `Sifris~ gasaRebis moZebna jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba.

marTalia, uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebis gaSifvris Tema `gayinulia~, magram udavoa, rom Semdgomi arqe­ologiuri gaTxrebis monacemebma isini nebismier dros SeiZleba gaacocxlos. mTlianobaSi es Tema samecnieri kvlevis TvalsazrisiT perspeqtiulad iTvleba.

gacilebiT vrceli masala arsebobs im niSnebis Sesa­xeb, romlebic aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSia SemorCenili. am regionis kulturul Zeglebze SemorCe­nili gaurkveveli niSnebis Sesaxeb informacia samecniero literaturaSi jer kidev meoce saukunis 30­ian wlebSi ga­moCnda. im periodSi Senobebis qvebze amokveTili ucnobi niSnebis kvleva ar momxdara. eTnografebi ZiriTadad maTi fiqsaciiT Semoifarglnen. maTi mopovebuli masalac ra­odenobrivad mcire iyo. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi am Temis mimarT interesi mkveTrad gaizarda. masalis mopovebasac da kvlevasac ufro sistemuri xasiaTi mieca. xevsureTSi, fSavSi, TuSeTSi, xevSi arsebuli salocavebis, koSkebis da sacxovreblebis qvebze amotvifruli niSnebi erTian sistemaSi gaerTianda da cxadi gaxda, rom es gamosaxule­bebi odesRac arsebuli erTiani damwerlobis niSnebs war­moadgendnen. marTalia, am Temis kvleva jer mxolod saw­yis stadiazea, magram am mimarTulebiT gaweuli Zalisxmeva axlo momavalSi uTuod seriozul nayofs gamoiRebs.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi aRmoCenil niSnebTan dakavSirebiT Zalze aqtualuria maTi da­TariRebis problema. gamosaxulebebis didi umravlesoba qvebzea amotvifruli. qvebze kveTis TariRis gan saz­RvrisTvis raime zusti meTodi ar arsebobs. maTi Seqmnis TariRi sxva, masTan iribad dakavSirebuli meTodiT unda ganisazRvros.

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aRmoCenili niSnebis gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi imdenad mravalferovania, rom SesaZloa, maTi evoluciis sakmaod xangrZliv procesTan gvqondes saqme. isic savaraudoa, rom zogierTi warwera istoriulad Zalian Zveli arcaa, magram Zveli tradiciis mibaZviTaa Seqmnili.

zogierTi gamosaxuleba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda Cveulebrivi sayofao scenis naxats warmoadgens. rogorc ar unda realisturi iyos es naxatebi, maTSi mainc ikveTeba ieroglifuri damwerlobis elementebi. SesaZloa, naxatebi marTlac Sua saukuneebSia Sesrulebuli, magram uZvelesi damwerlobis tradicias aSkarad amJRavnebs. am scenebSi CarTulia is grafikuli simboloebi, romlebic sxva, ufro arqauli tipis warwerebSic gvxvdeba.

xSirad ̀moxatuli~ qvebi koSkis, an sacxovrebeli saxlis kedlebSia CaSenebuli. arsebobs varaudi, rom SesaZloa es qvebi aq mogvianebiTaa CaSenebuli, Zvelad ki romelime sakulto nagebobis nawils warmoadgenda. zogierTi warwera aSkara msgavsebas amJRavnebs ideografiul weriT sistemasTan. ideografiuli wera gulisxmobs, rom raime met­naklebad rTuli azri gamoxatulia erTi naxat­niSniT. am naxat­niSnebis erToblioba ki mTlian Sinaarss gadmogvcems. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania naxatebiT gamosaxuli Sinaarsi da ara winadadebis gaxmovaneba. sityvebis JReradobas mniSvneloba ara aqvs da Tu suraT­niSnebis mniSvnelobebia cnobili, azris gasagebad Sesabamisi sametyvelo enis codna saWiro araa. saerTo Sinaarsi Tavad naxatebiTaa gamosaxuli.

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rogorc vxedavT, kompoziciis Semadgeneli elemen­tebi ZiriTadad stilizebuli naxatebia _ ideogramebia. savaraudod, TiToeuli es gamosaxuleba calkeuli az­ris gamomxatvelia da mTeli kompoziciis wakiTxva am calkeuli azrebis kombinirebiT xdeba. gaaCnia Tu ara am kompozicias gaxmovaneba, anu sityvieri wakiTxva, amis dabejiTebiT mtkiceba jerjerobiT Znelia.

damwerlobis istoriaSi ideogramuli damwerlobis Semdgom safexurs warmoadgens e. w. `sityviTi damwer­loba~, sadac calkeul sityvebs calkeuli niSnebi gamosaxaven, maTi Tanmimdevroba ki winadadebebs qmnis. marcvlovani da bgeriTi damwerlobis sistemebi ukve am evoluciuri procesis Semdgomi safexurebia.

xevsureTSi arsebobs warwerebi, sadac gamosaxulebebi bevrad ufro abstraqtulia, vidre wina magaliTSi iyo. aq ukve vxedavT ara mxolod naxatebs, aramed abstraqtul niSnebsac. am niSnebis mniSvnelobebis codnis gareSe gamo­saxuleba araviTar xatovan wakiTxvas ar eqvemdebareba.

xevsureTSi arsebobs gamosaxulebebi, romlebic erT gvarad Sereul kompoziciebs afiqsirebs _ maT­ze gamosaxulia stilizebuli suraT­niSnebic da ab­straqtuli niSnebic.

_ 90 _

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi qvaze amokveTili niSnebis garda, gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovneba Zalze mdi­daria ornamentebiT. ornamentuli kultura Zalze daxvewili da mravalferovania. aq samoselze, sxvadasxva naqsovebsa Tu naqargobebSi gamosaxuli ornamentebi mkveTr msgavsebas amJRavneben sxvadasxva xalxebis kulturebidan cnobil ideografiul niSnebTan.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi uZveles epoqaSi dam­werlobis arsebobis idea kidev ufro ganamtkica grak­lianis goraze warmoebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma.

marTalia, aRniSnuli uZvelesi warwerebi gaSifruli ar aris, magram naTlad Cans, rom aseT Soreul epoqaSi qarTuli kultura iseTsave midrekilebas amJRavnebs damwerlobis mimarT, rogoric imdroindel mowinave kulturebSi gvxvdeba. imdroindeli qarTuli kultura Tanadrouli civilizaciis ganuyofeli nawilia.

Zv. w. mesame aTaswleulis bolo da meore aTaswleulis dasawyisi saqarTvelos rogorc dasavleT, aseve aR­mosavleT nawilSi mniSvnelovani gardatexis periodad warmosdgeba.

kolxuri kulturis aRmavlobis dasawyiss aRmo­savleTSi TrialeTis kulturis Camoyalibebis periodi emTxveva. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, Tri­aleTis kulturas mniSvnelovani genetikuri kavSirebi gaaCnia Zvel mtkvar­araqsis kulturasTan. mecnierTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom TrialeTis kultura mesame aTaswleulis bolos mtkvar­araqsis kulturis safuZ­velze aRmocenda. es faqti ar gamoricxavs am teritoriaze SesaZlo masStabur migraciul procesebsac, rac im periodSi Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda.

TrialeTis kulturis Zeglebs garkveuli msgavseba axasiaTebT Sumerul, mcireaziur da egeosuri samyaros ZeglebTan, rac am samyaroTa uZveles kavSirebze metyvelebs.

_ 91 _

imave periodSi kolxeTis kulturuli kavSirebi eg viptemdec ki aRwevda. Zv. w. meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi qarTuli kultura aqtiurad iyo CarTuli im epoqis mowinave kulturul nakadebSi.

_ 92 _

Zveli kolxuri damwerloba — kirbebi

Zvel kolxeTSi damwerlobis arsebobis Sesaxeb berZnul wyaroebSi bevri cnoba arsebobs. xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca sxvadasxva avtorebi winamorbedTa cnobebs mravalgzis imeoreben. am wyaroTa ganxilvas fundamenturi gamokvleva miuZRvna akaki uruSaZem.42 man calke gamoyo im avtorTa cnobebi, romlebic iuwyebodnen, rom kolxeTidan wamoRebuli oqros sawmisi sinamdvileSi cxvris tyavze Sesrulebuli nawerebi iyo, sadac oqros qimiuri gziT miRebis teqnologia ewera.

oqros sawmisis es interpretacia emyareba Zv. w. IV saukunis berZeni filosofosis evhemerosis mosazrebas. igives imeoreben palefate, xaraqs pergamoneli (rogorc Cans, is anonimuri avtoris miTologiur traqtats — `daujerebelTaTvis~ — eyrdnoba), ax. w. VII saukunis istorikosi, ̀ msoflio qronikis~ avtori ioane antioqieli. mis ganmartebas imeorebs `svidas~ saxeliT cnobili X s­is leqsikoni. analogiuri ganmarteba gvxvdeba XII saukunis moRvawis evstaTi Tesalonikelis teqstSic. ese igi, am versiis mixedviT argonavtebma kolxeTidan oqros sawmisis saxiT cxvris tyavebze dawerili teqsti waiRes:

`iasonma da misma mxleblebma, pontos zRviT kolxeTs miRweulebma, moipoves medea da egreT wodebuli oqros sawmisi. es is ki ar iyo, rogorc poeturad gadmogvcemen, aramed wigni iyo tyavebze naweri, Semcveli imisa, Tu viT unda gakeTdes oqro qimiis saSualebiT~.43

ra Tqma unda, oqros qimiuri gziT miRebis sakiTxi sakamaTod gamoiyureba. amis garda, asec rom iyos, oqros sawmisis, rogorc sulieri simbolos mniSvneloba am versiaSi Zalze gamartivebulia, dakargulia Zveli

_ 93 _

mistikuri Sinaarsi. ganmartebaTa am seriaSi umTavresi isaa, rom berZen moazrovneTa warmodgeniT kolxebs damwerloba ZvelTaganve hqoniaT. berZeni avtorebisaTvis es faqti imdenad bunebrivia, rom am sakiTxs damatebiTi cnobebiT arc ki azusteben.

Zveli kolxuri damwerlobis Sesaxeb Zalze mniS­vnelovania apolonios rodoselis uwyeba kolxuri kir­bebis Sesaxeb.

apolonios rodoselis cnobiT kolxeTSi kirbebs erTgvari kartografiuli daniSnuleba hqonia. maTze gamosaxuli yofila ̀ gzebi yovlTa zRvaTa da xmelTa~. es uwyeba istoriuli TvalsazrisiT bunebrivad gamoiyureba, radgan Zvel kolxeTze namdvilad gadioda savaWro gzebi da mgzavrebisaTvis mimarTulebebis miTiTeba aqtualuri sakiTxi iyo.

sazogadod, termin ̀ kirbis~ Sesaxeb berZnul wyaroebSi erTgvarovani ganmarteba ar arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sityva bevr berZnul wyaroSia moxsenebuli da ganmartebulic kia, mainc aSkarad Cans, rom berZnuli samyarosTvis igi ucxo terminia.

plutarqe imowmebs Zv. w. V saukunis antikuri kome­diis warmomadgenels kratines da amgvar konteqstSi moixseniebs kirbebs:

`salons da drakons geficebi, Tumca maT kirbebs dRes qeris marcvlis moxalvisTvis iyenebs xalxi.~44

rogorc Cans `kirbebi~ kratines gagebiT, qvis an Tixis firfitebia, dafebia, romlebzedac drakonisa da solonis kanonebi iyo aRnusxuli. kratines dros es kanonebi ugulvebelyofilia da maTi Semcveli fir­fitebiT marcvals axmoben~.45

Zv. w. V­IV saukuneebis berZeni oratori lisia kirbebs sasuliero warwerebis Semcvel Zeglebad miiCnevs. igi aRniSnavs, rom msxverplSewirvebi kirbebis mixedviT xdeboda.

_ 94 _

komediografos aristofanes mixedviT kirbebze ka­nonebi ewera.

aristotelec kirbebs kanonebis gamosaxvis funqcias aniWebs. misi cnobiT solonis `kanonebi Camoweres kir­bebze da gamohkides samefo stoaSi~...46

plutarqesTan aqcenti sasuliero teqstebze keTdeba: `zogierTebi amboben, rom kirbebi ewodebodaT

im dafebs, romlebic RvTismsaxurebasa da msxverpl­SewirvebTan dakavSirebul wesebs Seicaven, sxvebs ki aqsonebi erqvaT~.47

Zv. w. IV saukunis istorikosis Teopompe qioselis Txzulebis `RvTismoSiSobisTvis~ fragmentSi kirbebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia:

`kirbebi ewodebaT imisagan, rom zeaRmarTulni gvirgvindebian, anda koribantebisagan, vinaidan kirbebi amaTi aRmoCenaa, rogorc ambobs Teopompe~.

kirbebis koribantebTan dakavSireba Zalze mniSv ne­lovani aspeqtia kirbebis arsis gasarkvevad.

fotiosi Tavis `leqsikonSi~ ambobs, rom Teofrastes mixedviTac kirbebi koribantul wminda warweraTa as­lebia.48

Teofraste unda iyos peripatetikosi lesbosis qalaq eresodan. igi botanikis fuZemdeblad iTvleba.49

Tavad kirbebis vizualur mxarezec sxvadasxva mo­sazrebebia gamoTqmuli: zogi berZeni moRvawe mas dafebze (xis, qvis, Tixis, spilenZis) dawerili saxiT warmoadgens, zogi ki zeaRmarTuli, wawvetebuli qvebis formiT axasiaTebs, romlis waxnagebzec warwerebia Sesrulebuli.

svidas leqsikonis mixedviT kirbebi dafebia, rom­lebic qvisagan aRmarTul svetebzea mikruli. am dafebze ki sasuliero da saero kanonebi weria. sqolastikosisa da poetis kometas cnobiT kirbebi `ZvelisZveli firfitebia~.

Tavad sityvis etimologiaSic didi azrTa sxvaobaa.

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swored amis gamoa, rom mecnierebi am termins araberZnuli samyarodan momdinared Tvlian.

ak. uruSaZe marTebul daskvnas akeTebs: `berZeni avtorebis damowmebul cnobaTa kompleqsSi

uaRresad sayuradRebod da realuri sinamdvilis Semcvel cnobad migvaCnia is, rom kirbebi ZvelisZveli firfitebi iyo qvis, Tixis, an spilenZis (kratine, lisia, Teopompe, plutarqe, kometa), romlebic sakraluri xasiaTis Canawerebs Seicavdnen (lisia, Teofraste, plutarqe) da is, rom kirbebis aRmoCena miewerebaT korbantebs (Teopompe, Teofraste, apolodore, svida).

bustrofedoniiT Sesrulebuli kirbebi (evfosioni) Tavdapirvelad, vfiqrobT, mxolod sasuliero, sak­raluri xasiaTis warwerebs Seicavda (lisia, aristofanes sqoliasti, Teofraste, plutarqe, svida). ufro gvian `kirbisi~ ewoda yvela sazogado sabuTsa da kanons (kratine, aristofane, aristotele, apolodore, plu­tarqe, svida). SedarebiT gvian unda mieRo kolxur kirbebs kartografiuli mniSvnelobac (apolonios rodoseli da misi sqolasti).~50

Zalze sayuradReboa vl. siWinavas mosazreba sityva `kirbis~ etimologiasTan dakavSirebiT. man am sityvis warmomavloba qarTuli enidan, kerZod, zanuridan axsna. Zvel kolxurad (zanurad) sityva `kirbi~ igivea, rac `kravi~, xolo `kiribiSi~ _ `kravis tyavi~. vl. siWinava aseve miuTiTebs, rom iberiul­kavkasiur enebSi xSirad cxvris da wignis aRsaniSnavad erTi da igive sityvebi ixmareba.

uaRresad mniSvnelovania berZen avtorebTan `kir­bebis~ dakavSireba `koribantebTan~. Tavad berZnul enaSi sityva koribantis etimologia ixsneba rogorc momdinare sityvidan xpύβω, rac niSnavs `vmalav~, `vfa­rav~. es mniSvnelobac zustad gamoxatavs koribantTa misteriebis farul xasiaTs. gavixsenoT, rom evropuli

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termini `runa~ swored imaves niSnavs. `kirbi~ da `runa~ identuri cnebebia.

antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT koribantebi winaelinur periodSi kretaze mosaxle pelazgebis matriarqaluri RvTaebis kibeles qurumebi iyvnen. diodore sicilielis cnobiT koribantebis mamamTavari — kirbanti kibelesa da iasionis Zea.51

elinur epoqaSi kunZul kretaze mcireaziuli RvTa­ebis `didi dedis~, kibeles kulti Seerwya uranosisa da geas asulis reas kults. svidas gadmocemiT ̀ koribantebi igivea, rac kuretebi. eseni zevsis gamdelni da mcvelebi iyvnen. erTni amboben, isini aTni iyvneno, meoreni amtkiceben — cxranio~.52

kibeles kultmsaxurebaSi wminda xe iyo muxa. antikuri xanis didi geografosi straboni Zvel

wyaroebze dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs, rom `koribantebi, romelTac damwerlobis — kirbebis Seqmna miewerebaT, kolxTaganni arian da mWidrod ukavSirdebian rkinis metalurgiis, mWedlobis mfarvel lemnosel kabirebs: ... titanebma reas (kibeles) gadasces SeiaraRebeli mcvelebi — koribantebi, romlebic (kretaze) baqtrianidan arian wamosulnio, zogierTebi ki amboben, kolxTaganni ariano~... (X, 3, 19).

berZnul wyaroebSi koribantebi identificirebulia kabirebTan.

kabirebis kulti araelinuri misteriebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili iyo da lemnosis, samoTrakiisa da imbosis kunZulebze iyo gavrcelebuli.

varaudoben, rom matriarqaluri epoqis kibeles qurumebi — koribontebi patriarqalur epoqaSi ukve metalurgiis mfarveli RmerTis — hefestos xelqveiT RvTaebebad moiazrebodnen.

bevri mecnieri kabirebis misteriebs Zveli pelazgebis memkvidreobad miiCnevs.

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Zveli cnobebis mixedviT, rogorc Zveli pelazguri (maT Soris kretuli), aseve lemnosisa da samoTrakiuli misteriebi Rrmad iyo dakavSirebuli Zvel kolxebTan.

argonavtikasTan dakavSirebul kvlevebSi udavoa is faqti, rom kolxidasken mimavali argonavtebi kunZul lemnossa da samoTrakias stumrobdnen. iq argonavtebs sakmaod xangrZlivi SeCereba mouxdaT. berZnuli tra­diciis mixedviT kunZuli lemnosic da gansakuTrebiT samoTrakia kabirebTan dakavSirebuli misteriebis um­Tavres centrad iTvleboda. bunebrivia, argonavtebi iq kabirTa misteriebs eziarnen.

kabirTa samoTrakiuli misteriebi antikur samyaroSi erT­erTi yvelaze cnobili sulieri skola iyo. zogjer mas saberZneTis Crdilour misteriebad moixseniebdnen. mecnierebaSi sruliad aRiarebulia, rom es misteriebi winareberZnuli kulturidan momdinareobs. maTi gavlena axali berZnuli sulieri cxovrebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi ganuzomlad didia.

berZnuli wyaroebis uwyebiT am kunZulebis mo sax­leoba winaberZnuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. herodotes cnobiT elinebamde samoTrakiaze pelazgebi cxovrobdnen da kabirTa kultic maT daaarses. Zvel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT straboni kabirebis kultis mimdevar am mosaxleobas kolxur tomad Tvlida.

rogorc Cans, samoTrakiasa da kolxidas Soris rogorc eTnosis, aseve sulieri cxovrebis formis TvalsazrisiT seriozuli siaxlove arsebobda.

Tu mokled SevajamebT zemoT moxmobili wyaroebis Sedegebs, Semdegi suraTi warmogvidgeba:

uZvelesi berZeni avtorebidan moyolebuli, mraval werilobiT wyaroSi aRniSnulia argonavtikis periodSi, ese igi, Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebSi kolxeTSi arsebuli damwerlobiTi sistemis arsebobis Sesaxeb. kolxuri

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damwerlobis saxe am cnobebiT ar dgindeba, magram aSkaraa, rom kirbebi raRac religiur da sakanonmdeblo niSnebs warmoadgendnen. apolonios rodoselis uwyebiT, isini sivrciT orientirebsac gamosaxavdnen, ese igi, mxareebisa da gzebis mimarTulebebsac aCvenebdnen. berZeni avtorebi irwmunebian, rom argonavtebma kolxeTidan cxvris tyavze dawerili teqsti waiRes.

kolxeTSi mZlavri egvipturi kolonia yofila da damwerlobis kolxuri formis daarseba maT miewerebaT.

egviptelTa gavleniT kolxeTis religiur cnobi­erebaSi SeimCneoda hermesuli motivebi, rac miRmiur, anu micvalebulTa samyaroze orientacias gulisxmobda. igive hermesuli cnobierebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia bunebis SemecnebaSi racionaluri elementebis Semotana, rac mis garkveuli saxis niSnebiT gamosaxvas gulisxmobs. damwerlobis Seqmna tradiciulad swored hermess mie­wereba.

rogorc berZnuli wyaroebi iuwyebian, argonavtikis periodSi momxdara kolxTa gadasaxleba evropis kontinentze da iq kolxuri koloniebi daarsebula.

Tanamedrove evropuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, Zvel kolxebs namdvilad dauarsebiaT koloniebi sam­xreT evropis teritoriaze. maT druidebis samyaroSi religiuri cnobierebis sruliad axali forma CautaniaT. es iyo swored hermesuli forma, rac erTi mxriv, gare samyaros garkveuli niSnebiT, runebiT gamosaxvas gulisxmoda, xolo, meore mxriv, religiur cnobierebaSi yuradReba sikvdilis misteriaze gadahqonda. amgvari sulieri orientacia sruliad ucxo iyo imdroindeli druiduli evropisTvis. dasavlur miTologiaSi es movlena aRiniSneba rogorc maT panTeonSi axali Taobis RmerTebis gamoCena votanis, anu odinis meTaurobiT. votani (odini) omis RmerTi yofila da misi kulti Savi zRvis sanapirodan Sesula evropaSi.

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berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviTac, kolxeTSi arsebobda omis RmerTis imdenad Zlieri kulti, rom man berZnul samyaroSic ki SeaRwia.

sikvdilis samyarosTan mimarTeba, iseve rogorc kol xur misteriebSi, odinis miTSic Zis gardacvalebiT gamoixata. aietis Ze afsirte da odinis Ze balduri mziuri gmirebi arian. sikvdilis Semdeg maT ver SeZles aRdgoma.

ase rom, Zvel­berZnuli da evropuli gamokvlevebis monacemebi saocari sizustiT eTanxmebian da garkveulad avseben erTmaneTs. isini mogviTxroben kolxTagan ev­ropaSi cnobierebis garkveuli formis gadatanis is to­rias.

votans Savi zRvis aRmosavleTidan evropaSi magiur niSanTa specifikuri sistema — runebi Seutania.

kolxTagan gadatanili runebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi safuZvlad daedo evropuli runul­bgeriTi damwerlobis Seqmnas. am sistemam evropaSi aTeuli saukuneebi iarseba, vidre bgeriT­asoiTi an­banebiT Seicvleboda. (calke gansaxilvelia sakiTxi, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina kolxurma runebma samxreTeli xalxebis mier anbanuri sistemis Seqmnaze).

vfiqrobT, am wyaroebis Sejerebis Semdeg isRa dagvrCenia, Zveli kolxeTis Sesaxeb dReisTvis arsebul masalas gadavavloT Tvali da SevecadoT masSi aRniSnuli movlenebis kvali movZebnoT.

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kolxuri runebi

marTalia, arsebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT sakmarisad arsebobs safuZveli imisTvis, rom Zvel kolxeTSi gamomsaxvelobiTi niSnebis arsebobis Sesaxeb visaubroT, magram mxolod werilobiTi wyaroebi ar aris sakmarisi argumenti. yvelaze ufro utyuari ma­salis mopoveba arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monacemebis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli.

cxadia, Cven upirveles yovlisa swored argonavtikis periodis, ese igi, Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebis masala unda gvainteresebdes, magram samwuxarod im periodis kolxuri Zeglebi arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT saTanadod ar aris Seswavlili. kolxeTSi arqeologiuri kvlevebi saerTod mcire masStabiTaa Catarebuli. aietis epoqis kulturuli centrebis adgili dRemde ucnobia.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani masala, rac dReisTvis ar­sebobs, vanis gaTxrebis Sedegadaa mopovebuli. am re­gionSi uZvelesi fenebi Zv. w. VIII­VII saukuneebs afiq sirebs.

rogorc o. lorTqifaniZe varaudobs, arsebuli ar­qeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT vanis naqalaqari ar waagavs `saero qalaqs~. aq ZiriTadad sataZro­sakulto nagebobebia. misi azriT, aq saqme unda gvqondes kolxeTis erT­erT religiur centrTan.53

vanSi imdenad didia sakulto nagebobaTa xvedriTi wili, rom sruliad marTebuli unda iyos varaudi, rom aq iyo Zveli kolxeTis misteriebis erT­erTi mniSvnelovani centri. amitom, vanSi aRmoCenil masalas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos.

Zveli kolxuri damwerlobis kvlevisTvis ZiriTadad swored vanis gaTxrebis monapovrebs SeiZleba daveyrdnoT.

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es masala qronologiurad argonavtikis periodidan aranakleb 4­5 saukuniTaa dacilebuli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli kolxuri kultura arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT arasakmarisadaa Seswav­lili, mainc arsebobs garkveuli nivTieri masala, romliTac nawilobriv mainc xerxdeba Zvel kolxur damwerlobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis kvleva.

am TvalsazrisiT arqeologiuri masala SeiZleba ramdenime jgufad daiyos:

1. WurWlis saxiT arsebuli keramikuli nawarmi;

2. Zveli kolxuri keramikuli kramitis warmoeba;

3. nagebobaTa kedlebis qvebze amotvifruli niSnebi;

4. samkaulebze arsebuli niSnebi da gamosaxulebebi;

5. kolxuri fulis monetebi;

6. kolxuri culebi;

7. kolxuri Subispirebi.

keramikuli nawarmi, romelzedac niSnebia datanili, ZiriTadad sami saxisaa: kramiti, amforebi da qvevrebi. qvevrebi, romlebzedac niSnebia datanili, ZiriTadad qvevrsamarxebSia aRmoCenili. ese igi, es qvevrebi mic­valebulTa dasamarxad gamoiyeneboda.

dReisTvis arsebuli arqeologiuri masalebis mixe­dviT, kolxeTis teritoriaze Zv. w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde aRmoCenil keramikul nawarmze niSnebis datanis tradicia ar fiqsirdeba. rogorc Cans, am periodidan Cndeba es moTxovnileba. SesaZloa, igi sa­berZneTidan Semotanil keramikaze datanili damRebis mibaZviT Camoyalibda.

kramitis, amforebis an qvevrebis zedapirebze niS­nebis datana maTi warmoebis procesSi (gamowvamde) xdeboda, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom am niSnebs xelosnebi

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gamosaxavdnen. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom am niSnebis mniSvnelobebi Zalze farTod iyo cnobili kolxeTis xelosnebis wreebSi. cxadia, xelosnebi sazogadoebis dabal fenas ganekuTvnebodnen, rac niSnavs, rom kolxeTis mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvis runebis mniSvnelobebi saidumlos ar warmoadgenda. es faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom im periodSi runuli cnobiereba ukve degradirebulia, runebis sakraluri mniSvnelobebi gafermkrTalebulia. rogorc vnaxeT, analogiur movlenasTan gvqonda saqme saberZneTSic, sadac kirbebis sulieri mniSvnelobebis degradireba moxda da wminda warwerebian dafebs ukve sayofacxovrebo nivTebadRa xmarobdnen.

Zv. w. VI­IV saukuneebis kolxeTis nivTieri kultura saocari erTianobiT gamoirCeva.

keramikuli warmoeba im periodSi kolxeTis erT­erT maRalganviTarebul dargs warmoadgenda. kolxuri kerami­ka ZiriTadad Savi ferisaa. igi rogorc formiT, aseve or­namentiT kolxeTis mTel teritoriaze iden turia.

sof. dablagomSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros Zv. w. VI­III saukuneebiT daTariRebul fenaSi aRmoCenil iqna keramikuli WurWeli (qvevrsamarxi), romlebzedac gamowvamde amotvifruli iyo sxvadasxva niSnebi. mar­Talia, maT Soris zogierTi niSani sazogadod asoebis moyvanilobas emsgavseba, magram dadgenil iqna, rom es niSnebi asoebi ar arian, radgan isini ar miekuTvnebian erT romelime cnobil anbans.

warmodgenil niSanTagan samis Sesaxeb b. a. kuftinma Tavidanve gamoTqva mosazreba, rom `marTalia, maTgan oris ( , ) analogebi gvxvdeba etruskul da uZveles laTinur anbanSi, magram SeuZlebelia davuSvaT maTi am anbanebidan momdinareoba, radgan isini erTi da imave na­

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marxis WurWelSi erTiandebian. igive stilSia Sesrulebu­li mesame niSanic — svastika, romelic arc erT am anbanSi ar gvxvdeba rogorc aso. yvelaze ufro swori iqneboda am sam niSanSi dagvenaxa garkveuli magiuri funqciebi~.54

saintereso niSnebia datanili dafnarsa da sufsa­natanebis auzSi aRmoCenil qvevrebze:55

vanis gaTxrebisas SemCneul iqna erTi Tavisebureba: Tixis WurWelze, kerZod amforebze, yelis areSi, gamowvamde, basri sagniT datanili iyo sxvadasxva niSnebi. analogiur elinur WurWelze, aseve yelis areSi, rogorc wesi, daitaneboda xolme WurWlis moculobis aRmniSvneli warwerebi. kolxeTSi gansxvavebuli SemTxveva iyo. patara zomis WurWelze xSirad gamosaxuli iyo niSnebi T da Λ. es niSnebi rom berZnuli asoebi iyos, maTi ricxviTi mniSvnelobebidan gamomdinare 300 da 30 litrs unda gamosaxavdes, rac realobas ar Seesabameba. aseve vanSi igive niSnebi datanilia adgilobrivi warmoebis kramitzec, rac, cxadia, sxva mniSvnelobas unda gamoxatavdes. aseve amforebis yelze gvxvdeba svastikac, romelic ar Sedis berZnul anbanSi.56

aseve vanSi aRmoCenilia saojaxo Tixis WurWeli, romelzec aseve sxvadasxva niSnebia datanili:57

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WurWlis namtvrevebSi aRmoCnda, rom ramdenime maTgans Zirze gamowvamde amokawruli hqondaT jvrismagvari niSani . amgvari niSnebi aRmoCnda langrebzec, magram amjerad es nakawrebi gamowvis Semdeg iyo Sesrulebuli.58

Zv. w. III­II saukuneebiT daTariRebul kidev erT samarxSi Tixis WurWelze Semdegi niSnebi iqna aRmoCenili:

vanis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas gamovlenil cal keul niSanTa Soris didi adgili ukavia svastikis ga mosaxulebas. Tavad es niSanic sxvadasxva formiTaa gamosaxuli. igi gvxvdeba rogorc keramikis nakeTobebze, aseve samkaulebze, brinjaos nakeTobebze. Zv. w. V saukuniT daTariRebul samarxSi svastika datanili iyo brinjaos situlaze.59

vanSi centralur terasaze saganZuris kompleqsis

gaTxrisas erT­erT yofil xis nagebobaSi aRmoCnda 150­mde Tixis sawafi. isini gankuTvnili unda yofiliyo saqsovi dazgis qselis Zafebis dasaWimad. sawafebi piramiduli formisaa da bevr maTganze amokawrulia niSnebi. isini Tixis gamowvamdea datanili:

sawafebis samlocveloebTan aRmoCena cnobili mov­lenaa, magram aseTi raodenobis sawafis erT samlocveloSi Senaxvis faqti sxvagan arsad dafiqsirebula. varaudoben, rom isini ritualuri kultis saWiroebisTvis iyvnen am saTavsSi.60

erT­erT samarxSi aRmoCenil brinjaos WurWels, si­tulas (Zv. w. V s.) Zirze svastika aqvs gamosaxuli. qalis

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samarxSic aRmoCenilia brinjaos WurWeli, romlis Zirzec aseve svastikaa.

vanis arqeologiur masalaSi Zv. w. IV­I saukuneebis qvis nagebobis nangrevebSi aRmoCenilia Tlili qva, romelzedac amokveTilia T asos msgavsi niSani.61

vanSi napovnia Tixis nakeTobebi62 gamosaxulebebiT X da C. arsebobs iseTi WurWelic, romelzec namdvilad

ber Znuli warwerebia, anda berZnuli asoebis msgavsi calkeuli gamosaxulebebi.63

Zv. w. V saukunidan vanSi ukve SeimCneva berZnuli damwerlobis kvali. Semdeg saukuneebSi berZnuli enis gavlena kidev ufro izrdeba.

Tavidanve cxadi iyo, rom berZnuli anbaniT ver ix­sneba kolxeTSi aRmoCenili mravali warwera, romlebic ZiriTadad calkeuli niSnebiTaa warmodgenili. zogi erTi maTgani nawilobriv hgavs berZnul asoebs, mag ram umrav­lesoba aSkarad ar eqvemdebareba berZnul warmomavlobas.

vanis naqalaqaris gaTxrebisas keramikuli nawar­mi farTod gamovlinda kramitis saxiT. rogorc ga­mokvlevebma aCvena, kramitis es saxeoba adgilobrivi warmoebisaa. Tixac adgilobrivia.

elinur epoqaSi saberZneTidan sxvadasxva qveynebSi didi raodenobiT xdeboda berZnuli kramitis eqs portireba. gansakuTrebiT kargadaa Seswavlili sinopuri kramitis gavrcelebis areali. kolxeTSic aRmo Ceni lia sinopuri kramitis importirebis kvali. mcire ra odenobiT vanis gaTxrebzec gamovlinda sinopuri kramitis namtvrevebi, magram adgilobrivi kramitisgan igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba.

elinisturi xanis sinopuri kramitisaTvis damaxa­siaTebelia damRis arseboba.64 sinopuri kramitis damRaTa saxeobebi imdenad kargadaa klasificirebuli, rom maTi saSualebiT didi sizustiT xdeba daTariReba.65

vanSi aRmoCenili masalis mixedviT dadginda, rom aq sinopuri kramiti Zv. w. 320­270 wlebSi SemoutaniaT.66

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sinopSi warmoebuli kramitisagan gansxvavebiT vanis adgilobriv kramits damRa ara aqvs, masze datanilia Taviseburi niSnebi, romlebic nedl kramitze gamowvamde gamousaxavT. es niSnebi wvetiani iaraRiTaa dakawruli. zogierT niSanze wertilebis magvari niSnebi pirdapir TiTiTaa datanili. msgavsi niSnebi ar gvxvdeba Savi­zRvispireTis elinisturi xanis masalebSi.67

vanSi gaTxril sxvadasxva saxlis kramitze erTi da igive niSnebi meordeba. erT ubanze daaxloebiT 15 niSani gvaqvs. am niSnebis daniSnulebis sakiTxi jerjerobiT gadauwyvetlad iTvleba. erTxans fiqrobdnen, rom SesaZloa kramitze datanili niSnebi im saxelosnoebis aRmniSvnelia, sadac isini damzadda, magram am varauds myari safuZveli ar aRmoaCnda. bunebrivia, erTi saxlis saxuravze 10­15 sxvadasxva saxelosnoSi damzadebuli kramiti erTdroulad verafriT ver moxvdeboda. cxadia, isini erT saxelosnoSia damzadebuli.

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Zv. w. II_I saukuneebSi vanSi warmoebuli kramitis Sua nawilSi gamowvamde datanilia niSani. zogan wertilebi TiTiTaa dasmuli. kramitze gamosaxuli niSnebi SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad:

1. niSnebi romlebic berZnul asoebs hgavs

2. gamoucnobi niSnebi

3. TiTis anabeWdebi

aseve gvxvdeba Sereuli niSnebi: TiTis anabeWdebi xazovani niSnebis SigniT.68

vanis kramitebis Seswavlam aCvena, rom niSnebi yvela kramitzea datanili. es niSnebi ar SeiZleba iyos xelo­sanTa, an saxelosnos aRmniSvneli niSnebi, rogorc es si­no purTan dakavSirebiTaa miRebuli, rad gan vanis krami­tis niSnebi Zalze martivi da Zalze mravalferovania.69

vanis naqalaqaris gaTxrisas zogierT ubanze qro­nologiurad gansxvavebuli xuTi fena dafiqsirda. uZ velesi fenebi daaxloebiT Zv. w. VIII­VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. kramitebiani saxlis naSTebi Zv. w. I saukunis fenebs afiqsirebs. ganxiluli kramitebis jgufi swored Zv. w. I saukuniT TariRdeba. Semdeg Sua­feodalur xanamde garkveuli wyveta SeimCneva.70 n. xoStarias azriT Zv. w. I saukuneSi qalaqi darbeuli da gadamwvaria.

mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom analogiuri niSnebi gvxvdeba rogorc mcxeTaSi, aseve eSeraSi aRmoCenil Tixis nakeTobebzec. maTi warmoebis droc TiTqmis vanis kramitis Tanadroulia.

axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi mcxeTaSi dasturdeba adgilobrivi tipis Rariani kramitis warmoeba. Tavad kramitis warmoebis wesic adgilobrivia da igi ar hgavs im periodis warmoebaTa antikur teqnologiebs.71

am kramitebze da zogjer imave periodis Tixis Wur­Welzec xSirad erTi da igive niSnebia gamosaxuli, es niSnebic calkeul gamosaxulebebs warmoadgenen da

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mkveTr msgavsebas amJRavneben vanis kramitis niSnebTan. niSnebi mcxeTis kramitebze

Zv. w. II­I saukuneebSi kolxeTSi farTo xasiaTi hqonia amforebis warmoebas. savaraudod, amave periodSi Cn de ba amforebze niSnebis datanis tradiciac. vanSi am amforebze datanili niSnebis ormocamde saxeobaa dafiqsirebuli. am niSnebis didi nawili manamde ukve gvxvdeba kolxur piTosebze, anu qvevrebze (Zv.w. IV­III) da kramitebze. kramitebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac niSnebi yovel maTganzea datanili, amforebze isini mxolod zogierTzea.72

Zvel kolxeTSi oqros mopovebasa da damuSavebaze berZen­laTini mwerlebic mogviTxroben da mas `oqro­mraval~ qveyanas uwodeben. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT savaraudoa, rom Zv. w. VI­IV saukuneebSi vanSi arsebobda profesional xelosanTa mZlavri skola, ro­melic urTulesi teqnikuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT sauku­neebis manZilze mxatvruli oqromWedlobis ubrwyinva­les nimuSebs qmnida.73

rogorc o. lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs, `vanSi mopo­vebuli oqros samkauli sakmaod mravalferovania da metad mravalricxovani. isini xasiaTdebian gasaocari

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mxatvrul­stilisturi erTianobiT. maT adgilobriv, ese igi, kolxur warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs mxatvruli formis originaloba, rac metwilad mxolod kol­xeTisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, zogierT SemTxvevaSi gene­tikurad ukavSirdeba (rogorc formiT, aseve dekoriT) winamorbedi xanis brinjaos kulturis Zeglebs da, rogorc wesi, ar gvxvdeba kolxeTis (da saerTod Zveli saqarTvelos) farglebs gareT~.74

Zv. w. V s. warCinebuli kolxi qalis samarxSi napovni doliseburi sakidebi Semkulia dacvaruli geometriuli saxeebiT: svastikiT, meandriT da sxva. es uZvelesi ornamenti (svastika), romlis sawyisi formebi Zvel aRmosavleTSi cnobilia ukve eneoliTis xanidan, kolxur xelovnebaSi gviani brinjaos xanidanaa gavrcelebuli da jer kidev kolxur culebze gvxvdeba. igive niSani aRmoCenilia vanSi napovn Zv. w. V s.­is cxenosnis gamosaxulebian oqros sakidebze (cxenis gavaze), agreTve kolxur brinjaos situlebze.

igive gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba agreTve ufro gvianac:

elinisturi xanis kolxur amforebze da Tixis piramiduli formis sawafebze. igive ornamenti sxvadasxva variantiT dRemde Semonaxulia qarTuli ̀ dedaboZis~ morTulobaSi, da saerTod, qarTul xalxur ornamentSic.75

kolxeTSi aRmoCenil samkaulebze arsebuli gamosa­xulebebi Zalze mniSvnelovan simbolur saxeebs Seicaven.

`rTulia sakiTxi etlze mdgomi mxedrebis (vani) an kidev raSebis (axalgori) gamosaxulebiani sayureebis simboluri sakiTxis Sesaxeb... igi SeiZleba dagvekavSirebina Zvel kolxeTSi farTod gavrcelebul warmodgenebTan didi qalRmerTisa da misi mxedrebis Sesaxeb. aseTi kulti dadasturebulia skviTur­sarmatul samyaroSi Zv. w. IV­III

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saukuneebisTvis (m. rostovcevi), ax. w. I­IV ss. dunais sanapiroebze — meziaSi, dakiasa da panoniaSi (d. tudori) da Semonaxulia agreTve kidev ufro gviandel slavur xalxur xelovnebaSi (b. ribakovi).

xSirad didi qalRmerTis nacvlad samkaulze war­modgenilia mzis diskos gamosaxuleba. vanisa da axal­goris samkaulebic varduliT — mzis simboloTia dag­virgvinebuli, xolo vanis sayureze — erT­erTi cxenis gavaze cvaraTi gamoyvanilia svastika (agreTve mzis sim­bolo). axalgoris cxenebs Tavze gamosaxuli aqvT rqa~.76

calke kvlevis sagania kolxuri monetebis ikono­grafia. arsebuli masalebis mixedviT adgilobrivi fuladi erTeuli kolxeTSi Zv. w. VI saukunidan iWreboda.

kolxur monetebze gamosaxuli arsebebis raoba dRemde daudgenelia. magaliTad, kolxur TeTrze erT mxares gamosaxulia arqaizebuli TmagaSlili RvTaebis Tavi. igi marjvniv iyureba da Casmulia diademaSi. monetis zurgis mxares gamosaxulia wertilovan, an xazovan rkalSi Casmuli xaris Tavi. TeTris es saxeoba daaxloebiT 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi iWreboda Zv. w. V­IV saukuneebSi.

RvTaebis vinaoba amoucnobia. sxvadasxva varaudiT, masze gamosaxuli RvTaeba SeiZleba iyos adgilobrivi mzis RvTaeba, an mze (heliosi), apoloni, friqse. gamoTqmulia sxva varaudebic.

kolxuri TeTris didi umravlesoba warweris gareSea. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi zogierT TeTrze gaCnda erTasoiani gamosaxulebebi. aseTi moneta Zalze mcire raodenobiT arsebobs da maTze 7­8 saxis niSania aRmoCenili. niSnebi berZnul asoebs hgavs da amitomac mecnierebaSi Tavidanve aseve iqna miRebuli. Tumca dRemde daudgenelia ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es asoebi. ase rom, kolxur TeTrze gamosaxuli niSnebis berZnul asoebad warmodgenac bo­lomde dadgenilad ver CaiTvleba.

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kolxeTSi Zalze daxvewili niSnebia datanili xan­jlebze, culebsa da Subispirebze:

kolxuris msgavsi niSnebi aRmoCenilia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSic.

Zveli mcxeTis regionSi, zemo avWalasTan gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda Zveli dedaqalaqis zRudis naSTebi. es aris qvaTlilebisagan naSeni didi galavani. aRmoCnda, rom qvaTlilTa erT jgufSi qvebze TiTo an or­ori niSania amokveTili. zogierTi niSani berZnul asoebs emsgavseba.77

am niSanTagan yvela aso rom berZnuli anbanidan iyos, cxadia safiqrali iqneboda, rom berZeni xelosnebi calkeul niSnebs adebdnen qvebs, magram aSkaraa, rom yvela niSani berZnul anbanSi ar Tavsdeba, amitom unda vivaraudoT, rom isini raime sxva erTiani sistemis nawili SeiZleba iyos.

rogorc vxedavT, arsebuli masalis mixedviT, Zvel kolxeTSi, da saerTod, saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic gamovlenilia grafikul gamosaxulebaTa Zalze didi ra­odenoba, romlebic arc erTi cnobili anbanis aso­niSnebs

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ar warmoadgenen. sruliad aSkaraa, rom maT arc hqondaT bgerebis aRniSvnis funqcia. es niSnebi TavianT funqciebs damoukideblad asrulebdnen. amgvar niSnebad dReis Tvis sxva araviTari grafikuli gamosaxuleba ar SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, Tu ara runebi. vfiqrobT, arqeologiuri masalebi naTlad aCveneben, rom Zvel kolxeTSi Zalze in­tensiurad arsebobda runuli cno biereba.

Zveli kolxeTis Sesaxeb arsebuli arqeologiuri masala, romelsac Cven winamdebare gamokvlevaSi veyr­dnobiT, moicavs Zv. w. VI­I saukuneebs. ese igi, kolxuri runebis saxe CvenTvis Zv. w. pirveli aTaswleulis meore naxevris periodSi fiqsirdeba.

werilobiTi wyaroebis mowmobiT kolxebs raRac saxis damwerloba Zv. w. XII saukuneSic hqoniaT. ese igi, Cveni mopovebuli masala minimum 6 saukunis Semdgom periods afiqsirebs. cxadia, am periodSi kolxuri runebi garkveul cvlilebas ganicdida. pirveladi saxis aRdgenamde iZulebuli varT dReisTvis arsebul Zv. w. VI­I saukuneebis masalas daveyrdnoT.

cxadia, Zalian aqtualuria sakiTxis garkveva, hqondaT Tu ara kolxur runebs fonetikuri mniSvnelobebi.

kolxeTSi mopovebul arqeologiur masalaze ru­nebi calkeuli niSnebis saxiTaa gamosaxuli. yvelaze `grZeli warwera~ mxolod sam niSans Seicavs. dablagomis qvevrsamarxSi aRmoCenil doqze datanilia warwera:

doqi gamouwvavia. v. liCelis mosazrebiT, igi saxel­daxelod, micvalebulis samarxSi Casataneblad unda iyos damzadebuli. es doqi Zv. w. III saukuniTaa daTariRebuli.78 arsebobs kidev erTi orniSniani warwerac.79

aseTi mwiri masaliT niSnebis fonetikur mniSv ne­lobebze saubari SeuZlebelia.

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dReisTvis gadaWriT Tqma, hqondaT Tu ara kolxur runebs fonetikuri mniSvnelobebi (anu gardaisaxa Tu ara igi anbanur damwerlobad), SeuZlebelia. am sakiTxis gasarkvevad ufro meti arqeologiuri masalis mopovebaa saWiro.

Zv. w. I aTaswleulis bolos dasavleTSi germanuli runebi ukve anbanuri damwerlobis gavlenas ganicdian da ukve aSkarad bgerebis gamoxatvis tendencias amJRavneben. germanuli runuli damwerloba im periodSi ukve evoluciis Semdgom etapze imyofeba — mas Sereuli xasiaTi aqvs. SemdgomSi germanuli runebi mTlad anbanur saxes iRebs, magram konkurencias veRar uwevs klasikur anbanur sistemebs.

Tu Zv. w. XII saukuneSi kolxuri runebi arsebobda, gamodis, rom igi win uswrebs arqaul­berZnul anbanur damwerlobas, romlis warmoSobac Zv. w. pirveli aTas­wleulis dasawyisSi igulisxmeba. kolxuri runebis niSnebis grafikuli msgavseba arqaul berZnul anbanTan sruliad aSkaraa. kolxuri runebis msgavseba aseve aSkaraa im anbanur sistemebTan, romlebic Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi arqauli berZnuli anbanidan warmoSobilad igulisxmeba (etruskuli, frigiuli, pirineis iberiuli...).

Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac cxadia, rom am anbanebis gavrcelebis teritoriebi ZiriTadad swored is te rito­riebia, sadac berZnuli miTosis mixedviT argonavtebsa da mis mdevrebs mouwiaT gavla.

rogorc aRvniSneT, dasavleTSi gadasuli kolxebi brigebis samkvidro adgilebSi dasaxlebulan. strabonis cnobiT ki brigebi igive frigielebi arian. frigiuli anbani ki saocar msgavsebas amJRavnebs rogorc arqaul berZnulTan, aseve kolxur runebTan.

miTosis mixedviT, etruskebis samkvidro mxareSi, imis garda, rom argonavtebi oqros sawmissa da medeasTan erTad Cavidnen, ukve imyofeboda kolxi dedofali, aietis

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da kirke, rac ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs etruskul da kolxur kulturul garemoTa mWidro urTierTobas. rac Seexeba pirineis iberielebs, am SemTxvevaSi qarTul­pirineuli koncefciebi dResac aqtualuri kvlevis procesSia.

ese igi, SesaZlebelia davuSvaT hipoTeza, rom am anbanebis aso­niSnebis formas Zveli kolxuri runebi daedo safuZvlad.

rogorc vnaxeT, runuli damwerlobis niSnebi Zvel kolxeTTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri masalis vrcel speqtrSi vlindeba. rogorc Cans, Zveli kolxebi runul magiur niSnebs TavianTi saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi gamosaxavdnen. isini gvxvdeba sacxovrebeli saxlis kedlebze, saxuravze, sameurneo WurWelze — rogorc keramikaze, aseve brinjaos WurWelze. runebi gamosaxulia saqsov saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul xel­sawyoebze — Tixis sawafebze, aseve kargad cnobil kolxur culebze. igive niSnebi gvxvdeba samkaulebze. Tumca kolxur monetaze — `TeTrze~, rogorc wesi, warwerebi ar keTdeboda, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom im iSviaT SemTxvevebSic, roca monetaze calkeuli asoebi gamoisaxa, isinic runebidan unda yofiliyo aRebuli.

SesaZlebelia dReisaTvis arsebuli arqeologiuri masala gavaerTianoT da kolxuri runebi msgavsebis mixedviT davalagoT:

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kolxuri runebi

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rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, evropaSi runuli dam­werlobis safuZvlad germanuli klasikuri runuli rigi iTvleba. es damwerloba praqtikul funqcias ax. w. VIII saukunemde asrulebda. am dros igi wyvets arsebobas da adgils uTmobs bgeriT­anbanur sistemas. dReisTvis arsebuli arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT, germanuli runuli damwerloba Tavisi arsebobis bolo aTaswleulSi Sereuli anbanuri sistemis saxiT arsebobda. ese igi, runebs Zveli magiuri mniSvnelobebic hqonda SemorCenili da amave dros calkeuli bgerebis gamosaxvac SeeZloT, riTac isini bgeriT­anbanuri sistemebis msgavs funqciebs asrulebdnen — sityvebis bgeriTi wakiTxvis saSualebas iZleodnen.

XX saukuneSi kvlav gaCnda runuli damwerlobis Seswavlisadmi interesi. met­naklebad Seswavlil iqna runebis Zveli magiuri mniSvnelobebic. am kvlevebis

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SedegebSi bevri ram sakamaTod iTvleba da maTze azrTa sxvadasxvaobac arsebobs.

bunebrivia, sainteresoa SevadaroT XX saukuneSi restavrirebuli germanuli runuli anbani da Zveli kolxuri runebis monacemebi.

germanuli runebi

kolxuri runebi

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rogorc vxedavT, Zvel kolxur runul niSnebsa da germanul runebs Soris msgavseba aSkaraa.

cxadia, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi orive samyaroSi — rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve kolxeTSi runebis grafikuli gamosaxulebebi cvlilebebs ganicdidnen. amave dros germanuli runebi ukve iseTi istoriuli fenidanaa aRebuli, roca isini bgeriTi­anbanuri sistemebis gav­leniT funqcionalurad Secvlilni arian.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, germanuli klasikuri ru­nebis grafikuli saxe aSkara msgavsebas amJRavnebs sam­xreTul anbanebTan. amitomac zogierTi mecnieri runebis warmoSobas etruskul­alpiur aso­niSnebs ukavSirebs.

lemnosis stela Zv. w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT TariR­deba. masze Sesrulebuli warwera msgavsebas avlens rogorc frigiul damwerlobasTan, aseve etruskulTan. amave dros frigiuli damwerloba arqauli berZnuli damwerlobidan warmoSobilad iTvleba. am gziT mecnierebi frigiul­lem­nosur da etruskul damwerlobas erTi da igive wyarodan — Zveli berZnulidan warmoSobilad Tvlian.80

berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis uZvelesi nimuSebi Zv. w. VIII­VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba. bevri mecnieri am anbanis Seqmnas Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisisTvis varaudobs.

runebis grafikuli saxis anbanur asoebTan msgavsebam warmoSva hipoTeza, rom Sua evropis regionSi runebi bgeriTi anbanis safuZvelze Seiqmna. es mosazreba Tavis TavSi ukve Seicavs Sinaarsobriv winaaRmdegobas. sazogadod, runuli damwerloba evoluciis procesSi anbanuri damwerlobis winare safexurs warmoadgens.

runebis calkeuli niSnebi dasrulebul Sinaarsebs gamoxataven. isini damoukidebeli ideogramebia, romelTa moxazuloba ukve TavisTavad raRac magiuri Sinaarsis Semcvelia.

anbanuri damwerloba swored imiT gansxvavdeba Zveli ieroglifuri, an runuli damwerlobisagan, rom

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gamosaxulebebi aq ukve aucileblobiT aRar gamosaxaven damoukidebel Sinaarsebs. anbanuri niSnebi ukve calkeuli bgerebis abstraqtuli gamosaxulebebia. mxolod bgeraTa kombinirebiT miiReba sityvebi da vidre asoebis erToba dasrulebul sityvad ar formirdeba, misi Sinaarsi gamokveTili ar aris.

ase rom, runebidan anbanebis asoebis warmoSoba evoluciuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT sruliad bunebrivia, xolo abstraqtuli anbanidan runebis war­moSoba arabunebrivad gamoiyureba. evoluciis Tval­sazrisiT es ukan gadadgmuli nabiji iqneboda. am mizezis gamo, aradamajerebelia varaudi, rom evropuli runebi etruskuli, an romelime sxva bgeriTi anbanidan SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo.

zemoT saubari iyo runuli niSnebis kolxuri mis­teriebidan Sua evropaSi gadatanis procesze, rac da­axloebiT Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebs, anu argonavtikis epoqas gulisxmobs.

arqeologiuri masalebi am periodis kolxuri kulturis Sesaxeb umniSvnelo raodenobiT moipoveba. dRemde ucnobia, sad iyo aietis kolxidas sulieri centrebi. dRemde isic ki araa bolomde garkveuli, aia kolxidas dasaxelebis sinonimia, Tu misi dedaqalaqis saxeli. arsebobs varaudi, rom aia igive kolxidaa, xolo misi dedaqalaqi — kutaia. ase rom, troas Tanamedrove kolxidas dedaqalaqi jer kidev mosaZebni da Sesaswavlia.

Zveli kolxuri kulturis Sesaxeb arsebuli arqe­ologiuri masala Zalze mwiria. kolxur runebze Cven maTi Soreuli anareklebis mixedviT vmsjelobT. ase rom, Zveli kolxidas Zeglebis Zieba da Seswavla jer kidev momavlis amocanaa.

Tu kolxuri runuli damwerlobis Zv. w. XIII­XII sa­ukuneebSi arseboba nivTobrivad dadasturdeba, maSin, cxadia, srulad logikuria, rom ramdenime saukunis

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Semdeg, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (Zv. w. X­VII s.) Seqmnili finikiuri da uZvelesi berZnuli anbanic swored im kolxur runebs davukavSiroT, romlebsac aseve kolxeTidan SeeZloT am regionebSi SeeRwiaT.

Tundac igive argonavtebis mogzauroba bunebrivad SeiZleba gulisxmobdes damwerlobis mopovebas. ber­Z nuli wyaroebSic xom dabejiTebiT irwmunebian, rom oqros sawmisi cxvris tyavze Sesrulebuli warwerebia da argonavtebis eqspediciis mizani swored misi mopoveba iyo.

aseve aRniSnuli iyo, rom herodotes cnobiT fri­gielebs adre brigebi ewodebodaT. ase rom, afsirtes Tanmxlebi kolxebi frigielTa Soris dasaxlebulan. frigiuli anbanis msgavseba Zvel dasavlur­berZnul anbanTan sruliad TvalsaCinoa. swored amitomac fri­giuli anbani dasavluri berZnulidan warmoSobilad iTvleba.

marTalia, kolxeTis arqeologiuri masalis saSua­lebiT, Zveli kolxuri runuli damwerlobis sistemuri saxiT aRdgena jerjerobiT ar xerxdeba, magram dReisTvis arsebuli mwiri masalidanac sruliad naTelia, rom kolxuri runebi Zalian gvanan rogorc frigiul, aseve dasavlur­berZnul anbanur niSnebs.

Tuki kolxuri runebi Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebSi iqna gadatanili brigebis (anu frigielebis) qveyanaSi, maSin, cxadia, arsebobs safuZveli vivaraudoT, rom SesaZloa rogorc frigiuli, aseve dasavluri berZnuli anbanuri sistemis safuZvlad swored misi niSnebi iyo gamoyenebuli. kolxuri runebis msgavseba aseve TvalsaCinoa etruskul da pirineis iberiul anbanebTanac:

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frigiuli anbani

kolxuri runebi

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arqauli berZnuli anbani

kolxuri runebi

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etruskuli anbani

kolxuri runebi

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pirineis iberiuli anbani

kolxuri runebi

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rogorc vxedavT, kolxuri runuli niSnebi saocari mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. Sedareba aCvenebs, rom kolxuri runebis grafikuli saxeebi yvela uZvelesi anbanebis aso­niSnebis da dasavluri runuli anbanebis formebs TiTqmis srulad moicavs.

isic sruliad aSkaraa, rom arc erT kolxur ar­qeologiur jgufSi ar gvxvdeba aso­niSanTa iseTi erToblioba, romelic msoflioSi arsebul romelime calkeul anbans Seesabamebodes. cxadia, SeuZlebelia imis daSveba, rom romelime samarxSi arsebuli aso­niSnebi sxvadasxva anbanebidan yofiliyo aRebuli.

TiTqmis yvela arqeologiuri jgufi Seicavs iseT niSnebs, romlebic or nawilad iyofa _ niSanTa nawili msgavsia berZnuli asoebis, nawili ki maTgan gansxvavebulia da Tu sxva anbanebs SevadarebT, aRmoCndeba, rom maT sxvadasxva anbanebSi moeZebnebaT analogebi. zogierTi niSani arc erT anbanSi ar gvxvdeba rogorc aso.

es faqti uciloblad mianiSnebs, rom arc is g amosaxulebebia berZnuli asoebi, romlebic maT gra­fikulad hgavs. kolxur runebs yvela am anbanebisgan damoukidebeli mniSvnelobebi aqvT da araviTar Sem­TxvevaSi maTgan ar arian warmoSobili.

sazogadodac, anbanuri damwerlobidan runebis war­moSobis idea Tavidanve mcdaria, miT umetes kolxuri runebis SemTxvevaSi.

kolxuri runebis Zvel anbanebTan grafikuli saxeebis Sedarebisas ikveTeba erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba. kolxuri runebis niSnebi TiTqmis absoluturad Seesa­bameba yvela ganxiluli anbanis niSnebs, magram erT­erT gamonakliss warmoadgens am anbanebis umravlesobaSi arsebuli niSani K (an misi Sebrunebuli forma). dRe­m de Seswavlil kolxur warwerebSi es niSani ar fiq­sirdeba. savaraudod, gansaxilvel periodSi, ese igi, Zv. welTaRricxvis VI­I saukuneebSi kolxeTSi igi arc arsebobda.

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rogorc cnobilia, Zvel semitur damwerlobaSi es niSani Zv. w. IX saukunis warwerebSi gamoCnda. mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom igi manamde ar arsebobda. es faqti aris swored erT­erTi umTavresi argumenti, ris mixedviTac berZnuli anbanis Seqmnis daTariReba xdeba. `berZnuli damwerlobis uklebliv yvela jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebelia semituri Khaph niSnis Sesatyvisi asos igiveobrivi grafikuli forma K simbolos saxiT, rac grafikulad zustad asaxavs Zvel semitur prototips~.81 ese igi, gamodis, rom Tu semiturSi K niSani Zv. w. IX saukuneSi gamoCnda, xolo mis safuZvelze berZnuli anbanis Seqmna moxda, sadac igi yvela ganStoebaSi fiqsirdeba, maSin, cxadia, rom berZnuli anbani Zv. w. IX saukuneze ufro adre ver Seiqmneboda.

Tu kolxuri runebis formebi safuZvlad daedo uZveles dasavlur­semitur anbanis niSnebis grafikas, es movlena Zv. w. XII­X saukuneebSi unda momxdariyo. swored es aris argonavtikis momdevno periodi. imdroindeli semituri anbanebic saocari sizustiT emTxveva kolxur niSnebs da amave dros niSandoblivi faqtia, rom arc am anbanebSi da arc kolxur runebSi ar arsebobs K niSani.

msgavsi SemTxvevaa `r~ bgeris Sesabamis grafikul gamosaxulebasTan dakavSirebiTac. Zvelma berZnulma damwerlobam igi semituri anbanidan gadaiRo da marjvnidan marcxniv weris dros imave formiT gaimeora, xolo roca weris mimarTuleba Seicvala, es asoc Setrialda _ P. berZnul damwerlobaSi am formis cvlileba moxda da daxrili xazi daemata: R. sxvadasxva berZnul warwerebSi `r~­s sxvadasxva grafika gvxvdeba, zogan Zveli, zogan Secvlili. igive suraTia berZnuli anbanis safuZvelze Seqmnil sxva damwerlobebSic. R­s axalma formam iqac daimkvidra adgili. Zvel semitur anbanebSi igi ar arsebobda. ese igi, `r~ bgeris daxrilxaziani forma (R) Zv. welTaRricxvis X saukunemde ar gvxvdeba.

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Tu paralels kolxuri runebis grafikasTan gavatarebT, davinaxavT, rom suraTi kvlav analogiuria, rac K­sTan mimarTebaSi iyo. kolxeTSi gamovlenil warwerebSi arsad ar gvxvdeba R­s gamosaxuleba. samagierod, Zalze xSiria misi Sesabamisi Zveli forma: P, aseve misi Sebrunebuli saxe, rac niSnavs, rom kolxuri runebis formebi ufro Zvelia, vidre berZnuli damwerloba.

ase rom, sruliad bunebrivia hipoTeza, rom uZvelesi anbanuri sistemis winamorbedad Zveli kolxuri runuli damwerloba vivaraudoT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli kolxeTis Sesaxeb Zalze cota arqeologiuri masala gagvaCnia da amave dros am masalaSic runuli niSnebi specialurad damwerlobiTi kuTxiT jerjerobiT saTanadod ar aris Seswavlili, SeiZleba gamovTqvaT Semdegi varaudi:

Zv. w. XIII­XII saukuneebSi kolxeTSi arsebobda runuli sistema. igi imyofeboda pirvelad, anu ideogramul safexurze. ese igi, niSnebi gamosaxavdnen calkeul damoukidebel ideogramebs. yovel maTgans hqonda das­rulebuli Sinaarsi. runebs hqondaT sulieri, anu ma­giuri zemoqmedebis daniSnuleba. SesaZloa isini na wilobriv azrobriv niSnebsac warmoadgendnen. ma ga­liTad, Tu romelime runa amomaval mzes gamoxatavs, es SeiZleba gagebul iqnes rogorc sulieri simbolo, aseve SesaZlebelia am niSniT aRmosavleTis mimarTulebac mieniSnos. arsebuli masaliT jerjerobiT ver dgindeba, kolxur runebs magiuri mniSvnelobis garda, hqondaT Tu ara bgerebis gamosaxvis funqciac.

Zv. w. meore aTaswleulis bolos kolxuri runebi vrceldeba rogorc saberZneTSi, aseve evropis konti­nentze. swored Zv. w. pirveli aTaswleulis dasawyisSi mcire aziis xalxebSi bgeriT­asoiTi anbanebi yalibdeba, asoiT­niSnebs ukve calkeuli fonetikuri mniSvnelobebi eniWeba da anbani abstraqtul saxes iRebs. amave peri­

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odSi kolxuri kulturis gavleniT dasavleTSi viTar­deba runuli damwerloba, romelic Zv. w. pirveli aTas­wleulis Sua periodSi TandaTan Sereul saxes iRebs. kolxuri runebis grafikis analiziT savaraudoa, rom es anbanebi swored runebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. runebi, erTi mxriv, inarCuneben TavianT pirvandel magiur mniSvnelobebs, xolo, meore mxriv, samxreTuli anbanebis mibaZviT ikveTeba tendencia, rom bgerebis gamosaxvis funqciac hqondeT. analogiuri gza gaiara egvipturma ieroglifurma damwerlobamac, roca man ieroglifebis paralelurad calkeuli bgerebis aRmniSvneli niSnebic Seqmna. maTi saSualebiT ucxouri terminebi da sakuTari saxelebi gamoisaxeboda. ase rom, dasavluri runuli damwerloba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi daax­loebiT am safexurze imyofeboda. imave periodis (Zv. w. VI­IV s.) kolxur runul damwerlobebSi es tendencia ar SeimCneva. SesaZloa, aq jer kidev runuli `damwerlobis~ Zveli, ideogramuli mniSvnelobaa SenarCunebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi kolxuri runebiT Sedgenili sityvebi arse­buli nivTieri masalebis mixedviT jer Seswavlili ar aris.

calke Seswavlis sagania aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi niSnebis da kolxuri runebis kavSiri. didi albaTobiT, maT saerTo safuZveli aqvT. SesaZloa, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli dam werlobis sistema swored kolxuri runebis gavleniT Seiqmna.

Zv. w. pirvel aTaswleulSi istoriulad dasturdeba Zveli kolxuri kulturis degradacia. aTaswleulis Sua periodSi, marTalia, igrZnoba kulturuli gamococxleba, magram rogorc Cans, kolxuri samyaro ar aris midrekili imgvari racionaluri azrovnebisken, rac safuZvlad daedo mcire aziis xalxebis mier abstraqtuli asoiT­bgeriTi anbanebis Seqmnas. am mxriv kolxuri cnobierebis konservatizmi aSkaraa.

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runuli damwerloba samxreTis xalxSi male iRebs asoiT­bgeriTi anbanebis saxes. runuli damwerloba dasavleTSi ufro farTod viTardeba, magram mogvianebiT isic avlens Cveulebrivi anbanuri damwerlobisaken midrekilebas da TandaTan Sereul anbanur sistemad gardaiqmneba. cnobierebis racionalizaciis Sedegad, cxadia, runuli damwerloba konkurencias ver uwevs anbanur sistemebs. ax. w. pirvel aTaswleulSi igi degradacias ganicdis da ZiriTadad wyvets arsebobas, mxolod CrdiloeTis qveynebSi agrZelebs arsebobas Sereuli, erTgvari runul­fonetikuri niSnebis saxiT. ax. w. meore aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi runuli damwerloba ukve rudimentuli gadmonaSTia da bolos saerTod qreba.

Zveli welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaswleulis bolos kolxeTSi, da saerTod, mTel saqarTveloSi aqtiurad vlindeba berZnuli kulturis gavlena. rogorc Cans, am droisaTvis berZnuli enis codnasac didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda. berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis nimuSebic ukve sakmaod gaxSirebulia. Zveli runuli niSnebi aqac veRar uweven konkurencias anbanur da­mwerlobas.

amave periodidan runuli damwerlobis niSnebi Zveli mniSvnelobiT ukve aRar gvxvdeba da isini Tan­daTan ornamentul gamosaxulebebSi gadainacvleben. ornamentebSi aSkarad ikveTeba runebis is sulieri mniSvnelobebi, romlebic qarTulma kulturam Zveli epoqidan tradiciis saxiT miiRo. gansakuTrebiT aRsa­niSnavia qarTul sacxovrebelSi `dedaboZze~ gamosaxuli magiuri niSnebis mkveTri analogia Zvel runebTan.

Tanamedrove skandinaviis qveynebSi yvelaze didxans SemorCa runuli cnobiereba. marTalia, damwerlobis saxiT runuli anbani ukve aRar ixmareba, magram runebis sulieri simbolika mainc did adgils ikavebs xalxur

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warmodgenebSi. runebis formebi skandinavielTa tra­diciis ganuyofeli nawilia. saqarTveloSi mogza u­robisas swored skandinavieli stumrebi amCneven xolme, rom maTTvis ase kargad nacnobi runebis grafika Zalze farTodaa warmodgenili qarTul kulturaSi. igi gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTelia dekorsa da ornamentebSi.

a. andersenma specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna zemo imereTis sofel cxrukveTis taZris SesasvlelTan gamokveTil didi zomis ornaments, romelSic man erT­erTi mniSvnelovani runis saxe Seicno.

skandinaviuri runebidan misi Sesatyvisia runa `odal~.

a. anderseni Seecada gamoekvlia, romel istoriul periodSi SeiZleboda es forma skandinaviidan saqar­TveloSi SemoetanaT. igi wminda ninos jvris formaSic swored runuli cnobierebis gavlenas xedavs. wminda ninos jvris formas erT­erTi mniSvnelovani skandinaviuri runis forma Seesabameba.

vfiqrobT, araferi saeWvo ar aris imaSi, rom arc wminda ninos jvris da arc cxrukveTis ornamentis forma saqarTveloSi skandinaviidan ar Semosula. am formebis warmoSobas adgilobriv kulturaSi mravalsaukunovani fesvebi aqvs.

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Tu ganvixilavT sxvadasxva xalxebis mier Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi Seqmnil anbanebs, advili SesamCnevia, rom kolxuri runebis gamosaxulebebi mkveTr naTesaobas avlens swored im xalxTa anbanebTan, romlebTanac imdroindeli kolxeTis urTierTobebi istoriul da miTologiur wyaroebSi dasturdeba.

kolxuri runebis grafikuli niSnebis msgavseba Zvel dasavlur berZnul anbanTan, aseve masTan axlos myof etruskul, frigiul da pirineis iberiul anbanur niSnebTan TvalsaCinoa.

dReisTvis kargadaa Seswavlili is Zveli werilobiTi sistemebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo mcire aziis xalxTa mier asoiT­bgeriTi anbanuri niSnebis Camoyalibebas. vfiqrobT, kolxuri runuli damwerlobis niSnebic uTuod maT Soris unda iqnes ganxiluli. kolxuri niSnebis sistemas aqvs Tavisi gavrcelebis areali da am arealSi misi gavlena aSkaraa.

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runebis grafika

amjerad gvinda calke SevexoT rogorc evropuli, aseve kolxuri runebis grafikul Taviseburebebs.

rogorc cnobilia, dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionSi mcxovrebi xalxebis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena aqvs im geografiul garemos, romelSic es xalxebi cxovroben. maRalmTian regionSi, udabnoSi, an zRvispira regionSi mosaxle adamianebis cnobierebis formireba garemo pirobebiT didadaa gansazRvruli. aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs klimaturi reJimis cvlilebas wlis droTa SesabamisobaSi. magaliTad, egvipturi kulturis kvlevisas, aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas is garemoeba, rom egvipteSi sruliad gansakuTrebuli klimaturi garemoa. amindis cvlileba aq mkveTri ar aris. mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi aq stabilurad Tbili amindebia. yinvisa da Tovlis faqtorebi ar arsebobs. Tovli zogan saukuneSi erTxel modis. drois sezonur monacvleobaSi ZiriTadi movlena mdinaris wylis reJimis cvlilebaa. sicxisgan Tavis dacvac erT­erTi seriozuli problemaa. bunebrivia, Zalze aqtiuri mzis mimarTac egviptels sruliad gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba aqvs. es faqtorebi didad gansazRvraven egviptelis msoflmxedvelobas, mis kosmogonias.

CrdiloeT evropaSi mosaxle xalxebis garemo pi­robebi diametrulad gansxvavebulia. aq amindis sta­biluroba sruliad uCveulo movlenaa. amindi erTi dRis ganmavlobaSic ki ramdenjerme SeiZleba Seicvalos. bunebaSi araferi araa stabiluri, yvelaferi mudmiv dinamikaSia. wlis ganmavlobaSic mkveTri sezonuri cvalebadobaa. adamianebis umTavresi problema sicivisgan

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Tavis dacvaa. mzisgan momdinare sinaTlesa da siTbos aq gansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba aqvs. xangrZlivi zamTris garemoc Tavisebur ganwyobilebas qmnis Crdiloeli xalxebis xasiaTSi. samxreTelebTan SedarebiT Crdiloeli adamianebi bunebaSi sruliad gansxvavebul movlenebs Wvreten. sinaTlis aRqmac ki Zalze gansxvavebulia.

im regionebSi, sadac wvima iSviaTi movlenaa da haeri mSralia, adamianebma ar ician ra aris, magaliTad, cisartyela. samagierod, cxel udabnoebSi unaxavT iseTi uCveulo movlena, rogoricaa miraJi, rac sruliad uCveuloa rogorc Crdiloeli, aseve zomieri klimaturi zonis adamianebisTvis. zomieri klimatis zonaSi cisar­tyelas gamoCena Cveulebrivi movlenaa. es movlena am adamianebis religiur cnobierebaSic mkveTrad irekleba.

Crdiloeli xalxebisTvis atmosferoSi gamovlenil `feradovan~ movlenebs sruliad gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs. aq haeris temperatura xSirad Zalze dabalia da amave dros haerSi tenianobis Semcvelobac mniSvnelovania. amis Sedegad haerSi yinulis kristalebi warmoiqmneba, rac sinaTles cisartyelisgan gansxvavebuli saxiT Slis. cisartyelas SemTxvevaSi haerSi wylis sferuli wveTebia, xolo CrdiloeTSi Zalian dabali temperaturis pirobebSi haeris kristalebs eqvskuTxa forma aqvs, rac, faqtobrivad, yinulis prizmebs warmoadgens. Crdiloeli xalxebi xSirad xedaven bunebis iseT saocrebebs, ro go­ricaa halo, mzis an mTvaris gvirgvini. kidev ufro gan­sakuTrebuli feradovani movlenaa CrdiloeTis ci ali.

yvela es movlena (miraJi, cisartyela, CrdiloeTis ciali, halo, gvirgvini) bunebis namdvili saocrebebia. bunebrivia, isini yvela epoqaSi gansakuTrebul mov­lenebad iyo aRqmuli da religiur cnobierebaSi mniS­vnelovan adgils ikavebda. SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rogor gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs biblia warRvnis Semdeg cisartyelas gamoCenas.

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sxva klimaturi Taviseburebebic naTlad irekleba adamianebis cnobierebaSi. magaliTad, samxreTis xalxebSi fizikuri tanjvis jojoxeTur formad Zlieri sicxe war moudgeniaT. xalxur warmodgenebSic codvili su­le bi jojoxeTSi swored amgvar tanjvas ganicdian. CrdiloelTa xalxuri cnobiereba fizikuri tanjvis ukidures formad sicives Tvlis.

analogiur movlenebTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac esa Tu is xalxi samyaros kosmogoniur suraTs qmnis. klimaturi garemodan momdinare suraT­xatebi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs maT msoflmxedvelobaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom runebi evropis teritoriaze samxreTidan gavrcelda, skandinaviuri runebis grafikuli saxeebi momdinareobs am xalxebis kosmogoniuri msofl­mxedvelobidan _ maTi warmodgenebidan samyaros Seqmnisa da misi struqturuli mTlianobis Sesaxeb.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aqauri warmodgeniT, samyaros Semadgeneli elementebis (miwa, wyali, haeri, cecxli) geometriuli struqtura fifqis formiTaa gamoxatuli. am warmodgenas Zalze myari safuZveli aqvs Crdiloeli xalxebis yoveldRiuri dakvirvebis sferoSi. Crdiloeli adamianebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben im faqts, rom roca haerSi wylis gayinva xdeba, yinulis kristalebi eqvsqimiani varskvlavis saxiT formirdebian. cidan movlenili fifqebis formac swored aseTia. ese igi, myari materiis Txevadidan Camoyalibebis procesi am geometriuli figuris kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba. analogiuri suraTia atmosferos feradovani movlenebis aRqmisasac. radgan fizikurad am movlenebs Zalian dabal temperaturaze haerSi warmoqmnili yinulis kristalebSi sinaTlis daSla iwvevs, bunebrivia es naTebebic imave geometriuli kanonzomierebebiT vlindebian. eqvsqimiani varskvlavi aqac movlenis umTavres geometriul sqemas warmoadgens.

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ramdenadac runebis sulieri daniSnuleba isaa, rom igi aramaterialuri samyaros materialur samyaroSi gamovlinebis kanonzomierebebs unda gamosaxavdes, bu­neb rivia, maTi geometriuli saxeebic swored imave geometriul struqturas daefuZna. odinma runebi mi­wieri sferodan amoikiTxa. isini kosmosis kanonebs ga­mosaxaven da miwaze dayrili cxra joxiT Seqmnil formaSi ikiTxebian.

cxadia, am geometriuli gamosaxulebis centraluri figura e. w. fifqi, anu eqvsqimiani varskvlavia.

am formas samxreTul misteriebSic mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. es aris igive, rasac Zveli aRTqmis enaze daviTis varskvlavi ewodeba.

mas qristianul msoflmxedvelobaSic xSirad vxvde biT.marTalia, setyvis suraT­xati saqarTveloSi sam­

yaros struqturuli mTlianobis qvakuTxedad ar qce­ula, magram misdami gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba aqac arsebobda. xalxuri gadmocemebis mixedviT, setyvis yinulis marcvlebs iseTi formebi aqvT, ra sameurneo iaraRebsac adamiani iyenebs. zogi marcvali guTans hgavs, zogs CaquCis, zogs grdemlis forma aqvs. TiTqosda es formebi setyvis yinulis marcvlis saxiT cidan Camocvivda.

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evropuli runebisTvis damaxasiaTebel sqemaSi eqvs­qimiani varskvlavi isea gamosaxuli, rom masSi gamokveTili ar aris horizontaluri mimarTuleba. centraluri aq vertikalia. geometriuladac is vertikaluri da daxrili xazebisgan Sedgeba.

amitomac klasikur runul grafikaSi ar gvxvdeba horizontaluri xazebi. yvela runa vertikaluri da daxrili xazebisgan igeba.

es Seexeba im runebs, romlebmac runul anbanur damwerlobaSi daimkvidres adgili. maT garda igive evropis qveynebSic arseboben runebi, romlebic horizontalur xazebsac Seicaven.

saqarTveloSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, runebis Zalze didi raodenobaa gamovlenili. rodesac maT geometriul formebs samkaulebze, culebze, Subebze, liTonis nakeTobebze, anda kedlebze vecnobiT, irkveva, rom formebi sakmaod zust geometriul sqemebs efuZneba. roca Tixis WurWelze svel mdgomareobaSi xdeba runebis datana da amave dros WurWlis zedapirebic xSirad ar aris brtyeli, cxadia, runebis zust geometriul CarCoebSi moqceva Zalian Znelia.

arsebuli masalis analizi aCvenebs, rom kolxuri runebis grafika ar iyo SezRuduli mxolod eqvsqimiani varskvlavis geometriuli sqemiT. aq horizontalur xazebsac mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT. evropuli runebis msgavsad kolxur runebSic centraluri RerZi vertikaluri xazia, magram danarCeni nawilebis formirebaSi, daxrili xazebis garda, horizontaluri elementebic monawileoben.

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kolxuri runebis msgavsi suraTi gvaqvs qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis geometriul struqturaSic. aqac centraluri vertikaluri RerZia. asoebis grafikaSi didi adgili ukavia wriul da naxevradwriul formebs. aseve gamokveTilia horizontaluri xazebis dominirebac.

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daxrili xazebi mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebSi erTvebian.ese igi, rogorc kolxuri runebis, aseve qarTuli

asomTavruli anbanis niSnebi erTsa da imave geometriul qargils eqvemdebarebian. orive jgufis niSnebi ZiriTadad kvadratul sqemaSi ixazeba, sadac vertikaluri da ho­rizontaluri xazebis garda, diagonalebicaa mocemuli. kolxuri runebi mTlianad iTviseben am sqemas.

qarTul asomTavrul anbanSi daxrili xazebis funqcia ufro mcirea. am xazebiT mxolod erTi aso­niSania war­modgenili.

sxva SemTxvevebSi diagonaluri daxrili xazebi mxolod damxmare funqcias asruleben.

ese igi, kolxuri runebis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia kvadratisa da wriuli xazebis kombinirebis meTodi, sadac diagonalebis CaxazviT rvaqimiani varskvlavi miiReba.

skandinaviuri runebisTvis sayrden sqemad fifqis forma, anu eqvsqimiani varskvlavi iyo mocemuli.

kolxuri runebis nawili am formaSic advilad Tavsdeba, magram aq igi centralur formad araa ga­moyenebuli. kolxeTSi runebis formebisadmi midgoma ufro Tavisufali iyo da ar iyo SezRuduli erTeuli sqemebiT.

zemoT naCvenebi orive simbolo, eqvsqimiani da rvaqimiani varskvlavebi, Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo wina­reqristianul religiur msoflmxedvelobebSi. mas kargad icnobdnen rogorc aRmosavleTis, aseve dasavleTis sasuliero wreebSi.

eqvskuTxa varskvlavi xSirad gvxvdeba egviptur iero glifebSic, sadac mas Zalze didi mniSvneloba

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eniWeba. egreT wodebuli `ormagi jvari~, anu rvaqimiani varskvlavi jer kidev Zvel berZnul warmodgenebSi zevsis simbolod iTvleboda. igi aseve xSirad gvxvdeba qaldeuri da ariuli RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebSi. `ormagi jvari~ farTod iyo gavrcelebuli aRmosavleTSic. mas xSirad gamosaxavdnen budas terfebze.82

qristianuli epoqis pirvel saukuneebSic iyo mcde­loba aRniSnuli gamosaxulebebi qristesTan daekav­SirebinaT. eqvsqimiani varskvlavi ganxiluli iyo rogorc ieso qristes saxelis pirveli asoebis (I da X) SeerTeba, xolo rvaqimiani varskvlavi _ `qristes~ pirvel asos X­is da jvris zeddebis Sedegi.

qristianuli eris dasawyisSi aseve iyo mcdeloba, rom uZvelesi magiuri gamosaxuleba _ svastika ase­ve qristesTan daekavSirebinaT. adreqristianuli katakombebis gamosaxulebebSi igi qristes simbolos saxiT gvxvdeba.83 igive svastika budas gamosaxulebebSic xSiria. igi budas mkerdze aRibeWdeba da budas guls ukavSirdeba, aseve gamoisaxeba budas terfebzec. sazogadod, svastikis Sinaarsi Zalze aqtualuria budizmSi, radgan erT­erT aspeqtSi igi samyarouli procesebis wrebrunvasac gamosaxavs.

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ornamentebi da runebi

adamianis mier simboluri niSnebis gamosaxvas Zalze xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. am movlenis sawyisebis povna SeuZlebelia, radgan is masalac ki, rac aRmoCenilia, aseul saukuneebs iTvlis. uZvelesi simboluri gamo­saxulebebidan mxolod isinia SemorCenili, romelTa datanac qvebze moxda, radgan xeze, an ufro rbil masalaze Sesrulebuli gamosaxulebebi, bunebrivia, aseTi xangrZlivi droiT ver inaxeba.

simbolurma gamosaxulebebma am periodis manZilze evoluciis gansazRvruli safexurebi gaiares da funqciebis mudmivi cvlilebis miuxedavad, maTi Seqmnis tradicia dRemde uwyvetad grZeldeba.

uZvelesi simboluri gamosaxulebebi TavianTi formiT Zalze lakoniuria. mecnierebi Tanxmdebian im sakiTxSi, rom isini arasodes gamosaxaven maTi Semsrulebeli individualobis kerZo Sexedulebebsa da gancdebs. isini ar gadmoscemen yoveldRiur, yofiT scenebs. arqauli niSnebi ara ostatis SemoqmedebiTi naazrevi, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis erTiani sistemuri msoflmxedvelobaa. igi erTiani koleqtiuri cnobierebis nayofia. arqauli niSnebis formebi ar isazRvreba teritoriuli, an eTnikuri CarCoebiT. erTi da igive niSnebi imdenad did teritoriaze erTi da imave saxiT vrceldeba, rom SeiZleba isini kacobriobis erTiani simboluri azrovnebis nimuSebad miviCnioT. arqauli simboloebiT gadmocemuli ideebi sayovelTaoa, universaluria.

arqauli niSnebi totemuri xasiaTisaa. maTSi Warbobs ganwyobileba, rom gamosaxulebas damoukidebeli magiuri Zala gaaCndes. maTi Seqmnis mizani am Zalis gamoyenebaa.

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Zv. welTaRricxvis V­III aTaswleulebSi, adremiwaT­moqmedebis kulturis periodSi, gamosaxulebebis xasiaTi SesamCnevad icvleba. Cndeba zoomorfuli motivebi.

bevri mecnieri fiqrobs, rom zoomorfuli mxatvroba aRniSnuli periodis kulturaSi ar warmoadgens pale­oliTuri mxatvrobis uSualo gagrZelebas. maT Soris mravalaTaswliani droiTi wyvetilia.84 cxovelTa gamo­saxulebebi keramikaze am dargis ganviTarebis dasaw­yisSi ar iyo. moxatuli keramikis dekoris uZvelesi nimuSebi geometriuli simboloebiTaa gamosaxuli. mxolod mogvianebiT Cndeba cxovelTa stilizebuli gamosaxulebebi. Semdeg zoomorfulma motivebma gabato­nebuli adgili daikava da keramikul dekorSi sayovelTao movlenad iqca.

Zveli geometriuli simbolikis msgavsad, zoomorful gamosaxulebebsac magiur­religiuri mniSvneloba hqon­daT. es iyo imdroindeli xalxebis kosmogoniis gamosaxvis erT­erTi saSualebac. bevr mecniers zoomorfuli gamosaxulebebi SemdgomSi ganviTarebuli piqtografiuli damwerlobis safuZvlad miaCnia.

cxovelTa stilizebuli, xazovani gamosaxva, cxadia, ukve ganviTarebuli abstraqtuli azrovnebis garkveuli safexuria. cxovelebi ixateba ara naturaluri saxiT, aramed simboluri gamosaxulebebiT. zoomorfulma sim­bolikam adamianisgan sakuTari kosmogoniis gadmocemis saSualebebi mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra.

miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebasTan erTad adamiani ufro metad gamoeyo bunebas da Tavad iqca Semoqmed arsebad. Zvelad, totemizmis epoqaSi, adamiani ufro metad iyo Serwymuli bunebasTan. Semgrovebloba da monadireoba mas Zalze aaxlovebda amave bunebis sxva binadrebTan. mcenareTa, cxovelTa da adamianTa samyaro bunebis erT mTlian, harmoniul erTobas qmnida. adamiani TandaTan gamoeyo am mTlianobas. adamiani bunebis aRqmas

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sakuTari Tavis dapirispirebulad iwyebs. am procesSi mkveTrad viTardeba Semecnebis unaric.

adamianis mier Seqmnili gamosaxulebebic am procesis naTeli gamoxatulebaa. calkeuli magiuri simboloebi TandaTan erTian kompoziciebad gardaiqmnebian. Cndeba ornamentuli elementebis ritmuli monacvleoba. ga­ba tonebul adgils ikavebs mbrunavi kompoziciebi, romlebic ukve aSkarad samyaros fizikuri saxis gaaz­rebaze mianiSnebs. Cndeba erTgvari ekvivalenturi simboloebi. miwieri samyarosa da zeciuris kavSiri zogjer Tu kosmosuri xis simboloTi gamoisaxeba, garkveul konteqstSi am kavSirs jixvis, an irmis rqebi gamosaxavs. miwaTmoqmedi xalxis religiur cnobierebaSi wamyvan adgils ikavebs nayofierebis qalRmerTis kulti. mis gverdiT Cndeba Sesabamisi atributebi da maTi simboluri gamosaxulebebi. nayofierebis qalRmerTis gverdiT vxedavT cxovelTa sakralur gamosaxulebebs _ axal simboloebs. ramdenadac miwaTmoqmedis moRvaweoba didad xdeba damokidebuli bunebis movlenebze _ wvimaze, setyvaze, gvalvaze, qarze, Weqa­quxilze, Cndeba am movlenebis Sesabamisi sulieri arsebebis Tayvaniscemis ganwyobilebac. es movlena simbolur gamosaxulebebSic hpovebs asaxvas.

miwaTmoqmedi adamianisTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvne­lobas iZens ciuri sxeulebis moZraobis kanonzomierebebi. ornamentebSi Cndeba mzis da mTvaris motivebi, maTi cikluri moZraobis amsaxveli gamosaxulebebi.

cxadia, arc uZvelesi adamianis sulieri mzera iyo mowyvetili zeciur samyaros, magram evoluciis am etapze ukve adamianis misgan gamoyofa da misi fizikuri aspeqtebis gamosaxvis tendencia ikveTeba. evoluciis Semdgom etapze azrovneba kidev ufro abstraqtuli xdeba. magaliTad, Tu nayofierebis deda­RvTaebis gamosaxva mravali miwieri atributiT xdeboda, Semdgom ukve Cndeba

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misi Sesabamisi varskvlavuri Zalebis simboluri saxeebi _ xdeba religiur warmodgenaTa astralizacia _ ciskris varskvlavis, veneras simboluri gamosaxuleba imave RvTaebis Sesabamisi xdeba. ornamentebze ciuri sxeulebis gamosaxulebebi rTul kompoziciebSi erTiandeba.

ornamentikis evolucia ar warmoadgens adamianis cnobierebis ganyenebul saxes. igi ganuyofelia miTosuri cnobierebisa da enis fenomenisagan. evoluciis procesi erTgvarovnad aisaxeba yvela xalxis miTosSi, enaSi da gamomsaxvelobiT xelovnebaSi.

ornamentis ganviTarebis istoria saqarTveloSi zogadad evraziis vrcel teritoriaze ganviTarebuli istoriis organuli nawilia. gamomsaxvelobiTi kul­tura saqarTveloSic evoluciis imave gzas gadis. adresamiwaTmoqmedo periodSi ukve Camoyalibebulia kosmogoniuri warmodgenebis simbolur saxeebSi ga­mosaxvis tradicia. uZveles gamosaxulebebSi zoomor­fuli simbolikis gaaqtiurebac imave periodSi xdeba. kavkasiis brinjaos Zeglebze uxvad vxvdebiT jixvisa da irmis gamosaxulebebs.

Zveli welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaswleulis Sua xa­nebidan ukve iqmneba rTuli miTologiuri siuJetebi. gamosaxulebis kompozicia rTuldeba, mravalferovani xdeba. gamosaxuli cxovelebisa da frinvelebis saxeobebi mravldeba, geometriuli figurebic ganmeorebadi, cikluri saxiTaa warmodgenili.

ornaments evoluciis procesi arc Semdgom periodSi Seuwyvetia. saqarTveloSi qristianuli kulturis gavr­celebis Semdeg am kulturis msoflmxedvelobac saocari sisavsiT aisaxa. warmarTuli da qristianuli motivebi organulad Seerwya erTmaneTs.

sazogadod, uZvelesma grafikulma niSnebma droSi saocari mdgradobis unari gamoavlina. Zveli da axali religiuri Sexedulebebis mkveTri dapirispirebis miu­

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xedavad, maTi grafikuli saxeebi ar gamqrala ornamentis tradiciuli qsovilidan.

gamosaxulebis igiveobis pirobebSic ki evoluciis procesSi simboloTa mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxva intensi­vobiT aRiqmebian.

arqauli simboloebi, kompoziciuri simartivis miuxedavad, ufro datvirTulia sulieri SinaarsiT. maTi zemoqmedebis Zalac ufro metia.

mogvianebiT, roca miTologiur­kosmogoniuri sis­temebi yalibdeba, simboluri niSnebi da siuJetebi ufro mravalferovani xdeba, magram calkeul niSanTa magiuri zemoqmedeba mcirdeba. aqcenti kompoziciaze gadadis. Sinaarsi metad exeba bunebisa da kosmosis garegnul movlenebs.

kidev ufro mogvianebiT, sazogadoebis cnobierebis racionalizaciis Sedegad, TandaTan mcirdeba simbo­loSi gamosaxuli ideis Rirebuleba, maTi magiuri mni­Svneloba knindeba. simboloebiT gamosaxuli ideebi naklebad aqtualuri xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis, simbolo Sinaarsisgan icleba, magram amave dros igi metad itvirTeba esTetikuri RirebulebiT. aqcenti mxatvrul gamosaxulebaze gadadis.

esTetikuri Rirebulebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad, in tensiurad ixveweba kompoziciebis qsovili, maTSi aqtiurad iWreba ostatTa SemoqmedebiTi fantazia. naxatebSi TandaTan rTuldeba ZiriTadi simboluri niS­nebis gamoyofa, radgan isini xSirad Zalze stilizebulia.

bevri mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom radgan am niSnebma amdeni xnis manZilze SeinarCunes saxe, Tundac sti­lizebuli saxiT, es unda metyvelebdes maTi Tavdapirveli Sinaarsebis maRal sulier Rirebulebaze. esTetikuri mxaris gaZlierebis miuxedavad, maT mainc SeinarCunes arqauli mniSvnelobebi, Tumca maTi aRqma ufro qve­cnobieri sferodan xdeba.

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Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis ornamentSi Caqso­vili Zveli magiuri niSnebi ZiriTadad esTetikuri Tval­sazrisiTaa misaRebi da maTi magiuri mniSvneloba aRar aris aqtualuri, magram rogorc movlena, garkveul safexurze, is mainc arsebobs.

arqauli simboloebis ornamentis qsovilSi CarTva axal epoqaSi ufro tradicias eyrdnoba, vidre reli­giur msoflmxedvelobas, magram maTi gamosaxulebis mravalsaukunovani mdgradobis erT­erTi mizezi maTi realuri sulieri mniSvnelobebis zemoqmedebis unaricaa.

qarTul gamomsaxvelobiT kulturaSi Zvelma magi­urma niSnebma bevri sfero moicves. isini gvxvdeba uZveles sayofacxovrebo nivTebze, keramikaze, samkau­lebze, sartylebze, kedlis mxatvrobaze. TavianT gamomsaxvelobiT srulyofas maT iseT garemoSi miaRwies, sadac adamians yvelaze metad uwevda Tavisi yoveldRiuri religiur­msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis demonstrireba. erT­erTi maTgani aris misi sacxovreblis umTavresi elementi _ dedaboZi.

xis masalidan gamomdinare, dedaboZis uZvelesi nimuSebi SemorCenili ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisTvis SemorCenili informacia dedaboZis Sesaxeb mxolod ramdenime saukuniT ifargleba, maTze gamosaxuli simboluri niSnebi Zalze Soreuli warsulis nimuSebTan avlens identurobas. dedaboZma Zalze didxans da myarad Semoinaxa uZvelesi religiur­fsiqologiuri ganwyobileba. masSi Zalze Zveli gamomsaxvelobiTi tradiciaa daculi.

bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva:Tu uZvelesi sulieri niSnebis evolucias aseTi

sayovelTao istoriuli procesi Seesabameba, maSin, ra adgili ukavia am evoluciaSi runebis warmoSobisa da gauCinarebis istorias?

runebi da maRalmxatvruli ornamentebi erTi da imave

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kulturuli nakadis ori ganStoebaa. arqauli epoqis magiuri niSan­simboloebis saxiT maT saerTo safuZveli aqvT.

Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulSi, roca samiwaT­moqmedo kulturis ganviTarebasTan erTad adamianebis cnobiereba sul ufro metad gaxda racionaluri azrovnebisken midrekili, Camoyalibda axali kosmogo­niuri msoflmxedveloba _ adamianma axleburad da­iwyo miwieri garemos aRqma, aseve cnobierebis doneze SeZlo amqveyniuri bunebis movlenebi zeciuri samyaros astrologiur movlenebTan daekavSirebina. Zvelma magiurma niSnebma axleburi Sinaarsebi SeiZina. rogorc aRvniSneT, am niSnebisgan ukve mravalwevrovani kom­poziciebi Camoyalibda da rTuli ornamentis saxe miiRo. meore mxriv, imave kulturaSi gaCnda aseve racionaluri Wvretis Sedegebis axleburi gamosaxvis tendencia _ miwieri samyaros struqturaSi da Tavad adamianis Sinagani bunebis TaviseburebebSi zeciuri anabeWdis Sesabamisobis Ziebis mcdeloba. es amocana mravalsaukunovani gamocdilebis safuZvelze gadawyda. adamianis calkeul unarebs magiuri gamosaxulebis Sesabamisi formebi daukavSirda.

erTi mxriv, es iyo magiur niSan­simboloTa Zveli sulieri ganwyobilebis SenarCuneba da, meore mxriv, am Zveli sibrZnis axal racionalur cnobierebasTan sinTezis Sedegi.

rogorc Cans, pirvelad amgvari runuli cnobierebis Camoyalibeba kolxeTSi moxda. Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis bolos kolxuri runebi ukve samxreT evropis teritoriaze gavrcelda.

kolxuri runebis Camoyalibebis process erTgvari naTesauri kavSiri hqonda egvipturi ieroglifebis Camoyalibebis analogiur procesTan. ieroglifuri damwerloba, marTalia, Tavisi arsiT gansxvavdeba runuli

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kulturisagan, magram Camoyalibebis tendenciebis Tval­sazrisiT isini mkveTrad emsgavsebian erTmaneTs.

istoriuli ganviTarebis Semdgomi safexurebi cnobi­erebis ufro meti racionalizmiT xasiaTdeba. azrovneba kidev ufro abstraqtuli gaxda, ramac Sedegad gamom­saxvelobis sruliad axali formis _ anbanuri damwerlobis Seqmna gaxada SesaZlebeli. rogorc ieroglifuri, aseve runuli damwerloba anbanuri damwerlobis wina safexurebia.

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runebis naSTebi Tanamedrove epoqaSi

rogorc aRvniSneT, runebis epoqa Soreul warsulSia Cakarguli. runebis `oqros xanad~ SeiZleba vigulisxmoT Zv. w. III­II aTaswleulebi. im periodSi runebi mZlavri magiuri zemoqmedebis saSualeba iyo. maTi saSualebiT xdeboda momavlis winaswarmetyvelebac.

Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, gansakuTrebiT mis meore na­xevarSi, runebis Zveli magiuri mniSvnelobebi Semcirda. samagierod, man SeiTvisa bgeriTi anbanis funqciebi. igi ukve damwerlobis saSualebad iqca.

runebis sulieri mniSvnelobebis degradacias da masSi anbanuri funqciebis gaZlierebas bunebrivad mohyva misi arsebobis aucileblobis gauqmeba. man dakarga Zveli funqciebi, xolo damwerlobiTi funqciebiT saTanado konkurencia veRar gauwia `klasikur~ anbanebs, romlebic specialurad bgerebis aRsaniSnavad iyvnen Seqmnili da am mxriv gacilebiT srulyofili saxe hqondaT, vidre damwerlobad gardaqmnil runul sistemebs.

ax. w. I aTaswleulis bolos bevr qveyanaSi runulma damwerlobam arseboba Sewyvita. man garkveuli magiuri funqciebiT gaagrZela `sicocxle~ sxvadasxva ezoterul simboloebSi.

Tanamedrove epoqaSi runebis gamoyenebiTi sfero kidev ufro degradirebulia. runebis Zveli `didebidan~ Zalze fermkrTali Crdilebia SemorCenili.

dReisTvis xSirad vxvdebiT runebis gamoyenebas mkiTxaobis mizniT. cxadia, mkiTxaobis es forma Zalze Sorsaa misi Zveli analogiuri funqciisgan. XX saukuneSi erTgvari reanimacia moxda runebis magiis sferoSic. es sferoc cxadia Zalze degradirebulia, Tumca rogorc realoba, misi uaryofa ar SeiZleba.

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runuli magia kacobriobis evoluciis procesSi Soreuli warsulia. Tanamedrove epoqaSi misi gamoyeneba ukve veRar pasuxobs Tanamedrove adamianis cnobierebis moTxovnebs.

Zveli kolxeTis epoqaSi runuli magia marTlzomieri movlena iyo. igi sulier samyarosTan urTierTobis garkveul formas warmoadgenda da yoveldRiur cxov­rebaSic farTod gamoiyeneboda.

argonavtikis epoqaSi, berZeni avtorebis uwyebiT, cnobierebis es forma mxolod Zveli kulturebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da racionaluri azrovnebisken midrekili berZnuli samyarosaTvis igi ucnobi iyo. argonavtikis teqstebidan aSkarad ikveTeba, rom medeas magiis unari sruliad ucxoa berZnuli cnobierebisTvis. berZnebisTvis kolxebi namdvili jadoqrebi iyvnen. kolxuri runebic swored am magiis nawilia. runebis, da maT Soris kolxuri runebis magiuri mniSvnelobebis garkveva SesaZloa praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT aRarc aris aqtualuri, magram misi raRac saxiT restavracias garkveuli istoriuli faqtis mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieniWos.

ramdenadac runuli magia Zalze degradirebuli for miTaa SemorCenili, cxadia, misi Zveli formis res­tavracia srulyofili saxiT SeuZlebelia.

runebis saSualebiT xdeboda zemoqmedeba rogorc sakuTar Tavze, aseve arsebul garemoze. runebis gamosaxva xdeboda xis, Tixis, metalis, an qvis sibrtyeze. Zvelad runebs gamosaxavdnen saxlis karze, kedelze. ufro gavrcelebuli iyo runebis amokveTa, an saRebaviT daxatva. misi gamosaxva zogjer pirdapir miwis zedapirze xdeboda, dasaSvebi iyo maTi xis qerqze amoWrac. runebs garkveuli Zala maSinac ki hqoniaT, roca isini xeliT haerSi gamoisaxeboda — pirjvris gadaweris msgavsad. iTvleba, rom amokveTil, an daxatul runebs

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ufro xangrZlivi moqmedebis Zala aqvs, vidre haerSi warmosaxviT gamosaxul runebs.

gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo runebis gamosaxva samkaulebze. am SemTxvevaSi runebi amuletebis da Ti­lismebis rols asrulebdnen. isini adamians boroti Zalebisagan icavdnen, raime unars uZlierebdnen.

runebs aseve farTo gamoyenebis sfero gaaCndaT samedicino sferoSic. isini an Tavad moqmedebdnen gama­jansaReblad, anda xSirad aZlierebdnen sxva samkurnalo saSualebebis moqmedebas.

sazogadod, sulieri niSnebis gamosaxva yvela Ta­namedrove religiaSi miRebuli formaa. sulieri niSnebi da simboloebi farTodaa gamoyenebuli qristianobaSic. aq ZiriTadad aqcenti jvris sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaze keTde­ba. jvars Zvel runul niSnebSic mniSvnelovani adgili ekava.

vizualuri gamosaxulebebis garda garkveuli mniS­v neloba eniWeboda runebis saxelebis warmoTqmasac. igi kidev ufro aZlierebda runebis moqmedebis Zalas.

dReisTvis runebis Zvel saxelebTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli azrTa sxvaobaa, Tumca amjerad maT dazustebas miznad ar visaxavT.

evropuli runebis zemoT warmodgenili mniSvnelobebi ZiriTadad ukanaskneli periodis runologebis gamokvle­vebidan momdinareobs. uZveles epoqaSi, cxadia, runebis sulieri mniSvnelobebic da maTi gamoyenebis arealic gacilebiT farTo iyo. runebis Sesaxeb msjeloba dReisTvis mxolod im naSTebis mixedviT xerxdeba, rac istoriam uZvelesi droidan Semogvinaxa.

evropuli runebis kvlevebs ukve saukunovani istoria aqvs. kolxuri runebis kvlevis procesi ki jer mxolod sawyis stadiazea.

bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ra kavSiri arsebobs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi aRmoCenil ucnob niSnebsa da kolxur runebs Soris?

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aRmosavleT saqarTvelos niSnebi gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT Zalze mravalferovania. maTi nawili xatovania _ gamosaxulia adamianebis, cxenebis, sxvadasxva cxovelebis figurebi. xSiria xatovani damwerlobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilizebuli formebi mzis, mTvaris, sxvadasxa mnaTobebis, mTebis saxiT. Zalze xSiria adamianis xelis mtevnis sxvadasxva formiT warmodgena.

mravalferovania niSnebis is jgufic, romelic xa­zovani saxiTaa warmodgenili. maT ZiriTadad abstraqtuli geometriuli formebi aqvT.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos niSnebi umTavresad daj­gufebuli saxiTaa mocemuli. zogjer erT kompoziciaSi ocze meti niSania. es niSnebi zogjer sibrtyezea ganlagebuli, zogjer ki horizontaluri mwkrivis saxiTaa Cawerili. niSnebis amgvari ganlagebebi bunebrivad badebs varauds, rom igi wakiTxvas eqvemdebareba da garkveul informacias gadmoscems.

iseTi SemTxvevebic arsebobs, roca qvaze mxolod erTi geometriuli niSania gamosaxuli, magram aseT SemTxvevebs masobrivi xasiaTi ara aqvs.

kolxuri gamosaxulebebis SemTxvevaSi rogorc wesi, swored amgvar gamomsaxvelobiT formasTan gvaqvs saqme. aq niSnebi xazovania da calkeuli simboloebis saxiT gamoisaxebian. maTi dajgufebis SemTxvevebi dReisTvis cnobil masalebSi mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi gvxvdeba.

rac Seexeba kolxuri niSnebisa da aRmosavleT saqar­Tvelos mTianeTSi aRmoCenil xazovan niSnebs Soris grafikul msgavsebas, igi sruliad aSkaraa. bevri niSani sruliad identuria.

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, eqvskuTxa figura _ heqsagrama da masTan dakavSirebuli eqvsqimiani varskvlavi sam­xreTul sulier warmodgenebSic mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs, magram aq aseve Zalze aqtualuria rvaqimiani

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varskvlavi, anu misi safuZveli _ kvadratSi Caxazuli swori da Semobrunebuli (diagonaluri) jvari.

rvaqimiani varskvlavi simbolurad ciur mnaTobebs gamosaxavs. misiT samxreTul kulturebSi xSirad gamo­isaxeboda mze, zogjer sxva varskvlavebic. ese igi, es simbolo ufro metad kosmosur warmodgenebze iyo orientirebuli. amgvari mniSvnelobiT igi xSirad gvxvde­ba Zveli xalxebis ieroglifur damwerlobaSic.

rogorc irkveva, qarTuli asomTavruli anbanic da kolxuri runebic swored am geometriul safuZvelzea agebuli.

Tu am TvalsazrisiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTi­aneTSi aRmoCenil niSnebs ganvixilavT, SevamCnevT, rom aqac igive kanonzomierebaa mocemuli. am niSnebis is nawili, romelsac xazovani saxe aqvT, umTavresad swored kolxuri runebisa da asomTavruli anbanis erTian safuZvelzea agebuli.

amgvari msgavseba bunebrivad badebs varauds odesRac saqarTvelos teritoriaze erTiani gamomsaxvelobiTi niSnebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, kolxuri runebi am sistemis erT­erT ganStoebas warmoadgens.

jer dadgenili ar aris, ra saxis damwerlobaa aR­mosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi aRmoCenili niS­nebi. SesaZloa, is ieroglifur­ideogramulia, Se sa­Z loa, marcvlovan wakiTxvasac eqvemdebareba. yve la SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, rom ieroglifur­ide o­gramuli ganviTarebis safexurze runuli sistema calke ganStoebis saxiT gamoyofiliyo. savaraudod, amgvari saxiT is kolxeTSi ganviTarda, xolo aRmosavleT sa­qarTveloSi ideogramuli saxe miiRo, an marcvlovani wakiTxvis funqciebi SeiZina.

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