ko¨ppen s climate classi cation map for brazil -...
TRANSCRIPT
eschweizerbart_xxx
Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil
Clayton Alcarde Alvares12
Jose Luiz Stape234
Paulo Cesar Sentelhas4
Jose Leonardo de Moraes Goncalves4 and Gerd Sparovek
4
1Forestry Science and Research Institute (IPEF) Piracicaba ndash SP Brazil2Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC) Raleigh ndash NC USA3North Carolina State University Raleigh ndash NC USA4University of Sao Paulo ndash Agricultural College lsquolsquoLuiz de Queirozrsquorsquo Piracicaba ndash SP Brazil
AbstractKoppenrsquos climate classification remains the most widely used system by geographical and climatologicalsocieties across the world with well recognized simple rules and climate symbol letters In Brazilclimatology has been studied for more than 140 years and among the many proposed methods Koppen0ssystem remains as the most utilized Considering Koppenrsquos climate classification importance for Brazil(geography biology ecology meteorology hydrology agronomy forestry and environmental sciences) wedeveloped a geographical information system to identify Koppenrsquos climate types based on monthlytemperature and rainfall data from 2950 weather stations Temperature maps were spatially describedusing multivariate equations that took into account the geographical coordinates and altitude and the mapresolution (100 m) was similar to the digital elevation model derived from Shuttle Radar TopographyMission Patterns of rainfall were interpolated using kriging with the same resolution of temperature mapsThe final climate map obtained for Brazil (851487700 ha) has a high spatial resolution (1 ha) whichallows to observe the climatic variations at the landscape level The results are presented as maps graphsdiagrams and tables allowing users to interpret the occurrence of climate types in Brazil The zones andclimate types are referenced to the most important mountains plateaus and depressions geographicallandmarks rivers and watersheds and major cities across the country making the information accessible toall levels of users The climate map not only showed that the A B and C zones represent approximately81 5 and 14 of the country but also allowed the identification of Koppenrsquos climates types neverreported before in Brazil
Keywords Koppen climate classification map for Brazil
1 Introduction
130 years ago Wladimir Koppen published his studyabout Earthrsquos heat zones (KOPPEN 1884a 1884b) andbased on that some years later in 1899 he completedhis first attempt for a regional climate classification ofthe Earth (KOPPEN 1900 KOPPEN 1901) which is con-sidered by many scientists as the first quantitative climatetype classification of the world (THORNTHWAITE 1933BHARUCHA and SHANBHAG 1956 WILCOCK 1968SANDERSON 1999 KOTTEK et al 2006 SPAROVEKet al 2007 RUBEL and KOTTEK 2010)
Koppen climatic classification system is still widelyused and has been employed in a number of textbooksin climatology (ROHLI and VEGA 2012) meteorology(VIANELLO and ALVES 2013) geography (PETERSENet al 2012) bioclimatology (OMETTO 1981) ecology(ADAMS 2009) agrometeology (PEREIRA et al 2002)atlas (WREGE et al 2011) and it has become part of
related teaching programs in many universities Mean-while the use of Koppenrsquos classification is not limitedto teaching because throughout the Koppen system his-tory many researchers routinely used it for their own par-ticular research purposes
Nowadays many researchers have used the Koppen0sclimate classification as a basis for studies in agroclimaticzoning in Brazil (JURCA 2005 ROLIM et al 2007) andMexico (MAES et al 2009) in assisting the zonings offorestry species (ARAUJO et al 2012) and Eucalyptusgrandis rust occurrence (SILVA et al 2013) and also inclimatic zoning of Eucalyptus plantations across Brazil(GONCALVES et al 2013) TORRES et al (1997) usedthe climatic types to differentiate floristic groups in south-eastern Brazil In Australia and China STERN et al(2000) and BAKER et al (2010) respectively appliedthe Koppen-Trewartha system to define the climatic zon-ing of major vegetation groups and to assess the ecore-gions with basis in climatic refuges Other studies usedthe Koppen system in meteorology (GNANDESIKAN andSTOUFFER 2006) and hydrology (MCMAHON et al2007) Recently significant contributions have been pub-lished to the climate change issue (FRAEDRICH et al
Correspanding author Clayton Alcarde Alvares 13400-970 Piracicaba ndashSP Padua Dias Avenue 11 Brazil e-mail claytonipefbr
Meteorologische Zeitschrift Vol 22 No 6 711ndash728 (published online January 2014) Open Access Article by Gebruder Borntraeger 2013
DOI 1011270941-2948201305070941-294820130507 $ 810
Gebruder Borntraeger Stuttgart 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
2001 KALVOVA et al 2003 WANG and OVERLAND2004 DIAZ and EISCHEID 2007 RUBEL and KOTTEK2010) once the Koppen climatic types is a great opportu-nity to show didactically for both specialists and generalpublic how the climate zones are changing In geographyrelationships between the distribution of population andthe main climates in the world has been addressed (STA-SZEWSKI 1963 KUMMU and VARIS 2011)
In Brazil the climatology emerged in early 1870when the Rio de Janeirorsquos Observatory hired the astron-omer and meteorologist Emmanuel Liais who imple-mented the theoretical bases of atmospheric sciences inthe country and published in 1872 a treatise on the phys-ical geography of Brazil (LIAIS 1872) Over the sameperiod meteorological observations were being taken inthe states of Ceara (THEOPHILO 1883) and Sao Paulo(LOEFGREN 1900) Henrique Morize compiled meteoro-logical observations sparsely distribuited in the states ofCeara Pernambuco Santa Catarina and Rio Grande doSul between 1872 and 1880 and produced the first studyabout the climate of Brazil (MORIZE 1889) LaterFrederick Draenert expanded the study of Morize andpublished lsquolsquoThe climate of Brazilrsquorsquo (DRAENERT 1896)Both researchers adopted a more climatological thanmeteorological approach Afterwards Morize adoptedthe concepts of Koppen and proposed his second climaticclassification of Brazil based on 106 weather stations(MORIZE 1922) Meanwhile MATTOS (1905) did animportant study on the climate regionalization in SaoPaulo state emphasizing the influence of latitude altitudeand distance from the sea as climatic factors During thesame decade arose the study of climatic classification ofBrazil for purposes of adaptation hygiene and publichealth by PEIXOTO (1907) Thereafter Delgado de Carv-alho proposed the lsquolsquoclimatographyrsquorsquo of Brazil in his books(CARVALHO 1916 1917) which not only produced themost complete work on the Brazilian climatology of thattime but also introduced an eminently geographic analy-sis SEREBRENICK (1940 1941) conducted a criticalreview of the proposed Brazilian climate classificationsand differentiate the geographical and the meteorologicaltypes
Even though all these Brazilian studies were contem-porary to the Koppenrsquos work none of them achievedsuch recognition among the Brazilian scientific commu-nity RUBEL and KOTTEK (2011) showed a total of 193bibliographic citations in just five years since his studyof global climate mapping (KOTTEK et al 2006) Con-sidering the usefulness of Koppenrsquos system and its wideuse and application in Brazil and the development of highresolution geographical information system and geosta-tistical tools the Koppenrsquos climate classification of Brazilcan be improved to allow deeper natural science insigths(KOTTEK et al 2006 PEEL et al 2007 SPAROVEK et al2007) Thus the objective of this study is to produce1 ha-resolution map of the Koppen0s climate classifica-tion for Brazil to be used for basic and applied applica-tions related with climatic studies
2 Material and methods
We chose to base our map key criteria in the latest ver-sion of Koppen climate classification (KOPPEN 1936)as done recently by KOTTEK et al (2006) PEEL et al(2007) and RUBEL and KOTTEK (2010) in order to allowreproducibility of the maps
The Koppen climate types are symbolized by two orthree characters where the first indicates the climate zoneand is defined by temperature and rainfall the secondconsiders the rainfall distribution and the third is the sea-sonal temperature variation The climate zones descrip-tions symbols and the full key criteria for climateclassification are presented in Table 1
For standardizing the seasonal average and total cal-culations for temperature and rainfall the summer wasconsidered as the six warmest months in the southernhemisphere (from October to March) and the winter asthe six coldest months in the southern hemisphere (fromApril to September) As Brazil has a small portion of itsterritory in the Northern Hemisphere for this area thesummer and winter criteria was considered the opposite(PEEL et al 2007) We built a realistic spatially distrib-uted model for the following continuous variables lati-tude longitude altitude temperature and rainfall AGeographic Information System (GIS) was used as awork platform in which the entire spatial database wascompiled managed and processed The complete Kop-penrsquos climate classification system algorithm was pro-grammed in GIS using geoprocessing procedures(THEOBALD 2007 ALLEN 2011) A simplified formatof the model implemented in GIS are presented in Fig 1
The proposed model is enclosed and complete ie itis impossible to find a location with more than one typeof climate So for the entire Brazil 852 million 1 ha-pixels where analyzed using Table 1 criterias and the finalmap was elaborated with a color code according to thetype of climate (RGB colors pattern suggested by PEELet al 2007)
To estimate the meteorological information for eachpixel a large database of climatological data from severalBrazilian and global sources were used A total of 2950weather stations were processed and used as sources ofrainfall data (Fig 2) These rainfall stations have ade-quate temporal data series (gt 25 years between 1950and 1990) The same period was considered for meanmonthly temperature data from 2400 weather stationswhich were organized and analyzed by ALVARES et al(2013) Both rainfall and temperature databases wereobtained from the following sources Brazilian NationalInstitute of Meteorology (INMET) (BRAZIL 1992)Brazilian National Department of Works AgainsttheDroughts (DNOCS) and Food and Agriculture Organi-zation of the United Nations (FAOONU) (FAO 2001)The weather stations density in the Brazilian territoryused in this study is higher than used by SPAROVEKet al (2007) for Brazil and for the world by KOTTEK
et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007)
712 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Tab
le1
Tem
perature
andrainfallcriteria
forthecompleteKoppenrsquosclim
ateclassification
Tem
perature
Rainfall
Climate
Sym
bol
TCOLD
THOT
TANN
RM
RANN
18
CRDRY
60mm
(A)Tropical
(f)witho
utdryseason
Af
RDRYlt60
mm
25
(100
-RDRY)
(m)mon
soon
Am
lt25
(100
-RSDRY)
(s)withdrysummer
As
lt25
(100
-RWDRY)
(w)withdrywinter
Aw
18
C
5RTHRESHOLDamp
lt10
RTHRESHOLD
(B)Dry
(S)Sem
i-arid
(h)low
latitude
andaltitude
BSh
lt18
C(k)mid-latitud
eandhigh
altitude
BSk
18
Clt5RTHRESHOLD
(W)Arid
(h)low
latitude
andaltitude
BWh
lt18
C(k)mid-latitud
eandhigh
altitude
BWk
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22RDRYgt40
mm
(C)Hum
idsubtropical
(f)Oceanic
clim
ate
witho
utdryseason
(a)withho
tsummer
Cfa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)withtemperate
summer
Cfb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)withshortandcool
summer
Cfc
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RSWET
10RWDRY
(w)Withdry
winter
(a)andho
tsummer
Cwa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
summer
Cwb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Cwc
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RWWET
3RSDRY
RSWETlt10
RWDRY
(s)Withdry
summer
(a)andho
tCsa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
Csb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Csc
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYgt40
mm
(D)Tem
perate
continental
(f)Witho
utdry
season
(a)withho
tsummer
Dfa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)withtemperate
summer
Dfb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)withshortandcool
summer
Dfc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)withvery
cold
winter
Dfd
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RSWET
10RWDRY
(w)Withdry
winter
(a)withho
tsummer
Dwa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
summer
Dwb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Dwc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)andvery
cold
winter
Dwd
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RWWET
3RSDRY
RSWETlt10
RWDRY
(s)Withdry
summer
(a)andho
tDsa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
Dsb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Dsc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)andvery
cold
winter
Dsd
lt10
amp
0C
(E)Polar
(T)Tun
dra
ET
lt0
C(F)Frost
EF
TCOLD=Tem
perature
ofthecoldestm
onthT
HOT=Tem
perature
oftheho
ttestmon
thT
ANN=Ann
ualm
eantemperatureR
M=Mon
thly
RainfallRANN=Ann
ualR
ainfallRDRY=Rainfallof
thedriestmon
thRSDRY=Rainfallof
thedriestmon
thin
summerRWDRY=Rainfallin
thedriestmon
thin
winterRSWET=Rainfallof
thewettestmon
thin
summerRWWET=Rainfallin
the
wettestmon
thin
winterTM10=nu
mberof
mon
thswhere
thetemperature
isabov
e10
CRTHRESHOLD=varies
accordingto
equation
1For
thesouthern
hemisph
eresummer
isdefinedas
the
warmer
sixmon
thperiod
(ONDJFM)andwinteris
definedas
thecooler
sixmon
thperiod
(AMJJAS)For
theno
rthern
hemisph
eresummer
isdefinedas
thewarmerst
sixmon
thperiod
(AMJJAS)andwinterisdefinedas
thecoolestsixmon
thperiod
(ONDJFM)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 713
eschweizerbart_xxx
Monthly rainfall data was analyzed according to geo-statistical procedures Normality hypothesis was testedaccording to the W test at 5 (SHAPIRO and WILK1965) Using the geostatistical software GS + v9 (ROB-
ERTSON 2008) the omnidirectional experimentalsemivariograms for the monthly rainfall data was pre-pared whereas only 10 lag classes of equal interval in ageometric field of 50 range fitting set (latitude and lon-gitude) The experimental semivariograms were tested byadjusting them to the theoretical spherical exponential
Gaussian and linear models since they usually coveredthe general dispersion of environmental spatial events(BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) The best fits werebased on the smallest reduced sums of squares (RSS) andon the highest determination coefficient (R2) (ROBERT-
SON 2008) Furthermore the quality of theoreticalmodels was certified by cross-validation and also bythe spatial dependence index (SDI) In cross-validationanalysis each measured point in the spatial domain isindividually removed from the domain and its value esti-mated then the point is replaced and the next point isremoved and estimated and so on (ROBERTSON 2008)SDI was used as recommended by ALVARES et al(2011) as a measure of the structural variance effect ontotal variance (sill) of the sample SDI comprises the fol-lowing classification weak for SDI lt 25 moderate forSDI between 25 and 75 and strong for SDI gt 75Through these structural parameters of the theoreticalsemivariograms extracted from experimental semivario-grams rainfall maps were composed with the geographicinformation system A punctual ordinary kriging estima-tor was used for geostatistical interpolation With theseprocedures the maps had a spatial resolution of 100 mor 1 hectare per pixel
Monthly temperature maps were developed by apply-ing the multivariate equations adjusted by ALVARES et al(2013) These authors adjusted monthly models forBrazil with precision and accuracy for maximum mini-mum and mean monthly air temperature These equationsestimate air temperature based on the independent vari-ables such as altitude latitude and longitude We adoptedthe current fourth version (JARVIS et al 2008) ofdigital elevation model (DEM) from the Shuttle Radar
Figure 1 Flowchart of the modeling process for the Koppen climate classification NASA CGIAR-CSI = National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research - Consortium for Spatial Information SRTM = ShuttleRadar Topography Mission FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization INMET = Brazilian National Institute of MeteorologyDNOCS = Brazilian National Department of Works Against the Droughts
Figure 2 Location of the Brazilian weather stations with rainfalldata used in this study
714 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Topography Mission (SRTM) (FARR and KOBRICK2000) as the source of those independent variablesDEM data available on httpsrtmcsicgiarorg wereorganized into tiles with a spatial resolution of 90 mFourtynine tiles were downloaded and into the GIS theDEM mosaic for Brazil was composed The DEM wasthen resampled to a spatial resolution of 100 m(Fig 3) Latitude and longitude layers were obtained indecimal degrees using the central coordinates of eachpixel of the DEM (THEOBALD 2007) Next using mapalgebra (BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) and geo-processing techniques (THEOBALD 2007) all temperaturemodels were programmed and run in GIS The annualmean temperature map is shown in Fig 4 and asreported by ALVARES et al (2013) the predictor equationhad an excellent performance (R2 = 093 RMSE =080 C and DW statistic test = 201)
In order to illustrate the monthly distribution of pre-cipitation and mean temperature in each of the Brazilianclimatic types in high-resolution maps 12 thermopluvio-grams were established similar to those presented byKOPPEN (1936) Every climate type was represented byits typical locality described above
Two climate diagrams were prepared i) annual rain-fall versus mean annual temperature and ii) annual rain-fall versus rainfall of the driest month These climatediagrams graphically displays the key criteria for defini-tions of climatic types (Table 1) The models presentedby KOPPEN (1936) were adapted to plot points relatedto Brazilian well known municipalities using their shape-file perimeter (IBGE 2007) Each municipality has thesame color of the respective climatic types in the mapTwo diagrams were also plotted for the typical localitiesof each climate type in Brazil
To better present the climate variability in Brazil a lat-itudinal climatic profile from northern (Oiapoque) to
southern extremes (Chuı) was created to express the lat-itudinal range of climate in the country This 4200 kmtransect varies more than 37 in latitude from42102700N at Cape Orange (Oiapoque in Amapa state)to 333805500S at Chuı Stream (Chuı in Rio Grande doSul state) This transect is almost a straight N-S line Cli-matic types and states divisions were associated with thetop and bottom x-axis respectively Thus the climaticprofile comes to be a didactic illustration and showswhen there is a change in the climate type and at thesame time is possible to see variations in temperaturerainfall and altitude in different Brazilian states wherethe transect crosses
3 Results and discussion
Rainfall in Brazil
Monthly rainfall data from 2950 weather stations wereanalyzed according to the concepts of the regionalizedvariables theory (MATHERON 1971) and all the geostatis-tical adjustments were considered to be of good quality(Table 2) For all months an asymmetric distributionwas found which required data transformation since p-values were close to zero by normality test (SHAPIROand WILK 1965) Among the theoretical models testedthe spherical model was the best one to describe theexperimental semivariograms (Table 2) The estimatedresidues were low and a high coefficient of determina-tion above 097 and a strong SDI for all months wasobtained (Table 2)
Nugget effect was very low in all months except Sep-tember meaning that this month has components of var-iability which are not detected by semivariograms
Figure 3 Digital elevation model of Brazil Figure 4 Annual mean air temperature map for Brazil (modifiedfrom ALVARES et al 2013)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 715
eschweizerbart_xxx
(Table 2) If the sill and range were plotted (not pre-sented) a seasonal pattern could be identified being thatin the autumn and winter months (May Jun Jul andAug) Brazil has a high data variance (Vo + V) andlow range (Ro) of spatial dependence Summer months(wettest) has higher range showing that the zone of influ-ence of samples is higher This pattern occurs because inBrazil there is a high spatial variability in rainfall inautumn-winter (mainly dry period) in relation to spring-summer (mainly wet period) (GRIMM 2009a)
The map shows that the annual rainfall of Brazil(Fig 5) has spatial variability similar to the climatologicalnormal map presented by meteorological service in Bra-zil INMET (wwwinmetgovbr) Annual rainfall rangedfrom 387 to 4003 mm very similar to what was foundin other studies (GOLFARI et al 1978 NIMER 1989GRIMM 2009b MARENGO and NOBRE 2009 ALVES2009 NUNES et al 2009) The annual rainfall above2500 mm was mapped mainly in northern Brazil as wellas in the central coast of the state of Sao Paulo whereannual rainfall achieves more than 3000 mm on averagepromoted by the orographic effect caused by Serra doMar mountains (CONTI and FURLAN 2011) Moreoverannual rainfall less than 700 mm occurs in BorboremaPlateau Paraıba Agreste (semi-arid region) Sao Fran-cisco River Valley and northern Bahia the driest regionsof the country also named as Sertao (Backwoods)
A-Climate zone
Three zones and 12 types of climates were classifiedthroughout Brazil (Fig 6 and Table 3) Tropical climateA zone was the one with the largest area representing814 of the Brazilian territory occurring in all regions
of the country except in the states of Rio Grande doSul and Santa Catarina and great part of Parana in theSouthern region The main reason for this climate to bepresent in a large part of the country is because in theseareas there are no limiting factors regarding altitude rain-fall and temperature to impose other climatic zones
The climate Af was found in 226 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) It covers 823 of Amazonas stateexcept for its southern end and small portions of thehighlands in the far north at the border with VenezuelaSCHMIDT (1942) used climatological normals from1901 to 1931 to present a climate map for the Amazon
Table 2 Models parameters and quality of experimental semivariograms adjusted to monthly rainfall in Brazil
Month Model Vo1 Vo + V2 Ro3 V(Vo + V) SDI4 5R2 RSS6 7rmm2 degree mm2
January Spherical 0039 0842 2451 95 strong 099 28 103 089February Spherical 0057 0370 1189 85 strong 099 58 104 085March Spherical 0041 0311 1157 87 strong 099 46 104 083April Spherical 0080 0542 1668 85 strong 099 35 104 084May Spherical 0063 1661 1056 96 strong 099 22 102 087June Spherical 0010 3425 1178 100 strong 099 27 102 085July Spherical 0010 3576 954 100 strong 099 66 102 085August Spherical 0001 2922 690 100 strong 099 11 101 083September Spherical 0193 1705 649 89 strong 099 32 102 086October Spherical 0080 3170 1869 97 strong 099 52 102 090November Spherical 0001 3012 1644 100 strong 097 25 101 090December Spherical 0001 2011 2668 100 strong 097 41 102 0891Vo = nugget2Vo + V = Sill (V = structural variance)3Ro = range4SDI = spatial dependence index5R2 = model adjustment determination coefficient6RSS = Residue Sum of Squares7r = crossed validation correlation coefficient
Figure 5 Total annual rainfall in Brazil
716 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
region where the Af climate occurs a little higher than inthe map presented in this study (Fig 6) located along theequatorial line The climate Af also occurs in the southernpart of the Roraima state (388) covering the Depres-sions and Pediplains of Negro River Basin and limitsthe northern region of the state where the rainfall season-ality begins More than 28 of the area in the Para statehave Af climate occurring primarily in three regions i) inthe Plains and Tablelands of lower Amazon River to thefar north at the border with Guyana where the annualrainfall is between 1900 and 2400 mm ii) in the centraland eastern region of the state with annual rainfallbetween 2200 to 2700 mm iii) Marajo Island southof the capital Belem and in the Tocantins River alluvialfan where annual rainfall is between 3000 and4000 mm Others studies also found Af climate in theregion of Belem (BERNARDES 1951 VIEIRA 1960GALVAO 1966 MARTORANO et al 1993 KOTTEK
et al 2006 SPAROVEK et al 2007 PEEL et al 2007)In the east-central Amazon and all over the Para Statethe climate Af shows mean annual temperature greaterthan 26 C (Fig 7) as was the case of Manaus(03050S 60010W 30 m) the Amazonas state capitalwhich was chosen as the location representative of cli-mate Af (Fig 8 and 9) Manaus has a mean annual tem-perature of 267 C with few seasonal variation between259 to 277 C annual rainfall of 2420 mm and the dri-
est month in August when monthly rainfall is about80 mm (Fig 8 and 9) This is a type of climate in whichthe seasons do not succeed clearly (ZARUR 1943)
In the state of Bahia the Af climate was identifiedover the coast on a narrow strip on the Marine Plainsand Coastal Tablelands However in this region the cli-mate is not like the Amazonian equatorial climate butrather a climate type of transition between south of thisarea with a summer rainy season (Aw) and north of itwith a winter rainy season (As) (BERNARDES 1951) InRio de Janeiro state Af climate appears in a very smallarea (21 of its territory) including the state capitalRio de Janeiro and Niteroi which was also identifiedby SETZER (1946) BERNARDES (1951) and SOUTOMAIOR (1954) and goes to the southern coast in thelowlands up to 150 m facing the Atlantic Ocean
In southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in SouthernPantanal (Brazilian Tropical Plains and Wetlands)(ROSS 2011) Af climate was also identified beingone of the most southern places with its occurrencealways at altitudes lower than 400 m and annual rainfallbetween 1400 and 1800 mm Af was also mapped inalmost all Sao Paulo state coast on the Marine Plains(IBGE 2006) with less than 150 m of altitude fromUbatuba until Ilha Comprida (24530S) the locationwith the highest latitude where Af occurs in SouthAmerica (Fig 7) similarly mapped by SETZER (1946
Figure 6 Climate classification for Brazil according to the KOPPEN (1936) criteria
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 717
eschweizerbart_xxx
1966) BERNARDES (1951) SPAROVEK et al (2007) andROLIM et al (2007)
Am climate was found in 275 of Brazilian territorythe most representative climate of the country (Table 3)It was found covering entire states like Amapa andRondonia In the Roraima state Am climate is limitedin the south by the Af climate and goes up coveringthe Boa Vista Depression and the southern part ofRoraima Tablelands to the border with Venezuela andGuyana always in areas with altitude below 1200 mand until 4480N (Fig 7) In this short transect from northto the south annual rainfall decreases from 2500 to1700 mm (Fig 10) Other climate maps also classifiedthis region as Am (SCHMIDT 1942 BERNARDES 1951VIEIRA 1960 GALVAO 1966 KOTTEK et al 2006PEEL et al 2007) Am climate presents annual rainfallabove 3300 mm in the north-central Amapa and locateda little further south is Macapa (00010S 51040W 12m) the Amaparsquos capital which presents annual rainfallof 2850 mm with monsoon period between Februaryand May when the monthly rainfall is around 400 mm(Fig 8) Macapa is one of the wettest Brazilian localitiesand also the warmest with impressive mean annualtemperature of 276 C varying seasonally between258 to 29 C (Fig 8 and 9)
Under strong north-south gradient of amount and dis-tribution of rainfall the Am climate is present in the MatoGrosso state from its north with approximately3000 mm year1 to southwest where the annual rain-fall is around 2000 mm and the dry winter begins(Fig 10) A large area of Am climate was mapped inwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in the lower Pantanalwhere annual rainfall is between 1300 and 1600 mmand in the central region of the state in the DouradosPlateau where rainfall is slightly higher ranging from1600 to 1900 mm year1
On the coast of northeastern Brazil Am climateoccurs in the Coastal Tablelands from Joao Pessoa (cap-ital of Paraıba state) and going down to the coast of Per-nambuco where it advances a little further inland(60 km) From this point Am climate goes to the coastof Alagoas state south of Maceio the capital of Alagoasstate The region between Pernambuco and Alagoasstates also is classified as Am climate by GUERRA
(1955) In the state of Bahia the humid northeasterncoast where the Am climate crosses the coastal regionthere is a very narrow strip of just a few kilometersimmediately after the seaside Af climate
Right below in Espırito Santo state the Am cli-mate with annual rainfall between 1200 and
Table 3 Proportion of occurrence of each type of Koppen0s climate in the Brazilian states
State km2 Af Am Aw As BSh Cfa Cfb Cwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb
Acre ndash AC 152581 705 295 - - - - - - - - - -Alagoas ndash AL 27768 04 117 18 712 149 - - - - - -Amapa ndash AP 142815 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Amazonas ndash AM 1570746 823 176 - - - - - - - - -Bahia ndash BA 564693 90 20 340 176 333 06 08 09 17 - - -Ceara ndash CE 148826 - - 623 377 - - - - - - -Distrito Federal ndash DF 5802 - - 679 - - - - 221 100 - - -Espırito Santo ndash ES 46078 29 143 533 - - 149 104 08 33 - -Goias ndash GO 340087 - 41 940 - - - - 15 03 - - -Maranhao ndash MA 331983 - 143 754 103 - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso ndash MT 903358 - 472 528 - - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso do Sul ndash MS 357125 66 456 366 - - 112 - - - - - -Minas Gerais ndash MG 586528 - 349 123 - 05 07 255 260 - -Para ndash PA 1247690 284 666 49 - - - - - - - -Paraıba ndash PB 5644 - 12 08 571 407 - - 01 - - -Parana ndash PR 199315 04 08 - - 617 370 - - - - -Pernambuco ndash PE 98312 - 49 01 327 614 - 03 03 - 03 Piauı ndash PI 251529 - - 607 198 196 - - - - - - -Rio de Janeiro ndash RJ 43696 21 53 441 - - 143 94 179 69 - -Rio Grande do Norte ndash RN 52797 - - 388 612 - - - - - - -Rio Grande do Sul ndash RS 281749 - - - - - 867 133 - - - - -Rondonia ndash RO 237576 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Roraima ndash RR 224299 388 552 27 - - 16 - 17 - - - -Santa Catarina ndash SC 95346 - - - - - 401 599 - - - - -Sao Paulo ndash SP 248209 19 05 308 - - 334 126 174 34 - -Sergipe ndash SE 2191 - 128 - 737 135 - - - - - - -Tocantins ndash TO 277621 - - 1000 - - - - - - - - -Brasil 8514877 226 275 258 55 49 65 26 25 21
Official Territorial Area (IBGE) Resolution No 05 October 10 2002 httpwwwibgegovbrhomegeocienciasareaterritorialprinci-palshtm lt 001 of occurrence
718 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
eschweizerbart_xxx
with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
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closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
2001 KALVOVA et al 2003 WANG and OVERLAND2004 DIAZ and EISCHEID 2007 RUBEL and KOTTEK2010) once the Koppen climatic types is a great opportu-nity to show didactically for both specialists and generalpublic how the climate zones are changing In geographyrelationships between the distribution of population andthe main climates in the world has been addressed (STA-SZEWSKI 1963 KUMMU and VARIS 2011)
In Brazil the climatology emerged in early 1870when the Rio de Janeirorsquos Observatory hired the astron-omer and meteorologist Emmanuel Liais who imple-mented the theoretical bases of atmospheric sciences inthe country and published in 1872 a treatise on the phys-ical geography of Brazil (LIAIS 1872) Over the sameperiod meteorological observations were being taken inthe states of Ceara (THEOPHILO 1883) and Sao Paulo(LOEFGREN 1900) Henrique Morize compiled meteoro-logical observations sparsely distribuited in the states ofCeara Pernambuco Santa Catarina and Rio Grande doSul between 1872 and 1880 and produced the first studyabout the climate of Brazil (MORIZE 1889) LaterFrederick Draenert expanded the study of Morize andpublished lsquolsquoThe climate of Brazilrsquorsquo (DRAENERT 1896)Both researchers adopted a more climatological thanmeteorological approach Afterwards Morize adoptedthe concepts of Koppen and proposed his second climaticclassification of Brazil based on 106 weather stations(MORIZE 1922) Meanwhile MATTOS (1905) did animportant study on the climate regionalization in SaoPaulo state emphasizing the influence of latitude altitudeand distance from the sea as climatic factors During thesame decade arose the study of climatic classification ofBrazil for purposes of adaptation hygiene and publichealth by PEIXOTO (1907) Thereafter Delgado de Carv-alho proposed the lsquolsquoclimatographyrsquorsquo of Brazil in his books(CARVALHO 1916 1917) which not only produced themost complete work on the Brazilian climatology of thattime but also introduced an eminently geographic analy-sis SEREBRENICK (1940 1941) conducted a criticalreview of the proposed Brazilian climate classificationsand differentiate the geographical and the meteorologicaltypes
Even though all these Brazilian studies were contem-porary to the Koppenrsquos work none of them achievedsuch recognition among the Brazilian scientific commu-nity RUBEL and KOTTEK (2011) showed a total of 193bibliographic citations in just five years since his studyof global climate mapping (KOTTEK et al 2006) Con-sidering the usefulness of Koppenrsquos system and its wideuse and application in Brazil and the development of highresolution geographical information system and geosta-tistical tools the Koppenrsquos climate classification of Brazilcan be improved to allow deeper natural science insigths(KOTTEK et al 2006 PEEL et al 2007 SPAROVEK et al2007) Thus the objective of this study is to produce1 ha-resolution map of the Koppen0s climate classifica-tion for Brazil to be used for basic and applied applica-tions related with climatic studies
2 Material and methods
We chose to base our map key criteria in the latest ver-sion of Koppen climate classification (KOPPEN 1936)as done recently by KOTTEK et al (2006) PEEL et al(2007) and RUBEL and KOTTEK (2010) in order to allowreproducibility of the maps
The Koppen climate types are symbolized by two orthree characters where the first indicates the climate zoneand is defined by temperature and rainfall the secondconsiders the rainfall distribution and the third is the sea-sonal temperature variation The climate zones descrip-tions symbols and the full key criteria for climateclassification are presented in Table 1
For standardizing the seasonal average and total cal-culations for temperature and rainfall the summer wasconsidered as the six warmest months in the southernhemisphere (from October to March) and the winter asthe six coldest months in the southern hemisphere (fromApril to September) As Brazil has a small portion of itsterritory in the Northern Hemisphere for this area thesummer and winter criteria was considered the opposite(PEEL et al 2007) We built a realistic spatially distrib-uted model for the following continuous variables lati-tude longitude altitude temperature and rainfall AGeographic Information System (GIS) was used as awork platform in which the entire spatial database wascompiled managed and processed The complete Kop-penrsquos climate classification system algorithm was pro-grammed in GIS using geoprocessing procedures(THEOBALD 2007 ALLEN 2011) A simplified formatof the model implemented in GIS are presented in Fig 1
The proposed model is enclosed and complete ie itis impossible to find a location with more than one typeof climate So for the entire Brazil 852 million 1 ha-pixels where analyzed using Table 1 criterias and the finalmap was elaborated with a color code according to thetype of climate (RGB colors pattern suggested by PEELet al 2007)
To estimate the meteorological information for eachpixel a large database of climatological data from severalBrazilian and global sources were used A total of 2950weather stations were processed and used as sources ofrainfall data (Fig 2) These rainfall stations have ade-quate temporal data series (gt 25 years between 1950and 1990) The same period was considered for meanmonthly temperature data from 2400 weather stationswhich were organized and analyzed by ALVARES et al(2013) Both rainfall and temperature databases wereobtained from the following sources Brazilian NationalInstitute of Meteorology (INMET) (BRAZIL 1992)Brazilian National Department of Works AgainsttheDroughts (DNOCS) and Food and Agriculture Organi-zation of the United Nations (FAOONU) (FAO 2001)The weather stations density in the Brazilian territoryused in this study is higher than used by SPAROVEKet al (2007) for Brazil and for the world by KOTTEK
et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007)
712 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Tab
le1
Tem
perature
andrainfallcriteria
forthecompleteKoppenrsquosclim
ateclassification
Tem
perature
Rainfall
Climate
Sym
bol
TCOLD
THOT
TANN
RM
RANN
18
CRDRY
60mm
(A)Tropical
(f)witho
utdryseason
Af
RDRYlt60
mm
25
(100
-RDRY)
(m)mon
soon
Am
lt25
(100
-RSDRY)
(s)withdrysummer
As
lt25
(100
-RWDRY)
(w)withdrywinter
Aw
18
C
5RTHRESHOLDamp
lt10
RTHRESHOLD
(B)Dry
(S)Sem
i-arid
(h)low
latitude
andaltitude
BSh
lt18
C(k)mid-latitud
eandhigh
altitude
BSk
18
Clt5RTHRESHOLD
(W)Arid
(h)low
latitude
andaltitude
BWh
lt18
C(k)mid-latitud
eandhigh
altitude
BWk
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22RDRYgt40
mm
(C)Hum
idsubtropical
(f)Oceanic
clim
ate
witho
utdryseason
(a)withho
tsummer
Cfa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)withtemperate
summer
Cfb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)withshortandcool
summer
Cfc
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RSWET
10RWDRY
(w)Withdry
winter
(a)andho
tsummer
Cwa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
summer
Cwb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Cwc
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RWWET
3RSDRY
RSWETlt10
RWDRY
(s)Withdry
summer
(a)andho
tCsa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
Csb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Csc
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYgt40
mm
(D)Tem
perate
continental
(f)Witho
utdry
season
(a)withho
tsummer
Dfa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)withtemperate
summer
Dfb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)withshortandcool
summer
Dfc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)withvery
cold
winter
Dfd
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RSWET
10RWDRY
(w)Withdry
winter
(a)withho
tsummer
Dwa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
summer
Dwb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Dwc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)andvery
cold
winter
Dwd
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RWWET
3RSDRY
RSWETlt10
RWDRY
(s)Withdry
summer
(a)andho
tDsa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
Dsb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Dsc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)andvery
cold
winter
Dsd
lt10
amp
0C
(E)Polar
(T)Tun
dra
ET
lt0
C(F)Frost
EF
TCOLD=Tem
perature
ofthecoldestm
onthT
HOT=Tem
perature
oftheho
ttestmon
thT
ANN=Ann
ualm
eantemperatureR
M=Mon
thly
RainfallRANN=Ann
ualR
ainfallRDRY=Rainfallof
thedriestmon
thRSDRY=Rainfallof
thedriestmon
thin
summerRWDRY=Rainfallin
thedriestmon
thin
winterRSWET=Rainfallof
thewettestmon
thin
summerRWWET=Rainfallin
the
wettestmon
thin
winterTM10=nu
mberof
mon
thswhere
thetemperature
isabov
e10
CRTHRESHOLD=varies
accordingto
equation
1For
thesouthern
hemisph
eresummer
isdefinedas
the
warmer
sixmon
thperiod
(ONDJFM)andwinteris
definedas
thecooler
sixmon
thperiod
(AMJJAS)For
theno
rthern
hemisph
eresummer
isdefinedas
thewarmerst
sixmon
thperiod
(AMJJAS)andwinterisdefinedas
thecoolestsixmon
thperiod
(ONDJFM)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 713
eschweizerbart_xxx
Monthly rainfall data was analyzed according to geo-statistical procedures Normality hypothesis was testedaccording to the W test at 5 (SHAPIRO and WILK1965) Using the geostatistical software GS + v9 (ROB-
ERTSON 2008) the omnidirectional experimentalsemivariograms for the monthly rainfall data was pre-pared whereas only 10 lag classes of equal interval in ageometric field of 50 range fitting set (latitude and lon-gitude) The experimental semivariograms were tested byadjusting them to the theoretical spherical exponential
Gaussian and linear models since they usually coveredthe general dispersion of environmental spatial events(BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) The best fits werebased on the smallest reduced sums of squares (RSS) andon the highest determination coefficient (R2) (ROBERT-
SON 2008) Furthermore the quality of theoreticalmodels was certified by cross-validation and also bythe spatial dependence index (SDI) In cross-validationanalysis each measured point in the spatial domain isindividually removed from the domain and its value esti-mated then the point is replaced and the next point isremoved and estimated and so on (ROBERTSON 2008)SDI was used as recommended by ALVARES et al(2011) as a measure of the structural variance effect ontotal variance (sill) of the sample SDI comprises the fol-lowing classification weak for SDI lt 25 moderate forSDI between 25 and 75 and strong for SDI gt 75Through these structural parameters of the theoreticalsemivariograms extracted from experimental semivario-grams rainfall maps were composed with the geographicinformation system A punctual ordinary kriging estima-tor was used for geostatistical interpolation With theseprocedures the maps had a spatial resolution of 100 mor 1 hectare per pixel
Monthly temperature maps were developed by apply-ing the multivariate equations adjusted by ALVARES et al(2013) These authors adjusted monthly models forBrazil with precision and accuracy for maximum mini-mum and mean monthly air temperature These equationsestimate air temperature based on the independent vari-ables such as altitude latitude and longitude We adoptedthe current fourth version (JARVIS et al 2008) ofdigital elevation model (DEM) from the Shuttle Radar
Figure 1 Flowchart of the modeling process for the Koppen climate classification NASA CGIAR-CSI = National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research - Consortium for Spatial Information SRTM = ShuttleRadar Topography Mission FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization INMET = Brazilian National Institute of MeteorologyDNOCS = Brazilian National Department of Works Against the Droughts
Figure 2 Location of the Brazilian weather stations with rainfalldata used in this study
714 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Topography Mission (SRTM) (FARR and KOBRICK2000) as the source of those independent variablesDEM data available on httpsrtmcsicgiarorg wereorganized into tiles with a spatial resolution of 90 mFourtynine tiles were downloaded and into the GIS theDEM mosaic for Brazil was composed The DEM wasthen resampled to a spatial resolution of 100 m(Fig 3) Latitude and longitude layers were obtained indecimal degrees using the central coordinates of eachpixel of the DEM (THEOBALD 2007) Next using mapalgebra (BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) and geo-processing techniques (THEOBALD 2007) all temperaturemodels were programmed and run in GIS The annualmean temperature map is shown in Fig 4 and asreported by ALVARES et al (2013) the predictor equationhad an excellent performance (R2 = 093 RMSE =080 C and DW statistic test = 201)
In order to illustrate the monthly distribution of pre-cipitation and mean temperature in each of the Brazilianclimatic types in high-resolution maps 12 thermopluvio-grams were established similar to those presented byKOPPEN (1936) Every climate type was represented byits typical locality described above
Two climate diagrams were prepared i) annual rain-fall versus mean annual temperature and ii) annual rain-fall versus rainfall of the driest month These climatediagrams graphically displays the key criteria for defini-tions of climatic types (Table 1) The models presentedby KOPPEN (1936) were adapted to plot points relatedto Brazilian well known municipalities using their shape-file perimeter (IBGE 2007) Each municipality has thesame color of the respective climatic types in the mapTwo diagrams were also plotted for the typical localitiesof each climate type in Brazil
To better present the climate variability in Brazil a lat-itudinal climatic profile from northern (Oiapoque) to
southern extremes (Chuı) was created to express the lat-itudinal range of climate in the country This 4200 kmtransect varies more than 37 in latitude from42102700N at Cape Orange (Oiapoque in Amapa state)to 333805500S at Chuı Stream (Chuı in Rio Grande doSul state) This transect is almost a straight N-S line Cli-matic types and states divisions were associated with thetop and bottom x-axis respectively Thus the climaticprofile comes to be a didactic illustration and showswhen there is a change in the climate type and at thesame time is possible to see variations in temperaturerainfall and altitude in different Brazilian states wherethe transect crosses
3 Results and discussion
Rainfall in Brazil
Monthly rainfall data from 2950 weather stations wereanalyzed according to the concepts of the regionalizedvariables theory (MATHERON 1971) and all the geostatis-tical adjustments were considered to be of good quality(Table 2) For all months an asymmetric distributionwas found which required data transformation since p-values were close to zero by normality test (SHAPIROand WILK 1965) Among the theoretical models testedthe spherical model was the best one to describe theexperimental semivariograms (Table 2) The estimatedresidues were low and a high coefficient of determina-tion above 097 and a strong SDI for all months wasobtained (Table 2)
Nugget effect was very low in all months except Sep-tember meaning that this month has components of var-iability which are not detected by semivariograms
Figure 3 Digital elevation model of Brazil Figure 4 Annual mean air temperature map for Brazil (modifiedfrom ALVARES et al 2013)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 715
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(Table 2) If the sill and range were plotted (not pre-sented) a seasonal pattern could be identified being thatin the autumn and winter months (May Jun Jul andAug) Brazil has a high data variance (Vo + V) andlow range (Ro) of spatial dependence Summer months(wettest) has higher range showing that the zone of influ-ence of samples is higher This pattern occurs because inBrazil there is a high spatial variability in rainfall inautumn-winter (mainly dry period) in relation to spring-summer (mainly wet period) (GRIMM 2009a)
The map shows that the annual rainfall of Brazil(Fig 5) has spatial variability similar to the climatologicalnormal map presented by meteorological service in Bra-zil INMET (wwwinmetgovbr) Annual rainfall rangedfrom 387 to 4003 mm very similar to what was foundin other studies (GOLFARI et al 1978 NIMER 1989GRIMM 2009b MARENGO and NOBRE 2009 ALVES2009 NUNES et al 2009) The annual rainfall above2500 mm was mapped mainly in northern Brazil as wellas in the central coast of the state of Sao Paulo whereannual rainfall achieves more than 3000 mm on averagepromoted by the orographic effect caused by Serra doMar mountains (CONTI and FURLAN 2011) Moreoverannual rainfall less than 700 mm occurs in BorboremaPlateau Paraıba Agreste (semi-arid region) Sao Fran-cisco River Valley and northern Bahia the driest regionsof the country also named as Sertao (Backwoods)
A-Climate zone
Three zones and 12 types of climates were classifiedthroughout Brazil (Fig 6 and Table 3) Tropical climateA zone was the one with the largest area representing814 of the Brazilian territory occurring in all regions
of the country except in the states of Rio Grande doSul and Santa Catarina and great part of Parana in theSouthern region The main reason for this climate to bepresent in a large part of the country is because in theseareas there are no limiting factors regarding altitude rain-fall and temperature to impose other climatic zones
The climate Af was found in 226 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) It covers 823 of Amazonas stateexcept for its southern end and small portions of thehighlands in the far north at the border with VenezuelaSCHMIDT (1942) used climatological normals from1901 to 1931 to present a climate map for the Amazon
Table 2 Models parameters and quality of experimental semivariograms adjusted to monthly rainfall in Brazil
Month Model Vo1 Vo + V2 Ro3 V(Vo + V) SDI4 5R2 RSS6 7rmm2 degree mm2
January Spherical 0039 0842 2451 95 strong 099 28 103 089February Spherical 0057 0370 1189 85 strong 099 58 104 085March Spherical 0041 0311 1157 87 strong 099 46 104 083April Spherical 0080 0542 1668 85 strong 099 35 104 084May Spherical 0063 1661 1056 96 strong 099 22 102 087June Spherical 0010 3425 1178 100 strong 099 27 102 085July Spherical 0010 3576 954 100 strong 099 66 102 085August Spherical 0001 2922 690 100 strong 099 11 101 083September Spherical 0193 1705 649 89 strong 099 32 102 086October Spherical 0080 3170 1869 97 strong 099 52 102 090November Spherical 0001 3012 1644 100 strong 097 25 101 090December Spherical 0001 2011 2668 100 strong 097 41 102 0891Vo = nugget2Vo + V = Sill (V = structural variance)3Ro = range4SDI = spatial dependence index5R2 = model adjustment determination coefficient6RSS = Residue Sum of Squares7r = crossed validation correlation coefficient
Figure 5 Total annual rainfall in Brazil
716 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
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region where the Af climate occurs a little higher than inthe map presented in this study (Fig 6) located along theequatorial line The climate Af also occurs in the southernpart of the Roraima state (388) covering the Depres-sions and Pediplains of Negro River Basin and limitsthe northern region of the state where the rainfall season-ality begins More than 28 of the area in the Para statehave Af climate occurring primarily in three regions i) inthe Plains and Tablelands of lower Amazon River to thefar north at the border with Guyana where the annualrainfall is between 1900 and 2400 mm ii) in the centraland eastern region of the state with annual rainfallbetween 2200 to 2700 mm iii) Marajo Island southof the capital Belem and in the Tocantins River alluvialfan where annual rainfall is between 3000 and4000 mm Others studies also found Af climate in theregion of Belem (BERNARDES 1951 VIEIRA 1960GALVAO 1966 MARTORANO et al 1993 KOTTEK
et al 2006 SPAROVEK et al 2007 PEEL et al 2007)In the east-central Amazon and all over the Para Statethe climate Af shows mean annual temperature greaterthan 26 C (Fig 7) as was the case of Manaus(03050S 60010W 30 m) the Amazonas state capitalwhich was chosen as the location representative of cli-mate Af (Fig 8 and 9) Manaus has a mean annual tem-perature of 267 C with few seasonal variation between259 to 277 C annual rainfall of 2420 mm and the dri-
est month in August when monthly rainfall is about80 mm (Fig 8 and 9) This is a type of climate in whichthe seasons do not succeed clearly (ZARUR 1943)
In the state of Bahia the Af climate was identifiedover the coast on a narrow strip on the Marine Plainsand Coastal Tablelands However in this region the cli-mate is not like the Amazonian equatorial climate butrather a climate type of transition between south of thisarea with a summer rainy season (Aw) and north of itwith a winter rainy season (As) (BERNARDES 1951) InRio de Janeiro state Af climate appears in a very smallarea (21 of its territory) including the state capitalRio de Janeiro and Niteroi which was also identifiedby SETZER (1946) BERNARDES (1951) and SOUTOMAIOR (1954) and goes to the southern coast in thelowlands up to 150 m facing the Atlantic Ocean
In southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in SouthernPantanal (Brazilian Tropical Plains and Wetlands)(ROSS 2011) Af climate was also identified beingone of the most southern places with its occurrencealways at altitudes lower than 400 m and annual rainfallbetween 1400 and 1800 mm Af was also mapped inalmost all Sao Paulo state coast on the Marine Plains(IBGE 2006) with less than 150 m of altitude fromUbatuba until Ilha Comprida (24530S) the locationwith the highest latitude where Af occurs in SouthAmerica (Fig 7) similarly mapped by SETZER (1946
Figure 6 Climate classification for Brazil according to the KOPPEN (1936) criteria
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 717
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1966) BERNARDES (1951) SPAROVEK et al (2007) andROLIM et al (2007)
Am climate was found in 275 of Brazilian territorythe most representative climate of the country (Table 3)It was found covering entire states like Amapa andRondonia In the Roraima state Am climate is limitedin the south by the Af climate and goes up coveringthe Boa Vista Depression and the southern part ofRoraima Tablelands to the border with Venezuela andGuyana always in areas with altitude below 1200 mand until 4480N (Fig 7) In this short transect from northto the south annual rainfall decreases from 2500 to1700 mm (Fig 10) Other climate maps also classifiedthis region as Am (SCHMIDT 1942 BERNARDES 1951VIEIRA 1960 GALVAO 1966 KOTTEK et al 2006PEEL et al 2007) Am climate presents annual rainfallabove 3300 mm in the north-central Amapa and locateda little further south is Macapa (00010S 51040W 12m) the Amaparsquos capital which presents annual rainfallof 2850 mm with monsoon period between Februaryand May when the monthly rainfall is around 400 mm(Fig 8) Macapa is one of the wettest Brazilian localitiesand also the warmest with impressive mean annualtemperature of 276 C varying seasonally between258 to 29 C (Fig 8 and 9)
Under strong north-south gradient of amount and dis-tribution of rainfall the Am climate is present in the MatoGrosso state from its north with approximately3000 mm year1 to southwest where the annual rain-fall is around 2000 mm and the dry winter begins(Fig 10) A large area of Am climate was mapped inwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in the lower Pantanalwhere annual rainfall is between 1300 and 1600 mmand in the central region of the state in the DouradosPlateau where rainfall is slightly higher ranging from1600 to 1900 mm year1
On the coast of northeastern Brazil Am climateoccurs in the Coastal Tablelands from Joao Pessoa (cap-ital of Paraıba state) and going down to the coast of Per-nambuco where it advances a little further inland(60 km) From this point Am climate goes to the coastof Alagoas state south of Maceio the capital of Alagoasstate The region between Pernambuco and Alagoasstates also is classified as Am climate by GUERRA
(1955) In the state of Bahia the humid northeasterncoast where the Am climate crosses the coastal regionthere is a very narrow strip of just a few kilometersimmediately after the seaside Af climate
Right below in Espırito Santo state the Am cli-mate with annual rainfall between 1200 and
Table 3 Proportion of occurrence of each type of Koppen0s climate in the Brazilian states
State km2 Af Am Aw As BSh Cfa Cfb Cwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb
Acre ndash AC 152581 705 295 - - - - - - - - - -Alagoas ndash AL 27768 04 117 18 712 149 - - - - - -Amapa ndash AP 142815 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Amazonas ndash AM 1570746 823 176 - - - - - - - - -Bahia ndash BA 564693 90 20 340 176 333 06 08 09 17 - - -Ceara ndash CE 148826 - - 623 377 - - - - - - -Distrito Federal ndash DF 5802 - - 679 - - - - 221 100 - - -Espırito Santo ndash ES 46078 29 143 533 - - 149 104 08 33 - -Goias ndash GO 340087 - 41 940 - - - - 15 03 - - -Maranhao ndash MA 331983 - 143 754 103 - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso ndash MT 903358 - 472 528 - - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso do Sul ndash MS 357125 66 456 366 - - 112 - - - - - -Minas Gerais ndash MG 586528 - 349 123 - 05 07 255 260 - -Para ndash PA 1247690 284 666 49 - - - - - - - -Paraıba ndash PB 5644 - 12 08 571 407 - - 01 - - -Parana ndash PR 199315 04 08 - - 617 370 - - - - -Pernambuco ndash PE 98312 - 49 01 327 614 - 03 03 - 03 Piauı ndash PI 251529 - - 607 198 196 - - - - - - -Rio de Janeiro ndash RJ 43696 21 53 441 - - 143 94 179 69 - -Rio Grande do Norte ndash RN 52797 - - 388 612 - - - - - - -Rio Grande do Sul ndash RS 281749 - - - - - 867 133 - - - - -Rondonia ndash RO 237576 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Roraima ndash RR 224299 388 552 27 - - 16 - 17 - - - -Santa Catarina ndash SC 95346 - - - - - 401 599 - - - - -Sao Paulo ndash SP 248209 19 05 308 - - 334 126 174 34 - -Sergipe ndash SE 2191 - 128 - 737 135 - - - - - - -Tocantins ndash TO 277621 - - 1000 - - - - - - - - -Brasil 8514877 226 275 258 55 49 65 26 25 21
Official Territorial Area (IBGE) Resolution No 05 October 10 2002 httpwwwibgegovbrhomegeocienciasareaterritorialprinci-palshtm lt 001 of occurrence
718 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
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1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
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with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
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in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
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closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Tab
le1
Tem
perature
andrainfallcriteria
forthecompleteKoppenrsquosclim
ateclassification
Tem
perature
Rainfall
Climate
Sym
bol
TCOLD
THOT
TANN
RM
RANN
18
CRDRY
60mm
(A)Tropical
(f)witho
utdryseason
Af
RDRYlt60
mm
25
(100
-RDRY)
(m)mon
soon
Am
lt25
(100
-RSDRY)
(s)withdrysummer
As
lt25
(100
-RWDRY)
(w)withdrywinter
Aw
18
C
5RTHRESHOLDamp
lt10
RTHRESHOLD
(B)Dry
(S)Sem
i-arid
(h)low
latitude
andaltitude
BSh
lt18
C(k)mid-latitud
eandhigh
altitude
BSk
18
Clt5RTHRESHOLD
(W)Arid
(h)low
latitude
andaltitude
BWh
lt18
C(k)mid-latitud
eandhigh
altitude
BWk
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22RDRYgt40
mm
(C)Hum
idsubtropical
(f)Oceanic
clim
ate
witho
utdryseason
(a)withho
tsummer
Cfa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)withtemperate
summer
Cfb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)withshortandcool
summer
Cfc
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RSWET
10RWDRY
(w)Withdry
winter
(a)andho
tsummer
Cwa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
summer
Cwb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Cwc
-3
Cltamp
lt18
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RWWET
3RSDRY
RSWETlt10
RWDRY
(s)Withdry
summer
(a)andho
tCsa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
Csb
-38
Camp
lt18
Clt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Csc
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYgt40
mm
(D)Tem
perate
continental
(f)Witho
utdry
season
(a)withho
tsummer
Dfa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)withtemperate
summer
Dfb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)withshortandcool
summer
Dfc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)withvery
cold
winter
Dfd
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RSWET
10RWDRY
(w)Withdry
winter
(a)withho
tsummer
Dwa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
summer
Dwb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Dwc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)andvery
cold
winter
Dwd
-38
Camp
lt-3
C
22C
RDRYlt40
mm
RWWET
3RSDRY
RSWETlt10
RWDRY
(s)Withdry
summer
(a)andho
tDsa
lt22
Camp
TM10
4(b)andtemperate
Dsb
lt22
Camp
1
TM10lt4
(c)andshortandcool
summer
Dsc
lt-38
Camp
lt-3
C(d)andvery
cold
winter
Dsd
lt10
amp
0C
(E)Polar
(T)Tun
dra
ET
lt0
C(F)Frost
EF
TCOLD=Tem
perature
ofthecoldestm
onthT
HOT=Tem
perature
oftheho
ttestmon
thT
ANN=Ann
ualm
eantemperatureR
M=Mon
thly
RainfallRANN=Ann
ualR
ainfallRDRY=Rainfallof
thedriestmon
thRSDRY=Rainfallof
thedriestmon
thin
summerRWDRY=Rainfallin
thedriestmon
thin
winterRSWET=Rainfallof
thewettestmon
thin
summerRWWET=Rainfallin
the
wettestmon
thin
winterTM10=nu
mberof
mon
thswhere
thetemperature
isabov
e10
CRTHRESHOLD=varies
accordingto
equation
1For
thesouthern
hemisph
eresummer
isdefinedas
the
warmer
sixmon
thperiod
(ONDJFM)andwinteris
definedas
thecooler
sixmon
thperiod
(AMJJAS)For
theno
rthern
hemisph
eresummer
isdefinedas
thewarmerst
sixmon
thperiod
(AMJJAS)andwinterisdefinedas
thecoolestsixmon
thperiod
(ONDJFM)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 713
eschweizerbart_xxx
Monthly rainfall data was analyzed according to geo-statistical procedures Normality hypothesis was testedaccording to the W test at 5 (SHAPIRO and WILK1965) Using the geostatistical software GS + v9 (ROB-
ERTSON 2008) the omnidirectional experimentalsemivariograms for the monthly rainfall data was pre-pared whereas only 10 lag classes of equal interval in ageometric field of 50 range fitting set (latitude and lon-gitude) The experimental semivariograms were tested byadjusting them to the theoretical spherical exponential
Gaussian and linear models since they usually coveredthe general dispersion of environmental spatial events(BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) The best fits werebased on the smallest reduced sums of squares (RSS) andon the highest determination coefficient (R2) (ROBERT-
SON 2008) Furthermore the quality of theoreticalmodels was certified by cross-validation and also bythe spatial dependence index (SDI) In cross-validationanalysis each measured point in the spatial domain isindividually removed from the domain and its value esti-mated then the point is replaced and the next point isremoved and estimated and so on (ROBERTSON 2008)SDI was used as recommended by ALVARES et al(2011) as a measure of the structural variance effect ontotal variance (sill) of the sample SDI comprises the fol-lowing classification weak for SDI lt 25 moderate forSDI between 25 and 75 and strong for SDI gt 75Through these structural parameters of the theoreticalsemivariograms extracted from experimental semivario-grams rainfall maps were composed with the geographicinformation system A punctual ordinary kriging estima-tor was used for geostatistical interpolation With theseprocedures the maps had a spatial resolution of 100 mor 1 hectare per pixel
Monthly temperature maps were developed by apply-ing the multivariate equations adjusted by ALVARES et al(2013) These authors adjusted monthly models forBrazil with precision and accuracy for maximum mini-mum and mean monthly air temperature These equationsestimate air temperature based on the independent vari-ables such as altitude latitude and longitude We adoptedthe current fourth version (JARVIS et al 2008) ofdigital elevation model (DEM) from the Shuttle Radar
Figure 1 Flowchart of the modeling process for the Koppen climate classification NASA CGIAR-CSI = National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research - Consortium for Spatial Information SRTM = ShuttleRadar Topography Mission FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization INMET = Brazilian National Institute of MeteorologyDNOCS = Brazilian National Department of Works Against the Droughts
Figure 2 Location of the Brazilian weather stations with rainfalldata used in this study
714 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Topography Mission (SRTM) (FARR and KOBRICK2000) as the source of those independent variablesDEM data available on httpsrtmcsicgiarorg wereorganized into tiles with a spatial resolution of 90 mFourtynine tiles were downloaded and into the GIS theDEM mosaic for Brazil was composed The DEM wasthen resampled to a spatial resolution of 100 m(Fig 3) Latitude and longitude layers were obtained indecimal degrees using the central coordinates of eachpixel of the DEM (THEOBALD 2007) Next using mapalgebra (BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) and geo-processing techniques (THEOBALD 2007) all temperaturemodels were programmed and run in GIS The annualmean temperature map is shown in Fig 4 and asreported by ALVARES et al (2013) the predictor equationhad an excellent performance (R2 = 093 RMSE =080 C and DW statistic test = 201)
In order to illustrate the monthly distribution of pre-cipitation and mean temperature in each of the Brazilianclimatic types in high-resolution maps 12 thermopluvio-grams were established similar to those presented byKOPPEN (1936) Every climate type was represented byits typical locality described above
Two climate diagrams were prepared i) annual rain-fall versus mean annual temperature and ii) annual rain-fall versus rainfall of the driest month These climatediagrams graphically displays the key criteria for defini-tions of climatic types (Table 1) The models presentedby KOPPEN (1936) were adapted to plot points relatedto Brazilian well known municipalities using their shape-file perimeter (IBGE 2007) Each municipality has thesame color of the respective climatic types in the mapTwo diagrams were also plotted for the typical localitiesof each climate type in Brazil
To better present the climate variability in Brazil a lat-itudinal climatic profile from northern (Oiapoque) to
southern extremes (Chuı) was created to express the lat-itudinal range of climate in the country This 4200 kmtransect varies more than 37 in latitude from42102700N at Cape Orange (Oiapoque in Amapa state)to 333805500S at Chuı Stream (Chuı in Rio Grande doSul state) This transect is almost a straight N-S line Cli-matic types and states divisions were associated with thetop and bottom x-axis respectively Thus the climaticprofile comes to be a didactic illustration and showswhen there is a change in the climate type and at thesame time is possible to see variations in temperaturerainfall and altitude in different Brazilian states wherethe transect crosses
3 Results and discussion
Rainfall in Brazil
Monthly rainfall data from 2950 weather stations wereanalyzed according to the concepts of the regionalizedvariables theory (MATHERON 1971) and all the geostatis-tical adjustments were considered to be of good quality(Table 2) For all months an asymmetric distributionwas found which required data transformation since p-values were close to zero by normality test (SHAPIROand WILK 1965) Among the theoretical models testedthe spherical model was the best one to describe theexperimental semivariograms (Table 2) The estimatedresidues were low and a high coefficient of determina-tion above 097 and a strong SDI for all months wasobtained (Table 2)
Nugget effect was very low in all months except Sep-tember meaning that this month has components of var-iability which are not detected by semivariograms
Figure 3 Digital elevation model of Brazil Figure 4 Annual mean air temperature map for Brazil (modifiedfrom ALVARES et al 2013)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 715
eschweizerbart_xxx
(Table 2) If the sill and range were plotted (not pre-sented) a seasonal pattern could be identified being thatin the autumn and winter months (May Jun Jul andAug) Brazil has a high data variance (Vo + V) andlow range (Ro) of spatial dependence Summer months(wettest) has higher range showing that the zone of influ-ence of samples is higher This pattern occurs because inBrazil there is a high spatial variability in rainfall inautumn-winter (mainly dry period) in relation to spring-summer (mainly wet period) (GRIMM 2009a)
The map shows that the annual rainfall of Brazil(Fig 5) has spatial variability similar to the climatologicalnormal map presented by meteorological service in Bra-zil INMET (wwwinmetgovbr) Annual rainfall rangedfrom 387 to 4003 mm very similar to what was foundin other studies (GOLFARI et al 1978 NIMER 1989GRIMM 2009b MARENGO and NOBRE 2009 ALVES2009 NUNES et al 2009) The annual rainfall above2500 mm was mapped mainly in northern Brazil as wellas in the central coast of the state of Sao Paulo whereannual rainfall achieves more than 3000 mm on averagepromoted by the orographic effect caused by Serra doMar mountains (CONTI and FURLAN 2011) Moreoverannual rainfall less than 700 mm occurs in BorboremaPlateau Paraıba Agreste (semi-arid region) Sao Fran-cisco River Valley and northern Bahia the driest regionsof the country also named as Sertao (Backwoods)
A-Climate zone
Three zones and 12 types of climates were classifiedthroughout Brazil (Fig 6 and Table 3) Tropical climateA zone was the one with the largest area representing814 of the Brazilian territory occurring in all regions
of the country except in the states of Rio Grande doSul and Santa Catarina and great part of Parana in theSouthern region The main reason for this climate to bepresent in a large part of the country is because in theseareas there are no limiting factors regarding altitude rain-fall and temperature to impose other climatic zones
The climate Af was found in 226 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) It covers 823 of Amazonas stateexcept for its southern end and small portions of thehighlands in the far north at the border with VenezuelaSCHMIDT (1942) used climatological normals from1901 to 1931 to present a climate map for the Amazon
Table 2 Models parameters and quality of experimental semivariograms adjusted to monthly rainfall in Brazil
Month Model Vo1 Vo + V2 Ro3 V(Vo + V) SDI4 5R2 RSS6 7rmm2 degree mm2
January Spherical 0039 0842 2451 95 strong 099 28 103 089February Spherical 0057 0370 1189 85 strong 099 58 104 085March Spherical 0041 0311 1157 87 strong 099 46 104 083April Spherical 0080 0542 1668 85 strong 099 35 104 084May Spherical 0063 1661 1056 96 strong 099 22 102 087June Spherical 0010 3425 1178 100 strong 099 27 102 085July Spherical 0010 3576 954 100 strong 099 66 102 085August Spherical 0001 2922 690 100 strong 099 11 101 083September Spherical 0193 1705 649 89 strong 099 32 102 086October Spherical 0080 3170 1869 97 strong 099 52 102 090November Spherical 0001 3012 1644 100 strong 097 25 101 090December Spherical 0001 2011 2668 100 strong 097 41 102 0891Vo = nugget2Vo + V = Sill (V = structural variance)3Ro = range4SDI = spatial dependence index5R2 = model adjustment determination coefficient6RSS = Residue Sum of Squares7r = crossed validation correlation coefficient
Figure 5 Total annual rainfall in Brazil
716 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
region where the Af climate occurs a little higher than inthe map presented in this study (Fig 6) located along theequatorial line The climate Af also occurs in the southernpart of the Roraima state (388) covering the Depres-sions and Pediplains of Negro River Basin and limitsthe northern region of the state where the rainfall season-ality begins More than 28 of the area in the Para statehave Af climate occurring primarily in three regions i) inthe Plains and Tablelands of lower Amazon River to thefar north at the border with Guyana where the annualrainfall is between 1900 and 2400 mm ii) in the centraland eastern region of the state with annual rainfallbetween 2200 to 2700 mm iii) Marajo Island southof the capital Belem and in the Tocantins River alluvialfan where annual rainfall is between 3000 and4000 mm Others studies also found Af climate in theregion of Belem (BERNARDES 1951 VIEIRA 1960GALVAO 1966 MARTORANO et al 1993 KOTTEK
et al 2006 SPAROVEK et al 2007 PEEL et al 2007)In the east-central Amazon and all over the Para Statethe climate Af shows mean annual temperature greaterthan 26 C (Fig 7) as was the case of Manaus(03050S 60010W 30 m) the Amazonas state capitalwhich was chosen as the location representative of cli-mate Af (Fig 8 and 9) Manaus has a mean annual tem-perature of 267 C with few seasonal variation between259 to 277 C annual rainfall of 2420 mm and the dri-
est month in August when monthly rainfall is about80 mm (Fig 8 and 9) This is a type of climate in whichthe seasons do not succeed clearly (ZARUR 1943)
In the state of Bahia the Af climate was identifiedover the coast on a narrow strip on the Marine Plainsand Coastal Tablelands However in this region the cli-mate is not like the Amazonian equatorial climate butrather a climate type of transition between south of thisarea with a summer rainy season (Aw) and north of itwith a winter rainy season (As) (BERNARDES 1951) InRio de Janeiro state Af climate appears in a very smallarea (21 of its territory) including the state capitalRio de Janeiro and Niteroi which was also identifiedby SETZER (1946) BERNARDES (1951) and SOUTOMAIOR (1954) and goes to the southern coast in thelowlands up to 150 m facing the Atlantic Ocean
In southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in SouthernPantanal (Brazilian Tropical Plains and Wetlands)(ROSS 2011) Af climate was also identified beingone of the most southern places with its occurrencealways at altitudes lower than 400 m and annual rainfallbetween 1400 and 1800 mm Af was also mapped inalmost all Sao Paulo state coast on the Marine Plains(IBGE 2006) with less than 150 m of altitude fromUbatuba until Ilha Comprida (24530S) the locationwith the highest latitude where Af occurs in SouthAmerica (Fig 7) similarly mapped by SETZER (1946
Figure 6 Climate classification for Brazil according to the KOPPEN (1936) criteria
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 717
eschweizerbart_xxx
1966) BERNARDES (1951) SPAROVEK et al (2007) andROLIM et al (2007)
Am climate was found in 275 of Brazilian territorythe most representative climate of the country (Table 3)It was found covering entire states like Amapa andRondonia In the Roraima state Am climate is limitedin the south by the Af climate and goes up coveringthe Boa Vista Depression and the southern part ofRoraima Tablelands to the border with Venezuela andGuyana always in areas with altitude below 1200 mand until 4480N (Fig 7) In this short transect from northto the south annual rainfall decreases from 2500 to1700 mm (Fig 10) Other climate maps also classifiedthis region as Am (SCHMIDT 1942 BERNARDES 1951VIEIRA 1960 GALVAO 1966 KOTTEK et al 2006PEEL et al 2007) Am climate presents annual rainfallabove 3300 mm in the north-central Amapa and locateda little further south is Macapa (00010S 51040W 12m) the Amaparsquos capital which presents annual rainfallof 2850 mm with monsoon period between Februaryand May when the monthly rainfall is around 400 mm(Fig 8) Macapa is one of the wettest Brazilian localitiesand also the warmest with impressive mean annualtemperature of 276 C varying seasonally between258 to 29 C (Fig 8 and 9)
Under strong north-south gradient of amount and dis-tribution of rainfall the Am climate is present in the MatoGrosso state from its north with approximately3000 mm year1 to southwest where the annual rain-fall is around 2000 mm and the dry winter begins(Fig 10) A large area of Am climate was mapped inwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in the lower Pantanalwhere annual rainfall is between 1300 and 1600 mmand in the central region of the state in the DouradosPlateau where rainfall is slightly higher ranging from1600 to 1900 mm year1
On the coast of northeastern Brazil Am climateoccurs in the Coastal Tablelands from Joao Pessoa (cap-ital of Paraıba state) and going down to the coast of Per-nambuco where it advances a little further inland(60 km) From this point Am climate goes to the coastof Alagoas state south of Maceio the capital of Alagoasstate The region between Pernambuco and Alagoasstates also is classified as Am climate by GUERRA
(1955) In the state of Bahia the humid northeasterncoast where the Am climate crosses the coastal regionthere is a very narrow strip of just a few kilometersimmediately after the seaside Af climate
Right below in Espırito Santo state the Am cli-mate with annual rainfall between 1200 and
Table 3 Proportion of occurrence of each type of Koppen0s climate in the Brazilian states
State km2 Af Am Aw As BSh Cfa Cfb Cwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb
Acre ndash AC 152581 705 295 - - - - - - - - - -Alagoas ndash AL 27768 04 117 18 712 149 - - - - - -Amapa ndash AP 142815 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Amazonas ndash AM 1570746 823 176 - - - - - - - - -Bahia ndash BA 564693 90 20 340 176 333 06 08 09 17 - - -Ceara ndash CE 148826 - - 623 377 - - - - - - -Distrito Federal ndash DF 5802 - - 679 - - - - 221 100 - - -Espırito Santo ndash ES 46078 29 143 533 - - 149 104 08 33 - -Goias ndash GO 340087 - 41 940 - - - - 15 03 - - -Maranhao ndash MA 331983 - 143 754 103 - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso ndash MT 903358 - 472 528 - - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso do Sul ndash MS 357125 66 456 366 - - 112 - - - - - -Minas Gerais ndash MG 586528 - 349 123 - 05 07 255 260 - -Para ndash PA 1247690 284 666 49 - - - - - - - -Paraıba ndash PB 5644 - 12 08 571 407 - - 01 - - -Parana ndash PR 199315 04 08 - - 617 370 - - - - -Pernambuco ndash PE 98312 - 49 01 327 614 - 03 03 - 03 Piauı ndash PI 251529 - - 607 198 196 - - - - - - -Rio de Janeiro ndash RJ 43696 21 53 441 - - 143 94 179 69 - -Rio Grande do Norte ndash RN 52797 - - 388 612 - - - - - - -Rio Grande do Sul ndash RS 281749 - - - - - 867 133 - - - - -Rondonia ndash RO 237576 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Roraima ndash RR 224299 388 552 27 - - 16 - 17 - - - -Santa Catarina ndash SC 95346 - - - - - 401 599 - - - - -Sao Paulo ndash SP 248209 19 05 308 - - 334 126 174 34 - -Sergipe ndash SE 2191 - 128 - 737 135 - - - - - - -Tocantins ndash TO 277621 - - 1000 - - - - - - - - -Brasil 8514877 226 275 258 55 49 65 26 25 21
Official Territorial Area (IBGE) Resolution No 05 October 10 2002 httpwwwibgegovbrhomegeocienciasareaterritorialprinci-palshtm lt 001 of occurrence
718 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
eschweizerbart_xxx
with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
eschweizerbart_xxx
closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
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Monthly rainfall data was analyzed according to geo-statistical procedures Normality hypothesis was testedaccording to the W test at 5 (SHAPIRO and WILK1965) Using the geostatistical software GS + v9 (ROB-
ERTSON 2008) the omnidirectional experimentalsemivariograms for the monthly rainfall data was pre-pared whereas only 10 lag classes of equal interval in ageometric field of 50 range fitting set (latitude and lon-gitude) The experimental semivariograms were tested byadjusting them to the theoretical spherical exponential
Gaussian and linear models since they usually coveredthe general dispersion of environmental spatial events(BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) The best fits werebased on the smallest reduced sums of squares (RSS) andon the highest determination coefficient (R2) (ROBERT-
SON 2008) Furthermore the quality of theoreticalmodels was certified by cross-validation and also bythe spatial dependence index (SDI) In cross-validationanalysis each measured point in the spatial domain isindividually removed from the domain and its value esti-mated then the point is replaced and the next point isremoved and estimated and so on (ROBERTSON 2008)SDI was used as recommended by ALVARES et al(2011) as a measure of the structural variance effect ontotal variance (sill) of the sample SDI comprises the fol-lowing classification weak for SDI lt 25 moderate forSDI between 25 and 75 and strong for SDI gt 75Through these structural parameters of the theoreticalsemivariograms extracted from experimental semivario-grams rainfall maps were composed with the geographicinformation system A punctual ordinary kriging estima-tor was used for geostatistical interpolation With theseprocedures the maps had a spatial resolution of 100 mor 1 hectare per pixel
Monthly temperature maps were developed by apply-ing the multivariate equations adjusted by ALVARES et al(2013) These authors adjusted monthly models forBrazil with precision and accuracy for maximum mini-mum and mean monthly air temperature These equationsestimate air temperature based on the independent vari-ables such as altitude latitude and longitude We adoptedthe current fourth version (JARVIS et al 2008) ofdigital elevation model (DEM) from the Shuttle Radar
Figure 1 Flowchart of the modeling process for the Koppen climate classification NASA CGIAR-CSI = National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research - Consortium for Spatial Information SRTM = ShuttleRadar Topography Mission FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization INMET = Brazilian National Institute of MeteorologyDNOCS = Brazilian National Department of Works Against the Droughts
Figure 2 Location of the Brazilian weather stations with rainfalldata used in this study
714 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Topography Mission (SRTM) (FARR and KOBRICK2000) as the source of those independent variablesDEM data available on httpsrtmcsicgiarorg wereorganized into tiles with a spatial resolution of 90 mFourtynine tiles were downloaded and into the GIS theDEM mosaic for Brazil was composed The DEM wasthen resampled to a spatial resolution of 100 m(Fig 3) Latitude and longitude layers were obtained indecimal degrees using the central coordinates of eachpixel of the DEM (THEOBALD 2007) Next using mapalgebra (BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) and geo-processing techniques (THEOBALD 2007) all temperaturemodels were programmed and run in GIS The annualmean temperature map is shown in Fig 4 and asreported by ALVARES et al (2013) the predictor equationhad an excellent performance (R2 = 093 RMSE =080 C and DW statistic test = 201)
In order to illustrate the monthly distribution of pre-cipitation and mean temperature in each of the Brazilianclimatic types in high-resolution maps 12 thermopluvio-grams were established similar to those presented byKOPPEN (1936) Every climate type was represented byits typical locality described above
Two climate diagrams were prepared i) annual rain-fall versus mean annual temperature and ii) annual rain-fall versus rainfall of the driest month These climatediagrams graphically displays the key criteria for defini-tions of climatic types (Table 1) The models presentedby KOPPEN (1936) were adapted to plot points relatedto Brazilian well known municipalities using their shape-file perimeter (IBGE 2007) Each municipality has thesame color of the respective climatic types in the mapTwo diagrams were also plotted for the typical localitiesof each climate type in Brazil
To better present the climate variability in Brazil a lat-itudinal climatic profile from northern (Oiapoque) to
southern extremes (Chuı) was created to express the lat-itudinal range of climate in the country This 4200 kmtransect varies more than 37 in latitude from42102700N at Cape Orange (Oiapoque in Amapa state)to 333805500S at Chuı Stream (Chuı in Rio Grande doSul state) This transect is almost a straight N-S line Cli-matic types and states divisions were associated with thetop and bottom x-axis respectively Thus the climaticprofile comes to be a didactic illustration and showswhen there is a change in the climate type and at thesame time is possible to see variations in temperaturerainfall and altitude in different Brazilian states wherethe transect crosses
3 Results and discussion
Rainfall in Brazil
Monthly rainfall data from 2950 weather stations wereanalyzed according to the concepts of the regionalizedvariables theory (MATHERON 1971) and all the geostatis-tical adjustments were considered to be of good quality(Table 2) For all months an asymmetric distributionwas found which required data transformation since p-values were close to zero by normality test (SHAPIROand WILK 1965) Among the theoretical models testedthe spherical model was the best one to describe theexperimental semivariograms (Table 2) The estimatedresidues were low and a high coefficient of determina-tion above 097 and a strong SDI for all months wasobtained (Table 2)
Nugget effect was very low in all months except Sep-tember meaning that this month has components of var-iability which are not detected by semivariograms
Figure 3 Digital elevation model of Brazil Figure 4 Annual mean air temperature map for Brazil (modifiedfrom ALVARES et al 2013)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 715
eschweizerbart_xxx
(Table 2) If the sill and range were plotted (not pre-sented) a seasonal pattern could be identified being thatin the autumn and winter months (May Jun Jul andAug) Brazil has a high data variance (Vo + V) andlow range (Ro) of spatial dependence Summer months(wettest) has higher range showing that the zone of influ-ence of samples is higher This pattern occurs because inBrazil there is a high spatial variability in rainfall inautumn-winter (mainly dry period) in relation to spring-summer (mainly wet period) (GRIMM 2009a)
The map shows that the annual rainfall of Brazil(Fig 5) has spatial variability similar to the climatologicalnormal map presented by meteorological service in Bra-zil INMET (wwwinmetgovbr) Annual rainfall rangedfrom 387 to 4003 mm very similar to what was foundin other studies (GOLFARI et al 1978 NIMER 1989GRIMM 2009b MARENGO and NOBRE 2009 ALVES2009 NUNES et al 2009) The annual rainfall above2500 mm was mapped mainly in northern Brazil as wellas in the central coast of the state of Sao Paulo whereannual rainfall achieves more than 3000 mm on averagepromoted by the orographic effect caused by Serra doMar mountains (CONTI and FURLAN 2011) Moreoverannual rainfall less than 700 mm occurs in BorboremaPlateau Paraıba Agreste (semi-arid region) Sao Fran-cisco River Valley and northern Bahia the driest regionsof the country also named as Sertao (Backwoods)
A-Climate zone
Three zones and 12 types of climates were classifiedthroughout Brazil (Fig 6 and Table 3) Tropical climateA zone was the one with the largest area representing814 of the Brazilian territory occurring in all regions
of the country except in the states of Rio Grande doSul and Santa Catarina and great part of Parana in theSouthern region The main reason for this climate to bepresent in a large part of the country is because in theseareas there are no limiting factors regarding altitude rain-fall and temperature to impose other climatic zones
The climate Af was found in 226 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) It covers 823 of Amazonas stateexcept for its southern end and small portions of thehighlands in the far north at the border with VenezuelaSCHMIDT (1942) used climatological normals from1901 to 1931 to present a climate map for the Amazon
Table 2 Models parameters and quality of experimental semivariograms adjusted to monthly rainfall in Brazil
Month Model Vo1 Vo + V2 Ro3 V(Vo + V) SDI4 5R2 RSS6 7rmm2 degree mm2
January Spherical 0039 0842 2451 95 strong 099 28 103 089February Spherical 0057 0370 1189 85 strong 099 58 104 085March Spherical 0041 0311 1157 87 strong 099 46 104 083April Spherical 0080 0542 1668 85 strong 099 35 104 084May Spherical 0063 1661 1056 96 strong 099 22 102 087June Spherical 0010 3425 1178 100 strong 099 27 102 085July Spherical 0010 3576 954 100 strong 099 66 102 085August Spherical 0001 2922 690 100 strong 099 11 101 083September Spherical 0193 1705 649 89 strong 099 32 102 086October Spherical 0080 3170 1869 97 strong 099 52 102 090November Spherical 0001 3012 1644 100 strong 097 25 101 090December Spherical 0001 2011 2668 100 strong 097 41 102 0891Vo = nugget2Vo + V = Sill (V = structural variance)3Ro = range4SDI = spatial dependence index5R2 = model adjustment determination coefficient6RSS = Residue Sum of Squares7r = crossed validation correlation coefficient
Figure 5 Total annual rainfall in Brazil
716 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
region where the Af climate occurs a little higher than inthe map presented in this study (Fig 6) located along theequatorial line The climate Af also occurs in the southernpart of the Roraima state (388) covering the Depres-sions and Pediplains of Negro River Basin and limitsthe northern region of the state where the rainfall season-ality begins More than 28 of the area in the Para statehave Af climate occurring primarily in three regions i) inthe Plains and Tablelands of lower Amazon River to thefar north at the border with Guyana where the annualrainfall is between 1900 and 2400 mm ii) in the centraland eastern region of the state with annual rainfallbetween 2200 to 2700 mm iii) Marajo Island southof the capital Belem and in the Tocantins River alluvialfan where annual rainfall is between 3000 and4000 mm Others studies also found Af climate in theregion of Belem (BERNARDES 1951 VIEIRA 1960GALVAO 1966 MARTORANO et al 1993 KOTTEK
et al 2006 SPAROVEK et al 2007 PEEL et al 2007)In the east-central Amazon and all over the Para Statethe climate Af shows mean annual temperature greaterthan 26 C (Fig 7) as was the case of Manaus(03050S 60010W 30 m) the Amazonas state capitalwhich was chosen as the location representative of cli-mate Af (Fig 8 and 9) Manaus has a mean annual tem-perature of 267 C with few seasonal variation between259 to 277 C annual rainfall of 2420 mm and the dri-
est month in August when monthly rainfall is about80 mm (Fig 8 and 9) This is a type of climate in whichthe seasons do not succeed clearly (ZARUR 1943)
In the state of Bahia the Af climate was identifiedover the coast on a narrow strip on the Marine Plainsand Coastal Tablelands However in this region the cli-mate is not like the Amazonian equatorial climate butrather a climate type of transition between south of thisarea with a summer rainy season (Aw) and north of itwith a winter rainy season (As) (BERNARDES 1951) InRio de Janeiro state Af climate appears in a very smallarea (21 of its territory) including the state capitalRio de Janeiro and Niteroi which was also identifiedby SETZER (1946) BERNARDES (1951) and SOUTOMAIOR (1954) and goes to the southern coast in thelowlands up to 150 m facing the Atlantic Ocean
In southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in SouthernPantanal (Brazilian Tropical Plains and Wetlands)(ROSS 2011) Af climate was also identified beingone of the most southern places with its occurrencealways at altitudes lower than 400 m and annual rainfallbetween 1400 and 1800 mm Af was also mapped inalmost all Sao Paulo state coast on the Marine Plains(IBGE 2006) with less than 150 m of altitude fromUbatuba until Ilha Comprida (24530S) the locationwith the highest latitude where Af occurs in SouthAmerica (Fig 7) similarly mapped by SETZER (1946
Figure 6 Climate classification for Brazil according to the KOPPEN (1936) criteria
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 717
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1966) BERNARDES (1951) SPAROVEK et al (2007) andROLIM et al (2007)
Am climate was found in 275 of Brazilian territorythe most representative climate of the country (Table 3)It was found covering entire states like Amapa andRondonia In the Roraima state Am climate is limitedin the south by the Af climate and goes up coveringthe Boa Vista Depression and the southern part ofRoraima Tablelands to the border with Venezuela andGuyana always in areas with altitude below 1200 mand until 4480N (Fig 7) In this short transect from northto the south annual rainfall decreases from 2500 to1700 mm (Fig 10) Other climate maps also classifiedthis region as Am (SCHMIDT 1942 BERNARDES 1951VIEIRA 1960 GALVAO 1966 KOTTEK et al 2006PEEL et al 2007) Am climate presents annual rainfallabove 3300 mm in the north-central Amapa and locateda little further south is Macapa (00010S 51040W 12m) the Amaparsquos capital which presents annual rainfallof 2850 mm with monsoon period between Februaryand May when the monthly rainfall is around 400 mm(Fig 8) Macapa is one of the wettest Brazilian localitiesand also the warmest with impressive mean annualtemperature of 276 C varying seasonally between258 to 29 C (Fig 8 and 9)
Under strong north-south gradient of amount and dis-tribution of rainfall the Am climate is present in the MatoGrosso state from its north with approximately3000 mm year1 to southwest where the annual rain-fall is around 2000 mm and the dry winter begins(Fig 10) A large area of Am climate was mapped inwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in the lower Pantanalwhere annual rainfall is between 1300 and 1600 mmand in the central region of the state in the DouradosPlateau where rainfall is slightly higher ranging from1600 to 1900 mm year1
On the coast of northeastern Brazil Am climateoccurs in the Coastal Tablelands from Joao Pessoa (cap-ital of Paraıba state) and going down to the coast of Per-nambuco where it advances a little further inland(60 km) From this point Am climate goes to the coastof Alagoas state south of Maceio the capital of Alagoasstate The region between Pernambuco and Alagoasstates also is classified as Am climate by GUERRA
(1955) In the state of Bahia the humid northeasterncoast where the Am climate crosses the coastal regionthere is a very narrow strip of just a few kilometersimmediately after the seaside Af climate
Right below in Espırito Santo state the Am cli-mate with annual rainfall between 1200 and
Table 3 Proportion of occurrence of each type of Koppen0s climate in the Brazilian states
State km2 Af Am Aw As BSh Cfa Cfb Cwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb
Acre ndash AC 152581 705 295 - - - - - - - - - -Alagoas ndash AL 27768 04 117 18 712 149 - - - - - -Amapa ndash AP 142815 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Amazonas ndash AM 1570746 823 176 - - - - - - - - -Bahia ndash BA 564693 90 20 340 176 333 06 08 09 17 - - -Ceara ndash CE 148826 - - 623 377 - - - - - - -Distrito Federal ndash DF 5802 - - 679 - - - - 221 100 - - -Espırito Santo ndash ES 46078 29 143 533 - - 149 104 08 33 - -Goias ndash GO 340087 - 41 940 - - - - 15 03 - - -Maranhao ndash MA 331983 - 143 754 103 - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso ndash MT 903358 - 472 528 - - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso do Sul ndash MS 357125 66 456 366 - - 112 - - - - - -Minas Gerais ndash MG 586528 - 349 123 - 05 07 255 260 - -Para ndash PA 1247690 284 666 49 - - - - - - - -Paraıba ndash PB 5644 - 12 08 571 407 - - 01 - - -Parana ndash PR 199315 04 08 - - 617 370 - - - - -Pernambuco ndash PE 98312 - 49 01 327 614 - 03 03 - 03 Piauı ndash PI 251529 - - 607 198 196 - - - - - - -Rio de Janeiro ndash RJ 43696 21 53 441 - - 143 94 179 69 - -Rio Grande do Norte ndash RN 52797 - - 388 612 - - - - - - -Rio Grande do Sul ndash RS 281749 - - - - - 867 133 - - - - -Rondonia ndash RO 237576 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Roraima ndash RR 224299 388 552 27 - - 16 - 17 - - - -Santa Catarina ndash SC 95346 - - - - - 401 599 - - - - -Sao Paulo ndash SP 248209 19 05 308 - - 334 126 174 34 - -Sergipe ndash SE 2191 - 128 - 737 135 - - - - - - -Tocantins ndash TO 277621 - - 1000 - - - - - - - - -Brasil 8514877 226 275 258 55 49 65 26 25 21
Official Territorial Area (IBGE) Resolution No 05 October 10 2002 httpwwwibgegovbrhomegeocienciasareaterritorialprinci-palshtm lt 001 of occurrence
718 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
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with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
eschweizerbart_xxx
closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
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ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Topography Mission (SRTM) (FARR and KOBRICK2000) as the source of those independent variablesDEM data available on httpsrtmcsicgiarorg wereorganized into tiles with a spatial resolution of 90 mFourtynine tiles were downloaded and into the GIS theDEM mosaic for Brazil was composed The DEM wasthen resampled to a spatial resolution of 100 m(Fig 3) Latitude and longitude layers were obtained indecimal degrees using the central coordinates of eachpixel of the DEM (THEOBALD 2007) Next using mapalgebra (BURROUGH and MCDONNELL 1998) and geo-processing techniques (THEOBALD 2007) all temperaturemodels were programmed and run in GIS The annualmean temperature map is shown in Fig 4 and asreported by ALVARES et al (2013) the predictor equationhad an excellent performance (R2 = 093 RMSE =080 C and DW statistic test = 201)
In order to illustrate the monthly distribution of pre-cipitation and mean temperature in each of the Brazilianclimatic types in high-resolution maps 12 thermopluvio-grams were established similar to those presented byKOPPEN (1936) Every climate type was represented byits typical locality described above
Two climate diagrams were prepared i) annual rain-fall versus mean annual temperature and ii) annual rain-fall versus rainfall of the driest month These climatediagrams graphically displays the key criteria for defini-tions of climatic types (Table 1) The models presentedby KOPPEN (1936) were adapted to plot points relatedto Brazilian well known municipalities using their shape-file perimeter (IBGE 2007) Each municipality has thesame color of the respective climatic types in the mapTwo diagrams were also plotted for the typical localitiesof each climate type in Brazil
To better present the climate variability in Brazil a lat-itudinal climatic profile from northern (Oiapoque) to
southern extremes (Chuı) was created to express the lat-itudinal range of climate in the country This 4200 kmtransect varies more than 37 in latitude from42102700N at Cape Orange (Oiapoque in Amapa state)to 333805500S at Chuı Stream (Chuı in Rio Grande doSul state) This transect is almost a straight N-S line Cli-matic types and states divisions were associated with thetop and bottom x-axis respectively Thus the climaticprofile comes to be a didactic illustration and showswhen there is a change in the climate type and at thesame time is possible to see variations in temperaturerainfall and altitude in different Brazilian states wherethe transect crosses
3 Results and discussion
Rainfall in Brazil
Monthly rainfall data from 2950 weather stations wereanalyzed according to the concepts of the regionalizedvariables theory (MATHERON 1971) and all the geostatis-tical adjustments were considered to be of good quality(Table 2) For all months an asymmetric distributionwas found which required data transformation since p-values were close to zero by normality test (SHAPIROand WILK 1965) Among the theoretical models testedthe spherical model was the best one to describe theexperimental semivariograms (Table 2) The estimatedresidues were low and a high coefficient of determina-tion above 097 and a strong SDI for all months wasobtained (Table 2)
Nugget effect was very low in all months except Sep-tember meaning that this month has components of var-iability which are not detected by semivariograms
Figure 3 Digital elevation model of Brazil Figure 4 Annual mean air temperature map for Brazil (modifiedfrom ALVARES et al 2013)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 715
eschweizerbart_xxx
(Table 2) If the sill and range were plotted (not pre-sented) a seasonal pattern could be identified being thatin the autumn and winter months (May Jun Jul andAug) Brazil has a high data variance (Vo + V) andlow range (Ro) of spatial dependence Summer months(wettest) has higher range showing that the zone of influ-ence of samples is higher This pattern occurs because inBrazil there is a high spatial variability in rainfall inautumn-winter (mainly dry period) in relation to spring-summer (mainly wet period) (GRIMM 2009a)
The map shows that the annual rainfall of Brazil(Fig 5) has spatial variability similar to the climatologicalnormal map presented by meteorological service in Bra-zil INMET (wwwinmetgovbr) Annual rainfall rangedfrom 387 to 4003 mm very similar to what was foundin other studies (GOLFARI et al 1978 NIMER 1989GRIMM 2009b MARENGO and NOBRE 2009 ALVES2009 NUNES et al 2009) The annual rainfall above2500 mm was mapped mainly in northern Brazil as wellas in the central coast of the state of Sao Paulo whereannual rainfall achieves more than 3000 mm on averagepromoted by the orographic effect caused by Serra doMar mountains (CONTI and FURLAN 2011) Moreoverannual rainfall less than 700 mm occurs in BorboremaPlateau Paraıba Agreste (semi-arid region) Sao Fran-cisco River Valley and northern Bahia the driest regionsof the country also named as Sertao (Backwoods)
A-Climate zone
Three zones and 12 types of climates were classifiedthroughout Brazil (Fig 6 and Table 3) Tropical climateA zone was the one with the largest area representing814 of the Brazilian territory occurring in all regions
of the country except in the states of Rio Grande doSul and Santa Catarina and great part of Parana in theSouthern region The main reason for this climate to bepresent in a large part of the country is because in theseareas there are no limiting factors regarding altitude rain-fall and temperature to impose other climatic zones
The climate Af was found in 226 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) It covers 823 of Amazonas stateexcept for its southern end and small portions of thehighlands in the far north at the border with VenezuelaSCHMIDT (1942) used climatological normals from1901 to 1931 to present a climate map for the Amazon
Table 2 Models parameters and quality of experimental semivariograms adjusted to monthly rainfall in Brazil
Month Model Vo1 Vo + V2 Ro3 V(Vo + V) SDI4 5R2 RSS6 7rmm2 degree mm2
January Spherical 0039 0842 2451 95 strong 099 28 103 089February Spherical 0057 0370 1189 85 strong 099 58 104 085March Spherical 0041 0311 1157 87 strong 099 46 104 083April Spherical 0080 0542 1668 85 strong 099 35 104 084May Spherical 0063 1661 1056 96 strong 099 22 102 087June Spherical 0010 3425 1178 100 strong 099 27 102 085July Spherical 0010 3576 954 100 strong 099 66 102 085August Spherical 0001 2922 690 100 strong 099 11 101 083September Spherical 0193 1705 649 89 strong 099 32 102 086October Spherical 0080 3170 1869 97 strong 099 52 102 090November Spherical 0001 3012 1644 100 strong 097 25 101 090December Spherical 0001 2011 2668 100 strong 097 41 102 0891Vo = nugget2Vo + V = Sill (V = structural variance)3Ro = range4SDI = spatial dependence index5R2 = model adjustment determination coefficient6RSS = Residue Sum of Squares7r = crossed validation correlation coefficient
Figure 5 Total annual rainfall in Brazil
716 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
region where the Af climate occurs a little higher than inthe map presented in this study (Fig 6) located along theequatorial line The climate Af also occurs in the southernpart of the Roraima state (388) covering the Depres-sions and Pediplains of Negro River Basin and limitsthe northern region of the state where the rainfall season-ality begins More than 28 of the area in the Para statehave Af climate occurring primarily in three regions i) inthe Plains and Tablelands of lower Amazon River to thefar north at the border with Guyana where the annualrainfall is between 1900 and 2400 mm ii) in the centraland eastern region of the state with annual rainfallbetween 2200 to 2700 mm iii) Marajo Island southof the capital Belem and in the Tocantins River alluvialfan where annual rainfall is between 3000 and4000 mm Others studies also found Af climate in theregion of Belem (BERNARDES 1951 VIEIRA 1960GALVAO 1966 MARTORANO et al 1993 KOTTEK
et al 2006 SPAROVEK et al 2007 PEEL et al 2007)In the east-central Amazon and all over the Para Statethe climate Af shows mean annual temperature greaterthan 26 C (Fig 7) as was the case of Manaus(03050S 60010W 30 m) the Amazonas state capitalwhich was chosen as the location representative of cli-mate Af (Fig 8 and 9) Manaus has a mean annual tem-perature of 267 C with few seasonal variation between259 to 277 C annual rainfall of 2420 mm and the dri-
est month in August when monthly rainfall is about80 mm (Fig 8 and 9) This is a type of climate in whichthe seasons do not succeed clearly (ZARUR 1943)
In the state of Bahia the Af climate was identifiedover the coast on a narrow strip on the Marine Plainsand Coastal Tablelands However in this region the cli-mate is not like the Amazonian equatorial climate butrather a climate type of transition between south of thisarea with a summer rainy season (Aw) and north of itwith a winter rainy season (As) (BERNARDES 1951) InRio de Janeiro state Af climate appears in a very smallarea (21 of its territory) including the state capitalRio de Janeiro and Niteroi which was also identifiedby SETZER (1946) BERNARDES (1951) and SOUTOMAIOR (1954) and goes to the southern coast in thelowlands up to 150 m facing the Atlantic Ocean
In southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in SouthernPantanal (Brazilian Tropical Plains and Wetlands)(ROSS 2011) Af climate was also identified beingone of the most southern places with its occurrencealways at altitudes lower than 400 m and annual rainfallbetween 1400 and 1800 mm Af was also mapped inalmost all Sao Paulo state coast on the Marine Plains(IBGE 2006) with less than 150 m of altitude fromUbatuba until Ilha Comprida (24530S) the locationwith the highest latitude where Af occurs in SouthAmerica (Fig 7) similarly mapped by SETZER (1946
Figure 6 Climate classification for Brazil according to the KOPPEN (1936) criteria
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 717
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1966) BERNARDES (1951) SPAROVEK et al (2007) andROLIM et al (2007)
Am climate was found in 275 of Brazilian territorythe most representative climate of the country (Table 3)It was found covering entire states like Amapa andRondonia In the Roraima state Am climate is limitedin the south by the Af climate and goes up coveringthe Boa Vista Depression and the southern part ofRoraima Tablelands to the border with Venezuela andGuyana always in areas with altitude below 1200 mand until 4480N (Fig 7) In this short transect from northto the south annual rainfall decreases from 2500 to1700 mm (Fig 10) Other climate maps also classifiedthis region as Am (SCHMIDT 1942 BERNARDES 1951VIEIRA 1960 GALVAO 1966 KOTTEK et al 2006PEEL et al 2007) Am climate presents annual rainfallabove 3300 mm in the north-central Amapa and locateda little further south is Macapa (00010S 51040W 12m) the Amaparsquos capital which presents annual rainfallof 2850 mm with monsoon period between Februaryand May when the monthly rainfall is around 400 mm(Fig 8) Macapa is one of the wettest Brazilian localitiesand also the warmest with impressive mean annualtemperature of 276 C varying seasonally between258 to 29 C (Fig 8 and 9)
Under strong north-south gradient of amount and dis-tribution of rainfall the Am climate is present in the MatoGrosso state from its north with approximately3000 mm year1 to southwest where the annual rain-fall is around 2000 mm and the dry winter begins(Fig 10) A large area of Am climate was mapped inwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in the lower Pantanalwhere annual rainfall is between 1300 and 1600 mmand in the central region of the state in the DouradosPlateau where rainfall is slightly higher ranging from1600 to 1900 mm year1
On the coast of northeastern Brazil Am climateoccurs in the Coastal Tablelands from Joao Pessoa (cap-ital of Paraıba state) and going down to the coast of Per-nambuco where it advances a little further inland(60 km) From this point Am climate goes to the coastof Alagoas state south of Maceio the capital of Alagoasstate The region between Pernambuco and Alagoasstates also is classified as Am climate by GUERRA
(1955) In the state of Bahia the humid northeasterncoast where the Am climate crosses the coastal regionthere is a very narrow strip of just a few kilometersimmediately after the seaside Af climate
Right below in Espırito Santo state the Am cli-mate with annual rainfall between 1200 and
Table 3 Proportion of occurrence of each type of Koppen0s climate in the Brazilian states
State km2 Af Am Aw As BSh Cfa Cfb Cwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb
Acre ndash AC 152581 705 295 - - - - - - - - - -Alagoas ndash AL 27768 04 117 18 712 149 - - - - - -Amapa ndash AP 142815 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Amazonas ndash AM 1570746 823 176 - - - - - - - - -Bahia ndash BA 564693 90 20 340 176 333 06 08 09 17 - - -Ceara ndash CE 148826 - - 623 377 - - - - - - -Distrito Federal ndash DF 5802 - - 679 - - - - 221 100 - - -Espırito Santo ndash ES 46078 29 143 533 - - 149 104 08 33 - -Goias ndash GO 340087 - 41 940 - - - - 15 03 - - -Maranhao ndash MA 331983 - 143 754 103 - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso ndash MT 903358 - 472 528 - - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso do Sul ndash MS 357125 66 456 366 - - 112 - - - - - -Minas Gerais ndash MG 586528 - 349 123 - 05 07 255 260 - -Para ndash PA 1247690 284 666 49 - - - - - - - -Paraıba ndash PB 5644 - 12 08 571 407 - - 01 - - -Parana ndash PR 199315 04 08 - - 617 370 - - - - -Pernambuco ndash PE 98312 - 49 01 327 614 - 03 03 - 03 Piauı ndash PI 251529 - - 607 198 196 - - - - - - -Rio de Janeiro ndash RJ 43696 21 53 441 - - 143 94 179 69 - -Rio Grande do Norte ndash RN 52797 - - 388 612 - - - - - - -Rio Grande do Sul ndash RS 281749 - - - - - 867 133 - - - - -Rondonia ndash RO 237576 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Roraima ndash RR 224299 388 552 27 - - 16 - 17 - - - -Santa Catarina ndash SC 95346 - - - - - 401 599 - - - - -Sao Paulo ndash SP 248209 19 05 308 - - 334 126 174 34 - -Sergipe ndash SE 2191 - 128 - 737 135 - - - - - - -Tocantins ndash TO 277621 - - 1000 - - - - - - - - -Brasil 8514877 226 275 258 55 49 65 26 25 21
Official Territorial Area (IBGE) Resolution No 05 October 10 2002 httpwwwibgegovbrhomegeocienciasareaterritorialprinci-palshtm lt 001 of occurrence
718 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
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1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
eschweizerbart_xxx
with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
eschweizerbart_xxx
closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
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ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
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eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
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eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
(Table 2) If the sill and range were plotted (not pre-sented) a seasonal pattern could be identified being thatin the autumn and winter months (May Jun Jul andAug) Brazil has a high data variance (Vo + V) andlow range (Ro) of spatial dependence Summer months(wettest) has higher range showing that the zone of influ-ence of samples is higher This pattern occurs because inBrazil there is a high spatial variability in rainfall inautumn-winter (mainly dry period) in relation to spring-summer (mainly wet period) (GRIMM 2009a)
The map shows that the annual rainfall of Brazil(Fig 5) has spatial variability similar to the climatologicalnormal map presented by meteorological service in Bra-zil INMET (wwwinmetgovbr) Annual rainfall rangedfrom 387 to 4003 mm very similar to what was foundin other studies (GOLFARI et al 1978 NIMER 1989GRIMM 2009b MARENGO and NOBRE 2009 ALVES2009 NUNES et al 2009) The annual rainfall above2500 mm was mapped mainly in northern Brazil as wellas in the central coast of the state of Sao Paulo whereannual rainfall achieves more than 3000 mm on averagepromoted by the orographic effect caused by Serra doMar mountains (CONTI and FURLAN 2011) Moreoverannual rainfall less than 700 mm occurs in BorboremaPlateau Paraıba Agreste (semi-arid region) Sao Fran-cisco River Valley and northern Bahia the driest regionsof the country also named as Sertao (Backwoods)
A-Climate zone
Three zones and 12 types of climates were classifiedthroughout Brazil (Fig 6 and Table 3) Tropical climateA zone was the one with the largest area representing814 of the Brazilian territory occurring in all regions
of the country except in the states of Rio Grande doSul and Santa Catarina and great part of Parana in theSouthern region The main reason for this climate to bepresent in a large part of the country is because in theseareas there are no limiting factors regarding altitude rain-fall and temperature to impose other climatic zones
The climate Af was found in 226 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) It covers 823 of Amazonas stateexcept for its southern end and small portions of thehighlands in the far north at the border with VenezuelaSCHMIDT (1942) used climatological normals from1901 to 1931 to present a climate map for the Amazon
Table 2 Models parameters and quality of experimental semivariograms adjusted to monthly rainfall in Brazil
Month Model Vo1 Vo + V2 Ro3 V(Vo + V) SDI4 5R2 RSS6 7rmm2 degree mm2
January Spherical 0039 0842 2451 95 strong 099 28 103 089February Spherical 0057 0370 1189 85 strong 099 58 104 085March Spherical 0041 0311 1157 87 strong 099 46 104 083April Spherical 0080 0542 1668 85 strong 099 35 104 084May Spherical 0063 1661 1056 96 strong 099 22 102 087June Spherical 0010 3425 1178 100 strong 099 27 102 085July Spherical 0010 3576 954 100 strong 099 66 102 085August Spherical 0001 2922 690 100 strong 099 11 101 083September Spherical 0193 1705 649 89 strong 099 32 102 086October Spherical 0080 3170 1869 97 strong 099 52 102 090November Spherical 0001 3012 1644 100 strong 097 25 101 090December Spherical 0001 2011 2668 100 strong 097 41 102 0891Vo = nugget2Vo + V = Sill (V = structural variance)3Ro = range4SDI = spatial dependence index5R2 = model adjustment determination coefficient6RSS = Residue Sum of Squares7r = crossed validation correlation coefficient
Figure 5 Total annual rainfall in Brazil
716 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
region where the Af climate occurs a little higher than inthe map presented in this study (Fig 6) located along theequatorial line The climate Af also occurs in the southernpart of the Roraima state (388) covering the Depres-sions and Pediplains of Negro River Basin and limitsthe northern region of the state where the rainfall season-ality begins More than 28 of the area in the Para statehave Af climate occurring primarily in three regions i) inthe Plains and Tablelands of lower Amazon River to thefar north at the border with Guyana where the annualrainfall is between 1900 and 2400 mm ii) in the centraland eastern region of the state with annual rainfallbetween 2200 to 2700 mm iii) Marajo Island southof the capital Belem and in the Tocantins River alluvialfan where annual rainfall is between 3000 and4000 mm Others studies also found Af climate in theregion of Belem (BERNARDES 1951 VIEIRA 1960GALVAO 1966 MARTORANO et al 1993 KOTTEK
et al 2006 SPAROVEK et al 2007 PEEL et al 2007)In the east-central Amazon and all over the Para Statethe climate Af shows mean annual temperature greaterthan 26 C (Fig 7) as was the case of Manaus(03050S 60010W 30 m) the Amazonas state capitalwhich was chosen as the location representative of cli-mate Af (Fig 8 and 9) Manaus has a mean annual tem-perature of 267 C with few seasonal variation between259 to 277 C annual rainfall of 2420 mm and the dri-
est month in August when monthly rainfall is about80 mm (Fig 8 and 9) This is a type of climate in whichthe seasons do not succeed clearly (ZARUR 1943)
In the state of Bahia the Af climate was identifiedover the coast on a narrow strip on the Marine Plainsand Coastal Tablelands However in this region the cli-mate is not like the Amazonian equatorial climate butrather a climate type of transition between south of thisarea with a summer rainy season (Aw) and north of itwith a winter rainy season (As) (BERNARDES 1951) InRio de Janeiro state Af climate appears in a very smallarea (21 of its territory) including the state capitalRio de Janeiro and Niteroi which was also identifiedby SETZER (1946) BERNARDES (1951) and SOUTOMAIOR (1954) and goes to the southern coast in thelowlands up to 150 m facing the Atlantic Ocean
In southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in SouthernPantanal (Brazilian Tropical Plains and Wetlands)(ROSS 2011) Af climate was also identified beingone of the most southern places with its occurrencealways at altitudes lower than 400 m and annual rainfallbetween 1400 and 1800 mm Af was also mapped inalmost all Sao Paulo state coast on the Marine Plains(IBGE 2006) with less than 150 m of altitude fromUbatuba until Ilha Comprida (24530S) the locationwith the highest latitude where Af occurs in SouthAmerica (Fig 7) similarly mapped by SETZER (1946
Figure 6 Climate classification for Brazil according to the KOPPEN (1936) criteria
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 717
eschweizerbart_xxx
1966) BERNARDES (1951) SPAROVEK et al (2007) andROLIM et al (2007)
Am climate was found in 275 of Brazilian territorythe most representative climate of the country (Table 3)It was found covering entire states like Amapa andRondonia In the Roraima state Am climate is limitedin the south by the Af climate and goes up coveringthe Boa Vista Depression and the southern part ofRoraima Tablelands to the border with Venezuela andGuyana always in areas with altitude below 1200 mand until 4480N (Fig 7) In this short transect from northto the south annual rainfall decreases from 2500 to1700 mm (Fig 10) Other climate maps also classifiedthis region as Am (SCHMIDT 1942 BERNARDES 1951VIEIRA 1960 GALVAO 1966 KOTTEK et al 2006PEEL et al 2007) Am climate presents annual rainfallabove 3300 mm in the north-central Amapa and locateda little further south is Macapa (00010S 51040W 12m) the Amaparsquos capital which presents annual rainfallof 2850 mm with monsoon period between Februaryand May when the monthly rainfall is around 400 mm(Fig 8) Macapa is one of the wettest Brazilian localitiesand also the warmest with impressive mean annualtemperature of 276 C varying seasonally between258 to 29 C (Fig 8 and 9)
Under strong north-south gradient of amount and dis-tribution of rainfall the Am climate is present in the MatoGrosso state from its north with approximately3000 mm year1 to southwest where the annual rain-fall is around 2000 mm and the dry winter begins(Fig 10) A large area of Am climate was mapped inwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in the lower Pantanalwhere annual rainfall is between 1300 and 1600 mmand in the central region of the state in the DouradosPlateau where rainfall is slightly higher ranging from1600 to 1900 mm year1
On the coast of northeastern Brazil Am climateoccurs in the Coastal Tablelands from Joao Pessoa (cap-ital of Paraıba state) and going down to the coast of Per-nambuco where it advances a little further inland(60 km) From this point Am climate goes to the coastof Alagoas state south of Maceio the capital of Alagoasstate The region between Pernambuco and Alagoasstates also is classified as Am climate by GUERRA
(1955) In the state of Bahia the humid northeasterncoast where the Am climate crosses the coastal regionthere is a very narrow strip of just a few kilometersimmediately after the seaside Af climate
Right below in Espırito Santo state the Am cli-mate with annual rainfall between 1200 and
Table 3 Proportion of occurrence of each type of Koppen0s climate in the Brazilian states
State km2 Af Am Aw As BSh Cfa Cfb Cwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb
Acre ndash AC 152581 705 295 - - - - - - - - - -Alagoas ndash AL 27768 04 117 18 712 149 - - - - - -Amapa ndash AP 142815 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Amazonas ndash AM 1570746 823 176 - - - - - - - - -Bahia ndash BA 564693 90 20 340 176 333 06 08 09 17 - - -Ceara ndash CE 148826 - - 623 377 - - - - - - -Distrito Federal ndash DF 5802 - - 679 - - - - 221 100 - - -Espırito Santo ndash ES 46078 29 143 533 - - 149 104 08 33 - -Goias ndash GO 340087 - 41 940 - - - - 15 03 - - -Maranhao ndash MA 331983 - 143 754 103 - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso ndash MT 903358 - 472 528 - - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso do Sul ndash MS 357125 66 456 366 - - 112 - - - - - -Minas Gerais ndash MG 586528 - 349 123 - 05 07 255 260 - -Para ndash PA 1247690 284 666 49 - - - - - - - -Paraıba ndash PB 5644 - 12 08 571 407 - - 01 - - -Parana ndash PR 199315 04 08 - - 617 370 - - - - -Pernambuco ndash PE 98312 - 49 01 327 614 - 03 03 - 03 Piauı ndash PI 251529 - - 607 198 196 - - - - - - -Rio de Janeiro ndash RJ 43696 21 53 441 - - 143 94 179 69 - -Rio Grande do Norte ndash RN 52797 - - 388 612 - - - - - - -Rio Grande do Sul ndash RS 281749 - - - - - 867 133 - - - - -Rondonia ndash RO 237576 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Roraima ndash RR 224299 388 552 27 - - 16 - 17 - - - -Santa Catarina ndash SC 95346 - - - - - 401 599 - - - - -Sao Paulo ndash SP 248209 19 05 308 - - 334 126 174 34 - -Sergipe ndash SE 2191 - 128 - 737 135 - - - - - - -Tocantins ndash TO 277621 - - 1000 - - - - - - - - -Brasil 8514877 226 275 258 55 49 65 26 25 21
Official Territorial Area (IBGE) Resolution No 05 October 10 2002 httpwwwibgegovbrhomegeocienciasareaterritorialprinci-palshtm lt 001 of occurrence
718 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
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with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
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closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
region where the Af climate occurs a little higher than inthe map presented in this study (Fig 6) located along theequatorial line The climate Af also occurs in the southernpart of the Roraima state (388) covering the Depres-sions and Pediplains of Negro River Basin and limitsthe northern region of the state where the rainfall season-ality begins More than 28 of the area in the Para statehave Af climate occurring primarily in three regions i) inthe Plains and Tablelands of lower Amazon River to thefar north at the border with Guyana where the annualrainfall is between 1900 and 2400 mm ii) in the centraland eastern region of the state with annual rainfallbetween 2200 to 2700 mm iii) Marajo Island southof the capital Belem and in the Tocantins River alluvialfan where annual rainfall is between 3000 and4000 mm Others studies also found Af climate in theregion of Belem (BERNARDES 1951 VIEIRA 1960GALVAO 1966 MARTORANO et al 1993 KOTTEK
et al 2006 SPAROVEK et al 2007 PEEL et al 2007)In the east-central Amazon and all over the Para Statethe climate Af shows mean annual temperature greaterthan 26 C (Fig 7) as was the case of Manaus(03050S 60010W 30 m) the Amazonas state capitalwhich was chosen as the location representative of cli-mate Af (Fig 8 and 9) Manaus has a mean annual tem-perature of 267 C with few seasonal variation between259 to 277 C annual rainfall of 2420 mm and the dri-
est month in August when monthly rainfall is about80 mm (Fig 8 and 9) This is a type of climate in whichthe seasons do not succeed clearly (ZARUR 1943)
In the state of Bahia the Af climate was identifiedover the coast on a narrow strip on the Marine Plainsand Coastal Tablelands However in this region the cli-mate is not like the Amazonian equatorial climate butrather a climate type of transition between south of thisarea with a summer rainy season (Aw) and north of itwith a winter rainy season (As) (BERNARDES 1951) InRio de Janeiro state Af climate appears in a very smallarea (21 of its territory) including the state capitalRio de Janeiro and Niteroi which was also identifiedby SETZER (1946) BERNARDES (1951) and SOUTOMAIOR (1954) and goes to the southern coast in thelowlands up to 150 m facing the Atlantic Ocean
In southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in SouthernPantanal (Brazilian Tropical Plains and Wetlands)(ROSS 2011) Af climate was also identified beingone of the most southern places with its occurrencealways at altitudes lower than 400 m and annual rainfallbetween 1400 and 1800 mm Af was also mapped inalmost all Sao Paulo state coast on the Marine Plains(IBGE 2006) with less than 150 m of altitude fromUbatuba until Ilha Comprida (24530S) the locationwith the highest latitude where Af occurs in SouthAmerica (Fig 7) similarly mapped by SETZER (1946
Figure 6 Climate classification for Brazil according to the KOPPEN (1936) criteria
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 717
eschweizerbart_xxx
1966) BERNARDES (1951) SPAROVEK et al (2007) andROLIM et al (2007)
Am climate was found in 275 of Brazilian territorythe most representative climate of the country (Table 3)It was found covering entire states like Amapa andRondonia In the Roraima state Am climate is limitedin the south by the Af climate and goes up coveringthe Boa Vista Depression and the southern part ofRoraima Tablelands to the border with Venezuela andGuyana always in areas with altitude below 1200 mand until 4480N (Fig 7) In this short transect from northto the south annual rainfall decreases from 2500 to1700 mm (Fig 10) Other climate maps also classifiedthis region as Am (SCHMIDT 1942 BERNARDES 1951VIEIRA 1960 GALVAO 1966 KOTTEK et al 2006PEEL et al 2007) Am climate presents annual rainfallabove 3300 mm in the north-central Amapa and locateda little further south is Macapa (00010S 51040W 12m) the Amaparsquos capital which presents annual rainfallof 2850 mm with monsoon period between Februaryand May when the monthly rainfall is around 400 mm(Fig 8) Macapa is one of the wettest Brazilian localitiesand also the warmest with impressive mean annualtemperature of 276 C varying seasonally between258 to 29 C (Fig 8 and 9)
Under strong north-south gradient of amount and dis-tribution of rainfall the Am climate is present in the MatoGrosso state from its north with approximately3000 mm year1 to southwest where the annual rain-fall is around 2000 mm and the dry winter begins(Fig 10) A large area of Am climate was mapped inwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in the lower Pantanalwhere annual rainfall is between 1300 and 1600 mmand in the central region of the state in the DouradosPlateau where rainfall is slightly higher ranging from1600 to 1900 mm year1
On the coast of northeastern Brazil Am climateoccurs in the Coastal Tablelands from Joao Pessoa (cap-ital of Paraıba state) and going down to the coast of Per-nambuco where it advances a little further inland(60 km) From this point Am climate goes to the coastof Alagoas state south of Maceio the capital of Alagoasstate The region between Pernambuco and Alagoasstates also is classified as Am climate by GUERRA
(1955) In the state of Bahia the humid northeasterncoast where the Am climate crosses the coastal regionthere is a very narrow strip of just a few kilometersimmediately after the seaside Af climate
Right below in Espırito Santo state the Am cli-mate with annual rainfall between 1200 and
Table 3 Proportion of occurrence of each type of Koppen0s climate in the Brazilian states
State km2 Af Am Aw As BSh Cfa Cfb Cwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb
Acre ndash AC 152581 705 295 - - - - - - - - - -Alagoas ndash AL 27768 04 117 18 712 149 - - - - - -Amapa ndash AP 142815 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Amazonas ndash AM 1570746 823 176 - - - - - - - - -Bahia ndash BA 564693 90 20 340 176 333 06 08 09 17 - - -Ceara ndash CE 148826 - - 623 377 - - - - - - -Distrito Federal ndash DF 5802 - - 679 - - - - 221 100 - - -Espırito Santo ndash ES 46078 29 143 533 - - 149 104 08 33 - -Goias ndash GO 340087 - 41 940 - - - - 15 03 - - -Maranhao ndash MA 331983 - 143 754 103 - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso ndash MT 903358 - 472 528 - - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso do Sul ndash MS 357125 66 456 366 - - 112 - - - - - -Minas Gerais ndash MG 586528 - 349 123 - 05 07 255 260 - -Para ndash PA 1247690 284 666 49 - - - - - - - -Paraıba ndash PB 5644 - 12 08 571 407 - - 01 - - -Parana ndash PR 199315 04 08 - - 617 370 - - - - -Pernambuco ndash PE 98312 - 49 01 327 614 - 03 03 - 03 Piauı ndash PI 251529 - - 607 198 196 - - - - - - -Rio de Janeiro ndash RJ 43696 21 53 441 - - 143 94 179 69 - -Rio Grande do Norte ndash RN 52797 - - 388 612 - - - - - - -Rio Grande do Sul ndash RS 281749 - - - - - 867 133 - - - - -Rondonia ndash RO 237576 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Roraima ndash RR 224299 388 552 27 - - 16 - 17 - - - -Santa Catarina ndash SC 95346 - - - - - 401 599 - - - - -Sao Paulo ndash SP 248209 19 05 308 - - 334 126 174 34 - -Sergipe ndash SE 2191 - 128 - 737 135 - - - - - - -Tocantins ndash TO 277621 - - 1000 - - - - - - - - -Brasil 8514877 226 275 258 55 49 65 26 25 21
Official Territorial Area (IBGE) Resolution No 05 October 10 2002 httpwwwibgegovbrhomegeocienciasareaterritorialprinci-palshtm lt 001 of occurrence
718 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
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1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
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with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
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in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
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closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
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BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
1966) BERNARDES (1951) SPAROVEK et al (2007) andROLIM et al (2007)
Am climate was found in 275 of Brazilian territorythe most representative climate of the country (Table 3)It was found covering entire states like Amapa andRondonia In the Roraima state Am climate is limitedin the south by the Af climate and goes up coveringthe Boa Vista Depression and the southern part ofRoraima Tablelands to the border with Venezuela andGuyana always in areas with altitude below 1200 mand until 4480N (Fig 7) In this short transect from northto the south annual rainfall decreases from 2500 to1700 mm (Fig 10) Other climate maps also classifiedthis region as Am (SCHMIDT 1942 BERNARDES 1951VIEIRA 1960 GALVAO 1966 KOTTEK et al 2006PEEL et al 2007) Am climate presents annual rainfallabove 3300 mm in the north-central Amapa and locateda little further south is Macapa (00010S 51040W 12m) the Amaparsquos capital which presents annual rainfallof 2850 mm with monsoon period between Februaryand May when the monthly rainfall is around 400 mm(Fig 8) Macapa is one of the wettest Brazilian localitiesand also the warmest with impressive mean annualtemperature of 276 C varying seasonally between258 to 29 C (Fig 8 and 9)
Under strong north-south gradient of amount and dis-tribution of rainfall the Am climate is present in the MatoGrosso state from its north with approximately3000 mm year1 to southwest where the annual rain-fall is around 2000 mm and the dry winter begins(Fig 10) A large area of Am climate was mapped inwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in the lower Pantanalwhere annual rainfall is between 1300 and 1600 mmand in the central region of the state in the DouradosPlateau where rainfall is slightly higher ranging from1600 to 1900 mm year1
On the coast of northeastern Brazil Am climateoccurs in the Coastal Tablelands from Joao Pessoa (cap-ital of Paraıba state) and going down to the coast of Per-nambuco where it advances a little further inland(60 km) From this point Am climate goes to the coastof Alagoas state south of Maceio the capital of Alagoasstate The region between Pernambuco and Alagoasstates also is classified as Am climate by GUERRA
(1955) In the state of Bahia the humid northeasterncoast where the Am climate crosses the coastal regionthere is a very narrow strip of just a few kilometersimmediately after the seaside Af climate
Right below in Espırito Santo state the Am cli-mate with annual rainfall between 1200 and
Table 3 Proportion of occurrence of each type of Koppen0s climate in the Brazilian states
State km2 Af Am Aw As BSh Cfa Cfb Cwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb
Acre ndash AC 152581 705 295 - - - - - - - - - -Alagoas ndash AL 27768 04 117 18 712 149 - - - - - -Amapa ndash AP 142815 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Amazonas ndash AM 1570746 823 176 - - - - - - - - -Bahia ndash BA 564693 90 20 340 176 333 06 08 09 17 - - -Ceara ndash CE 148826 - - 623 377 - - - - - - -Distrito Federal ndash DF 5802 - - 679 - - - - 221 100 - - -Espırito Santo ndash ES 46078 29 143 533 - - 149 104 08 33 - -Goias ndash GO 340087 - 41 940 - - - - 15 03 - - -Maranhao ndash MA 331983 - 143 754 103 - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso ndash MT 903358 - 472 528 - - - - - - - - -Mato Grosso do Sul ndash MS 357125 66 456 366 - - 112 - - - - - -Minas Gerais ndash MG 586528 - 349 123 - 05 07 255 260 - -Para ndash PA 1247690 284 666 49 - - - - - - - -Paraıba ndash PB 5644 - 12 08 571 407 - - 01 - - -Parana ndash PR 199315 04 08 - - 617 370 - - - - -Pernambuco ndash PE 98312 - 49 01 327 614 - 03 03 - 03 Piauı ndash PI 251529 - - 607 198 196 - - - - - - -Rio de Janeiro ndash RJ 43696 21 53 441 - - 143 94 179 69 - -Rio Grande do Norte ndash RN 52797 - - 388 612 - - - - - - -Rio Grande do Sul ndash RS 281749 - - - - - 867 133 - - - - -Rondonia ndash RO 237576 - 1000 - - - - - - - - - -Roraima ndash RR 224299 388 552 27 - - 16 - 17 - - - -Santa Catarina ndash SC 95346 - - - - - 401 599 - - - - -Sao Paulo ndash SP 248209 19 05 308 - - 334 126 174 34 - -Sergipe ndash SE 2191 - 128 - 737 135 - - - - - - -Tocantins ndash TO 277621 - - 1000 - - - - - - - - -Brasil 8514877 226 275 258 55 49 65 26 25 21
Official Territorial Area (IBGE) Resolution No 05 October 10 2002 httpwwwibgegovbrhomegeocienciasareaterritorialprinci-palshtm lt 001 of occurrence
718 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
eschweizerbart_xxx
with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
eschweizerbart_xxx
closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
1300 mm year1 covers the Coastal Tablelands regionwhere rainfall seasonality starts to become more evidentAm climate also was identified in Rio de Janeiro stateacross the edge of Guanabara Bay verified by SOUTOMAIOR (1954) Am climate occurs in small areas alongthe coast of Sao Paulo state always close to the Af cli-mate which was also observed by ROLIM et al (2007)and advances to lowlands (altitude lt 150 m) in the Jacu-piranga River Valleys (until 24420S)
Aw climate covers a wide area in Brazil (258 of itsterritory) (Table 3) It was observed mainly in centralBrazil in an extension of more than 2300 km from thenorthern Maranhao (03210S) to the south of MatoGrosso do Sul (22500S) (Fig 6 and 7) The northernlimit of the Aw climate in Brazil is located in an isolatedpoint in Roraima Highlands (05050N Fig 7) on the bor-der with Guyana
In the large area of central Brazil Aw climate is mark-edly seasonal It is the only type of climate in the state ofTocantins which has a strong longitudinal gradient (east-west) of annual rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm (Fig 5)and an opposite gradient (west-east) in the rainfall sea-sonality Right in the middle of these two gradients of
rainfall distribution lies Palmas (10100S 48200W 250m) Tocantinsrsquo capital chosen as the typical locality ofAw climate type (Fig 8 and 6) In lsquolsquoHandbuchrsquorsquo version(KOPPEN 1936) Cuiaba (capital of Mato Grosso state)was chosen as a typical location of Aw climate Palmashas markedly seasonal climate with rainfall in Decem-ber January and February with more than 250 mm permonth and a dry winter from May to September witha very dry weather between June and August
Aw climate was also observed in almost all state ofGoias where rainfall is between 1600 to1900 mm year1 skirting the landscapes with altitudesof 1200 m and therefore having annual mean tempera-ture between 19 to 20 C In the state of Mato Grossothe Aw climate comes from the south with annual rainfallof 1400 mm (Pantanal region) and goes through the cen-tral part of the state Parecis Plateau where annual rain-fall totals range from 1800 to 2300 mm thus being thewettest Aw climate locations in Brazil (Fig 7)
Aw climate was identified in a wide range of strongwest to east humidity gradient coming from the west ofthe Piauı Bahia Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo states InPiauı and Bahia states Aw occurs along the landscapes
Figure 7 Relationship between Koppen0s climate types altitude latitude annual mean temperature and annual rainfall in BrazilCircle = mean value plus sign = extremes minimum and maximum
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 719
eschweizerbart_xxx
with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
eschweizerbart_xxx
closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
with annual rainfall between 800 mm (longitude 42W)which is the driest region of the Aw climate in Brazil to1400 mm (46W) (Fig 6 and 7) Considering the samegradient Aw climate occurs in the northwestern MinasGerais (between 44W to 4750W) covering lowlandsdepressions and plateaus of Sao Francisco River Basinlimited by altitudes of 750-800 m The climatic maps pre-
sented by BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960)showed Aw with similar distribution in this region More-over SA JUNIOR et al (2012) using data from Worldclim(HIJMANS et al 2005) found the Aw climate in a regionmuch higher at altitudes greater than 1000 m
Northern Espirito Santo has Aw mapped in theCoastal Plains until the perimeter with the Minas Gerais
Figure 8 Monthly temperature and rainfall for Brazilian locations representing each type of Koppen0s climate
720 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
eschweizerbart_xxx
closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
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ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
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eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
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eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
in altitude not higher than 500 m and annual rainfallbetween 1000 to 1400 mm The southern coast of Espır-ito Santo drier than the northern with 1100 mm year1Aw climate occurs throughout the coastal region skirtingthe valleys and plateaus at altitudes lower than 400-450m because above this elevation the annual mean temper-ature is below 18 C Under the same conditions Aw cli-mate enters in Rio de Janeiro state and spreads all overthe north and northwest coastline at altitudes not exceed-ing 250-300 m Even in Rio de Janeiro (Lakes Region)Aw climate extends to Arraial Cape (23S) a locationwith annual rainfall less than 1000 mm This localityis the most southern occurrence of Aw climate in Brazil
(Fig 7) Aw climate was also identified between Paranaand Mato Grosso do Sul states exactly limited to thesame latitude (23S) of Arraial Cape both being almost1200 km distant
Western Sao Paulo state has an annual rainfallbetween 1100-1300 mm (Fig 5) and Aw climate goesthrough the Western Plateau at landscapes below 400-450 m because from the Paranapanema and Tiete LowerRiver begins subtropical climate by modificationsimposed by altitude (TREWARTHA 1943) SETZER(1946) showed that Aw climate covered a small part ofthe western Sao Paulo state which was changed in hissubsequent publication (SETZER 1966) and thus comes
Figure 9 Climatic diagram of all Brazilian municipalities with emphasis on regions with each type of Koppen0s climate The followinglocations were chosen to represent each type of Koppen0s climate found in Brazil 1 = Manaus 2 = Macapa 3 = Palmas 4 = Natal5 = Petrolina 6 = Porto Alegre 7 = Curitiba 8 = Ribeirao Preto 9 = Belo Horizonte 10 = Ibitirama (Pico da Bandeira) 11 = Caetes12 = Saloa
Figure 10 Climatic profile (altitude rainfall and temperature) in a 4200 km latitudinal gradient in Brazil from Oiapoque (RR) to Chuı(RS) including the states of Amapa (AP) Para (PA) Mato Grosso (MT) Goias (GO) Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Sao Paulo (SP) Parana(PR) Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 721
eschweizerbart_xxx
closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
closest to our high spatial resolution climate map ROLIM
et al (2007) showed that Aw covers almost the wholewestern Sao Paulo
Tropical climate which has winter rainfall (As) cov-ers only 55 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) In ageneral view As climate occurs from 45W includingboth Maranhao (01180S) and Mina Gerais (17300S)states distant in more than 1600 km (Fig 6) As climatereaches a maximum of 600 km from the Atlantic Coastand occurs mainly in northeastern Brazil between Awand BSh climates
Ceara state has 623 of the As climate coveringmainly in the Araripe Plateau which was also observedby BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) As climatehas been mapped into the strip that defines the Agresteregion (Semi-arid) between Rio Grande do Norteand Bahia states Analyzing the use of Koppen climatefor Brazil based on the Trewartharsquos world map(TREWARTHA 1937) ZARUR (1943) concluded thatlsquolsquothe Brazilian coastal region is characterized by forestsof the super-humid regions however there are numerouspoints disagreeing with this generalization due to thecomplex configuration of local relief In this region liesthe curious As climatersquorsquo
From Rio Grande do Norte to the Sergipe As climateis coastal where it presents a strong rainfall gradient (eastto west) from 1500 to 700 mm SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA (1955)VIEIRA (1960) and KOTTEK et al (2006) also classifiedas As climate the coastal strip along these two statesthough the mapping of BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA
(1955) and VIEIRA (1960) had identified a small regionof Aw climate on the Pernambuco Coast details consis-tent with the high resolution map of this study Withinthis coastal strip lies Natal (05470S 35120W 35 m)capital of Rio Grande do Norte that was selected to rep-resent the location with a typical As climate (Fig 8 and9) which presents the rainy season concentrated betweenMay and July and the intense dry season in the spring(September to December)
Curiously it was unexpected its occurrence As cli-mate is observed in the north of Minas Gerais (123of the state) especially in the Espinhaco Range (MontesClaros region) and in the lowlands of Sao FranciscoRiver In this region As is mapped at altitudes lower than950 m depending on the latitude the further north thehighest altitude to be a subtropical climate It is unex-pected the classification of As climate in this Brazilianregion since previous studies have found it only in thelow latitudes in northeastern Brazil (BERNARDES 1951SENRA 1954 GUERRA 1955 SPAROVEK et al 2007PEEL et al 2007) Elsewhere in north of Minas GeraisAs climate is found in a scalloped landscape betweenCwb and Cwa which is a complex region due to theregional topography limited to the maximum altitudeof 700-800 m Thus the high-resolution climate map ofthis study is able to define in detail the depth of the val-leys of several river basins that occur in this region
B-Climate zone
Semi-arid climate (B zone) is notably the typical climateof northeastern Brazil occurring basically in landscapeswhere annual rainfall drops on average to less than800 mm (Fig 5 and 6) It is about an enclave of scarcerainfall in the Brazilian tropical region BSh climatewas the only one of B zone found in Brazil confirmingstudies of BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1954) GUERRA
(1955) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO (1966) KOTTEK et al(2006) but otherwise PEEL et al (2007) were the onlyauthors to indicate the occurrence of BWk climate inBrazil
BSh is a hinterland climate but in Rio Grande doNorte state it is found covering around 150 km of coast-line (Fig 6) This coastal belt has an annual rainfall lowerthan 650 mm and thus it can inferred that it is the driestand warmest coast region of Brazil since mean annualtemperature is slightly higher than 265 C (Fig 4 7and 9) About this ABrsquoSABER (1977) also classified assemi-arid (Caatingarsquos morphoclimatic domain) suchextensive coastal area of northeastern Brazil Paraıbahas the BSh climate extending throughout the BorboremaPlateau where in the Paraıba river valley the annual rain-fall is around 400 mm considered one of the driest sitesof Brazil (Fig 7) consistent with the results obtained byGUERRA (1955)
BSh climate is quite representative in the Pernambucostate covering 614 of the territory (Table 3) occurringalong the depressions and plains of Sao Francisco Riverand almost everywhere in the hinterland region wherethe annual rainfall is less than 500 mm Petrolina(09230S 40300W 380 m) is a good example of theBSh climate (Fig 8 and 9) where it may be observeda dry period of nine months and rainfall concentratedfrom February to April is noted In the state of Cearathe BSh climate was identified in regions with an annualrainfall less than 700 mm while occurring within 70 kmfrom the coast Similar BSh climate in the Ceara statewas also found by BERNARDES (1951) SENRA (1994)and GUERRA (1955)
In Alagoas and Sergipe states BSh climate coversonly the depressions of Sao Francisco river where theannual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and tends to increasetoward the Atlantic coast According to the climate dataPaulo Afonso Bahia (8550S 38470W) is the driestregion of Brazil where annual rainfall is lower than400 mm (Fig 7) The region near to Raso da CatarinaEcological Station is also known as one of the driestregion in Brazil (RODRIGUES 1992 CHESF 2001CONTI and FURLAN 2011) exactly where PEEL et al(2007) presented the occurrence of BWk climate
The southernmost point with BSh climate was foundin the municipality of Piripa southern Bahia (latitude of15S) in the edges of the Vitoria da Conquista Table-lands less than 20 km from the border with Minas Geraisstate (Fig 6) Based on this it is clear that there is noBSh climate in the Minas Gerais state which was also
722 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
observed by SCHMIDT (1942) BERNARDES (1951)SENRA (1954) VIEIRA (1960) ANTUNES (1980)KOTTEK et al (2006) and PEEL et al (2007) but notby SPAROVEK et al (2007) and SA JUNIOR et al(2012) that showed small BSh areas in the north of theMinas Gerais state
C-Climate zone
Subtropical climate classified in the C zone covers137 of the Brazilian territory (Table 3) which ismainly in the southern region in their plateaus andmountains The Koppen0s key criteria worked well forBrazil since was noted that below and above the Tropicof Capricorn there is a dominance of subtropical andtropical climates respectively (Fig 6)
Cfa climate covers 65 of the Brazilian territorymainly in the southern states This climate occurs in acontinuous area from the southwestern Sao Paulo tosouthern Rio Grande do Sul (Fig 6 and 10)
In the maps reported in the literature in a state level asin MOTA (1951) and KUINCHTNER and BURIOL (2001)in a national level as BERNARDES (1951) and VIEIRA
(1960) and in a global level as in KOTTEK et al(2006) the shift line between Cfa and Cfb climates isnot as far west as in the map presented in this study PortoAlegre (30020S 51140W 30 m) the capital of RioGrande do Sul was selected as a typical location witha Cfa climate (Fig 8 and 9) presenting monthly rainfallwell distributed between 100 and 170 mm In the north-ern coastal region of Rio Grande do Sul Cfa was identi-fied at altitudes lower than 500 m Central-northern RioGrande do Sul state the Cfa covers landscapes with alti-tudes below 550 m Further west this limit changes to600 m and a little more northwest therefore further fromthe ocean the altitude limit between Cfa and Cfb cli-mates rises to 650 m
Santa Catarina presents Cfa climate in its westernregion always at altitudes below 700 m To the east ofthis region Cfa climate covers the valleys of Uruguayriver at elevations below 650 m Cfa climate is alsoobserved across the Santa Catarina coast in the altitudesup to 500 and 600 m In Parana state Cfa climate is pres-ent everywhere in the west and at the coastline as alsoobserved by CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In the western Pa-rana Cfa is observed in the Iguacu river valley alwaysbelow altitudes between 750 and 800 m
In all Parana coastal belt Cfa climate was identifiedfrom the Marine Plains to find (at west) Serra do Marmountain ranges which was similar to that presentedby by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA (1960) GALVAO
(1966) and CAVIGLIONE et al (2000) In this regionthe Cfa climate was mapped in the escarpment with alti-tudes lower than 650 m in the north coast and until the600 m in the south
Cfa is a typical climate in southwestern Sao Paulo(below 21300S) and in the Peripheral Depression (below22300S) In these two zones the Cfa climate covers a
wide range of altitudes between 450 and 750 m in thenorthern boundary (borders between Aw Cwa and Cfbclimates) and between 400 and 700 m in the southernlimit (borders with Cfb climate) It is also observed inthe Paraıba do Sul river plains similar to what was foundby ROLIM et al (2007) Cfa climate covers a strip alongthe entire Coastal Plain whenever between Af or Am andCfb climates Rio de Janeiro has Cfa climate in a narrowrange between Am and Cfb in the Serra of Mar moun-tains which correlates to the findings of BERNARDES
(1952) and more northerly between Am and CwaThe present climate map also shows Cfa climate in
the plateus in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state aspreviously reported by BERNARDES (1951) VIEIRA
(1960) KOTTEK et al (2006) SPAROVEK et al (2007)and PEEL et al (2007) Curiously this type of climatewas also observed in the Pantanalrsquos uplands above 900m of altitude region classified as remnant mountains ofupper Paraguay river (ROSS 2011)
In the following Brazilian states Cfa climate is unusu-ally observed since it was not previously reported InMinas Gerais the Cfa climate is present on the tops ofplateaus with altitudes between 550 and 800 m and fur-ther north between 650 and 850 m In Vitoria da Con-quista Plateau (15S) in the Bahia state Cfa climatehas a higher proportion in the altitudes between 750and 900 m and where annual rainfall is around 700 to800 mm (Fig 7) Another region where Cfa climateoccurs is in the Brazilian northern hemisphere betweenAmazonas and Roraima states Although it is an equato-rial region the interaction between altitude and latitudeallows the occurrence of such climate type The highestpoint in Brazil the Neblina Peak (2993 m) in the stateof Amazonas has a Cfa climate with an annual meantemperature between 16 and 18 C (Fig 7)
Cfb climate is observed in only 26 of Brazilian ter-ritory (Table 3) The main occurrence of this climate isfrom southern Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira Mountain)and part of Rio de Janeiro and Espırito Santo to RioGrande do Sul state (Araucarias Plateaus) Cfb coversthe southern regions at maximum distance of 500 kmfrom the Atlantic Ocean located 300 km in the SaoPaulo state and only 100 km in Rio de Janeiro and Espır-ito Santo states (Fig 6) The continentally effect isremarkable since further north more close to the coastis the Cfb climate
Cfb climate occupies all remaining territory of RioGrande do Sul and Santa Catarina states where the alti-tude (or temperature THOT lt 22 C) limits Cfa This isalso true for Parana state since the areas with tropical cli-mates Am and Aw present in the state are considerablysmall in the extreme north Rio Grande do Sul state hasthe Cfb climate from the eastern border of the Paranariver basin to the Araucaria Plateaus BERNARDES
(1951) MOTA (1951) VIEIRA (1960) KUINCHTNER
and BURIOL (2001) likewise indicated in their maps theoccurrence of the Cfb climate in these regions althoughthe maps of BERNARDES (1961) and KUINCHTNER and
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 723
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
BURIOL (2001) were more similar to the map presentedin this study The Cfb climate covers the coldest regionsof Brazil as Urupema Urubici and Sao Joaquim in thestate of Santa Catarina where there are peaks with alti-tudes exceeding 1800 m
Curitiba (25260S 49160W 930 m) the capital of Pa-rana state is a typical location with this type of climatewith annual mean temperature of 17 C (205 C in Jan-uary and 13 C in July) and annual rainfall of 1550 mmslightly concentrated in the summer months and havingas the driest months July and August (Fig 8 and 9)
Cfb climate crosses the Sao Paulo state from Parana-piacaba Mountain to the south of Minas Gerais and westof Rio de Janeiro throughout the Serra do Mar MontainsIn this region Cfb climate has annual rainfall exceeding3300 mm (Fig 7) On the Sao Paulo coast Cfb climateoccurs at altitudes above 700 m and between 700 m and130 m was classified as the Cfa climate and from thispoint to the sea level Aw or Af climate were mappedSimilar occurrences of Cfb climate for the Sao Paulostate were also reported by BERNARDES (1951) and SET-ZER (1966)
The Cfb climate is in 94 of the Rio de Janeiro statein the Orgaos Mountain National Park at altitudes above2100 m and with annual mean temperature lower than12 C It occurs in the southern Espırito Santo at lowerlatitudes as Jacobina Montains (up to 10S) which isthe northernmost point in Brazil with this climate type(Fig 7) Cfb climate in the highlands of Diamantina Pla-teau is not a novelty and confirms the mapping obtainedby VIEIRA (1960)
Cwa is a typical climate of southeastern Brazil andcovers only 25 of the national territory (Fig 6) Tau-bate municipality (23100S) in Sao Paulo state is thesouthernmost occurrence of Cwa climate (Fig 7) inagreement with maps presented by BERNARDES (1951)and SETZER (1966) Sao Paulo has 174 of its territoryclassified as Cwa especially in the Peripheral Depressionand also in part of Western Plateau In this region liesRibeirao Preto (21110S 47490W 550 m) which wasselected as a typical representation of Cwa climate sinceit has an annual mean temperature of 21 C Januarybeing the warmest (235 C) and July the coldest month(175 C) (Fig 8 and 9)
Approximately 255 of the Minas Gerais state terri-tory is classified as Cwa climate whenever observed inlandscapes between AwAs and Cwb climates SouthernMinas Gerais has Cwa climate covering altitude between800 and 850 m in Furnas Lake region and up to 900 m inthe Grande river valley A large part of the Triangulo Mi-neiro is characterized as subtropical climate (Cwa) whichconfirms the maps obtained by SCHMIDT (1942)BERNARDES (1951) MONTEIRO (1951) GALVAO
(1966) and SPAROVEK et al (2007) As explained inAw climate section SA JUNIOR et al (2012) classifiesthe Cwa climate at altitudes higher than those of our highresolution climate map and thus the occurrence of eitherCwa or Cwb is more restricted ie in their maps of
Minas Gerais is more tropical than the one presented inpresent study Cwa climate is also observed in EspinhacoMountain in altitudes between 500 and 800 m
Few uplands of northeastern Brazil are classified asCwa climate like in Borborema Plateau between Paraıbaand Pernambuco states at altitudes between 900 and1000 m where the annual rainfall is less than700 mm and thus is the driest region with this climatetype (Fig 7)
In the Brazilian Central Plateau (Goias state) Cwa cli-mate is found in landscapes above Aw and below CwbIn the south of Goias state altitude in the areas withCwa climate ranges from 900 to 1000 m and in thenorthern region they range from 1000 to 1100 m of alti-tude showing latitude effects because of the increase inannual mean temperature from south to north In theseupland regions of Goias state MONTEIRO (1951) BER-
NARDES (1951) and VIEIRA (1960) also demonstratedin their climatic maps the occurrence of Cwa climatewhich was innovative because they were the first onesto show that The northernmost point of the Cwa climatein Brazil was found in landscapes with altitude of 900 mand an annual mean temperature of 16 to 17 C (Fig 7)
Cwb climate is observed in only 21 of the Brazilianterritory (Table 3) and similarly to Cwa Cwb is a typicalclimate of southeastern Brazil (Fig 6) Cwb occurs ofcentral-southern Minas Gerais (26) and the limit of thisclimate coincides with the administrative borders of thisstate with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Thus in MinasGerais Cwb climate occupies the whole region of Man-tiqueira (22S gt 850 m) Canastra (20150S gt 900 m)and the Espinhaco (18500S gt 950 m) Mountains TheMinas Gerais capital Belo Horizonte (19550S43560W 855 m) was selected as a typical location witha Cwb climate in Brazil (Fig 8) to show the evident cli-matic seasonality in this region where winter is cold anddry and summer is hot and humid Regarding Curitiba(Cfa) Belo Horizonte is a bit warmer with annual meantemperature of 193 C with a minimum of 155 C inJuly and a maximum of 215 C in January
Many regions of Bahia are classified as Cwb climateCwb is mapped in the south-central region where the alti-tudes are greater than 1000 m throughout EspinhacoMountain Diamantina Plateau also presents Cwb cli-mate in altitudes above 1100 m where the annual rain-fall is lower than 700 mm and thus it is the driest Cwblocation in Brazil (Fig 7) On the some landscapes ofhigh altitude in the Borborema Plateau (Pernambucoand Paraıba states) in the hillslopes of altitude above1000 m is the most northerly of the Cwb climate occur-rence in Brazil (7490S Fig 7)
In the Goias state the Cwb climate is always found inthe landscapes above Cwa Cwb is also observed innorthern Goias at altitudes above 1300 m (14S)
Sao Paulo has Cwb climate covering the Basaltic Cues-tas in the municipalities of Itirapina (22220S gt 800 m)Analandia (Cuscuzeiro Mountain) Batatais (20550S gt850 m) and Franca (20100S gt 900 m) In the upper
724 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
Paraiba do Sul river Cwb is found at altitudes above 700m In the Rio de Janeiro state Cwb climate follows theboundary of the Minas Gerais state in the Serra do MarMountain where the altitude is higher than 650 m as alsoproved by the map obtained by BERNARDES (1951)
This is the first study that found Cwc climate inBrazil Only three sites are classified in Brazil fulfillingthe Cwc climate criteria All of them are located in extre-mely high points in southeastern Brazil near the coastless than 120 km from the Atlantic Ocean The mostnorthern site is located in the region between MinasGerais and Espırito Santo states along the CaparaoMountain Bandeira Peak (20260S 41470W 2890 m)was chosen as the geographical landmark to show itsrainfall and temperature monthly distribution (Fig 8)Cwc climate has autumn and winter (May to September)with dry and cold conditions and monthly rainfall lowerthan 50 mm and monthly mean temperature of 45 C inJuly The annual mean temperature is 94 C and theannual rainfall is approximately 1300 mm (Fig 9)The Cwc climate was also observed in other high peaksbetween Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states
The Cs climate (subtropical with dry summer) isobserved only in Borborema Plateau in the Pernambucoand Alagoas states (Table 3) in small areas surroundedby As and BSh climates Csa climate is observed at a spe-cific altitude between800 and1000m (Fig 7)Above thisrange of altitude the climate is classified as Csb (Humidsubtropical with dry and temperate summer) The occur-rence of Csb climate in Brazil is unprecedented since noother study showed its occurrence in theBrazilian territoryCsa is present in a higher altitude in the Caetes region (Per-nambuco state) and thus this location was selected as rep-resentative of theCsa climate inBrazil (08450S 36400W950 m) In Caetes the rainfall reaches 710 mm per yearbut concentrated in the autumn from April to June andin the early winter (July) with no more than 100 mm permonth (Fig 8) The annual average temperature in Csa cli-mate in Brazil is 209 C with maximum in January(227 C) and minimum in August (181 C) The Csa cli-matewas also reported in someareas ofBorboremaPlateauby BERNARDES (1951) GUERRA (1955) and SPAROVEKet al (2007)
In the southern state of Pernambuco the Csb climateis observed in the Saloa region (09010S 36470W 1050m) a location with annual rainfall of 690 mm and sea-sonal distribution similar to Caetes (Fig 8 and 9) whichis expected since they are very close in the BorboremaPlateau The difference between Cs climates is due tothe altitude in the region of its occurrence which reducethe annual mean temperature
4 Conclusions
The high resolution Koppenrsquos climate map developed inthis study improved and highlighted the different climatesfind across Brazil landscape when compared with any
previous published maps It also represents the firstapproach in the literature to develop a Koppen climatemap in a hectare scale for Brazil (851487700 ha)
At this fine scale the three climate types of Brazil (A814 B 49 and C 137) were described with thefollowing subtypes Af Am Aw As Bsh Cfa CfbCwa Cwb Cwc Csa Csb These zones and climatetypes identified in the high resolution climate map pro-vided both a deeper climate insight at the regional andlocal levels and the identification of climatic types neverbefore reported in the Brazilian landscape Consideringthe increasing fracmentation of natural landscapes andagricultural and urban uses the hectare scale for planningseems to be the ideal approach for future development ofmany applications
Considering that the new climatological normal forBrazil will be published just after 2020 this climatemap will remain accurate for the next decade This highresolution map will be made available for public down-load in order to facilitate its potential use on basic andapplied agricultural forest and other natural sciences cli-matologic researches
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Sao Paulo ResearchFoundation - FAPESP (no 200805744-0) Universityof Sao Paulo (USP) Forestry Science and Research Insti-tute (IPEF) and Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC)We thank the data provided by National Institute of Mete-orology (INMET) We thank many agrometeorologistsforestry and agronomists and colleagues for the supportand feedback given to conduct this work We thank toKevin HALL and April Lail MEEKS graduate studentsof NCSU and Ralph Guenther HAMMER graduate stu-dent of USPESALQ for carefully reviewing the manu-script The Koppenrsquos climate classification map forBrazil and a table with the climate types of each Brazilianmunicipality are available for download at wwwipefbrgeodatabase
References
ABrsquoSABER AN 1977 Os domınios morfoclimaticos naAmerica do Sul primeira aproximacao ndash Geomorfologia53 1ndash22
ADAMS JM 2009 Vegetation-Climate Interaction HowPlants Make the Global Environment 2 ed ndash SpringerNew York 293 pp
ALLEN DW 2011 Getting to know ArcGIS ModelBuilderndash ESRI Press Redlands 336 pp
ALVARES CA JLM GONCALVES SR VIEIRA CRSILVA W FRANCISCATTE 2011 Spatial variability ofphysical and chemical attributes of some forest soils insoutheastern of Brazil ndash Sci Agric 68 697ndash705
ALVARES CA JL STAPE PC SENTELHAS JLMGONCALVES 2013 Modeling monthly mean air temper-ature for Brazil ndash Theor Appl Climatol 113 407ndash427
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 725
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
ALVES LM 2009 Clima da Regiao Centro-oeste do Brasilndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVAMAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficinade Textos Sao Paulo 235ndash241
ANTUNES FZ 1980 Caracterizacao climatica do cerradoem Minas Gerais ndash Infor Agrop 6 52ndash63
ARAUJO RF EAT MATRICARDI ME NAPPO 2012Zoneamento ecologico de pequena escala para especiesflorestais tradicionais no Distrito Federal ndash floresta 42421ndash430
BAKER B H DIAZ W HARGROVE F HOFFMAN 2010Use of the KoppenndashTrewartha climate classification toevaluate climatic refugia in statistically derived ecoregionsfor the Peoplersquos Republic of China ndash Climate Change 98113ndash131
BERNARDES LMC 1951 Os tipos de clima do Brasil ndashBol Geogr 9 988ndash997
BERNARDES LMC 1952 Tipos de clima do Estado do Riode Janeiro ndash Revista Brasileira de Geografia 14 57ndash80
BHARUCHA FR GY SHANBHAG 1956 Classification ofthe vegetation of India Pakistan and Burma according toeffective precipitation ndash Nat Inst Sci India Proceed-ings W Australia 185ndash203 pp
BRAZIL 1992 Climatological Normal (1961-1990) ndash SPIEMBRAPA Brasılia
BURROUGH PA RA MCDONNELL 1998 Principles ofGeographical Information Systems ndash Oxford UniversityPress Nova York 333 pp
CARVALHO CD 1916 Climatologie du Bresil ndash John BaleSons amp Danielson Londres
CARVALHO CD 1917 Meteorologie du Bresil ndash JohnBale Sons amp Danielson Londres 527 pp
CAVIGLIONE JH LRB KIIHL PH CARAMORI DOLIVEIRA 2000 Cartas climaticas do Parana ndash IAPARLondrina PR Brazil
CHESF 2001 Aptidao Bioclimatica no Bioma Caatinga ndashProbio Brazil (scale 1300000)
CONTI JB SA FURLAN 2011 Geoecologia o clima ossolos e a biota ndash In ROSS JLS (Ed) Geografia doBrasil 6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 67ndash208
DIAZ HF JK EISCHEID 2007 Disappearing lsquolsquoalpinetundrarsquorsquo Koppen climatic type in the western United Statesndash Geophys Res Lett 34 1ndash4
DRAENERT FM 1896 O clima do Brazil ndash TypographiaCarlos Schmidt Rio de Janeiro 63 pp
FAO 2001 FAOClim 20 Agroclimatic Database CD-ROM + Users Manual ndash Environment and NaturalResources Working paper No 5 72 pp
FARR TG M KOBRICK 2000 Shuttle Radar TopographyMission produces a wealth of data ndash Amer GeophysUnion Eos 81 583ndash585
FRAEDRICH K F-W GERSTENGARBE PC WERNER 2001Climate shifts during the last century ndash Climatic Change50 405ndash417
GALVAO MV 1966 Atlas Nacional do Brasil ndash IBGE Riode Janeiro 100 pp
GNANDESIKAN A RJ STOUFFER 2006 Diagnosingatmosphere-ocean general circulation model errors rele-vant to the terrestrial biosphere using the Koppen climateclassification ndash Geophys Res Lett 33 L22701 1ndash5
GOLFARI L RL CASER VPG MOURA 1978 Zonea-mento ecologico esquematico para reflorestamento noBrasil ndash PRODEPEF 11 1ndash66
GONCALVES JLM CA ALVARES AR HIGA LD SILVAAC ALFENAS J STAHL SFB FERRAZ WP LIMAPHS BRANCALION A HUBNER JPD BOUILLET JPLACLAU Y NOUVELLON D EPRON 2013 Integratinggenetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic andbiotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations ndashForest Ecol Manage 301 6ndash27
GRIMM AM 2009a Variabilidade interanual do clima noBrasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJSILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndashOficina de Textos Sao Paulo 353ndash374
GRIMM AM 2009b Clima do Sul do Brasil ndash CAVAL-
CANTI IFA NJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFSDIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina deTextos Sao Paulo 259ndash275
GUERRA IALT 1955 Tipos de clima do Nordeste ndash RevBras Geogr 17 449ndash496
HIJMANS RJ SE CAMERON JL PARRA PG JONES AJARVIS 2005 Very high resolution interpolated climatesurfaces for global land areas ndash Int J Climatol 25 1965ndash1978
IBGE 2006 Mapa de unidades de relevo do Brasil ndash 2 ed ndashRio de Janeiro Brazil (scale 1 5 000 000)
IBGE 2007 Brazilrsquos municipal grid digital ndash Rio de JaneiroBrazil
JARVIS A HI REUTER A NELSON E GUEVARA 2008Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4 ndash Availablefrom the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Databasehttpsrtmcsicgiarorg
JURCA J 2005 Classificacoes climaticas variacoes temp-oro-espaciais e suas aplicacoes nos livros didaticos e comosubsıdio ao zoneamento agroclimatico Dissertation ndashUniv Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecno-logia Presidente Prudente Brasil 100 pp
KALVOVA J T HALENKA K BEZPALCOVA I NEMESOVA2003 Koppen Climate types in observed and simulatedclimates ndash Stud Geophys Geod 47 185ndash202
KOPPEN W 1884a Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet ndash Meteorol Z 1 215ndash226
KOPPEN W 1884b Die Warmezonen der Erde nach derDauer der heissen gemassigten und kalten Zeit und nachder Wirkung der Warme auf die organische Welt betrach-tet (The thermal zones of the earth according to theduration of hot moderate and cold periods and to theimpact of heat on the organic world) ndash Meteorol Z 1215ndash226 (translated and edited by VOLKEN E and SBRONNIMANN ndash Meteorol Z 20 (2011) 351ndash360)
726 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
KOPPEN W 1900 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashGeogr Z 6 657ndash679
KOPPEN W 1901 Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimatevorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt ndashMeteorol Z 18 106ndash120
KOPPEN W 1936 Das geographische System der Klimatendash KOPPEN W R GEIGER (Eds) Handbuch der Klima-tologie ndash Gebruder Borntrager Berlin 1 1ndash44 part C
KOTTEK M J GRIESER C BECK B RUDOLF F RUBEL2006 World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classifi-cation updated ndash Meteorol Z 15 259ndash263
KUINCHTNER A GA BURIOL 2001 Clima do estado doRio Grande do Sul segundo a classificacao climatica deKoppen e Thornthwaite ndash Discip Sci 2 171ndash182
KUMMU M O VARIS 2011 The world by latitudes Aglobal analysis of human population development leveland environment across the northndashsouth axis over the pasthalf century ndash Appl Geogr 31 495ndash507
LIAIS E 1872 Climats geologie faune et geographiebotanique du Bresil ndash Garnier Freres Paris 640 pp
LOEFGREN A 1900 Dados climatologicos do anno de1900 ndash Boletim da Commissao Geographica e Geologicado Estado de Sao Paulo 14 1ndash4
MAES WH A TRABUCCO WMJ ACHTEN B MUYS2009 Climatic growing conditions of Jatropha curcas L ndashBiomass Bioenerg 33 1481ndash1485
MARENGO JA CA NOBRE 2009 Clima da RegiaoAmazonica ndash In CAVALCANTI IFA NJ FERREIRAMGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds) Tempo e Clima noBrasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo 197ndash212
MARTORANO LG LC PEREIRA EGM CESAR ICBPEREIRA 1993 Estudos climaticos do estado do paraclassificacao climatica (Koppen) e deficiencia hıdrica(Thornthwaite Mather) ndash SUDAM Belem EMBRAPA-SNLCS Rio de Janeiro 53 pp
MATHERON G 1971 The Theory of Regionalized Variablesand Its Applications ndash Ecole de Mines Fontainbleau 211pp
MATTOS JNB 1905 Breve notıcia sobre o clima de SaoPaulo ndash Servico de Meteorologia do Estado de Sao PauloSao Paulo 16 pp
MCMAHON TA MC PEEL RM VOGEL GG PEGRAM2007 Global streamflowsndashPart 3 Country and climatezone characteristics ndash J Hydrol 347 272ndash291
MONTEIRO CA 1951 Notas para o estudo do clima noCentro-oeste Brasileiro ndash Rev Bras Geogr 13 3ndash46
MORIZE H 1889 Esboco da climatologia do Brasil ndashObservatorio Astronomico Rio de Janeiro 47 pp
MORIZE H 1922 Contribuicao ao estudo do clima doBrasil ndash Ministerio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 116 pp
MOTA FS 1951 Estudos do clima do Estado do RioGrande do Sul segundo o sistema de W Koppen ndash RevBras Geogr 13 275ndash284
NIMER E 1989 Climatologia do Brasil ndash FundacaoInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica Rio deJaneiro 421 pp
NUNES LH AK VICENTE DH CANDIDO 2009 Climada Regiao Sudeste do Brasil ndash In CAVALCANTI IFANJ FERREIRA MGAJ SILVA MAFS DIAS (Eds)Tempo e Clima no Brasil ndash Oficina de Textos Sao Paulo197ndash212
OMETTO JC 1981 Bioclimatologia vegetal ndash AgronomicaCeres Sao Paulo 440 pp
PEEL MC BL FINLAYSON TA MCMAHON 2007Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi-fication ndash Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11 1633ndash1644
PEIXOTO A 1907 Clima e doencas no Brasil ndash ImprensaNacional Rio de Janeiro 36 pp
PEREIRA AR LR ANGELOCCI PC SENTELHAS 2002Agrometeorologia fundamentos e aplicacoes praticas ndashAgropecuaria Guaiba 478 pp
PETERSEN JF D SACK RE GABLER 2012 Physicalgeography BrooksCole Cengage Learning Belmont 646pp
ROBERTSON GP 2008 GS + Geostatistics for the Envi-ronmental Sciences ndash Gamma Design SoftwareMichigan
RODRIGUES V 1992 Avaliacao do quadro da desertificacao noNordeste do Brasil Diagnostico e Perspectivas ndash In Con-ferencia Internacional sobre Impactos de Variacoes Climaticase desenvolvimento Sustentavel em Regioes Semi-AridasProceedings Fortaleza Brasil 2375ndash2408 pp
ROHLI RV AJ VEGA 2012 Climatology 2nd ed ndash Jonesamp Bartlett Learning Sudbury 425 pp
ROLIM GS MPB CAMARGO DG LANIA JFL MOR-
AES 2007 Classificacao climatica de Koppen e deThornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinacao dezonas agroclimaticas para o estado de Sao Paulo ndashBragantia 4 711ndash720
ROSS JLS 2011 Os fundamentos da geografia danatureza ndash In ROSS JLS (Eds) Geografia do Brasil6a ed ndash Edusp Sao Paulo 13ndash65
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2010 Observed and projectedclimate shifts 1901ndash2100 depicted by world maps of theKoppen-Geiger climate classification ndash Meteorol Z 19135ndash141
RUBEL F M KOTTEK 2011 Comments on lsquolsquoThe thermalzones of the Earthrsquorsquo by Wladimir Koppen (1884) ndashMeteorol Z 20 361ndash365
SA JUNIOR A LG CARVALHO FF SILVA MC ALVES2012 Application of the Koppen classification for climaticzoning in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil ndash Theor ApplClimatol 108 1ndash7
SANDERSON M 1999 The classification of climates fromPythagoras to Koeppen ndash Bull Amer Meteor Soc 80669ndash673
SCHMIDT JCJ 1942 O clima da Amazonia ndash Rev BrasGeogr 4 465ndash500
SENRA CAF 1954 Koppen e Serebrenick ndash climas daBacia do Rio Sao Francisco ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 370ndash383
SEREBRENICK S 1940 Classificacao meteorologica dosclimas do Brasil ndash In Congresso Brasileiro de Geografos
Meteorol Z 22 2013 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil 727
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013
eschweizerbart_xxx
9 Proceedings Florianopolis ndash CNGIBGE Rio deJaneiro 440ndash459 pp
SEREBRENICK S 1941 Mapa climatologico do Brasil ndashMinisterio da Agricultura Rio de Janeiro 1941
SETZER J 1946 Contribuicao para o estudo do clima doEstado de Sao Paulo ndash Escolas Profissionais SalesianasSao Paulo Brasil 393 pp
SETZER J 1966 Atlas Climatico e Ecologico do Estado deSao Paulo ndash Comissao Interestadual da Bacia Parana-Uruguai Sao Paulo Brasil 61 pp
SHAPIRO SS MB WILK 1965 An analysis of variancetest for normality complete samples ndash Biometrika 52591ndash611
SILVA PHM AC MIRANDA MLT MORAES ELFURTADO JL STAPE CA ALVARES PC SENTELHASES MORI AM SEBBENN 2013 Selecting for rust(Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis in SaoPaulo State Brazil ndash Forest Ecol Manage 303 91ndash97
SOUTO MAIOR AS 1954 Tipos climaticos do DistritoFederal ndash Rev Bras Geogr 16 267ndash275
SPAROVEK G Q JONG VAN LIER D DOURADO NETO2007 Computer assisted Koeppen climate classification acase study for Brazil ndash Int J Climatol 27 257ndash266
STASZEWSKI J 1963 Population distribution according tothe climate areas of W Koppen Prof ndash Geogr 15 12ndash15
STERN H G DE HOEDT J ERNST 2000 Objectiveclassification of Australian climates ndash Aust MeteorMag 49 87ndash96
THEOBALD DM 2007 GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Meth-ods 3rd edn Conservation Planning Technologies FortCollins 440 pp
THEOPHILO R 1883 Historia da secca do Ceara 1877 a1880 ndash Typographia do Libertador Fortaleza
THORNTHWAITE CW 1933 The climates of the earth ndashGeogr Rev 23 433ndash440
TORRES RB FR MARTINS LS KINOSHITA 1997Climate soil and tree flora relationships in forests in thestate of Sao Paulo southeastern Brazil ndash Rev Bras Bot20 41ndash49
TREWARTHA GT 1937 An introduction to weather andclimate ndash McGraw-Hill Book Company New York 373pp
TREWARTHA GT 1943 An introduction to weather andclimate 2a edn McGraw-Hill Book Company New York545 pp
VIANELLO RL AR ALVES 2013 Meteorologia basica eaplicacoes ndash UFV Vicosa 460 pp
VIEIRA MC 1960 Elementos de Geografia e Cartografia ndashBol Geogr 18 268ndash333
WANG M JE OVERLAND 2004 Detecting Arctic ClimateChange Using Koppen Climate Classification ndash ClimateChange 67 43ndash62
WILCOCK AA 1968 Koppen after fifty years ndash AnnAssoc Am Geog 58 12ndash28
WREGE MS S STEIMETZ C REISSER JUNIOR IRALMEIDA 2011 Atlas climatico da regiao Sul do BrasilEstados do Parana Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul ndashEmbrapa Clima TemperadoEmbrapa Florestas Pelotasand Colombo Brasil 336 pp
ZARUR J 1943 Um comentario sobre a classificacao deKoppen ndash Rev Bras Geogr 5 250ndash2
728 CA Alvares et al Koppenrsquos climate classification map for Brazil Meteorol Z 22 2013