1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (M

GO

e)

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (k

J/m

)3

Kotaro Honda

2

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (k

J/m

)3

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (M

GO

e)

It was fortunate for the Allies that superior alnico magnets were developed in England in the 1930s, because these magnets provided the magnetic fields for the cavity magnetron, the dominant source of microwave power for radar systems in World War�.Grossadmiral Karl Doenitz, commander of Hitler’s U-boat fleet, called microwave radar “the one single weapon that defeated the submarine and the Third Reich.” The Germans became aware of the microwave radar system, and the magnetron on which it was based, when they downed a British plane in 1943. However, they were unable to duplicate the system, largely because of wartime shortages of cobalt and nickel, important ingredients in the alnico magnets necessary to operate the magnetrons. Gerhard Hennig, a magnet expert who worked in the German navy during the war, calls alnico magnets “the magnets that decided the war”. Although alnico magnets are still used today, their share of the permanent magnet market has been steadily shrinking in favor of ferrite and rare-earth magnets.

K. Strnat Memorial LectureDresden, 1998

< The Alnico Age >James Livingston

3

Radar

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (k

J/m

)3

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (M

GO

e)

4

At MMM Conference, November 10, 1983

1985 1990 20001995

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

18000

16000

14000

12000

10000

20000

Am

ount

of P

rodu

ctio

n(t/y

ear) NdFeB Sintered Magnets

5

01985 1990

Sintered Magnets

100

200

300

400

Am

ount

of P

rodu

ctio

n(t/y

ear)

NdFeB sintered magnets

6

1985 1990 20001995

1500

1000

500

0

3500

3000

2500

2000

4000

Am

ount

of P

rodu

ctio

n(t/y

ear) NdFeB Bonded Magnets

500

01985 1990

250

Bonded Magnets

Am

ount

of P

rodu

ctio

n(t/y

ear)

7

NdFeB resin bonded magnets

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

18000

16000

14000

12000

10000

20000

Am

ount

of P

rodu

ctio

n(t/y

ear)

1985 1990 1995 2000

NdFeB Sintered Magnets

8

1500

1000

500

0

3500

3000

2500

2000

4000A

mou

nt o

f Pro

duct

ion(

t/yea

r)

1985 1990 1995 2000

NdFeB Bonded Magnets

Companies who withdrew from the business on the NdFeB sintered magnets

Krupp WidiaPhilips ComponentsUgimag

CrucibleMagnequench UG

9

Is it all right to allow vanishing of the magnet producers from

Europe ?

The most modern NdFeBMagnet Factory in Europe

Neorem Magnets OyFriitalantie 5FIN-28400 UlvilaFINLANDTel.+358 2 5227 1Fax.+358 2 5227227

10

It was fortunate for the Allies that superior alnico magnets were developed in England in the 1930s, because these magnets provided the magnetic fields for the cavity magnetron, the dominant source of microwave power for radar systems in World War�.Grossadmiral Karl Doenitz, commander of Hitler’s U-boat fleet, called microwave radar “the one single weapon that defeated the submarine and the Third Reich.” The Germans became aware of the microwave radar system, and the magnetron on which it was based, when they downed a British plane in 1943. However, they were unable to duplicate the system, largely because of wartime shortages of cobalt and nickel, important ingredients in the alnico magnets necessary to operate the magnetrons. Gerhard Hennig, a magnet expert who worked in the German navy during the war, calls alnico magnets “the magnets that decided the war”. Although alnico magnets are still used today, their share of the permanent magnet market has been steadily shrinking in favor of ferrite and rare-earth magnets.

K. Strnat Memorial LectureDresden, 1998

< The Alnico Age >James Livingston

Production Research

Environment and Energy

I T and ElectricalAppliances

�Robots�Conveyance systems�Measuring instrument�Other

�Synchrotron radiation facility�Other

�Wind & hydroelectric power generators�Waste treatment �Co-generation�Flywheels ( power storage equipment )�Fuel cells�Other

�Mobile phones�Computers & PDAs�Optical communications & wireless LANs�AV equipment�Electrical appliances�Copiers

Medicine

�Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) equipment�Magnetic attachments for dentures�Nursing care instruments�Artificial organs�Other

Transport

�Automobiles�Hybrid & EV cars�Intelligent transportation systems ( ITS )�Other

11

VCM

Rotor

IPM

Nd Magnet

12

IPM

SPM

13

MRI

MRI

14

HEV

Undulator

15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (M

GO

e)

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (k

J/m

)3

16

Support the European magnet producers as the country or European Union !

17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (M

GO

e)

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (k

J/m

)3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (M

GO

e)

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (k

J/m

)3

18

HcJ ( kOe )

Map of magnetic properties of various NdFeB magnetsHcJ ( MA/m )

( BH

) max

( MG

Oe

)

( BH

) max

( kJ/

m

)3

480

400

320

240

160

80

00 0.8 1.6 2.4

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20 30

Anisotropic sintered

Anisotropic bonded

Isotropic bonded

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

80

160

240

320

400

480

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (M

GO

e)

Max

imum

Ene

rgy

Pro

duct

s (k

J/m

)3

19

Nano-composite magnet

Material A: High Ms ( but low Ha )

Material B: High Ha ( but low Ms )

e.g. Fe-Co

e.g. Nd2Fe14B

Theory 1MJ/m3

(125MGOe)

Ms = Saturation magnetization

Ha = Magnetic anisotropy field

–800 –600 –400 –200 00

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

H (kA/m)

J, B

(T)

(BH)max = 123.5 kJ/m3

J–HB–H

HcJ = 767.5 kA/m

Br = 913 mT

New Nd-Fe-B-Ti-C-Type Powder SPRAX® via Strip-Casting

Magnetic properties of SPRAXMagnetic properties of SPRAX

�D�850�m �Ave. 400�m�

A new PowderSPRAX-XD

870 117 730- 914 - 124 - 800

Powder Type Br (BH)max HcJ

(mT) (kJ/m3) (kA/m)SPRAX-� C 940 74 355

- 1000 - 86 - 400SPRAX-� F 840 95 450

- 880 - 105 - 530XA 790 95 700

- 840 - 105 - 800XB 820 103 580

-860 -113 - 680XC 790 98 980

-820 -108 - 1100

Powder Type Br (BH)max HcJ

(mT) (kJ/m3) (kA/m)SPRAX-� C 940 74 355

- 1000 - 86 - 400SPRAX-� F 840 95 450

- 880 - 105 - 530XA 790 95 700

- 840 - 105 - 800XB 820 103 580

-860 -113 - 680XC 790 98 980

-820 -108 - 1100

20

20 nm

Fe3B

Nd2Fe14B

Nanocomposite Structure of SPRAX®

HcJ ( kOe )

Map of magnetic properties of various NdFeB magnetsHcJ ( MA/m )

( BH

) max

( MG

Oe

)

( BH

) max

( kJ

/m

)3

480

400

320

240

160

80

00 0.8 1.6 2.4

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20 30

Anisotropic sintered

Anisotropic bonded

Isotropic bonded

Nd2Fe14B - Fe3B nano compositeIsotropic

( NdFeB Ti C )

21

µ

Sm2Fe17N3 ( Nd2Fe14B )

Ms � 1.54THa � 22T

( 1.61T )( 8T )

First paper by M. Coey et al.First patent application by Iriyama et al.

0

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

-1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0H (kA/m)

J, B

(T)

Br 0.86 THcB 551 kA/mHcJ 692 kA/m(BH)max. 141 kJ/m3

B-H

J-H

Highest data of demagnetization curve of an injection-molded SmFeN anisotropic magnet

22

HcJ ( kOe )

Map of magnetic properties of various NdFeB magnetsHcJ ( MA/m )

( BH

) max

( MG

Oe

)

( BH

) max

( kJ/

m

)3

480

400

320

240

160

80

00 0.8 1.6 2.4

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20 30

Anisotropic sintered

Anisotropic bonded

Isotropic bonded

Sm2Fe17N3 injection-moldedAnisotropic

1“ HDD

23

Injection molded SmFeN magnet

Conventional magnetfor 1” HDD

I, B

(T

)

H (kA/m)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

-800 -600 -400 -200 0

Magnetic Properties of Compression-Molded Sm8.8Zr1.0Fe76.7Co13.5Nx Bonded Magnet

Br = 0.83 T

HcJ = 719 kA/m

(BH)max = 119 kJ/m3

24

Composition: Sm8.8Zr1.0Fe76.7Co13.5Nx

Crystal Structure: TbCu7 - type

Intrinsic Magnetic Properties: Ms � 1.7�Ha � 7T ?

HcJ ( kOe )

Map of magnetic properties of various NdFeB magnetsHcJ ( MA/m )

( BH

) max

( MG

Oe

)

( BH

) max

( kJ

/m

)3

480

400

320

240

160

80

00 0.8 1.6 2.4

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20 30

Anisotropic sintered

Anisotropic bonded

Isotropic bonded

Sm Zr Fe Co N ( 1-7 type ) bondedIsotropic

25

HcJ ( kOe )

Map of magnetic properties of various NdFeB magnetsHcJ ( MA/m )

( BH

) max

( MG

Oe

)

( BH

) max

( kJ

/m

)3

480

400

320

240

160

80

00 0.8 1.6 2.4

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20 30

Anisotropic sintered

Anisotropic bonded

Isotropic bonded

Important research subjects for the NdFeB sintered magnet

(1)Further reduction of cost

( e.g. Complete net shape production )

(2) Heat-resistance magnets without Dy

(3) Magnets for micro-machines

26

W ith coating W ithout coating

Block

���

���

M ultipole ring

���

���

M ultipole ring

��� ( Axial )��� ( Axial )

Flat ring

��� ( Transverse )

Radial ring

Flat ring

��� ( Transverse )

Radial ring

\20/g

\10/g

\0/g

Weight = 50g

Prices of NdFeB sintered magnets

W ith coating W ithout coating

Anisotropic

IsostaticIsotropic

Anisotropic

Weight = 50g

\20/g

\10/g

\0/gPrices of NdFeB resin bonded magnets

27

( BH

) m

ax�

MG

0e�

HcJ�k0e�

Composition of NdFeB sintered magnets ( wt% )

31Nd�68Fe�1B

26Nd�5Dy�68Fe�1B

21Nd�10Dy�68Fe�1B

NdDy

� 0.1

Nature

Our targets !

( BH

) m

ax�

MG

0e�

HcJ�k0e�

28

1“ HDD

Micro machine

1.5

1.0

0.5

1.5 1.0 0.5 0

M

0.8mm

�H ( MA/m )

I, B

( T

)

0

29

Production Research

Environment and Energy

I T and ElectricalAppliances

�Robots�Conveyance systems�Measuring instrument�Other

�Synchrotron radiation facility�Other

�Wind & hydroelectric power generators�Waste treatment �Co-generation�Flywheels ( power storage equipment )�Fuel cells�Other

�Mobile phones�Computers & PDAs�Optical communications & wireless LANs�AV equipment�Electrical appliances�Copiers

Medicine

�Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) equipment�Magnetic attachments for dentures�Nursing care instruments�Artificial organs�Other

Transport

�Automobiles�Hybrid & EV cars�Intelligent transportation systems ( ITS )�Other

Support the European magnet producers as the country or European Union !