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RUNNING DESIGN THAT AFFECT CALORIE BURNED

KHAIRAH NAZURAH BINTI KARIM 211552

NUR ASMA' BINTI MAMAUOD 212436

RUNNING DESIGN THAT AFFECT CALORIE BURNED i

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 31.1 Problem Statement1.2 PurposeCHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 3

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3

3.1 General 3

3.2 Choice of factors, levels and ranges 3

3.3 Choice of experiments design 3

3.4 Performing the experiment3

3.5 Instrunent 3

ii RUNNING DESIGN THAT AFFECT CALORIE BURNED

Chapter 1: Introduction

The dramatic rise in paediatric had captivated the attention health care

professionals’ and parents’ to the importance of physical activity. Along with a

balanced and nutritious diet, regular physical activity is essential to preventing

unhealthy weight gain. Physical activity increase lean body mass, muscle, and bone

strength and promotes good physical health. Physically inactive people are almost

twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease compare to people who are engage

regular physical activity.

One of the physical activities that a person can regularly practice are jogging or

running. Running is seen as one of physical activities that can be performed by

anyone because of its uniqueness that it need no cost or equipment but only shoes to

perform. Runners are freely to choose outdoor to run. People are continually seeking

better programs to help themselves attain their running activity goals, as well as

maximizing the caloric expenditure in their endurance workouts. Various factors

influence the calorie burning process through running that are from type of track,

food intake (including nutritional supplements) and other factor such as gender.

In Malaysia, running events are seen everywhere, Non-governmental

organization are sponsoring these running events knowing its benefits to health and

also as a marketing strategy to promote their brands. Running event such as Standard

Chartered Marathon, Energizer Night Run, Malakoff Marathon, Ekiden Putrajaya

marathon are events that organized by corporate company.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The rise of obesity in Malaysia has witnessed the awareness among Malaysian

to engage in physical activities such as running. Nevertheless, as we made our effort

towards running activities that may contribute to calorie burning, not all the time the

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

workout results in as what we wish. Even if you feel like you’re doing everything

right, fat loss will always take longer than you want it to, this will make you

miserable and ruin your diet program. That is why an experiment can be designed to

investigate the variance of calorie loss against the running exercise we have done.

Knowing which activities burned more calories and how to improve the performance

of the activities to boost the calorie burned helps us plan our workout. So that, an

experiment on the physical activities needs to be designed and conducted to help us

investigate and identify which activities will burned more calories based on two

factors that are distance and types of surface.

1.2 PURPOSES

The following experiment tries to investigate the calories burned by running

with two different design factors namely, the distance (meter) and the level of

difficulty. Besides that, the experiment also aims to come out with a clear

recommendation regarding the most favourable combination that helps a person

burned more calories through running activities.

2 Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Rogers. (2013) explains the concept of energy balance that is the optimum

balance energy (calorie) intake and energy (calorie) used in our body that maintains our

body weight, he suggests that physical activity is the key to overcome overweight in

adults. The simple concept of energy balance is that to prevent weight, energy intake

must not exceed energy used, that is why it is important for us to compare the calorie of

food intake with the calorie burned during the physical activities.

Saris, Blair, Eaton, Davies, Di Pietro, Fogelholm, Rissanen, Shoeller, Swinburnn,

Tremblay, Westerterp & Wyatt (2003) discussed the required physical activities just

enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain in sedentary human. The increase in physical

activities is found a crucial art in public health strategies to prevent weight gain at an

early stage. It was advised that the sedentary adults to spend about at least 30 minutes or

more of moderate-intensity physical activities, preferably all days of the week. The best

physical activities of the ancestral human is 1000 kcald-1 and the calorie they consume is

3000 kcald-1 which makes it a ratio of 3:1, unlike the sedentary human ratio of 7:1. Baak

further explained that for most activities, energy expenditure is positively related to

body mass. Therefore, the energy expenditure during PA is often conveniently

expressed as metabolic equivalents.

The term run defined by the Collins dictionary is “to move on foot at a rapid

pace so that both feet are off the ground together for part of each stride”. Running have

some benefits include potential weight loss, improved cardiovascular, respiratory health

reduced total blood cholesterol, strengthening of bones (and potentially increased bone

density), possible strengthening of the immune system and an improved self-esteem and

emotional state. (Novachek, 1997). He mentioned that running it is one of the good

techniques to losing weight. When we talk about running, we also will think of calories.

Calorie is a unit of energy. Generally they are associated food apply to anything that has

energy. Calories counting are important thing to make sure of burn enough calorie to

losing weight. When we associate the caloric content of food we are really talking about

kilocalories (kcal), kcal calories is unit of energy or heat equal to 1,000 small calories

Chapter 3: Methodology 3

(cal). Generally, we will find the caloric content at a food label; this is give information

to us about kcal. If the food label shows 200 kcal its mean 2,000 calories. This is called

exercise calories. So, we need known to read the food label term besides we are used

running technique to losing weight.

.

Both studies, agrees upon the facts that physical activities plays an important role

in burning calorie which is positively related to body weight.

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 General

Experimental designs are widely used to analyse a process or system in which the

input variables are changed to observe the output response. Likewise, the process

of calorie burning can be figured out by using experiment strategy to know which

design of running activities contributes to most calories burnt.

The literature review found that a person walking one meter on a horizontal plane,

would burn an energy of 0.55 gram-calorie given that certain conditions were

controlled. There has been limited research work conducted on surface of running

and its distance that need to be learnt. As part of our research, we are carrying out

an experiment to extend the existence of knowledge concerning the design factors

of how we run that affects the calorie burnt.

3.2 Choices of factors, levels, and ranges

Chapter 2: Literature Review 4

There are lists of factors that can affect calories burned through running. Some

of the factors are time of day (morning vs. evening), amount of sleep the night

before the running training, meal the night before, stretching, time taken for the

run, the speed of the runner, and the condition of the running surface. In our

studies we focused two variables. The following are the design parameters;

Difficulty level (Level 1 and Level 2)

Distance(200m and 400m)

For the difficulty level, we define them by the variability in the surface of road. At

which level 1 is on the track and level 2 is running a hill. Other factors that might

affect the experiment have been classified as follows:

Held- Constant Factors:

Diet: All the runner participated in the running training for our experiment are

on strict diet under supervision of our trainers. All the runners had the same

quantity of food consume for about two months since before the experiment.

Gender, both runners were female

Weight, range about 56 kg with the height of runners does not differ much.

Nuisance Factors:

Training effect

State of Health.

The following table summarizes the factors, levels and ranges.

No Factors Type Precision Range

(Low)

Range

(High)

1 Difficulty level Categorical In increments of 1 Level 1 Level 2

2 Distance(meter) Numerical 1 meter 200 400


3.3 Selection of Response

Calories burnt have been selected as the response variable for the experiment.

This can be measured by observing the readings of the Nike sport watch, with each

runner provided the watch. The following table summarizes the characteristics of the

response variable.

Response variable

Normal Operating Level and Range

(calories)

Measurement precision and

accuracy

Relationship of response variable to objective

Calories 0-999 Least count of 1 As high as possible

3.4 Choice of experiment design

In these designs we will refer to the levels as high and low, +1 and -1, to denote

the high and the low level of each factor. In most cases the levels are quantitative,

although they don't have to be. Sometimes they are qualitative, such as gender, or

two types of variety, brand or process. In these cases the +1 and -1 are simply

used as labels

With the above design parameters, we propose conducting a 22 completely

randomized block design. The 2k refers to designs with k factors where each

factor has just two levels. These designs are created to explore a large number of

factors, with each factor having the minimal number of levels, just two. We

propose to conduct 2 different runners in a random order and block each runner in

order to reduce the variability that might affect the results. The choice of blocking

is also attributed to eliminating the known and controllable factor that is diet in

the particular experiment. Thus, we can systematically eliminate its effect on the

statistical comparisons among treatments. The experiment is completely

randomized to reduce the effects of unknown and uncontrollable factors. Hence,

two runners, each in one block and two replicates are chosen for the design

3.5 Performing the experiment

6 Chapter 3: Methodology

The experiment was conducted in the sport’s centre in Universiti Utara

Malaysia. Two person from the group was selected to performed the

experiment .They had a similarity of weight, diet and lifestyle. The experiment

will conduct in two replications where each runner will perform a run 2 times.

There are two factors that affect calories burning which is the difficulty level,

the distance measured in meter. First factor is the difficulty level, there are two

levels which is level 1 conducted on the track and level 2, the ‘puncak vista’

where its road surface which is hilly. Second factor is distance (meter) for the

lower range the distance for runner is 200 meter and for the high range the

distance for is 400m. The experiment is conducted within 7 weeks, where each

replication is done in the single day. The experiment will be conducted in the

evening because to reduce the uncontrollable factor of weather. Evening is also

suitable for doing activities as it is not too hot. Each runner will be provided a

watch that can able to detect the calories burning while running. Runners will

take an interval break of an hour for each level. The experiment was conducted

in blocks as planned and all the runs in each block were randomized. All the

runs in a particular block were performed on one single day. The experiment

was spread over a period of seven week.


3.6 Instrument

For counting the calories, we are using the Nike sport band and the Nike fuel band.

These devices are used to track the calorie burned through the activities done. The

devices are able to trace the intensity of the movement of a person wearing it.

8 Chapter 3: Methodology

Figure 1 UUM 400m track at the sport centre

Figure 3 Nike Sport watch designed to detect the calorie burned while running

Figure 2 UUM ‘Puncak Vista’ of Universiti Utara Malaysia

Result and analysis

The regression model for predicting the calorie burned is as below.

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Calorie burned = (intercept) + (road surface) + (speed) + (distance) + Hypothesis testing: Model

Minitab was used to analyze the data. Our experiment is a 22 full factorial

design with 64 runs. The main effects and the interaction effects were calculated. The

ANNOVA table was constructed from the data. We used normal probability plots to

check the normality assumptions and noticed that it satisfies the assumption and

noticed that it satisfied the assumption. The analysis showed that the main effects

road surface and distance and the two-factor interactions road surface and distance

are significant. These graphs are as shown below.

The half normal plot shows the factors that are significant to our

investigation. The points outside the line are significant, factor A, B and AB. The

ANOVA table confirms the conclusion that all the factors listed difficulty level,

speed, time and the interaction between speed and time and the interaction between

difficulty level and time.


Model adequacy checking

The model has the underlying assumptions that the errors are normally and independently distributed with mean 0 and variance . Violation of the basic assumptions and model adequacy can be easily investigated by the examination of residuals. The absence of any obvious pattern in the residuals shows that these assumptions hold good.


If there exist any point within or near the line, the factors that are not significant, we

eliminate the factor and run the statistical analysis again. From the half normal plot,

we can observe that all the factors are now significant to our analysis. The further

away the points are from the line, the more significant it it. From the half normal plot

we can observe that the point A which is the road surface factor is the most

significant factor that contributes to the number of calories burn

The pareto chart

12 Error! No text of specified style in document.

shows what is the most important factor to our experiment. It looks at the size of the effects and plots the effect of the size on a horizontal axis ranked from largest to smallest effect.


From the cube plot, we can summarize the number of calories burned for each

running factors at different combination of factors. For example running on a track

with a distance of 200m will burn 11.5 calories, if you double the distance you run

on the same surface you would burn 23.37 calories. Likewise, running on hill at

200m will burn 32.88 calories while increasing its distance to 400m will burn 65.125

calories.

Annova

Factorial Fit: calorie versus road surface, distance

Estimated Effects and Coefficients for calorie (coded units)

Term Effect Coef SE Coef T PConstant 33.219 0.1624 204.57 0.000road surface 31.562 15.781 0.1624 97.19 0.000distance 22.062 11.031 0.1624 67.93 0.000road surface*distance 10.187 5.094 0.1624 31.37 0.000

S = 0.918559 PRESS = 30.8571R-Sq = 99.81% R-Sq(pred) = 99.76% R-Sq(adj) = 99.79%

Analysis of Variance for calorie (coded units)

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F PMain Effects 2 11863.6 11863.6 5931.78 7030.26 0.000 road surface 1 7969.5 7969.5 7969.53 9445.37 0.000 distance 1 3894.0 3894.0 3894.03 4615.15 0.000


2-Way Interactions 1 830.3 830.3 830.28 984.04 0.000 road surface*distance 1 830.3 830.3 830.28 984.04 0.000Residual Error 28 23.6 23.6 0.84 Pure Error 28 23.6 23.6 0.84Total 31 12717.5

This fit has a large R2 and adjusted R2, but low (>0.10) p-values (in the "Prob>F" column) makes it clear that the model are significant and all the terms are significant.

he magnitudes of the effect estimates show that "Road surface" is by far the most important factor. "Distance" plays the next most critical role.

Below shows the main interaction effect of all factors. We can see road surface and distance are almost parallel and therefore do not indicate that significant.


5.1 Conclusion

As a result of this experiment, we have concluded that by running the

experiments at a steeper distance will increase the calories burnt. Hence, from the

experiment to maximize the number of calorie burned, the running should be done at

high level of road surface, which is the hill. That is the running should be done at a

hilly road surface and to add up more calorie runners can choose to increase their

distance. In conclusion, all the factors have effect on calorie burning. The main

factors (difficulty level and distance) are significant (p – values < 0.05 – 95%

confidence interval for).

5.2 Recommendations

There are many other factors which may influence the running design. So we

feel that this experiment needs to be done with some more factors into consideration.

Other potential factors such as the speed of running can be considered.


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