krab 8.0 en

K R A B – E V A L U A T I O N P R O G R A M K R A B 8 . 0

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2011 Copyright KŽV 01/2011 Krab80_eng_kota.docx_kota.doc

TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION MEASURING TROLLEY FOR TRACK GEOMETRY IV. Evaluation program KRAB 8.0

Komerční železniční výzkum, s.r.o.U Kapličky 1199, 165 00 Praha 6

tel.: +420233920185© 2011 Copyright KŽV 01/2011



CONTENTS:

1. INTRODUCTION 4

1.1. What is new in KRAB 8.0 4

1.2. The main functions of KRAB 8.0 software 4 2. PRIMARY GEOMETRICAL DATA 6

2.1. File extensions *.KRM, *.KRL, *.KRK 6

2.1.1. The head 6

2.1.2. Events 6

2.2. *.KRX 7

3. Full set of geometrical values (GPK) 8

4. FILE 9

4.1. File | Open (F3) 9

4.2. File | Open Project … 9 4.3. Recent files 10

4.4. File | Close (F8) 10

4.5. File | Close all (Ctrl+F8) 10

4.6. File | Close Project 10

4.7. File | Save (F2) 10

4.8. File | Save as … 10

4.9. Save Project as … 10

4.10. File | Export ► 10

4.11. File | Exit Ctrl-X 11 5. EDIT 12

5.1. Edit | Head Ctrl+H 12

5.1.1. „Events“ button 13

5.1.2. „RP“ button 14

5.2. Edit | Data ► 15

5.3. Edit | Design values ► 17

5.4. Edit | Subsection (F5) 19

5.5. Edit | Reverse section Ctrl+R 19

5.6. Edit | Resampling 20 5.7. Edit | Append file Ctrl+F3 21

6. OPTIONS 22

6.1. Options | Options 22

6.1.1. Card „Calculation” 22

6.1.2. Card „Print“ 23

6.1.3. Card „Graphs of data editation“ 24

6.1.4. Card „Options“ 25

6.1.5. Card „Section evaluation“ 26

6.2. Options | Graphic evaluation 28 6.3. Options | Evaluation parameters Ctrl+P 28

6.4. Options | Limits 29



6.5. Options | Quality index 30

6.6. Options | EF-GES und GSS konstanten 31

7. EVALUATION 32

7.1. Evaluation | Geometry calculation F12 32

7.2. Evaluation | Break points calculation (Ctrl F12) 32

7.3. Evaluation | Delete all break points 32

7.4. Evaluation | Center line of primary alignment (Shift Ctrl F12) 32

7.5. Evaluation | Local defects 32

7.6. Evaluation | Local defect in [%] 34 7.7. Evaluation | Local defects by ČSN 35

7.8. Evaluation | Local defect by DB / ADIF etc. 35

7.9. Evaluation | Section evaluation 35

7.10. Evaluation | Section evaluation of two measurements 36

7.11. Evaluation | Statistics 37

7.12. Evaluation | Highlighted sections 37

8. GRAPH 38

8.1. Graph | Track (F4) 38

8.2. Graph | Compare two signals Ctrl+F4 39 8.3. Graph | Compare two files Shift+F4 39

8.4. Graph | Track map 40

9. WINDOW 42

10. HELP 43

10.1. Help | About 43



1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. What is new in KRAB 8.0

KRAB8.0 is designed for operating systems Windows 98 and higher. It follows previous extensively used version of the evaluation software KRAB7.x. In addition to several small improvements of operation it features the following new functions:

Introduces evaluation of new data file format .KRX. This format includes limits used during the measurement and may include track events (facilities) database. According to these events, program computes design values of specific geometrical values and shifts evaluation limits according to computed design values.

Introduces work with projects. Projects enable the user to save unfinished work for later. List of last opened files and projects Changes in graph display Display GPS events via .gpx files directly in GoogleEarth Track map - work with ground plan of track

1.2. The main functions of KRAB 8.0 software

Software KRAB 8.0 allows comprehensive processing of the geometrical data acquired during measurement by KRAB trolley on the tracks. These so-called primary geometrical data are saved in the files *.KRM, *.KRL, *.KRK or *.KRX. The main function of KRAB 8.0 software is calculation of so-called complete set of GPK values. They are calculated using the mathematical procedures on the primary data, which derive the geometrical values in terms of EN13848, i.e. alignment and longitudinal top of the rail in the wave bands D1 (1-25 m) or D2 (25-70 m). Apart from the so-called real geometry it is possible to operate with deflections on the optionally long and asymmetric chord.

Calculated values could be displayed, evaluated from the point of view of local errors using command Evaluation | Local errors, evaluated using so-called section evaluation Evaluation | Section evaluation and also printed. Software KRAB 8.0 allows to evaluate up to 5 files at the same time. Names of all currently opened files are shown in the pull down list in the lower right corner. All file operations relate to the file selected from this list.

List of the geometrical values has been extended with cant according to ORE (so-called ORE Verwindung), summary signal of the local errors (Gesamtsignal Einzelfehler GSE), summary signal of the standard errors (Gesamtsignal Standardabweichung GSS), cyclic contacts (CS), curvature could be calculated for left and right rail.

All software functions are divided into eight basic parts, which are shown in the upper menu bar:

File Edit Options Evaluation Graph Print Window Help

KRAB 8.0 is controlled using pull down menu with items representing individual commands, which directly perform certain operations (calculation, display, print etc.) or display dialog windows, which allow to set required parameters for these commands. Some of the most often used functions are accessible also using the toolbar in the upper main window or shortcuts.



Important shortcuts facilitating software operation:

F1 = context help F2 = save primary data file F3, Ctrl F3 = load primary data file, append other file F4 = graphic display of the values F5, Ctrl+F5 = select part of the section, select part of the section according to the

selected part of the graph F8, Ctrl+F8 = close currently opened file, close all opened files Insert / Delete = insert / select turning point Alt-F4 = close windows Ctrl+X = exit

Frequently used program functions are accessible from the toolbar:

Open file…

Close file…

Save file…

Head editation

Geometry data editation Subsection parameters

Program configuration

Graphic output

Geometry calculation

Local defects evaluation

Section evaluation

Graphic evaluation

Compare two signals

Compare two files

Track map

Cascade windows

Horizontal windows



2. PRIMARY GEOMETRICAL DATA

2.1. File extensions *.KRM, *.KRL, *.KRK

The file name is formed from the date and time of the measurement start (file creation).

XDDHHMMS.KR… X - month hexadecimal (1=January,...9=September, A=October B=November, C=December) DD - day HH - hour MM - minute S - check sign

Measurement data file *.KRM / *.KRL/*.KRK is composed from three parts:

Head Primary geometrical values Description

2.1.1. The head The header has fixed size 1024 bytes (*.KRM) or 2048 bytes

(*.KRL/*.KRK) and contains the following data:

Measurement title* Remark* Date and time of the measurement end Serial number of the KRAB measurement software used for the file creation Number of the measured primary geometrical values N Number of the measured samples M Location of the KRAB trolley on the track Initial distance in km of the measured trail* Type of the measured data (tram rails, rail trails or tamping)* Used chord base The sections length of the asymmetric measuring chord Length of the events list (for *.KRM/*.KRL max 50, for *.KRK without limitations) Number of used events (for *.KRM/*.KRL max 200, for *.KRK without limitations) Sequential numbers of the event samples and code samples (for *.KRM/*.KRL max 200, for *.KRK

without limitations) Values of the calibrations factors and shifts of the geometrical values with respect to the format,

which is used for their storage. *) data marked by asterisk could be edited by Edit | Header command.

2.1.2. Events Events are attached at the end of the data file. They have a different structure based on the file type (given by the extension *.KRM/*.KRL/*.KRK). Maximum number of events is limited to 50 for files *.KRM, *.KRL. If two such files are combined together, events over 50 are lost. *.KRK files do not have limitations for number of events.

Head 1024/2048 byte 1st sample (N-group) geom.val. 2nd sample etc. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. : : : : : : : : Numer of samples Events

Primary geometrical values



2.2. *.KRX

.KRX is a data format used with Krab8vNET software and higher.

The file name is formed according to this formula: YYMMDDHHMM.krx

Measurement data file is an archive composed of binary *.dat files (with 2kB XML head) and 3 other .XML files. These .XML files are:

header.XML – hardware identification, measurement settings, calibration constants used during the measurement, number of geometrical values measured etc.

events.XML – events manually entered during the measurement, GPS events and track database events

limits.XML – limits of geometrical values used during the measurement for all defined speed zones



3. Full set of geometrical values (GPK) Full set of geometrical values corresponds with the European standard EN13484 and is listed in the following table under the numbers 1 to 25.

Primary values (see Chyba! Nenalezen droj odkazů.):

1. Primary gauge (pr_Gauge) 2. Primary alignment (pr_Alignment) 3. Primary top (pr_Top) 4. Primary alignment (pr_Cant) 5. Prim. quasi-twist (pr_QTwist) 6. Primary alignment on the long base

(pr_AligLong) 7. Primary top on the long base

(pr_TopLong) Calculated quantities:

8. Rail top - dynamic, right (Tp_R) 9. Rail top - dynamic, left (Tp_L) 10. Rail cant - dynamic (Ct_dyn) 11. Rail cant - quasistatic (Ct_Qs) 12. Rail cant - total (Cant) 13. Rail alignment - quasistatic, right (1000/R_R) rail curvature 1000/R [m] 14. Rail alignment - quasistatic, left (1000/R_L) rail curvature 1000/R [m] 15. Rail alignment - dynamic, right (Al_dyn_R) 16. Rail alignment - dynamic, left (Al_dyn_L) 17. Rail alignment - total, right (Al_R) 18. Rail alignment - total, left (Al_L) 19. Track gauge - dynamic (Ga_dyn) 20. Track gauge - quasistatic (Ga_Qs) 21. Track gauge – total (Ga) 22. Variation of Gauge per m (Ga/m) 23. Track twist on base BZ1 (Tw1) 24. Track twist on base BZ2 (Tw2) 25. Track twist on base BZ3 (Tw3) 26. ORE twist (ORE_twist) 27. GSE summary signal of local defects (GSE) 28. Cyclic top (CycTop) 29. GSS summary signal of standard deviation (GSS) 30. Cant deficiency (uf)

Fig. 1 Rail twist is vertical distance of point 5 referring plane given by points (1, 3, 4). Quasi Twist qZK is vertical distance of point 5 refering plane given by points (1, 3, 2) = (1, 3, 4’).



4. FILE Examples in the following text of this manual are based on the file containing sample geometrical data measurements A310747X.krl Demo, J.Turek. Commands under item File are used for operation with the files *.KRM/*.KRL/*.KRK containing primary measured values.

4.1. File | Open (F3)

Select file *.KRM/KRL/KRK and load its contents. It allows selection of the file based either on the name or contents of the header. Click on the file name list in the lower left window. Listing through the file name list automatically shows header data: name, remark, and length of the measured track, date, time and duration of the measurement.

The file is loaded by pressing Enter key, followed by:

Display of the measurement name in the pull down list in the upper right window.

The loaded file is active (all other activities relates to it, unless other file from the list is selected).

Window for editing the header data is opened (see 5.1).

4.2. File | Open Project …

This option enables to open project file (.kproj). Project joins several opened files with their settings. Files saved within a project are automatically opened, recalculated and specific parameters (subsections, extreme sections, speed zones, opened windows and their positions) are saved to project file.



4.3. Recent files

Program memorizes last 20 opened files. This option enables fast access to them.

4.4. File | Close (F8)

Close current file *.KRM/KRL/KRK/*.KRX. This action needs to be confirmed:

The current file is removed from the list in the right lower window after pressing Yes button.

4.5. File | Close all (Ctrl+F8)

Close all opened files. This action needs to be confirmed. The list in the right lower window is cleared after pressing Yes button.

4.6. File | Close Project

Closes current project.

4.7. File | Save (F2)

Save file *.KRM/KRL/KRK/KRX on hard drive with all changes.

4.8. File | Save as …

Save *.KRM/KRL/KRK file on hard drive under different name. It is recommended to retain the original name and add characters to it, so that the data about time and date of the measurement start are maintained (see 2).

4.9. Save Project as …

This option enables to save project file (.kproj). Project joins several opened files with their settings. Files saved within a project are automatically opened, recalculated and specific parameters (subsections, extreme sections, speed zones, opened windows and their positions) are saved to project file.

4.10. File | Export ►

Export measured and calculated geometrical values to ASCII file. It is possible to choose between export of all values, one selected value or export all independent events. The commands differ if they are executed before the command Evaluation | Geometry calculation F12 or after it. In the first case only the primary values could be exported, in the second case all geometrical values are exported. The commands Save Project as …




File | Export ► | All values/One value export header data, distance values, column/columns of the geometrical values, two columns of the so-called Design values (see 5.3) and eventually column Events in both cases.

Geometrical values are saved in the text file with *.ASC appendix and they could be imported into other software (e.g. Excel). Export depends on the parameters, which can be set in window “Options” (chapter 6.1.4). It is also possible to disable export of certain columns of the geometrical values and set the sampling distance, which is used for the export here. If you want to export data in the shortest possible distance, set 0.25 m. Any other value skips respective number of the data. It is also possible to export GPS events to .gpx file.

4.11. File | Exit Ctrl-X

Exit from the software.



5. EDIT This section of menu items contains commands changing contents of the files with measured data (*.KRM/*.KRL/*.KRK). It allows changing header data and events as well as primary values signals.

5.1. Edit | Head Ctrl+H

Edit header data of *.KRM/*.KRL/*.KRK/*.KRX file. It opens the following dialog window, which allows editing the following data:

Measurement description

Remark

Starting point of the measured section

Increasing or decreasing of the KM chainige Up/Down

Measured track type (only for information)



The other data remain unchangeable:

Date and time of the measurement start Measurement trolley serial number Number of the geometrical values in the sample (see 2.2) Number of the measured samples M Trolley location on the track during the measurement:

Calibration data table for sensors of the primary geometrical values. Sections of the measuring chord c1[m] and c2[m] (see chapter 5.3) are important to determine the design values of the curvature.

5.1.1. „Events“ button Events button opens window allowing edition of events entered during measurement. Window contains list of events entered during measurement. This list is displayed in the table with three columns (Sample –

sequential number of the sample, Code of the event and Name of the event). Each row of the table represents one event. Clicking on the row highlights it and allows editing, deleting or entering new event. Events sequential numbers need not to be maintained. Maximum length of the list is 200 events (this limitations does not apply to *.KRK files).

Sequential number of the sample uniquely represents the position on the measured track, to which the event refers. This definiteness does not apply generally. One value of the kilometer distance



may refer to several samples and thus to different locations on the track due to the so-called events KM shift. The relationship between sample number and the kilometer distance for the sample measurement Demo, J. Turek (file A310747X.krl) is shown on the following graph:

Two different samples 361 and 441 (in purple) belong to KM 120.215 for this particular graph.

The event code is the sequential number from Event list within <1, 2047>. The first 50 codes mark so-called track events, the others are reserved for kilometer distance shift according to the following equation:

KM change [m] = event code - 1000

KM change may be in range 949 m decrease and 1047 increase of the current KM (this limitation does not apply to *.KRK and *.KRX files).

The event name is any text string with maximum length of 16 characters.

5.1.2. „RP“ button It opens Division to the speed zone sections (RP division).

When the data file is opened (see 4.1) whole measured track automatically creates one section, which is allocated one speed zone sub-section, selected in Options | Evaluation parameters window (chapter 6.3) or saved in data file (only KRK files). This division has automatically allocated name Integral RP and forms one row in the RP section list.

Another section is added by

119,855

119,905

119,955

120,005

120,055

120,105

120,155

120,205

120,255

120,305

1 401 801 1201 1601

KM

Sample number



pressing button , so that whole length of the measured section could be divided into connected sub-sections. Each sub-section could be independently named and assigned a different speed zone. The main purpose is to allow evaluation of the local errors (see 7.8) according to changing boundary values of the deviations along the measured track section. The evaluation scope may not be changed between sections (deviation boundaries for operation/renewal etc.); only the track speed zone may be changed, which expresses certain track class with common requirements on the allowed deviation tolerances. E.g.:

Subsection could be removed by clicking to the required line of the list and pressing button . Double click on the sub-section line to pen the editation window, where the required speed zone, end of sub-section (given by sample number) and sub-section name is set. The sub-section start is given by the end of previous sub-section.

The final division could be saved into *.TSZ (Track Speed Zone) file using button . Load division from the saved file by button .

Note: This is critical point, where speed zones, further used for the evaluation of the local defects, are defined. The window Options | Evaluation parameters (see Chapter 6.3) allows to set the speed zones as well, but this means only, that the newly opened measurement file (*.KRM/*.KRL/*.KRK) is assigned this speed zone into automatically generated sub-section, covering full length of measured track (name Uniform RP). If a newly opened *.KRK file contains information about RP, it has priority over value in Options | Evaluation parameters window.

5.2. Edit | Data ►

Edit signals of the track primary geometrical values. The command opens submenu (see figure on the right). The first command Show all shows all N measured geometrical signals, each in the independent graphic edit window. Command Hide all closes all opened graphic edit windows on desktop. Independent signals could be displayed using other menu commands. It opens graphic edit window with the signal of the selected channel.



Graphic edit window has several active elements and functions (see Fig. 1):

Fig. 1

The basic function of the graphic edit window is to show the signal, allow change of the horizontal and vertical scale and read signal ordinates using cursor. The horizontal scale could be changed using buttons [+] and [–], the vertical scale could be changed using [▲] and [▼]. Click on the window with the KM value of the horizontal cursor position to toggle between KM value and sequential sample number.

Tip! This is the easiest way to find the sample number and km value of the significant point of the track or noticeable geometrical error. The sample number could be used to set a new event (chapter 5.1.1), boundary of the speed zones (chapter 5.1.2) or sub-section start/stop (chapter 5.4).

Buttons Offset adjustment and Subsection selection are located in the right vertical toolbar of the window. These buttons are active only is the part of the signal in the windows pr_SK, pr_VK and pr_ZK is highlighted. Part of the signal is highlighted by mouse right click at the start, moving to the end and another mouse right click. The scroller could be used for move. Highlighting is canceled by Esc key.

The button Offset adjustment moves the signal in the vertical direction so that the mean value of the highlighted section is zero. This operation is called offset elimination and is important in particular for the primary alignment signal. By definition the mean value of the versine of the straight rail is zero, so select part of the signal of the straight rail. Offset results from the wrong calibration of the measuring equipment. It is corrected by so-called autocalibration. If the autocalibration is not made at the beginning of measurement, it must be corrected subsequently by this procedure.



Fig. 2 The green signal of the primary alignment is offset. The red signal is

correct. Left part of the signals is from the straight rail.

Click on the button to select sub-section. The result is the same as described in chapter 5.4.

The vertical lines mark events, purple break points. The break points are inserted at the cursor position by Insert key. The break point is deleted by positioning the cursor over it and pressing Delete key. The function of the break points is described in section 6.1.3. If the cursor is positioned over the event, its name is shown in the upper part of the window on the right.

5.3. Edit | Design values ►

This new function allows introducing the design (project) parameters of the measured track. The design parameters are defined for the Cant and Alignment and typically have form of the trapezoidal bent line.

The design value of the cant is defined by the positions of the starting and final points of the superelevation ramp and design value of the cant in these points.

The design value of the rail alignment is defined by the positions of the starting and final points of the tapering curve and curvature value in these points. The rail curvature is given by the deflection of the bend of the design radius R over the physical chord of the Krab trolley, which has been used for the measurement. The section lengths of the measuring chord of alignment c1[m] and c2[m] could be read from the file header (see chapter 5.1). The curvature value is calculated from the equation:

v = (1000 * c1 * c2) / (2R), where v[mm], c1 [m], c2 [m], R[m]

As we know the design values of the radiuses from the track profile, it is advised to prepare the table values of the design deflection by this equation in Excel. Interactive creation and editing of the bent line of the design values is available in the graphic editation window, which is opened when the menu items Cant and Alignment are activated. This window is similar to the graphic editation window of the primary geometrical values. Unlike this window it has two buttons for the numerical values of both signals (primary cant or alignment and design values) at the cursor position and more buttons in the toolbar. These buttons have the following functions:



Insert point of the design value at the cursor position

Delete design value point at the cursor position

Edit point at the cursor position

Insert multiple design value points at the bents

Load design values of the displayed quantity from *.dvl file

Save design values of the displayed quantity to *.dvl file

Display editing table with list of design value points

Insert/edit point button opens dialog window, which allows to interactively change position as well as design value.

Load/Save from/to file command works with both values at the same time, in contrast to the other buttons with the same purpose.

Import from *.CSV file command imports the design values created in advance in Excel and saved as *.CSV file.



5.4. Edit | Subsection (F5)

To select subsection from the whole active file. This command is activated also by F5 key. Click on the Selected section option and select first and last sample of the subsection. The scrollers could be used for selection. The KM value is displayed in the information window on the right. Cancel subsection selection by clicking on the Full section option.

Start and end of the subsection is exactly defined by the sequential number of the sample (the KM value is not unique identifier contrary to the sequential number, see 5.1.1). All other commands (graph printing, evaluation, statistics etc.) relate only to selected subsection. The exception is Evaluation | Geometry calculation F12. This commands works over whole set of the primary data.

The subsection selection could be made also in the editation window of the primary alignment, top or twist (see 5.2).

5.5. Edit | Reverse section Ctrl+R

This command organizes the measurement data in such a way, that it appears that the real measurement was performed in the other direction (rewind). The command:



Reverses sequence of the samples primary geometrical values Reverses sequence of events KM value (up/down) and trolley position (correct/incorrect) changes to the other value The initial KM value is calculated as the last KM value before turning.

From the practical point of view the command is similar to measuring the track from end to beginning. If the command is executed twice, the data returns to the initial state. The function is useful especially when comparing two measurements of the same track section measured in both directions.

5.6. Edit | Resampling

The sampling distance 0.25 m is measured in the rail, which is used by the wheel of the measuring trolley, which is equipped with the IRC sensor. It therefore depends on the trolley construction.

If the measured section contain bends, the lengths of the left and right rail differs. This causes the un-synchronization of the length when comparing two measuring passages – IRC wheel drives on two rail sections with different length, even though the rail length was identical. In order to correct this problem use Edit | Resampling command on the measured data. The procedure is described on Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Based on the measured rail curvature the curve radius R is calculated and the equidistant positions of the samples of the rail, which was used by IRC wheel, are projected to the track axis. These projections form new non-equidistant sampling base of the primary geometrical values. The final step of re-sampling is interpolation of the geometrical values from the non-equidistant base to the initial equidistant sampling base with the sampling step of 0.25 m, which is related to the rail axis.

As the algorithm operates with the rail curvature, it is important to correct offset of the primary alignment signal (see chapter 5.2). The algorithm must know the nominal gauge, so that the difference between left and right rail length could be calculated. Location of IRC and nominal gauge must be confirmed in the dialog window, which is opened immediately after the command is activated. Right/left means with respect to the trolley, which is pushed in the correct position (see Fig. 3).

Fig. 3



5.7. Edit | Append file Ctrl+F3

This function opens dialog window, which allows to select the file to be attached to the current file (its name is in the right bottom part of the information bar). If the selection is confirmed, the geometrical data from the selected file are attached at the end of the active file. The header data of the current file remain unchanged. The event distances are recalculated. If both files contain more than 200 events or more than 50 different event names, the excess events are lost (this limitation does not apply to KRK files).

The function is used to join two connected measurements, divided for example by the break.



6. OPTIONS Commands in this part of menu are used for setup of the program, graphic output, evaluation parameters, tables of the local defects and tables with parameters for calculation of the quality.

6.1. Options | Options

It is used for program setup (preferences, print, GPK calculations, …). It contains four cards.

6.1.1. Card „Calculation” It defines parameters of the frequency bands and filter types for each geometrical value. Levels and alignment is defined either in real geometry or as versine. Parameters in this card may be changed only if the program was started with parameter /mistr (krab.exe /mistr).

The following values are used in the card:

FIR-Kaiser non-recursive filter with the Kaiser window of 3.5 order.

Trapezoidal non-recursive filter with the trapezoidal weighted window. It corresponds to the floating mean used twice. The length of the first floating mean is 20/39 of the boundary wavelength. The length of the second is 2/3 of the first floating mean.

Triangular non-recursive filter with the triangular wavelength window. It corresponds with the same floating mean of the 4/9 boundary wavelength used twice.

Butterworth recursive filter of the 4th order used twice both ways. This filter has almost same selective properties as FIR-Kaiser.

The boundary wavelength (Max, Min) is defined as the wavelength, whose amplitude of the transfer function for given filter is equal to ½ (see Fig. 5).



Fig. 5 Transfer functions of the filters for rail alignment and curvature

Gauge/? [m] – calculates Change of gauge (Ga/m) signal on specified base in [m]

Gauge total checkbox – if unchecked, only Ga_dyn (shortwave part of gauge) is evaluated in Local defects

Cant total checkbox - if unchecked, twist (Tw1, Tw2, Tw3) is calculated only from shortwave part of cant

ÖBB checkbox – if checked, in non-zero sections of cant design signal (regardless whether they were entered manually or from track database) twist design values are replaced with +/-1.1 [mm/m] respecting cant slope sign. This is special fiction for ÖBB.

6.1.2. Card „Print“ Contains parameters for the print setup. The parameters are valid for printing of graphs as well as tables.



6.1.3. Card „Graphs of data editation“ It defines appearance of the window for graphic editation of the primary signals; see Chapter 13, Fig. 1. Also the parameters for the break points are defined here.

Break points setting. The break points may be added manually or automatically. The break point is inserted manually at the cursor position by Insert key in the graph of the editation of the primary data. The break points are shown by the vertical lines; its color is selected in the card. Add/delete points by positioning cursor over the break point line and press Insert/Delete keys. Distance in [m] from the theoretical position of the cursor on both sides, where Insert/Delete keys are active, so-called cursor sensitivity, is given in the Active cursor field. The centre line is recalculated after each change of the break points, so that the best interaction could be found.

The break points are automatically located by command Evaluation | Break points calculation (Ctrl F12). The algorithm of the automatic location is as follows:

1. Wavelength band-pass signal is filtered; the items Min and Max wavelength band-pass give its limit wavelengths. The Triangular filter (floating mean used twice) is used for the wavelength band-pass.

2. Square of the calculated signal is so-called test signal, which is unipolar (positive). Local maximum of the unipolar signal determine location of the break points.

3. The local maximum of the test signal is located using algorithm, which uses insensitivity band. This value is entered on the card in units of the testing signal, i.e. [mm2].

4. Algorithm for location of the local maxima ignores such values, which are smaller, than the filtered value of the testing signal by simple floating mean in place of the local maximum. The length of the floating mean (not the limit wave length of the filter characteristic) is the third value on the Card „Graphs of data editation“ /Break points.

Automatically found break points could be manually modified (deleted, inserted). To delete all break points at the same time use command Evaluation | Delete all break points.



The purpose of the break points is to find the mean value of the primary alignment signal in the shape of the bent curve, which is the best way to approximate the trapezoidal shape, because the primary alignment signal is deflection – curvature. The break points are used by the program to calculate the alignment signal mean automatically after the data file is loaded if the Linear approximation in the Card „Calculation” in the pull down list is selected. The result of the alignment filtration is shown in the graph of the primary data editation as another signal.

The filtration type depends on the selected filter. Except the linear approximation all usual four continuous filtering types FIR-Kaiser, Trapezoidal, Triangular, Butteword are available, together with the special option Design alignment value.

The linear approximation is used for section with small radius bends R<=150 m, where continuous filtering rounds peaks (edges) of the rail curvature trapezoids too much, which causes unrealistically high short wavelength deviation of the alignment in such places. In practice it is mostly branch tracks of the switches and tram rails.

The linear approximation fits alignment signal in the subsections between each two break points with the straight line using least square method. The end point of each fitting line in one sub-section is start point of line of the next sub-section. The resulting folded curve is smoothed by using simple floating average with the length given by value Smooth of linear approximation [m].

The change of the rail curvature parameters (in card Calculation it Minimum wavelength of curvature [m] and filter type, in Card „Graphs of data editation“ field Smooth of linear approximation [m]) does not have automatic influence. In order to show the changes, it is necessary to manually use the function Evaluation | Center line of primary alignment (Shift Ctrl F12).

The break points could also be used for creation of the design values of the alignment and cant in advance (see Chapter 5.3). And the design value of the alignment could be used as the primary alignment signal mean, if the Design value filter is selected in the Card „Calculation” in the pull down menu.

6.1.4. Card „Options“ Language field allows to set the language, which will be used by the program. The languages shown in the window are fixed and may not be changed. The language selected from the external text file ING may be edited. It is therefore possible to create a new language version of the software by simple copying and translation of the new ING file.

The Export field allows to set the way the command 4.6 Save Project as …


File | Export ► will work. If the step for export is selected higher than basic 0.25 m, the events will not be completely exported.



6.1.5. Card „Section evaluation“

This card contains parameters, which together with table of the standard deviations σ1 and σ2 (see 6.5) control commands Evaluation | Section evaluation – two measurements. The method of the calculation is given by the transformation function z = f(σ), where z represents quality ZKV and σ is standard deviation SDO.

All transformation functions with passes through points P1[σ1,z1] and P2[σ2,z2], except RENFE function:



Fig. 6 Passing of the transformation functions through points P1 and P2

Usually average quality is chosen as z1 and the limit quality is chosen as z2. The standard deviation σ1 corresponds to 50% quantile of the standard deviation set (median), σ2 corresponds to selected limit quantile (e.g. 85%).

The value zmax = a presents max limit for the exponential, Butterword and inverse exponential curves. The transformation curves are given by the equations with parameters m and b, which are calculated by the program from the condition of the passage through points P1 and P2, where conditions σ1<σ2 a z1≠z2<zmax apply. If z1<z2 the transformation curves are rising (see Fig. 6) and vice versa.

Exponential (1 e )m

bz a

Logarithmic 1 Ln( )zm b

Butterword 1(1 )

1 ( )mz a

b

Inv. exponential em

bz a

Power (potential) mz b

RENFE 10 5 , pro 110 2 , pro 1

zz

The RENFE curve is fixed (does not have the parameters) and is always decreasing.



6.2. Options | Graphic evaluation

Setup of the output and contents of the graph of the geometrical values (see Chapter 8).

The graph consists from up to ten paths top down. The marking field on the left in front of the path name inserts/removes the path from the graph.

Each graph path may contain up to two geometrical signals shown by the signal name in windows Signal 1 and Signal 2.

The color of both signals could be changed by right click of the mouse on the respective roll down menu of all available geometrical signals.

The path name is any text string, which appropriately describes the path contents. Attention, the software does not check its relevance; it therefore should not be confusing!

Width [mm] is the displaying width of the path in the printed graph. On the monitor the path width is only proportional to the other paths. The number fields Min and Max [mm] determine what signal 1 amplitude will correspond to the upper or lower path boundary; in connection with path width determines the amplitude scale of the geometrical Signal 1 according to equation Width : (Max - Min).

The field amplification shows multiplication constant of amplitude of the second Signal 2. It allows to display the second signal in a scale different than the first signal. The amplitude scale of the possible second signal is given by the equation Gain – Width : (Max - Min).

Setup of the graphical evaluation could be saved in the GSK file or it could be loaded from the previously saved GSK file. This allows to save several types of the setup in different files and easily change the setup (by loading from the file).

Newly, you can also access Options of graphic evaluation directly from graph:

6.3. Options | Evaluation parameters Ctrl+P

It opens the dialog window, with the parameters, which, together with the limit values table (see 6.4), control commands Evaluation | Local defects:

Use limits from data file. (If they exist) radiobutton - .krx files include limits used during the measurement. If you want to use these limits, keep this box checked.

Use internal limits (from file krab.mh) radiobutton – choose this if you want to use limits defined in .mh file

Limits for: - choose which levels you want to evaluate. Possible choices are Level 1,2,3; Level 2,3; Level 3



Limits in max [km/h] column are used for track quality index (TQI) calculation, when REFER calculation method is selected.

6.4. Options | Limits

The command opens table, which allows to set the limit values (thereinafter limits) for evaluation of the local defects. These limits use functions 8.5 and 8.8. The three twist bases are set in the table as well as limits for cyclic connections.



The data in the table are by default loaded from the file Krab.mh. After the exit from Krab 8.00 the software automatically saves performed changes into this file.

Save as… button saves the current table contents into the user file. It is recommended to use MH extension.

Load… button allows to load values to the table from the other user file (created by Save... button).

The groups of commands Evaluation | Local defects uses limit values from the current table of limits of the local defects. The user is obliged to secure compliance of the limits with regulations and standards like ČSN, SR103 etc.

6.5. Options | Quality index

The command opens table where it is possible to set the standard deviation σ1 and σ2 values, which correspond to two quality marks z1 and z2 see 6.1.5 Card „Section evaluation“.

The data in the table are by default loaded from the file Krab.zk. After the exit from Krab 7.00 the software automatically saves performed changes into this file.

Save as… button saves the current table contents into the user file. It is recommended to use ZK extension.



Load… button allows to load values to the table from the other user file (created by Save... button).

The data from this table are used by groups of commands 7.9 Evaluation | Section evaluation and 8 Evaluation | Section evaluation of both measurements. The user is obliged to secure compliance of the used values with regulations and standards like EN, DS, ČSN…

6.6. Options | EF-GES und GSS konstanten

In this dialogue you can enter parameters for two special german values used by german railway. For other users only the Gsw uf column is important. Indicated speeds are, depending on speed zone, used for calculation of cant deficiency (CD) signal.

//vypocete Cant_deficienty_uf dle vzorce uf = 11,8 * v2 * Kr_TP - GH_TP //Kr_TP je křivost Sk_ks_L/1000 nebo P, GH_TP je PK_ks Procedure Cant_deficienty_uf(Sk_ks_L, Sk_ks_P, PK_ks, Cant_def_uf : TKrabDataArray; v : real); var pomSig : TKrabDataArray; begin SecistSignalY(Sk_ks_L, Sk_ks_P, Cant_def_uf); Cant_def_uf.nasobitKonstantou(11.8 * v * v * 0.5 / 1000); //Cant_def_uf.convertToAbs; pomSig := PK_ks.clone; // pomSig.nasobitKonstantou(1/1000); //pomSig.convertToAbs; OdecistSignaly(Cant_def_uf, pomSig, Cant_def_uf); pomSig.free; end;

Naformátováno: Písmo: 10 b.,Zúžené o 0,25 b.



7. EVALUATION This part of the menu contains commands for evaluation of the track geometrical values.

7.1. Evaluation | Geometry calculation

F12

This part of the program operates the main function „Calculation of the real GPK values”. The command runs sequence of the calculations, which is reported to user through reports on the monitor. The result of the calculation is transformation of the primary geometrical values to the complete set of the rail geometrical position.\

7.2. Evaluation | Break points calculation (Ctrl F12)

This function calculates break points position (start and end points of the tapering curves) based on the parameters set in Card „Graphs of data editation“. If the automatically found points are not suitable for the user, he may repeat the calculation with changed parameters or he can set the points manually using Insert/Delete keys in the primary alignment signal editation window. Using File | Close Project

Closes current project.

File | Save (F2) function the break points are saved into the primary values file and are retained and accessible for later use.

7.3. Evaluation | Delete all break points

This function deletes all break points. Regardless if they have been loaded from the primary values file KRM/KRL, calculated or inserted manually.

7.4. Evaluation | Center line of primary alignment (Shift Ctrl F12)

This function calculates primary alignment signal mean value using filtration method with parameters, which are set in the card Options | Program configuration | Card „Calculation” for curvature. The first four classic filters (FIR-Kaiser, Trapezoidal, Triangular, Butterword) do not use break points. If the linear approximation filter is selected, the signal mean value is calculated based on the current break points using linear approximation between individual break points. The detailed description is shown in Options | Program configuration | Data editation graphs. The function should be used for tracks with bents with R<300 mm (especially for shifts and tram tracks).

The command Evaluation | Center line of primary alignment (Shift Ctrl F12) is executed automatically after the primary geometrical values file is opened. This is the reason why the same mean signal value is visible in the signal editation window each time. The functions 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4 are used in practice only if the track with small radiuses is evaluated and the mean value needs to be determined by the linear approximation method based on the break points. Recalculation of the mean value by the classical filtration for changed parameters is less frequent.

7.5. Evaluation | Local defects

The command calculates and shows a general table of the local defects. Exceeding of the allowed value (limit) by the given geometrical value is considered as the local defect. The operation of the command depends on the speed zone or division to the speed zones (see paragraph 5.1.2) and scope of use of limits of the local defects (see 6.3 Options | Evaluation parameters). The table contains bookmarks according to the number of the sub-sections of the individual speed zones. The example of the record of the local defect



3-8.8/2

means that the defect is 3 m long, the extreme value is 8.8 mm and it exceeds level 2.

This table as well as any other could be exported to the text file or printed using icons.

icon enable to export GPS events to .gpx file. icon opens .gpx associated application (e.g. GoogleEarth) and displays track on the map.

opens Track Map. In track map you can see a ground view of the track based on curvature measuring.



In Defects display you can choose which local defects you want to see and their importance indicated by colors. You can also rotate and zoom the ground view of the track. Ground view can be exported to .kml file. Cursor is connected to cursor in the Graphic evaluation.

7.6. Evaluation | Local defect in [%]

The data in the table show how many % of the total section length comprises of the places, where the local defect limits are exceeded.

Navigation panel

ZOOM

Display events

Display speed zones

Angle of rotation

Export to .KML file

Defects display



7.7. Evaluation | Local defects by ČSN

This command calculates and shows table, which is similar to Evaluation | Local defects, which respects custom practices of the local defect marking according to ČSN736360.

7.8. Evaluation | Local defect by DB / ADIF etc.

This command calculates and shows table, which is similar to Evaluation | Local defects, which respects custom practices of the local defect marking.

7.9. Evaluation | Section evaluation

The command compiles table of the standard deviations and quality indexes. It uses settings from the 6.1.5 Card „Section evaluation“ and parameters from the table 6.5 Options | Quality index. The principle of the section evaluation consist of division of the selected track section to so-called basic sections. On each basic section (usually 200 m long) the values of the standard deviations (SDO, σ) of the four geometrical values are calculated:

Dynamical alignment to the rail axis Al_dyn_A Dynamical gauge Ga_dyn Dynamical cant Ct_dyn Dynamical top in the rail axis Tp_A

These standard deviations are used for calculation of the so-called quality index (QI, z) using one of the transformations z = f(σ), described in 6.1.5. The transformation parameters m and b depend on the selected speed zone and are calculated based on the values in the table Options | Quality index. The so-called total quality index, tamping index ZP and quality number CK are calculated next. CK is weighted average of the four standard deviations described above; the weights are shown in the last row of the table Options | Quality index. The basic section length could be se in Card „Section evaluation“. If the section length is higher than the total length, the total signal length is used as the section length. The command Section evaluation tries to divide the selected section to the basic section in such a way, that the divisions between individual basic sections are located on the KM values, which are multiplication of the basic section length. The exponential transformation is used in the following example:



Use the button to open a track map associated with Section evaluation. Use section display to choose, which quality index you want to display.

7.10. Evaluation | Section

evaluation of two measurements

This command is similar to the previous one; the exception is that it compares two measurements. Select two measurements for comparison in the dialog window for selection of the two files. The first is referential. The division into the basic sections is made according to the first measurement, the second is divided identically as the first according to the number of samples of the individual basic sections. The KM value of the second measurement is not taken into account. If any standard deviation or quality index in a basic section of the second measurement higher, than in the first one, the line is highlighted in red.

Section display



7.11. Evaluation | Statistics

This command opens the dialog window for selection of the individual geometrical value and subsequently calculates and displays window with the statistical characteristics. The individual statistics are defined as follows:

Minimum: minimum value Min = min[xi], i=1..n

Maximum: maximum value Max = max[xi], i=1..n

Average: average value 1

1 n

iin

x x

Abs. deviation: 1

1 | ( ) |n

iin

x x

Standard deviation:

2

1

1

1( )

n

iin

x x

SDO noncentered: 2

1

1

1

n

nc iinx

Variance: 2 2

1

1

1( )

n

iin

v x x

Skewness: 3

1

1 ( )n

iin

sw x x

Kurtosis: 44

1

1 ( ) 3n

iin

ct x x

7.12. Evaluation | Highlighted sections

Saves highlighted section to ascii file (see also chapter 8.1).



8. GRAPH

8.1. Graph | Track (F4)

The command opens window, which could display up to 10 paths, each may show one or two geometrical value signal. The number of the displayed tracks, their width, min, max, signals and colors could be set in 6.2 Options | Graphic evaluation. The horizontal scale could be changed using buttons „+“ and „-„ in range of 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 m. The current KM value of the cursor position is displayed in the upper left corner. Click on the KM field to toggle between KM/sample display. The vertical red lines mark position of the events or KM value shifts. Position cursor over the line (using mouse or arrows) to display the event name in the upper window bar. The horizontal dashed lines show local defects limits.

The green line marks boundary between neighboring speed zone sections. The purple line marks the break points. These lines are not printed.

The icon Show event list is in the right toolbar. Click on the item in the list and the displayed graph moves to the particular position on the track.

Icon Print starts graph printing, which is affected by the setup in Card „Print“. The layout of the paths and signals corresponds to the monitor. The printer is selected after the command is executed (from the installed printers in Windows 95/98/NT). In order to archive files it is useful to print it into PDF file using e.g. Acrobat Writer.

The Temporary path scale icon opens list of the paths and after the selection is made it displays window for temporary change. The change applies only for the monitor display, not for printing and is valid until the graph window is closed. The editing window could be displayed any time by double clicking on the particular path.

Drag mouse and right click at the beginning and end to select the sub-section and activate it using icon Subsection. The graph will show only data from this selected subsection.

Use the right mouse button to highlight a section. Then by [+] Highlight section button you can add a section to highlighted sections and save (Options | Highlighted sections) all highlighted sections to ascii file. You can also remove section from highlighted sections by putting cursor over highlighted section and pressing [-] Highlight section.

Send message to associated application – sends a message to application (e.g. AutoCAD)

Cursor Scale

Events

Print

Min/max

Subsection

[+] Highlight section

[-] Highlight section

Send message to associated application

Event



8.2. Graph | Compare two signals Ctrl+F4

The command shows the dialog window for selection of the two files of measurements and required signals to compare:

Displays the special graphic window, which compares two signals:

The window is divided into upper and lower part. The upper part shows both selected signals and the lower part shows their difference. Both parts are divided by the scroll bar, which shifts the second signal in the direction of the X-axis with respect to the first signal. Click at the scroll bar arrows to shift the signal by 0.25 m, click into the scroll bar to shift by 1 m. This allows precise synchronization of both signals. The cursor allows to read signal values and their difference. The lower numerical window shows the standard deviation of the difference signal in the displayed length.

8.3. Graph | Compare two files Shift+F4

The command is similar as the previous one, but allows to compare more geometrical signals at the same time, while no difference signals are displayed. The command displays dialog window for selection of the files:



The paths are appointed in the same way as for Graph | Track (F4). Each path shows two signals of the same quantity from different measurements. If Options | Graphic evaluation defines for one path two signals the second is ignored. The signal color of the second measurement depends on setting of Signal 2 in Options | Graphic evaluation.

8.4. Graph | Track map

Opens a Track map (ground view of the track)



Navigation panel

ZOOM

Display events

Display speed zones

Angle of rotation

Export to .KML file



9. WINDOW This part of menu contains commands for organization of the open windows, their order (cascade, tile), minimization and icon layout. This is useful mostly when user works with more files at the same time (their mutual comparing etc.).

It also allows to select the active window from all opened files.



10. HELP This part of menu allows to display help and show information about the software (version, license owner, author).

The PC must have Internet connection in order to access Internet pages of the manufacturer.

10.1. Help | About

Shows initial screen with the software owner name and version number.

krab 8.0 en

Documents

evaluation section evaluation

evaluation statistics

options graphic evaluation

card section evaluation

options options

evaluation local defects

t i o n p r o g r

evaluation program krab