kramapatha_devasthali

7/28/2019 Kramapatha_Devasthali

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Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

KRAMA-PHAAuthor(s): G. V. DevasthaliSource: Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 58/59, Diamond JubileeVolume (1977-1978), pp. 573-582Published by: Bhandarkar Oriental Research InstituteStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41691728 .

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KRAMA-PTHA1By

G. V. DEVASTHALIThreemodesofVedic recitation ind mention n the AitareyaAra-nyaka3. 1. 3 undertheir ld designations irbhuja,ratrnna,nd ubhayama-

ntarena, orrespondingo Samhit,Pada, and Krama respectively.But theKramaappearsto be muchyounger hantheothertwo, because while theyare almostfreefromvariants, hesame does notappear to be the case withtheKrama. The earliestworkdealingwith heformation ftheKrama,theRk-prtikhya, ot only has two chapters differing romeach other inseveralrespects, uthas also noted severaldivergent iewson variouspointsconcerningheformation f the Krama.' This showsthat, n thedaysof theRV.Pr., there was no unanimity f viewsamong the authorities and thisin itsturn,would seem to indicate that the Krama did not hold the sameinviolablesanctitys the Samhitand even thePada, whichappear to havebeenhandeddownalmost freefromvariants. This, however, eed not andcannot be understood s minimisinghe mportance f theKramaas a meansof,or perhaps, n attempt t thepreservationf our sacredtext, heRgveda4It is also the earliest ttempt f thistype, nd forms hebasis of eightsimi-lar attempts, nownas theeightvikrtis.6 In fact,the Krama is consideredtraditionallyo standon a par withthe Samhit and the Pada, which to-gether re described s the threeprakti amhits. It is equally intriguingto know thatKrama is an attempt o preserve ndevenbring ogethern onework both the Samhit and the Pada texts. An attempt s made in thefollowing ages to present he salient featuresof the Krama as briefly ndsuccinctlys possible.The Krama is a recitation f the words of a hemistich ardharcataken two at a time, s a generalrule, in a chainlikemanner,concluded

1. This aper ealswithheKramapthaf heBgvedanlyand sbased ntheBVPr.chapters0 nd11.2. Samhit,ada andKrama withapital, P, andK standnthis aper or hethreefhasespectively.3. Forwant f pace,t snot ossibleo dealwithhemere. Theymay e foundinRV.Pr chapters0 nd11.4. Thisholds oodnthe aseof heKramaf he amhitstherlso.5. Cf. idlhi


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574 ABORI : DiamondJubilee Volumewithparigraha (a technical termmeaning repetition of a word with tiinterposed ) of the astword.6 The two wordsthustaken together orm asub-unit alled varga Thus theKramaofa hemistichwill consistof severalvargas, hefirst ne consisting f the two initial words, and the succedingoneshaving the last word of the precedingvarga coupled withthe wordfollowingt. This continues illthe astwordofthe hemistichs coveredupand thenwill followtheparigraha fthe ast word of the hemistich s thefinalvargaofthe Krama. It maybe notedthat, n theKrama wordswithinone and thesame vargaonlyare combinedbysarhdhi ules.

Let us nowtakethegyatrlmantra nd note its Samhit Pada andKrama respectively.Samhit fpft II KV. 3. 62. 10.Pada : ^ I I I I | Ifob I 1: I 5: I IIKrama :

l^lr i vftafiiq: i T: 5: 1 11It willbe seen that n theKramaeveryword in the Samhit ( and thePada also ), except hefirst ne8of thehemistich,s takentwice,first t theend of theformer arga and then gain at thebeginning f the lattervarga( the avasna and thepratydna9 ositionsrespectively);the last word ofthe hemistich ccurring s the avasna of the penultimate varga is thenrepeated nparigraha o form heconcludingvargaof the hemistich.10The

same process s repeated n connectionwith hethird da11(of themantra)to form ts krama A perusal of the Samhit Pada , and Krama of thegyatrimantrawillmake itclearthattheKrama ncludesthe other wo.At thisstageitmaybe notedthat, hough he ndividualwords n theSamhitand the Pada are thesame,theyare bound to appear differentnform and thisdifferences due to the factthat, n the Samhit theform s

6. Cf.BV.Pr.10. .7. or or venT.8. Butread SOT I I BV.Pr. 10.15,ndvjqsremark 1 I I9. For and TTORTeeBV. Pr.10. .io. Cf. ' bv. Pra.10.9.11. Forthe ormationfKramathe hirddaof rk n theGyatr etrestoboconsideredhemistich.

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DEVASTHALI : Krama-Ptha 573modified ysamdhiwhile n thePada it is unmodified wing to absence ofsamdhi. And we have to note that the Krama aims at coveringboth thesein one text. Herewe see that theKrama is able to do this, because in iteverywordoccurstwice, o as to coverboth theforms.

But is there nyfixed uleregardinghe exactplace which heseformsare to occupy Yes, thegeneralrule s that the modified orm s to be keptwith heword,bywhich t is modified, o form a varga and naturally heunmodified ormwillgo in theothervargawiththe otherword going withit. Generally tmaybe said that fa word s modifiedn the initial part itwillgo with heprecedingwordas the finalmember fthevarga.12 If,how-ever, word s affectednthe atter art, t willform hefirstmember fthefollowing argaalongwith hefollowing modifyingword.13 This will beclear if we look at thefollowingllustrations( i ) Samhit : IfftT ( 7. 33. 4 )Pada : crafts fm IKrama : I ffrTTSamhit : 5Tm I ( 9. 44. 1

Pada : 5TIr: IKrama : sr r:1 r IIn these, heword s initiallymodified nd hence the modified ormmakesavargawith heprecedingword.( ii Samhit : spta I ( 1. 63. 5 )Pada : spttSfWwflr.srfrflKrama : spN I I ISamhit : ra I ( 10. 141. 1

Pada : r I IKrama : arit I ^ IIn these, heword s modifiedn the finalpartand hencethe modifiedformmakesa vargawith hefollowingwordBut in cases where he modificationn the word is caused by neitherthepreceding orthefollowingword,themodified orm lone is to be put nboththevargas. Thus,forexample,Samhit : rraffra ( 3. 37. 6 )

Pada : jpfS I I12.cf. ^ snzTKTwmermt:^ i W- Pr. 10.5.13. nallthe llustrationsivenbove,heKrama ontainshe amhitndalsothpPatfa ormsf he espectiveords,



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76 ABO RI : DiamondJubileeVolumeKrama : tl%5STP3%: I [ STCf:]14In thiscase, we have to note thatthough here re twoforms, sahih( Samhit and sasahih Pada ), onlyone ( themodified form s included nthe two vargas of the Krama. What about theunmodified orm Will itnot be representedy theKrama1 The answer s yes, t will be represented,butbyanother evice,whichwe shallsee below.

This nowbringsus to certainwordsoccurringn the Samhit whichlook likeunwarrantedmodifications15ftheformsn whichtheyare repre-sented n thePada. Such, for example, are ( i ) daksi, duksi and duksan( fordhaksi, tc. in Pada ) ; ( ii raik with longated nitial ( for raik inPada ) ; and ( iii words ike susuma, nd vvrdhna = susuma,vavrdhnain Pada, modifications ot causedbyanyextraneous actor.16

Let us look at thefollowingllustrations( i ) Samhit : 15 | 2. 1. 10.Pada : ergI r%I IKrama : rg I 3% I [ 1% I ]Samhit : fvjI 1. 121. 8.Pada : IKrama : prq.ffcrSamhit srfoqwmii 1. 113. 16; sngsrramfrr1. 157. 1Pada : I qwjra; arggfFTTH.wfRTKrama : I ngs?T5imfrcT[ i ]TTO5nd sn^yirrm;eingthe opening words of the hemistich, heyare foundonly n one varga, he nitialone. Here also theunmodified the

Pada ) form s notrepresentedn the varga.Similar s the case with 55^1 ( Samhit , gg* | TT qnj;( Pada ), 3*1 qtn* ( Krama ; and also, qifMtwi*: I ( Satnhit ; j^VTTCTS*T: {Pada)-, and wifsinT I ( Krama , where lso theunmodifiedPada)forms re notrepresentedn thevarga.The same is the case withpadas ( words which,in the Pada, aresplitup byan avagraha,or cappedwith ti. Such, forexample,are14.All he llustrationsn this aperregivennthe atnhitPada, ndKrama orcomparativeiewand ntheKrama iven ereafter,he racketsreused oshow owheformof pada),not epresentednthe egularramavargaisincludedntheKrama15. Onemay lmostetemptedodescribehems incorrect.r maywe describethephenomenonsonly casual agarynthepronunciationnspokenorm16. llustrationsor lltheseregiven elow.



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DEVASTHALI : Krama-Ptha 577I ( Samhit , ffsfr: I ( Pada ), ( Krama , andI ( Samhit , fr-ffiti I TTTr( Pada ), and I ( Kramawhere hePada forms fthe padas ) words fffsfr:nd ffr re notrepresentednthevargasofthe Krama.It maybe declaredhere ngeneral hatthe formswhich go thus un-representedn theregular vargasof the Krama are takennote of by thespecialdevicecalledparigraha, o be noted below.In themeanwhile et us turn o cases requiring he use of parigraha

In general, tmaybe said that n everyvargawhich, or ome reason or theother, s made up ofmorepadas thantwo,we have a case ofparigraha.Vargashave to includemorethan two padas when we come acrosswordswhich re not allowed to standat the end of a varga. Such wordsare : (i) theparticles and u; ( ii cerebralisedu and sma followedbynah = nah ; ( iii the word m truncatednto 1 ( iv words with initialvowelelongated (v) skambhanena ith he nitial elided (vi) the wordsihahand varfollowedby s rica a and tamah ( vii thepairof words vas-ramaskrta in this rder ; and ( viii theword etanacoming fter he wordvirsah16"To the same category belong what are known as annupwrvyPsamhit Samhitpassagesin which heorderof thewords s irregular. Inotherwords, heseare passages inwhichonepada ( narathsa r unahepais interceptedyanother ada ( such as ca, citor v . These are noticed nRVPr. 10.4 ( ^ yaIn thisand theprecedingparagraphsare noted all cases where thevargas to include all suchwords,will have to be madeup of,not twowords

16a. llustrationsor llthese regivennthenext age.17.Therereonlyhreeuch assagesn the?F., wo ivingrihramaynd ne ivingcatuslsrama.or nnupurvyaamhiteeBV.Pr 2.78.I7a. ThegcffRaseshave een nunciatedyniptanan BV, Pr, 2.75-77. Sothe xpression means hat omesfterhegTRT*PTTTT; and hismeans heannuprvyasamhitahor he hreeassageshatwehave lreadyoticed. Other cryashowever,nterpretlutdiprabhrtio mean ll itemsn BhPr. 0.3 from lutdi ptoparam irsatanaand ake atostandor , othat ccordingothem,his iitransteadof ayingownhat hesereanavasnlyaruleshat heyreoptionallyo. Thus,n theiropinion,ehave rihramatc. ntheseases,r optionallyvikrama. rikramasave eenalreadyhownbove. Thedvikramas,ptionallydmitted,y hist awill, eOTftg!^ppJTftf I 3IffTWH'C II I I Tfa:firftWT ffrwrIOTTTPT: I 3TT3f^TTf:I R I II.It is,of ourse,videnthat his iew f pare ppearso be ratherorcedndhenpe otquiteustified.73Annlas .J.J



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578 ABORI : Diamond JubileeVolumeas usual, but three nmaycases,four n a few, nd five n one. All cases ofone anavasniyaword are cases of trikrama8( vargahavingthreewords .Thesemaybe illustrateds follows( i ) Sam. Tf ^"7^ I 1 KramaPada an I I T I I I an I I[sn^^i]Sam. KramaPada ^ I f I trf ) I [ f ]( ii Sam. g o: I ) KramaPada i g I | ) 5 op ( g I

S;i^zr:> }(iii) }**(iv) Sain. V f^SMUWIifa


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DEVASTHALI : Krama-Ptha 579The followingare instances of catuskrama,and pcmcakramarespectivelyThe annuprvyaassage :Sam. TO ^ ) KramaPada I I I I ) RI ^( TRIW^I%%^r I( vii Sam.20 WUiHfo-WqJl ) fNPada ft:1$ ffol yFTRS WfT I 1(1: I WWfilft

In all thesecases itmaybe observed hat the words, standing n thekramavargabetween hefirst nd the astwords,representheSamhit ormonly,whilethePada form f thesewords whichmay be seen in the Padagiven n each case ) has notbeenrepresentedt all. Parigraha s the deviceinvented yancientauthorities orthis purpose. Thus in trikramacatus-krama and pancakrama we shall have parigraha of one two and threewords the middlewords respectively.These havebeen shown n bracketsafter heKrama n all the llustrations iven bove.In thecase of 21we have to note threepossibilities. Non-nasaliseda, notstanding t theend of a hemistich, s never subjectedto parigrahaWiththepreceding nd succeedingwords t formsa trikrama and then isagain repeatedwiththe word coming fter t. Thus : Sam 15Pada I TT I Krama I 3TTK'u^I.If,however, tstandsat theend ofa hemistich,twillform dvikramaonly and then will be subjected to parigraha. Thus, Sam ; PadaI TT Krama 1 I. A nasalised > wherevert stands, willform rikramand be subjectedto parigraha. Thus Sam. TPftr I;Pada TPfftTT I; KramaTivfa f TTg%T INow we haveto notethatthere re some samdhis2which take placein theSamhit and naturally re absent nthePada ) and whichhave to beremoved nparigraha n Krama. Theyare: ( i ) smavadvrttamf nakra theremovalofwhichrestores he originalnakra; (ii) pluta (lengtheningof

20. This s,paftcakramaecausen it u, andsvasramsJsrtathree ords arein-capablef tandingt the vasna. TheonlynstancentheBV.21. Note hat isanavasnyayBV,Pr.10. ; andalsoread ?IT^TtUMlcnSJ"qifcMi.BV-Pr- 0. 0.22. Itmay e observederehatn he ase f ccentshe sual arndhiules old ood'evenn the aseof he nrsati i. e. iti occurringnparigraha). heonly xceptionothiss the nrsati followedy vah.Thus, wouldemains it sand ftersamdhi e hall ave with supposedvagrdhaetweenhe wowordsrevent-ing he hangenaccentuation.f.BV,Pr.10,17 ndUvata's emarkn t.



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580 ABORI : Diamond Jubilee Volumethe vowel , removalof whichrestores he originalshortvowel ( iii up-cariia (change of visarga o s), removalof which estores heoriginalvisar a;( iv nati cerebralisation, removal of which restores he originaldantyaletter; (v) pralesaofpragrhya owels,the removalof which restoresthepragrhyaposition ( vi augments called auddhksara are removed( vii r substitutedorvisarga s again changedto visarga; ( viii dbhva( substitutionfd fordur) and theconsequentchangesare removed; andpada proper s restored ( ix svadhit'ivairregular amdhi changed to thepada form, vadhitirva and finally ( x ) reduction f dh and gh to d andg is removed nd theoriginaldhand ghare restored.23Thismaybe seen inthefollowingllustrations

( i ) Sam. srwrrrftg; ) [parigraha n the KramaPada I I ) [similarly sirfn ) fwwifarTraHi, andSRntf: ng:(ii) Sam. I 'Pada I I ) [ I( iii Sarii. I ") 5^^% IPada I I ) [ 3^:$^ I ](iv) Sam. 55^1 | j *TTra;lPada | sn I ) [^Afd ggrrn^n I ]similarly i^|ui |( v ) Sam. rHN Bg^T I ) 1( Pada ) I asgfsRtf) I( vi Sam. I ) Tren*Pada^s^t^ i *rsren*isimilarly I(vii ) Sam. argnfrc: ) IPada i tfr?: ) [ ^s^reji: isimilarly I qg;(viii) Sam.Q ) fptrrPada :sren*i i ) [ fAsrfrf i

similarlyrar i ^nrvr-( ix Sam. frifafatq% ) IPada I ffaft t [ I23. For lltheseee^i? .Pr 10. 0ffr



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DevaSTHALI : Krama-Ptha 58( X Sam. * I } * igTc :Padcm i^^ni ; 1]similarlyrg | 'Finallywehaveto note the kramaformationn the case of hemis-tichescontainingwithin hemwhatare technically nown s samaya. Thegeneralrule n this connection s : If the samaya comes afterthe uddha( non samaya portion, kramas ( or vargas are formed as usual fortheuddhaportion ogetherwith hefirst ada ofthesamaya andthereafter,thewholesamaya up to the end ofthehemistich is taken in the Samhitform. If thesamayabegins hemistichnd is followedbythe uddhapor-tion,take thewholesamaya n theSamhitform, ogetherwith the follow-ingtwouddha adas ( as thefirst rama and completethe Krama of thehemistichs usual. If thesamaya is on either ide of the uddhaportion na hemistich,heKramawill be formed y followingboth the rules for therespectivesamaya portions. It may be observed here that the sectionof the Krama coveringthe samaya portion will be found to resemblethepacakrama nhavingthree or evenmore madhyama adas But itmaybe notedthatthemadhyama adas in ordinary rama ( in no case morethan three are repeated n Kramawith arigraha whilethose n the kramawith amayaare neverrepeated. And this s quiteas it shouldbe. For, inordinaryKrama all thepadas haveto be presentedntheir ada formwhichhas remainedunrepresented,hile n the Krama with samaya the samayapadas have not to be so represented, orthey, eingaltogetherbsent nthePadaptha 24have no Pada form t all.Illustrations

Sam srsr I 8. 69. 1Pada tst ( i i iKrama sprw. sftfrrst ( 'tftgnfiH ISa?h. ( qtfire ( sppif* Wl I IPada ( sftfre I rr


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582 ABORI : DiamondJubilee VolumeThis cursory tudy fthe formation ftheKrama with triple ( Sam-hit,Pada, and Krama illustrations orcomparativeoutlook, is, I believe,enoughto show ( i ) thattheKrama is a very ancient mode of Vedicrecitation, extonlyto the Samhitand the Pada' (ii) that there is adiversityfviewsamongancient uthorities bout several details of forma-tion, though it would appear that the diversitys only a latergrowth;( iii that thas achieved tsaim ofcombiningnto one Pha, the Samhitand thePada with ll theirpeculiarities and finally ( iv that it undoubt-edlyhas its own mportancen the field f Vedic studies.

kramapatha_devasthali

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