kronicne bolesti u djece
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Kronične bolesti u Kronične bolesti u djecedjece
Kronične bolesti u Kronične bolesti u djecedjece
Prim.mr.sc.dr. Marija Hegeduš-JunvirthPrim.mr.sc.dr. Marija Hegeduš-Junvirth
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Kronične bolesti u djece
• Astma• Šećerna bolest• Epilepsija• Glutenska
enteropatija
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Astma u djece
• kronična upalna bolest bronha obilježena napadima reverzibilne bronhoopstrukcije
• patogeneza: hiperreaktivnost bronha na alergijske, fizičke, kemijske i infektivne podražaje
podjela:
• astma s rijetkim napadajima
• astma s čestim napadajima
• trajna astma
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• recidivne epizode tvrdokornog kašlja uz sipnju, dispneju i osjećaj stezanja u prsima
• dijete izbjegava tjelesnu aktivnost, sjedi uz povišeni položaj podupirući se rukama
• prestrašeno, uznemireno, blijedo, oznojeno
simptomi
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Alergijski rinitis
• sezonski i cijelogodišnji
• simptomi: – napadaji kihanja– svrbež nosa i očiju, – sekrecija iz nosa ...
• alergijska upala sluznice nosa, ždrijela i konjunktiva, javlja se kod djece aeroalergične na inhalacijske alergene
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Inhalacijski alergeni
• peludi trava i drveća,
• dlaka životinja, • prašina• najčešći alergen - ambrozija
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Astma i alergijski rinitis - terapija
• izbjegavanje uzročnih alergena
• lokalno dinatrijev- kromoglikat• antihistaminici• topički kortikosteroidi• oralni kortikosteroidi• (teški oblik astme)
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Šećerna bolest u djece
• dijabetes tipa I - ovisan o inzulinu
• genetska predispozicija
• faktori okoline• autoimunosne upale i
postupno oštećenje st. Langerhansovih otočića
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Šećerna bolest u djece - klinička slika
• gubitak na tj. težini• polifagija• poliurija• polidipsija• dehidracija• ketoacidoza
– hiperpneja– povraćanje– bol u trbuhu
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Šećerna bolest u djece - terapija
• inzulin• dijeta - kontrolirana
prehrana uz izbjegavanaje konc. mono- i disaharida (slatkiši)
-ADAtablice• tjelesna aktivnost
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Šećerna bolest u djece - inzulinska th.
• nužan za kontrolu bolesti i preživljavanje
• inzulin brzog djelovanja (Actrapid Hm)
• inzulin srednje dugog djelovanja
(Novo Nordisk)• inzulin dugog djelovanja (Ultratard HM)
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Epilepsija
podjela:– idiopatske– simptomatske– kriptogene
• kronične bolesti mozga, različite etiologije
• recidivni epilepitički napadaji
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Epilepsija - patofiziologija
- iznenadno, prolazno sinkrono bioelektrično izbijanje iz skupine ganglijskih stanica
- izbijanja mogu potjecati iz:• površinskog korteksa• limbičkog sustava• prednjeg dijela retikularne formacije
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Epilepsija - patofiziologija
Načini širenja izbijanja:– difuzno (iz više
kortikalnih žarišta)– generalizirano
(širenjem)– zrcalni fokus (širenjem
iz kortikalnog žarišta jedne strane na drugu)
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Epilepsija - izgled EEG-a
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Epilepsija - snimanje EEG-a
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Epilepsija - klinička slika
• primarno generalizirani napadi:– toničko-klonički– apsansi– mioklonizmi– infantilni spazmi– atonični
• parcijalni napadi:- jednostavni- motorički, senzorni, vegetativni- psihomotorički napadi- sa sekundarnom generalizacijom
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Epilepsija -klinička slika
• fragmentirajuće konvulzije dječje dobi
• neklasificirani napadi
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Glutenska enteropatija
• celijakija• kronična bolest• trajna nepodnošljivost
glutena u genetski predodređenih osoba
• dob djece 7. - 24. mj.
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Glutenska enteropatija - patologija
• karakteristične promjene sluznice proksimalnog tankog crijeva
• poremećaj arhitekture sluznice - vilozna atrofija različitog stupnja
• histološke promjene nestaju na bezglutenskoj dijeti
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Glutenska enteropatija - klinička slika
• kronični proljev• abdominalna
distenzija• masne stolice• mršavljenje• razdražljivost • nenapredovanje
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Glutenska enteropatija
• gluten nalazimo u :
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Glutenska enteropatija - terapija
• doživotna bezglutenska dijeta
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