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Sluaj kotane tuberkuloze s nalazita Sv. Ivan Krstitelj u Ivankovu kraj Vinkovaca

A case of skeletal tuberculosis from St. John the Baptist site in Ivankovo near Vinkovci

SINIA KRZNARInstitut za arheologijuUlica Ljudevita Gaja 3210 000 [email protected]

MARIO NOVAKAntropoloki centar Hrvatske akademije znanosti iumjetnostiUlica Ante Kovaia 5,

10 000 [email protected]

Izvorni znanstveni radSrednjovjekovna arheologija

Original scientifc paper

Mediaeval archaeology

UDK/UDC 902:572](497.5 Ivankovo)15

Primljeno/Received: 15. 03. 2013.Prihvaeno/Accepted: 11. 12. 2013.

U radu su predstavljeni rezultati antropoloke analize ljudskih kotanih ostataka koji potjeu iz groba 14 s nalazita crkve sv. Ivana Krstitelja uIvankovu pokraj Vinkovaca. Na osnovi arheolokih nalaza i stratigrafskog odnosa s drugim grobovima, grob 14 okvirno se moe datirati u 16.stoljee. U tom grobu bio je pokopan odrasli mukarac na ijem su kosturu prisutne morfoloke promjene konzistentne s kotanom tuberku-lozom otrokutna kifotina deformacija na kraljenici te poveanje tijela rebara i lokalizirani apscesi na rebrima. Kao mogue uzronike na-vedenih promjena na analiziranom kosturu diferencijalna dijagnoza iskljuila je frak ture, osteomijelitis, brucelozu, zloudne kotane tumorei Scheuermannovu bolest. Prisutnost kotane tuberkuloze u Ivankovu tijekom 16. stoljea uklapa se u geografski i kronoloki okvir nastankai irenja te bolesti na podruju Karpatske kotline, a kao mogui uzronici navode se glad, epidemije zaraznih bolesti i ope osiromaivanjestanovnitva. S obzirom na gospodarski i drutveni karakter Ivankova u tom razdoblju mogue je da je neposredni uzronik zaraze tuberkulo-

zom kod analizirane osobe podvrsta Mycobacterium bovis koja se prenosi sa ivotinje na ovjeka.

Kljune rijei: Ivankovo, 16. stoljee, antropoloka analiza, kotana tuberkuloza, Pottova bolest

The paper presents the results of the anthropological analysis of human skeletal remains from grave 14 at the site of St. John the Baptists

church in Ivankovo near Vinkovci. Based on the archaeological finds and the stratigraphic relationship with the other graves, grave 14 can ap-proximately be dated to the 16th century. The grave contained the burial of an adult male whose skeleton exhibited morphological changesconsistent with skeletal tuberculosis angular kyphotic deformity on the spine and the augmentation of the body of the ribs and localizedabscesses on ribs. A differential diagnosis ruled out fractures, osteomyelitis, brucellosis, malignant bone tumors and Scheuermanns diseaseas possible causes of the mentioned changes in the analysed skeleton. The presence of skeletal tuberculosis in Ivankovo during the 16th cen-tury fits into the geographical and chronological frame of the emergence and spread of that disease in the Carpathian Basin, with famine,outbreaks of contagious diseases and general impoverishment of the population as possible causes. Taking into consideration the economicand social character of Ivankovo in that period, it is possible that the immediate agent of tuberculosis infection in the analysed person was thesubspecies Mycobacterium bovis, transmitted to humans from animals.

Key words: Ivankovo, 16th century, anthropological analysis, skeletal tuberculosis, Potts disease

UVODTuberkuloza je bakterijska zarazna bolest koja napadamnoge unutranje organe, posebice plua. Najraniji trago-vi tuberkuloze uoeni su na ljudskom kotanom materijaluiz 5. tis. pr. Kr. (Santos, Roberts 2001), a molekularni dokaziprisutnosti tuberkuloze kod ljudi potjeu jo iz razdobljastaroegipatskoga Srednjeg kraljevstva gdje je bolest do-kazana u kraljenicama mumija (Zink et al. 2003). Ta bolestodgovorna je za vie umrlih od bilo koje druge bakterijskebolesti (Kelley, El-Najjar 1980). Uzrokuju je blisko povezanevrste bakterija pod zajednikim nazivom Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, i to najee podvrste Mycobacterium tubercu-losis i Mycobacterium bovis. Glavni uzronik pojave tuber-

INTRODUCTIONTuberculosis is a bacterial infectious disease that attacksa number of internal organs, lungs in particular. The earliesttraces of tuberculosis were documented in human skeletalmaterial from the 5thmillennium BC (Santos, Roberts 2001),and molecular evidence for the presence of tuberculosis inhumans dates from as early as the Ancient Egyptian Midd-le Kingdom, where the disease was proven in the spines ofmummies (Zink et al. 2003). This disease is responsible formore deaths than any other bacterial disease (Kelley, El-Naj-

jar 1980). It is caused by closely related species of bacteriasharing the common name of Mycobacterium tuberculosis,most commonly its subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosisand Mycobacterium bovis. The main cause of tuberculosis


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SINIA KRZNAR, MARIO NOVAK, SLUAJ KOTANE TUBER KULOZE S NALAZITA SV. IVAN KRST ITELJ U I VANKOVU KRAJ VINKOVACA, PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, STR. 93106

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kuloze kod ljudi je M. tuberculosis koja se najee prenosikaljanjem, tj. kapljinim putem iz plua zaraene osobe nazdravu osobu. Ljudi se takoer mogu zaraziti tuberkulozomi uslijed kontakta s domaim ivotinjama za to je odgovor-na bakterija M. bovis zaraza se u ovom sluaju najeeiri zbog direktnog kontakta sa zaraenom ivotinjom ili

zbog konzumacije mesa i mlijenih proizvoda koji potjeuod zaraene ivotinje (OReilly, Daborn 1995; Aufderheide,Rodrguez-Martn 1998). Manifestacija simptoma tuberku-loze ovisi o imbenicima kao to su vrsta patogena, dobzaraene osobe i stanje njezina imunolokog sustava (Blo-om 2004; Madkour 2004). Patogeni se s mjesta prvobitneinfekcije (npr. plua) mogu proiriti krvoilnim sustavom ilidirektnim putem na druge organe i tkiva gdje mogu izazva-ti upalni proces (Lovsz et al. 2010).

S obzirom da u arheolokom kontekstu nisu prisutniostali organi, osim kostiju, iz ovog aspekta mogue je pro-uavati samo kotanu tuberkulozu. Tuberkuloza zahvaa ikosti, ali promjene na kostima prisutne su u svega 2 do 5%

sluajeva zaraze kroninom tuberkulozom (Resnick, Nivaya-ma 1988; Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998; Ortner 2003;Donoghue et al. 2004; Waldron 2009). Brojna istraivanjapokazala su da se tuberkuloza na ljudskom kosturu naje-e manifestira na tri podruja: 1. kraljenica (tuberkuloznispondilitis), 2. kuk (tuberkulozni koksitis), 3. koljeno (tuber-kulozni gonitis) (Resnick, Nivayama 1988; Aufderheide, Ro-drguez-Martn 1998; Ortner 2003). Openito, zglobovi do-njih ekstremiteta mnogo su ee zahvaeni ovom boleuu odnosu na zglobove gornjih udova (Steinbock 1976). Nakraljenici se tuberkuloza najee pojavljuje na slabinskomdijelu: bolest uzrokuje karakteristine lezije na tijelima kra-ljeaka te njihovo unitenje najee je uniten anteriornidio tijela kraljeka a potom i tkivo intervertebralnog diska.Napredovanjem bolesti dolazi do potpunog unitenja tijelakraljeka i njihova srastanja to uzrokuje otrokutu kifotinudeformaciju Pottova bolest (Waldron 2009). Ta deformaci-

ja bila je mnogo ea u predantibiotskom razdoblju kada jeustanovljena u priblino 60% sluajeva tuberkuloze kralje-nice (Reinhart 1932). Na podruju prsnog koa tuberkulozase, uz kraljenicu, najee manifestira na rebrima (Nathan-son, Cohen 1941). Rezultati istraivanja koja su proveli Kelleyi Micozzi (1984) pokazuju da se kod 9% osoba koje su bilezaraene plunom tuberkulozom javljaju promjene na re-brima u obliku periostitisa na unutranjoj strani (okrenutojpluima) i lokaliziranih destruktivnih lezija (apscesa). Uz tepromjene, Eyler et al. (1996) uoili su da se kao posljedica

tuberkuloze na rebrima javlja i poveanje (proirenje) tijelarebara, posebice na srednjem dijelu i sternalnom kraju.

Do danas je u Hrvatskoj objavljeno vie sluajeva kota-ne tuberkuloze koji potjeu iz arheolokog konteksta (tab.1). Veina tih sluajeva potjee s podruja istone jadranskeobale i njezina zalea dok je primjerak tuberkuloze iz Ivan-kova, uz onaj iz Starih Jankovaca, tek drugi zabiljeeni sluajove zarazne bolesti u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj. Stoga e seu ovom radu, uz detaljnu analizu i opis kostura iz Ivankova,posebna pozornost posvetiti i sluajevima tuberkuloze izblie regije (Maarska, Vojvodina) koji su kronoloki bliskiprimjerku iz Ivankova.

in humans is M. tuberculosis, which is generally transmittedby coughing, i.e. by droplets from the lungs of an infectedperson to a healthy person. People can acquire tuberculosisalso through contact with domestic animals, for which thebacteria M. bovisis responsible in this case the infectionmost often spreads through direct contact with infectedanimals or through the consumption of meat and dairyfrom infected animals (OReilly, Daborn 1995; Aufderheide,Rodrguez-Martn 1998). Symptoms of tuberculosis are ma-nifested depending on factors such as the type of patho-gen, age of the infected person and the condition of theirimmune system (Bloom 2004; Madkour 2004). Pathogenscan spread from the place of the primary infection (e.g.lungs) through the circulatory system or directly to otherorgans and tissues where they can cause inflammation(Lovsz et al. 2010).

Considering that no other organs apart from bones werepreserved in the archaeological context, skeletal tuberculo-sis is the only thing we can study from this aspect. Tubercu-losis affects bones, too, but changes on bones are presentin only between 2 and 5% of cases of chronic tuberculous

infection (Resnick, Nivayama 1988; Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998; Ortner 2003; Donoghue et al. 2004; Waldron2009). Numerous studies have shown that tuberculosis inthe human skeleton is most commonly manifested in threeareas: 1) spine (tuberculous spondylitis), 2) hip (tuberculo-us coxitis), 3) knee (tuberculous gonitis) (Resnick, Nivayama1988; Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998; Ortner 2003).Generally, the joints of the lower limbs are much moreoften affected by this disease than the upper limb joints(Steinbock 1976). As regards the spine, tuberculosis is mostcommonly present in the lumbar region: the disease causescharacteristic lesions on the bodies of the vertebrae, as wellas their destruction in most cases the anterior part of thevertebral body is destroyed, followed by intervertebral disc

tissue. Progression of the disease leads to complete destruc-tion of the vertebral bodies and their fusion, which causesangular kyphotic deformity Potts disease (Waldron 2009).This deformity was much more common in the pre-antibio-tic period, when it was documented in approximately 60%of cases of spinal tuberculosis (Reinhart 1932). In addition tothe spine, tuberculosis in the thorax is most often manife-sted on the ribs (Nathanson, Cohen 1941). The results of theresearch by Kelley and Micozzi (1984) show that 9% of per-sons infected with pulmonary tuberculosis exhibit changeson the ribs in the form of periostitis on the inner side (facingthe lungs) and localized destructive lesions (abscesses). Inaddition to these changes, Eyler et al. (1996) observed thatthe augmentation (expansion) of the body of the ribs, es-

pecially in the middle part and the sternal end, occurs as aconsequence of tuberculosis on the ribs.

Several cases of skeletal tuberculosis from archaeolo-gical context have been published in Croatia to date (Tab.1). Most of these cases come from the eastern Adriaticcoast and hinterland, while Ivankovo is only the seconddocumented case of this infectious disease in continentalCroatia, along with Stari Jankovci. Due to this, in additionto a detailed analysis and description of the skeleton fromIvankovo, in this paper we shall dedicate special attentionto the cases of tuberculosis from the neighbouring region(Hungary, Vojvodina) that are chronologically close to thecase from Ivankovo.


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SINIA KRZNAR, MARI O NOVAK, A CASE OF SKELETAL TUBERCULOSIS FROM ST. JOHN THE BAPTIS T SITE IN IVANKOVO NEAR VINKOVCI, PRIL. INS T. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 30/2013, P. 93106

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Nalazite Datacija Spol i starost Prisutne lezije Izvor

Novigrad, grob 9 5./6. st. M, 3550 slabinski kraljeci Raji, Uji 2003

Stari Jankovci, grob 37 7./8. st. , 3035 prsni kraljeci laus 2006

Velim, grob 165 8./9. st. , 5060 prsni kraljeci Bedi 2010

Radainovci, grob 37 9. st. M, 3035 prsni kraljeci, rebra laus 2006

Radainovci, grob 68 9. st. M, 3035 rebra laus 2006

Tribalj, grob 5 9. 11. st. M, 50+ rebra Premui, Raji ikanji 2011

NinSv. Asel, grob 17 12. 15. st. , 3035 prsni kraljeci Bedi 2010, Novak et al. 2012

Umag, grob 35 9. 17. st. D, 1012 slabinski kraljeci, krina kost, zdjelica Trupkovi et al. 2012

Pag 12. 14. st. , 3040 prsni kraljeci Bedi 2010

Rijeka, grob 55 13. 18. st. , 55+ prsni i slabinski kraljeci, rebra laus et al. 2013 (u tisku)

Rijeka, grob 59 13. 18. st. D, 57 rebra laus et al. 2013 (u tisku)

Ivankovo, grob 14 16. st. M, 3035 prsni i slabinski kraljeci, rebra ovaj rad

Site Date Sex and age Lesions present Source

Novigrad, grave 9 5th/6thcent. M, 3550 Lumbar vertebrae Raji, Uji 2003

Stari Jankovci, grave 37 7th/8thcent. F, 3035 Thoracic vertebrae laus 2006

Velim, grave 165 8th/9thcent. F, 5060 Thoracic vertebrae Bedi 2010

Radainovci, grave 37 9thcent. M, 3035 Thoracic vertebrae, ribs laus 2006

Radainovci, grave 68 9thcent. M, 3035 Ribs laus 2006

Tribalj, grave 5 9th 11thcent. M, 50+ Ribs Premui, Raji ikanji 2011

Nin-Sv. Asel, grave 17 12th 15thcent. F, 3035 Thoracic vertebrae Bedi 2010, Novak et al. 2012

Umag, grave 35 9th

17th

cent. C, 1012 Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, pelvis Trupkovi et al. 2012

Pag 12th 14thcent. F, 3040 Thoracic vertebrae Bedi 2010

Rijeka, grave 55 13th 18thc ent. F, 55+ Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, ribs laus et al. 2013 (for thcoming)

Rijeka, grave 59 13th 18thcent. C, 57 Ribs laus et al. 2013 (forthcoming)

Ivankovo, grave 14 16thcent. M, 3035 Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, ribs This paper

Tab. 1 Sluajevi kotane tuberkuloze iz arheolokog konteksta s podruja HrvatskeTab. 1 Cases of skeletal tuberculosis from archaeological contexts in Croatia


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MATERIJAL I METODE

Geografski, povijesni i arheoloki kontekstSelo Ivankovo smjeteno je zapadno od Vinkovaca (kar-

ta 1). Najstariji poznati povijesni izvori o Ivankovu potjeu iz14. stoljea, no iz tih se podataka moe ustanoviti je li selo

postojalo i ranije, ve u doba Arpadovia (Andri 2003). Mje-sto i katolika upa u njemu odralo se kroz cijeli razvijeni ikasni srednji vijek te vrijeme turske vladavine. Izmeu 1690.i 1700. u ratovima za osloboenje Slavonije Ivankovo je ra-zoreno i spaljeno a stanovnitvo je izbjeglo. Do 1700. godi-ne situacija se smiruje, ratna razaranja prestaju i mjesto se

ponovno ureuje i razvija (Landeka 2003: 4546).Srednjovjekovna crkva sv. Jurja identina je dananjoj

upnoj crkvi sv. Ivana Krstitelja. To je vidljivo i iz pet do da-nas ouvanih gotikih kontrafora, tri na junom boku i dvana apsidi crkve. U vrijeme baroknog preureenja crkve, ti-

jekom 18. stoljea, crkva je dobila prigradnju sa zvonikomna proelju te sakristije sa sjeverne i june strane. O izgleducrkve prije dogradnji svjedoe i podaci iz zapisa kanonskevizitacije iz 1729. u kojoj je crkva opisana kao stara, graenaod peene cigle i ograena kolcima. Zabiljeeno je i da je unovije doba pokrita daicama, te da je dobila pod i tarac,

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Geographical, historical and archaeological contextsIvankovo village lies west of Vinkovci (Map 1). Although

the earliest known historical sources about Ivankovo datefrom the 14thcentury, they allow the conclusion that the vi-

llage had existed earlier, already at the time of the Arpaddynasty (Andri 2003). The village and its Catholic parishlived through the entire High and Late Middle Ages andthe Ottoman period. In the wars for the liberation of Sla-vonia between 1690 and 1700 Ivankovo was destroyed andburned down and its inhabitants fled. By 1700 the situation

calmed down, the war destructions were over and the vi-llage entered a phase of reconstruction and development(Landeka 2003: 4546).

The mediaeval church of St. George is identical to thepresent parish church of St. John the Baptist, as corrobora-ted by the five preserved Gothic buttresses, three on thesouthern flank and two on the church apse. During a Ba-roque renovation in the 18thcentury, a steeple was added tothe front and two sacristies were annexed on the northernand southern sides. Information from the 1729 canonicalvisitation bears witness to the appearance of the church

Karta 1 Geografski smjetaj Ivankova (obradio: S. Krznar)Map 1 Geographical position of Ivankovo (design by S. Krznar)


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a veliko groblje nalazilo se unutar crkvene cinkture (Horvat2000: 104). Groblje na tom prostoru najvjerojatnije funkcio-nira sve do sredine 18. stoljea.

Graevinskim radovima provedenim 2006. za potrebedrenae crkve iskopan je teren uz cijelu duinu sjevernogzida te oko apside na istonoj strani crkve. Kako su humu-

sni sloj i dio predzdravinog sloja uklonjeni strojno, bezprisutnosti arheologa, tom je prilikom uniten nepoznatibroj grobova. Da bi se sprijeila daljnja devastacija, djelat-nici Gradskog muzeja Vinkovci, pod vodstvom Maje Krzna-ri krivanko,1obavili su zatitno arheoloko istraivanje uzsjeverni zid i oko apside crkve (Krznari krivanko 2007). Nanalazitu je istraeno ukupno 55 grobova. Pronaeni gro-bovi mogu se datirati od kraja 13. ili poetka 14. sve do 18.stoljea (Krznari krivanko 2009: 8386).

Kostur analiziran u ovom radu bio je pokopan u grobu

14 (sl. 1). U promatranom grobu je, na lijevoj strani trupa,pronaena dvodijelna kopa s kukom i uicom izraena odslitine bakra (sl. 2). Ovakve kope pripadaju nonji kasnoga

1 Autori ovom prilikom zahvaljuju Maji Krznari krivanko i Aniti RapanPapea iz Gradskog muzeja Vinkovci na ustupljenom arheolokom i

kotanom materijalu, eljki Bedi iz Antropolokog centra Hrvatskeakademije znanosti i umjetnosti na pomoi pri antropolokoj analizi iVlasti Vyroubal iz Antropolokog centra Hrvatske akademije znanosti iumjetnosti na izradi fotograja.

before these additions. The text describes the church asan ancient building of fired brick, surrounded by stakes. Italso states that it was recently covered with shingles, thatit acquired a new floor and pavement, and that the chur-chyard enclosed a large cemetery (Horvat 2000: 104). Thecemetery at that place had most likely been in use until the

mid-18th

century.In the 2006 construction works for the drainage of thechurch a trench was excavated along the length of thenorthern wall and around the apse at the east of the church.As no archaeologists were present when the humus and apart of the pre-virgin soil layer were removed by an exca-vating machine, the number of graves destroyed on thatoccasion is unknown. In order to prevent further destruc-tion, a team from the Vinkovci Municipal Museum, led byMaja Krznari krivanko1carried out a salvage archaeologi-

cal investigation adjacent to the northern wall and aroundthe church apse (Krznari krivanko 2007). A total of 55 gra-

1 The authors would like to use this occasion to thank Maja Krznarikrivanko and Anita Rapan Papea from the Vinkovci Municipal Mu-seum for the permission to study the archaeological and skeletal material,

eljka Bedi from the Anthropological Centre of the Croatian Academy ofSciences and Arts for her help in the anthropological analysis and Vlasta

Vyroubal from the Anthropological Centre of the Croatian Academy ofSciences and Arts for making the photographs.

Sl. 1 Grob 14 in situ (arhiva Gradskog muzeja Vinkovci)Fig. 1 Grave 14 in situ (Archives of the Vinkovci Municipal Museum)


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srednjeg i novog vijeka od sredine 15. stoljea relativno seesto pojavljuju na prostoru Hrvatske i srednje Europe kakou kasnosrednjovjekovnim tako i u novovjekovnim grobovi-ma (Dorn 1978; Jelovina, Vrsalovi 1981: 94; Kerman 1997:

52, 352; Buri 2001: 276, 278; Sekelj Ivanan, Tkalec 2003:1415, 31; Belaj 2006: 284, 285, 293, sl. 42, 294, sl. 4346; De-mo 2007: 73). Ovakve kope mogle su se upotrebljavati uparu (kuka i uica) ili su na odjeu naivene samo uice kojesu se onda povezivale uzicom (Predovnik et al. 2008: 72).Naalost, ue kronoloko odreenje kopi s kukom i uicomsamo na osnovi tipologije nije mogue jer se u jednakomobliku upotrebljavaju kroz vie stoljea.

Grob 14 ipak se moe preciznije datirati zahvaljujuisvom stratigrafskom odnosu prema drugim grobovima. Onlei na zapuni groba 17 koji je svojim ukopom presjekao za-padnu polovicu groba 19. U grobu 19 pronaen je no rav-nog hrpta sjeiva s trnom obloenim drvom te s ramenom

ploicom i zavretkom drke (petom) u obliku listia od tan-kog lima. Sjeivo je usko i ravno te na vrhu lagano zakoenou iljak, trn drke je ui od otrice i iri se prema kraju, a dr-vena oplata je privrena zakovicama (sl. 3). Ovakvi noevipronaeni u Magdalensbergu u Korukoj svrstani su u B/IIb skupinu i datirani su u drugu polovinu 15. i u 16. stoljee(Dolenz 1992: 129131, T. 9: 6466). Slini noevi s drvenomoplatom ruke privrene zakovicama te petom ruke uobliku listia izraenog od slitine bakra pronaeni u Maar-skoj datirani su u 15. i 16. stoljee (Holl 1994/95: 174, sl. 11/5,177, sl. 14). Noevi slinog oblika pronaeni su i na burguVrbovec u Klenovcu Humskom gdje su na osnovi stratigrafi-

je takoer datirani u 15. ili 16. stoljee (Tkalec 2010: 9091,

186, T. 28: 439440). Noevi istog tipa pronaeni u Ljublja-nici kod Ljubljane datiraju se u prvu polovinu 16. stoljea(Vernik 2009: 362363, kat. br. 118a sa slikom), odnosno u

ves were excavated at the site. The investigated graves canbe dated from the end of the 13thor the beginning of the14thcentury until the 18thcentury (Krznari krivanko 2009:8386).

The skeleton analysed in this paper was buried in grave14 (Fig. 1). In this grave, on the left side of the body, there

was a two-part buckle with a hook and loop, made of a co-pper alloy (Fig. 2). Buckles of this type belong to a late me-diaeval and early modern period costume from the mid-15thcentury they appear relatively frequently in Croatia andCentral Europe, both in late mediaeval and early modernperiod graves (Dorn 1978; Jelovina, Vrsalovi 1981: 94; Ker-man 1997: 52, 352; Buri 2001: 276, 278; Sekelj Ivanan, Tkal-ec 2003: 1415, 31; Belaj 2006: 284, 285, 293, Fig. 42, 294,Fig. 4346; Demo 2007: 73). Such buckles were either usedin pairs (hook and loop), or with only the loops sewn to thedress, which were then attached by a string (Predovnik et al.2008: 72). Unfortunately, it is not possible to narrow downthe use of hook-and-loop buckles based on typology only,

as the same basic form was used through several centuries.Grave 14 can nevertheless be dated with greater accu-racy due to its stratigraphic relationship to other graves. Itlies on the fill of grave 17, which cut the western half of gra-ve 19. Grave 19 yielded a straight-backed tanged knife withwooden handle and shoulder plate and leaf-shaped end ofthe handle (butt) made of thin sheet. The blade is narrowand straight and slightly pointed at the top, the tang of thehandle is narrower than the blade and widens toward theend, and the wooden handle is fastened by rivets (Fig. 3).Knives of this type from Magdalensberg in Carinthia wereclassified as group B/II b and dated to the second half of the15thand to the 16thcentury (Dolenz 1992: 129131, Pl. 9: 6466). Similar knives with a wooden handle attached by rivetsand the handle butt in the shape of a thin leaf made of co-pper alloy from Hungary were dated to the 15thand 16thcen-turies (Holl 1994/95: 174, Fig. 11/5, 177, Fig. 14). Similar kniveswere found at Vrbovec Castle in Klenovec Humski, wherethey were also dated to the 15thor 16thcentury based on thestratigraphy (Tkalec 2010: 9091, 186, Pl. 28: 439440). Kni-ves of the same type found in the Ljubljanica river near Lju-bljana were dated to the first half of the 16thcentury (Vernik2009: 362363, cat. no. 118a with an illustration), and to thesecond half of the 15thand the 16thcentury (Vernik 2009:380381, cat. no. 134 with an illustration). Based on theseanalogies the knife from grave 19 in Ivankovo, too, can bedated to the 15thand the 16thcentury. The upper limit for

the dating of grave 14 is the burial of grave 2, which cut itssouth-eastern part. A signet ring and a part of a bronze pin

Sl. 2 Dvodijelna kopa s kukom i uicom iz groba 14 (foto: S. Kr-znar)

Fig. 2 Two-part buckle with a hook and loop from grave 14 (photoby S. Krznar)

Sl. 3 No iz groba 19 (foto: D. Dorai)Fig. 3 Knife from grave 19 (photo by D. Dorai)


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drugu polovinu 15. i 16. stoljee (Vernik 2009: 380381, kat.br. 134 sa slikom). Na osnovi ovih analogija i no pronaenu grobu 19 u Ivankovu moe se datirati u 15. i 16. stoljee.Gornju granicu za dataciju groba 14 ini ukop groba 2 ko-

ji mu je presjekao jugoistoni dio. Uz pokojnicu iz groba 2pronaen je prsten peatnjak te dio bronane igle priba-

dae. Ovakve igle najee se javljaju u 16. i poetkom 17.stoljea (Petricioli 1970: 48; Szke 1996: 272; Simonyi 2004:183184, sl. 8; Demo 2007: 69; Tomii, Mahovi 2011: 138)pa se i grob 2 najvjerojatnije moe datirati u to razdoblje.Na osnovi svoga poloaja ispod groba 2 a iznad groba 19 uovom radu poblie promatrani grob 14 mogue je datiratiu 16. stoljee.

Metode koritene u analiziDetaljna antropoloka analiza skeletnih i dentalnih osta-

taka osobe pokopane u grobu 14 iz Ivankova provedena jeu Institutu za arheologiju. Za analizirani kostur napravljena

je inventura sauvanih kostiju, zglobnih ploha i zuba, odre-

en je spol, procijenjena starost u trenutku smrti i evidenti-rana prisutnost eventualnih patolokih promjena. Spol i sta-rost u trenutku smrti odreeni su pomou metoda koje suopisali Buikstra i Ubelaker (1994) dok su patoloke promjenezabiljeene prema kriterijima koje je postavio Ortner (2003).

REZULTATIU grobu 14 na groblju oko crkve sv. Ivana Krstitelja u

Ivankovu pronaen je parcijalno sauvan kostur mukarca(sl. 4) koji je u trenutku smrti imao izmeu 30 i 35 godina.Nedostaje mu vei dio lubanje koja je presjeena cisternomza naftu, te desna zdjelina kost i noga koje su uniteneukopom groba 2. Tijekom antropoloke analize na podrujunjegove kraljenice i rebara uoeno je vie patolokih pro-mjena konzistentnih s kotanom tuberkulozom.

Znakovi tuberkuloze najizraeniji su na podruju prsnihi slabinskih kraljeaka. Na anteriornoj strani tijela petog iestog prsnog kraljeka prisutan je zarasli upalni proces(porozitet i pojava novog sloja kosti). Kao posljedica bole-sti na podruju od sedmoga prsnog do treega slabinskogkraljeka javlja se kotana ankiloza (srastanje) i destruktivnelitike lezije na tijelima kraljeaka koje su rezultirale potpu-nim unitenjem tijela desetog, jedanaestog i dvanaestogaprsnog te prvoga slabinskog kraljeka to je dovelo do stva-ranja otrokutne kifotine deformacije (Pottova bolest) (sl.5). Na anteriornoj strani tijela drugoga slabinskog kraljekaprisutan je zarasli upalni proces praen porozitetom (sl. 6).

Lukovi kraljeaka (od sedmoga prsnog do treega slabin-skog), ukljuujui zglobne plohe i spinozne nastavke, tako-er su srasli (sekundarna ankiloza), ali ne pokazuju znakoveupale.

Osim na kraljenici, promjene konzistentne s kotanomtuberkulozom prisutne su i na rebrima. Poveanje (pro-irenje) tijela rebara zabiljeeno je na sedmom, osmom idevetom lijevom rebru; te su promjene najvidljivije na ster-nalnom kraju tijela osmoga lijevog rebra koje je poveanogotovo dvostruko u odnosu na svoju normalnu visinu. Uzpoveanje tijela rebara zabiljeene su i destruktivne litikelezije (apscesi) na sternalnom kraju osmoga lijevog rebra

were found with the deceased woman from grave 2. Pinsof this type were most common in the 16thand at the be-ginning of the 17thcentury (Petricioli 1970: 48; Szke 1996:272; Simonyi 2004: 183184, Fig. 8; Demo 2007: 69; Tomii,Mahovi 2011: 138), so grave 2, too, can in all likelihood bedated to that period. Based on its position beneath grave 2

and above grave 19, grave 14, analysed in this paper, can bedated to the 16thcentury.

Methods used in the analysisA detailed anthropological analysis of skeletal and den-

tal remains of the individual buried in grave 14 in Ivankovowas carried out at the Institute of Archaeology. It included acataloguing of the preserved bones, articular surfaces andteeth of the skeleton, determination of the sex and the ageat death, as well as an inspection of possible pathologicalchanges. Sex and age at death were determined by themethods described by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994), whilethe pathological changes were documented according tothe criteria put forward by Ortner (2003).

THE RESULTSGrave 14 at the cemetery surrounding the church of St.

John the Baptist in Ivankovo yielded a partially preservedskeleton of a man (Fig. 4), whose age at death was assessedat 3035. It lacks most of the skull, which was cut by an oilcistern, as well as the right pelvis and leg, which were de-stroyed by the burial of grave 2. Several pathological chan-ges consistent with skeletal tuberculosis were observed inthe area of the spine and ribs during the anthropologicalanalysis.

Signs of tuberculosis are most pronounced in the areaof thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. On the anterior side ofthe body of the fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae there is ahealed inflammation (porosity and the emergence of a newlayer of bone). As a result of the disease in the area betweenthe seventh thoracic vertebra to the third lumbar vertebrathere is bone ankylosis (fusion) and destructive lytic lesionson vertebral bodies, resulting in the complete destructionof the body of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth thoracic ver-tebrae and the first lumbar vertebra, which led to the creati-on of angular kyphotic deformity (Potts disease) (Fig. 5). Onthe anterior side of the body of the second lumbar vertebrathere is a healed inflammation accompanied by porosity

(Fig. 6). Vertebral arches from the seventh thoracic to thethird lumbar vertebrae, including the articular surfaces andspinous processes, have also fused (secondary ankylosis),but exhibit no signs of inflammation.

Apart from the spine, changes consistent with skeletaltuberculosis are also present on the ribs. Augmentation(expansion) of the bodies of the ribs was documented onthe seventh, eighth and ninth left ribs these changes aremost prominent on the sternal end of the body of the eighthleft rib, which has grown almost twice as large compared toits normal height. In addition to the expansion of the body,there were also destructive lytic lesions (abscesses) on the


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gdje je na unutranjoj strani prisutna lezija izduenog obli-ka veliine 15x5 mm (sl. 7) a na vanjskoj strani apsces velii-ne 17x8 mm.

Osim dijelova kostura koji su direktno bili izloeni djelo-vanju tuberkuloze zabiljeene su i promjene na kostima ko-

je su indirektna posljedica pojave tuberkuloze kod ove oso-be. Te promjene oituju se u deformiranom obliku gotovo

sternal end of the eighth left rib, where the inside shows anelongated lesion measuring 15x5 mm (Fig. 7), while on theoutside there is an abscess measuring 17x8 mm.

In addition to the parts of the skeleton that were directlyexposed to tuberculosis, changes were also documentedthat were indirectly caused by the presence of tuberculosisin this person. These changes are reflected in the deformedshape of almost all the ribs, especially on the left side, which

Sl. 4 Inventar sauvanih kostiju odraslog mukarca iz groba 14(izradio: M. Novak)

Fig. 4 Inventory of the preserved bones of the adult man from grave14 (made by M. Novak)

Sl. 6 Zarasli upalni proces praen porozitetom na anteriornojstrani tijela drugoga slabinskog kraljeka (foto: V. Vyroubal)

Fig. 6 Healed inflammation accompanied by porosity on the anteri-or side of the body of the second lumbar vertebra (photo by V.Vyroubal)

Sl. 7 Poveanje sternalnog kraja praeno apscesom na unutra-njoj strani osmoga lijevog rebra (foto: V. Vroubal)

Fig. 7 Augmentation of the sternal end accompanied by an abscesson the inside of the eighth left rib (photo by V. Vyroubal)

Sl. 5 Otrokutna kifotina deformacija na prsnim i slabinskimkraljecima kao posljedica tuberkuloze (foto: V. Vyroubal)

Fig. 5 Angular kyphotic deformity on the thoracic and lumbar verte-brae as the consequence of tuberculosis (photo by V. Vyroubal)


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is most likely the result of angular kyphotic deformity, i.e.disturbed biomechanics of the spine (Fig. 8). Moreover, thebodies of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae showedosteoarthritis in the form of osteophytes, which is also aresult of disturbed biomechanics of the spine and thorax.

DISCUSSIONMorphological changes in the bones, the backbone in

particular, associated with tuberculosis, are similar to chan-ges caused by certain other diseases. In order to ascertainwhether Ivankovo was indeed a case of bone tuberculosiswe carried out a differential diagnosis, taking into accountthe following disorders: fractures, osteomyelitis, brucellosis,malignant bone tumors and Scheuermanns disease.

In the case of compression fracture of vertebral bodyusually only a single vertebra is affected (Ortner 2003: 235),and kyphosis, when present, is not angular; moreover,fractures are not accompanied by signs of inflammation(Roberts, Buikstra 2003: 96, tab. 3.3). In osteomyelitis, too,usually only one vertebra is affected, while angular kypho-tic deformity is very rare (Ortner 2003: 235); on the otherhand, tuberculosis normally results in a far more severedestruction of vertebrae and the intensity of deformation(Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998: 140). In brucellosis,destructive lesions may appear on the bodies of the verte-brae (usually lumbar), while ankylosis is relatively common,but the deterioration of the vertebral body and formationof angular kyphosis are extremely rare (Waldron 2009: 96).Malignant bone tumors may lead to kyphosis, but, unli-ke tuberculosis, kyphosis in tumors is characterised by anobtuse angle (Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998: 141).

Moreover, in malignant tumors very frequently vertebral ar-ches are affected, too (Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998:141). Scheuermanns disease affects the spine, especially thethoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and it is characterised by adeterioration of the vertebral bodies, leading to kyphosis(Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998: 87). In this diseasekyphosis is not angular (Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn1998: 141) and, contrary to tuberculosis, in Scheuermannsdisease there are no traces of inflammation (Roberts, Buik-stra 2003: 96, tab. 3.3).

As already mentioned in the introductory chapter, ske-letal tuberculosis present in the adult man buried in a 16thcentury grave from Ivankovo, in addition to the specimen

from the Avar-Slavic necropolis from Stari Jankovci, is onlythe second case of this disease in continental Croatia. Todate there are a dozen documented cases of tuberculosisin human skeletal remains from archaeological contexts inCroatia, but the majority come from the eastern Adriaticcoast and its hinterland. In view of such a proportion, thequestion is raised as to what contributed to such an imba-lance between the two parts of Croatia: were there certain,presently unknown, features of the eastern Adriatic coastand hinterland that favoured the development and spreadof tuberculosis in the past, or is this simply due to the diffe-rent level of research? By all accounts it seems that such a

svih rebara, posebno na lijevoj strani, to je najvjerojatnijeposljedica otrokutne kifotine deformacije, tj. poremeenebiomehanike kraljenice (sl. 8). Uz to, na tijelima etvrtog ipetog slabinskog kraljeka zabiljeen je osteoartritis u obli-ku osteofita koji je takoer nastao kao rezultat poremeenebiomehanike kraljenice i prsnog koa.

RASPRAVAMorfoloke promjene na kostima, posebno na kraljeni-

ci, koje se vezuju uz tuberkulozu sline su promjenama kojemogu prouzroiti i neke druge bolesti. Kako bi bili sigurnida je u sluaju iz Ivankova doista rije o kotanoj tuberku-lozi, provedena je diferencijalna dijagnoza a u obzir su uzetisljedei poremeaji: frakture, osteomijelitis, bruceloza, zlo-udni kotani tumori i Scheuermannova bolest.

Kod kompresijske frakture tijela kraljeka obino je za-hvaen samo jedan kraljeak (Ortner 2003: 235), a kifoza,ako je prisutna, nije otrokutna; uz to, kod frakture nisuprisutni tragovi upalnog procesa (Roberts, Buikstra 2003:

96, tab. 3.3). U sluaju osteomijelitisa najee je zahvaensamo jedan kraljeak, a otrokutna kifotina deformacija vr-lo je rijetka (Ortner 2003: 235); s druge strane, tuberkulozaobino rezultira bitno jaim unitenjem kraljeaka i inten-zitetom deformacije (Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998:140). Kod bruceloze se destruktivne lezije mogu pojavitina tijelima kraljeaka (najee slabinskih) a ankiloza je re-lativno esta, ali su propadanje tijela kraljeka i stvaranjeotrokutne kifoze iznimno rijetki (Waldron 2009: 96). Zlo-udni kotani tumori mogu dovesti do kifoze, no, za razlikuod tuberkuloze, u sluaju tumora kifozu odlikuje tupi kut(Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998: 141), a u odnosu natuberkulozu kod zloudnih su tumora vrlo esto zahvae-ni i lukovi kraljeaka (Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998:141). Scheuermannova bolest zahvaa kraljenicu, posebiceprsne i slabinske kraljeke, a karakterizira je propadanje tije-la kraljeaka to rezultira kifozom (Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998: 87), no kifoza u sluaju te bolesti nije otrokut-na (Aufderheide, Rodrguez-Martn 1998: 141), a za razlikuod tuberkuloze, kod Scheuermannove bolesti ne javljaju setragovi upalnog procesa (Roberts, Buikstra 2003: 96, tab.3.3).

Kako je ve u uvodnom poglavlju navedeno, kotanatuberkuloza kod odraslog mukarca pokopanog u grobu16. stoljea iz Ivankova, uz primjerak iz avaroslavenske ne-kropole iz Starih Jankovaca, predstavlja tek drugi sluaj ovebolesti u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj. Do danas je zabiljeeno

desetak sluajeva tuberkuloze na ljudskim kotanim ostaci-ma iz arheolokog konteksta s podruja Hrvatske, no veinaih potjee s istone jadranske obale i zalea. S obzirom naovakav odnos postavlja se pitanje to je doprinijelo takvojneproporcionalnosti izmeu dva dijela Hrvatske: je li rije oodreenim, zasad nepoznatim, odlikama istone jadranskeobale i zalea koje su pogodovale razvoju i irenju tuber-kuloze u prolosti ili je jednostavno rije o razliitom stanjuistraenosti? Po svemu sudei, ta neproporcionalnost rezul-tat je razliitog stanja istraenosti razvoja i irenja zaraznihbolesti u arheolokim populacijama izmeu kontinentalnei primorske Hrvatske. Naime, pregled dostupne literature,


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posebice one iz blie regije kao to su Maarska i Vojvodina,upuuje na brojne sluajeve kotane tuberkuloze pronae-ne u arheolokom kontekstu. Tako je na podruju Vojvodi-ne zabiljeen jedan sluaj tuberkuloze u avaroslavenskojnekropoli u Bakoj Topoli (Farkas et al. 1976), dva sluaja ubjelobrdskoj nekropoli u Sremskoj Mitrovici (Lokalitet 37)(Miladinovi Radmilovi 2012) te dva sigurna i 32 moguasluaja na groblju 16./17. stoljea u Somboru (Lovsz et al.2010). S podruja Maarske do danas je publicirano vie de-setaka sluajeva kotane tuberkuloze koji se datiraju od 5.tis. pr. Kr. do 19. stoljea (Marcsik, Plfi 1999; Plfi, Marcsik1999; Plfi et al. 1999; Pap et al. 1999; Haas et al. 2000;Fletcher et al. 2003a, 2003b; Donoghue et al. 2005; Marcsiket al. 2006; vinger et al. 2011; Hajdu et al. 2012; Khler et al.2013). Za Maarsku je iznimno bitno napomenuti da su osimstandardnih makroskopskih analiza u vie navrata koritenei molekularne analize koje su dokazale prisutnost tuberku-loze i u sluajevima kada se ona nije morfoloki manifesti-rala na kostima (npr.vinger et al. 2011). Stoga bi, po uzoruna uspjene rezultate koje su poluile molekularne analizearheolokoga kotanog materijala u Maarskoj, uvoenjeslinih multidisciplinarnih istraivanja u Hrvatskoj trebaobiti jedan od glavnih zadataka hrvatskih antropologa i ar-heologa u neposrednoj budunosti.

Prema rezultatima istraivanja maarskih znanstvenikamogue je izdvojiti dva razdoblja u kojima se tuberkuloza

javlja ee u odnosu na ostala razdoblja: tuberkuloza se uMaarskoj intenzivnije javlja tijekom 7. i 8. stoljea i u raz-doblju od 14. do 17. stoljea (Plfi, Marcsik 1999). Intenziv-nija pojava tuberkuloze tijekom 7. i 8. stoljea objanjavase injenicom da je podruje Karpatske kotline kojom sutada vladali Avari bilo pogodno za razvoj poljoprivrede istoarstva, tj. velika zemljoradnika naselja; visoka gustoanaseljenosti i siromatvo bitno su doprinijeli pojavi i ire-nju tuberkuloze (Marcsik et al. 2006). S obzirom na to da jeavarsko stanovnitvo u velikoj mjeri ovisilo o poljoprivre-di i stoarstvu,podvrste M. tuberculosis i M. bovisimale su

disproportion is the result of the different state of researchon the development and spread of infectious diseases inthe archaeological populations between continental andcoastal Croatia. Specifically, the available literature, particu-larly regarding the neighbouring regions, such as Hungaryand Vojvodina, contains numerous references to cases of

skeletal tuberculosis in archaeological contexts. In Vojvo-dina, for instance, a case of tuberculosis was documentedat the Avar-Slavic necropolis in Baka Topola (Farkas et al.1976), two cases are known from a Bijelo Brdo necropolisin Sremska Mitrovica (Site 37) (Miladinovi Radmilovi 2012)and two certain and 32 possible cases from a 16 th/17thcen-tury cemetery in Sombor (Lovsz et al. 2010). Several dozencases of skeletal tuberculosis published to date from Hun-gary cover the period between the 5thmillennium BC andthe 19thcentury (Marcsik, Plfi 1999; Plfi, Marcsik 1999; Plfiet al. 1999; Pap et al. 1999; Haas et al. 2000; Fletcher et al.2003a, 2003b; Donoghue et al. 2005; Marcsik et al. 2006;

vinger et al. 2011; Hajdu et al. 2012; Khler et al. 2013). In thecase of Hungary it is extremely important to mention that,in addition to standard macroscopic analyses, molecularanalyses were carried out in several cases, which proved thepresence of tuberculosis even in the cases when it was notmorphologically manifested in the bones (e.g. vinger et al.2011). In view of the successful results of molecular analysesof osteoarchaeological assemblages in Hungary, the intro-duction of similar multidisciplinary research in Croatia sho-uld be considered as one of the main tasks for Croatian ant-hropologists and archaeologists in the immediate future.

Based on the research results of Hungarian scholars itis possible to distinguish two peak periods of tuberculosis

compared to other periods: tuberculosis in Hungary occurswith greater intensity between the 7th and 8th centuriesand in the period between the 14thand 17thcenturies (Plfi,Marcsik 1999). The explanation for the intensified presenceof tuberculosis during the 7thand 8thcenturies is based onthe fact that the Carpathian Basin, ruled at that time by theAvars, was beneficial for the development of farming andanimal breeding, i.e. large farming settlements, high den-sity of population and poverty significantly contributed tothe emergence and spread of tuberculosis (Marcsik et al.2006). Taking into consideration that the Avar populationdepended on farming and animal breeding to a large de-

gree, the subspecies M. tuberculosisand M. bovisplayed animportant role in the spread of tuberculosis (Marcsik, Plfi1999; Plfi, Marcsik 1999; Haas et al. 2000). Frequent migra-tions, primarily caused by the Ottoman invasions, leadingto stressful situations due to the adaptation to a new envi-ronment, are listed among the possible causes of the moreintensive appearance of tuberculosis in the period betwe-en the 14th and 17th cent. in Hungary (Lovsz et al. 2010).Another possible cause are the climatic changes in the Car-pathian Basin during the 16th and 17thcenturies, resultingin a Little Ice Age, which had an exceptionally negativeimpact on agriculture (Rcz 2001) and led to frequent epi-

Sl. 8 Deformacija 12. lijevog rebra i usporedba s 12. desnim re-brom (foto: M. Novak)

Fig. 8 Deformation of the 12th left rib and its comparison with the

12th right rib (photo by M. Novak)


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znaajan utjecaj na irenje tuberkuloze (Marcsik, Plfi 1999;Plfi, Marcsik 1999; Haas et al. 2000). Kao mogui uzroni-ci intenzivnije pojave tuberkuloze u razdoblju od 14. do 17.st. u Maarskoj navode se este migracije, ponajprije zbogturskih osvajanja, to je izazivalo stresne situacije zbog pri-lagodbe na novu okolinu (Lovsz et al. 2010). Kao jedan

od moguih uzronika navode se i klimatske promjene napodruju Karpatske kotline tijekom 16. i 17. stoljea koje surezultirale mini ledenim dobom to je imalo izrazito nega-tivan utjecaj na poljoprivredu (Rcz 2001) i uzrokovalo esteepizode gladi. Politika kriza koja se na tom podruju javilakao rezultat turskih osvajanja takoer je mogla pridonije-ti estim epizodama gladi (Lovsz et al. 2010). Ti imbenicinegativno su utjecali na kvalitetu ivota stanovnitva togapodruja u navedenom razdoblju a njihov sinergijski uinakimao je znaajan utjecaj na smanjenu sposobnost obraneod zaraznih bolesti, pa tako i tuberkuloze. S obzirom na toda se oba do danas poznata sluaja kotane tuberkuloze izkontinentalne Hrvatske kronoloki i geografski u potpuno-

sti uklapaju u sline sluajeve s podruja Maarske, svi dosada navedeni potencijalni uzronici pojave i irenja te bo-lesti u Maarskoj vjerojatno su igrali bitnu ulogu u irenju tebolesti i na podruju istone Slavonije i Srijema.

Ve je prije navedeno da tuberkulozu kod ljudi naje-e uzrokuju podvrste M. tuberculosisi M. bovis: M. tubercu-losis najee se prenosi kaljanjem sa zaraene osobe nazdravu, dok se M. bovis na ovjeka prenosi uslijed kontaktas domaim ivotinjama, tj. zbog direktnog kontakta sa za-raenom ivotinjom ili kao posljedica konzumacije mesa imlijenih proizvoda koji potjeu od zaraene ivotinje. Na-alost, u sluaju mukarca iz Ivankova morfoloke promjenena kostima nisu dovoljne kako bi se sa sigurnou utvrdilokoja je od podvrsta odgovorna za zarazu. Budui da je zaubrzano irenje podvrste M. tuberculosis neophodna visokagustoa stanovnitva, moda bi se ta podvrsta kao potenci-

jalni uzronik u ovom sluaju mogla odbaciti jer se kao naj-vaniji imbenici za pojavu brojnih epidemija tuberkuloze uEuropi tijekom 15. i 16. st. navode urbanizacija i nagli poraststanovnitva, kao i razvoj trgovine koji je pripomogao ubr-zanom irenju te bolesti (Lindemann 1999; Bercovier 2000).Pretpostavlja se da su gotovo svi stanovnici velikih gradova,primjerice Londona i Pariza, u to vrijeme bili zaraeni ne-kom vrstom tuberkuloze (Lindemann 1999). S obzirom nato da je Ivankovo tijekom razdoblja turske vladavine imaloprimarno seoski karakter, tj. da je podneblje omoguavaloraznovrsnu i bogatu ratarsku proizvodnju te da je itavo po-

druje obilovalo stokom (Hrenjak, Landeka 2003), mogu-e je da se odrasli mukarac koji je tema ovog rada zaraziopodvrstomM. bovisu direktnom kontaktu s domaim ivo-tinjama ili konzumirajui meso i/ili mlijeko zaraene ivoti-nje. No, kako bi se ta pretpostavka potvrdila/opovrgla, uzklasinu antropoloku analizu potrebno je provesti i mole-kularnu analizu ovog primjerka.

ZAKLJUAKUzronici koji su u prolosti ali i u moderno doba, najvie

pogodovali nastanku i razvoju tuberkuloze bili su neade-kvatna ishrana i zarazne bolesti koje su negativno utjecale

sodes of famine. The political crisis brought about in thatarea by the Ottoman conquests also may have contributedto repeated periods of starvation (Lovsz et al. 2010). Thesefactors had a negative impact on the quality of life of thelocal population in that period, and their synergistic effecthad a significant impact on reducing the ability of defence

against infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. Conside-ring that both presently known cases of skeletal tuberculo-sis from continental Croatia completely fit chronologicallyand geographically into the similar cases from Hungary,all the mentioned potential causes of the emergence andspread of this disease in Hungary probably played an im-portant role in the spread of this disease in eastern Slavoniaand Syrmia, too.

It was already stated that tuberculosis in humans is usu-ally caused by the subspeciesM. tuberculosisand M. bovis: M.tuberculosis is usually transmitted by coughing from an in-fected person to a healthy one, while M. bovisis transmitted

to humans through contacts with domestic animals, i.e.through direct contact with an infected animal or as the re-sult of the consumption of meat or dairy products from in-fected animals. Unfortunately, the morphological changesin the bones of the man from Ivankovo are not sufficientto ascertain which subspecies is responsible for the infecti-on. Considering that high population density is a necessaryprecondition for the rapid spread of the M. tuberculosissubspecies, perhaps we could rule out this subspecies asa possible cause in this case, because among the most im-portant factors for the recurrent outbreaks of tuberculosisin Europe in the 15thand 16thcent. are the urbanisation andsudden population growth, as well as the development of

trade, which contributed to the accelerated spread of thatdisease (Lindemann 1999; Bercovier 2000). It is presumedthat almost all the inhabitants of large cities, for instanceLondon and Paris, were at that time infected with one oranother type of tuberculosis (Lindemann 1999). Taking intoconsideration that during the Ottoman rule Ivankovo had aprimarily rural character, i.e. that the environment alloweddiverse and rich agricultural production and that the en-tire area abounded in cattle (Hrenjak, Landeka 2003), itis possible that the adult man examined in this paper hadbeen infected with the M. bovissubspecies through directcontact with domestic animals or by eating meat and/or da-

iry products from an infected animal. However, in order toconfirm/refute this assumption, it is necessary to carry out amolecular analysis of this specimen, in addition to a classicalanthropological analysis.

CONCLUSIONThe factors that most contributed to the emergence and

development of tuberculosis, both in the past and in themodern period, were inadequate diet and infectious disea-ses, which had a negative impact on the immune system ofinfected individuals, but also cultural and socio-economicfactors such as overcrowding and contact with domestic


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animals. Therefore, in the case of skeletal tuberculosis fromIvankovo, too, we can assume that a combination of variousfactors was at play. The exceptionally unstable political situ-ation during the 16thcentury in this part of Europe as a resultof the Ottoman invasions brought about recurrent migrati-ons, leading to frequent occurrences of famine, outbreaks

of infectious diseases and general impoverishment of po-pulation. Furthermore, if we consider that at that time Ivan-kovo was a typical rural community that depended on far-ming and animal breeding, and that most of the populationhad daily contact with domestic animals, such a situationwas ideally suited for the emergence of tuberculosis in thatarea. The case of skeletal tuberculosis from Ivankovo fits byits features into the wider geographical and chronologicalframework of the emergence and spread of tuberculosis inthe Carpathian Basin, and in order to gain new knowledgeabout the history of this dangerous disease in the territoryof Croatia it is necessary to carry out molecular analyses,which would represent a significant step forward in theattempt to reconstruct the everyday life of our ancestors.

na imunoloki sustav zaraenih osoba ali i kulturni i socioe-konomski imbenici kao to su prenapuenost i kontakt sdomaim ivotinjama. Stoga bi se i u sluaju kotane tuber-kuloze iz Ivankova moglo pretpostaviti kako je rije o kom-binaciji vie imbenika. Iznimno nestabilne politike priliketijekom 16. stoljea u ovom dijelu Europe koje su nastale

kao rezultat turskih osvajanja, imale su za posljedicu broj-ne migracije to je dovelo do estih pojava gladi, epidemijazaraznih bolesti i opeg osiromaivanja stanovnitva. Osimtoga, ako se uzme u obzir da je Ivankovo tada predstavlja-lo tipinu seosku zajednicu koja je ovisila o zemljoradnji istoarstvu te da je vei dio stanovnitva bio u svakodnev-nom kontaktu s domaim ivotinjama, takvo stanje bilo jeidealno za pojavu tuberkuloze na tom podruju. Primjerakkotane tuberkuloze iz Ivankova po svojim se karakteristi-kama uklapa u iri geografski i kronoloki okvir nastanka iirenja tuberkuloze na podruju Karpatske kotline, a kako bise dolo do novih saznanja o povijesti te opasne bolesti nahrvatskom tlu, neophodno je provesti molekularne analize

to bi predstavljalo znaajan iskorak u pokuaju rekonstruk-cije svakodnevnog ivota naih predaka.

Prijevod i lektura /Translation and proofreading

Sanjin Miheli


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