Økt tunnelsikkerhet i norge fra skreddersØm til ... morgen...public risk communication...

ØKT TUNNELSIKKERHET I NORGE – FRA SKREDDERSØM TIL STANDARDISERING

ALARMING WITH SIRENS OR VOICE ALARM SYSTEMS –ASSISTANCE FOR DECISIONS

Honeywell Confidential - ©2019 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.

SPEAKER:

MICHAEL KÖHLER, NOVAR GMBH, NEUSS

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CONTENT:

• EVACUATIONS: PRACTICAL EXAMPLES / INCIDENCES

• MEDICAL EXCURSUS

• STATUS OF EVACUATION RESEARCH - AN OVERVIEW

• COMPARISON OF SIREN VS VOICE

• STATUS IN EUROPE (AND GERMANY)


YOUR CONTACT FOR:

PA/VA in Tunnels and Buildings

VARIODYN D1 and INTEVIO

Standard and Norms – no matter where

Acoustic issues

All matter around Sound

System Design

Michael Köhler

Business Development International PA/VA

Mobile: +49 174 33 56 531

Email: [email protected]

EVACUATIONS: PRACTICAL EXAMPLES

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U BAHN BRAND BERLIN DEUTSCHE OPER JULI 2000

- About 350 passengers survived in an "air bubble" at one end of the smoky platfor

- No information (no announcements where made)

- Despite smoke no signs of panic or the like rather continue party mood

- After all: no escape through the smoke.

Guess from the presenter: Most likely because there where just waiting for the next train.

Source:

https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/u-bahn-brand-unglaubliches-glueck-in-einer-luftblase-ueberlebt/152668.html

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Bahnhof_Deutsche_Oper

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xj2Aj9t2uI

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FIRE IN THE MOUNT-BLANC TUNNEL 1999

39 victims, 27 in their cars

Most of the victims didnt try to reach the shelters (admittely that it would‘nd had‘nthelp)

Source:

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Blanc-Tunnel

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THE FATAL BURNLEY TUNNEL CRASHES MELBOURNE

• On 23 March 2007 just before 10 am, a pile-up occurred in the tunnel involving three trucks and four cars. The crash resulted in an explosion and a fire

• Three people died in the accident

• ~ 200 vehicles became stranded inside the tunnel. The Public Address & Radio Rebroadcast Systems advised motorists to turn off their ignition, leave the keys in, and to evacuate the tunnel.

• Emergency exits are located throughout the tunnel but some motorists walked the 1 km back along the roadway

• Approximately 400 people were evacuated, three of whom were taken to hospital.

Source:

The fatal burnley tunnel crashes melbourne (Dix, 2007)

Wikipedia

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MEDICAL EXCURSUS

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MEDICAL EXCURSUS

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We always try to keep the risk as low as possible in ponder to the investment

Hence we need to know what is the actual risk of getting esposed to smoke

What does it actually mean to inhale flue gas?

So how is the concrete damage to the individual human being to be assessed?


MEDICAL EXCURSUS

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Therapy of intoxication by flue gas inhalation

Patients can be divided into 5 groups:

1. Patient has freed himself from smoke, shows irritations of the eyes and upperrespiratory tract (e.g. burning when inhaled); cough exists withoutbronchospasm (cramping of the respiratory tract), oxygen saturation (SpO2)normal

2. Patient additionally complains of shortness of breath; bronchospasticity exists;SpO2 decreased

3. Patient is conscious with or without pulmonary symptoms (Glasgow ComaScale (GCS) 10-13)

4. Patient is found unconscious - with still intact cardiovascular function (GCS 3-9)

5. Patient found with respiratory and circulatory arrest


MEDICAL EXCURSUS

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Therapy of intoxication by flue gas inhalation

Patients can be divided into 5 groups:

1.Patient has freed himself from smoke, shows irritations of the eyes and upperrespiratory tract (e.g. burning when inhaled); cough exists without bronchospasm(cramping of the respiratory tract), oxygen saturation (SpO2) normal

2.Patient additionally complains of shortness of breath; bronchospasticity exists;SpO2 decreased

Source: "Der Notarzt" 3, 2010 S.95ff, T.Zilker et al.

Universitätsklinikum Jena – Zentrale Notfallaufnahme, Dr. S. Herdtle

University of Zurich – Inhalationstrauma, 2013

Toxicity of Fire Smoke, Yves Alarie, 2002


MEDICAL EXCURSUS

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Treatment Group 1:fresh air

Washing off soot makes sense

Eye washing with water soaked swabs

Examination in the clinic

usually overnight observation > Symptoms can appear in a preriot of ~36 hours)

Treatment group 2:Oxygen via mask/probe

β2 Adrenoreceptor Agonist (Salbutamol / Fenoterol)

Seamless monitoring

If no improvement under above therapy :

rethink thermal trauma

Indication for intubation generous and set early

Patients from group 2 must be treated in hospital as inpatients

usually in the intensive care unit.Source:

"The Emergency Doctor" 3, 2010 p.95ff, T.Zilker et al.


MEDICAL EXCURSUS

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10 to 40 % of CO affected victim's will develop consequential damage to heart and nervous system:

• Memory and concentration disturbances (retrograde amnesia)• dizziness, headaches, nausea • personality changes

Source:

Rauchgasintoxikation: Diagnose und Therapie; Rettungsdienst 4 · 2004 Page 358+

STATE OF EVACUATION RESEARCH -AN OVERVIEW

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

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BS 7974:2019 Series Fire Safety Engineering. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings

Especially:

BS 7974-6:2019 Human factors. Life safety strategies. Occupant

evacuation, behavior and condition (Sub-system 6)

ISO 7240 Series

EN54-32; Especially chapter 5

VDI Guideline 4062 - Emergency evacuation of people, 2016


STATE OF RESEARCH OF HUMAN BEAVIOR

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All documents availible in english:

Behaviour on tunnel fire (Boer L.C., Veldhuijzen van Zanten D.W. (2007). In: […] Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2005. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg)

Myths of Evacuation – 2016 (Künzer, – Jena)

https://team-hf.de/publikationen/buchbeitraege.html

Human Behaviour in Smoke (Künzer, Hofinger)

https://www.feuertrutz.com/human-behaviour-in-smoke/150/65382/

Fires & Human Behaviour (Canter 1990)

Public risk communication (Fitzpatrick, C. & Mileti, D. S. (1994))

The Procces of Human Beavior in Fires (Kuligowski, 2009)

Emergency evacuations: how to deal with the issue of ‘bystander apathy’ (Siemens 2019)

https://www.continuitycentral.com/index.php/news/resilience-news/3808-emergency-evacuations-how-to-deal-with-the-issue-of-bystander-apathy


STATE OF RESEARCH – CURRENTLY ONLY IN GERMAN LANGUAGE

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Brandschutz in der Kindertagesstätte (brandmauer-nord)

Unsicher und unerwartet (Künzer, Spielvogel PROTECTOR Special 2017)

Barrierefreie Alarmierung und Fluchtweggestaltung – für alle > !(Künzer, Hofinger, Feuer Trutz Magazin 2018)

Evakuierung von Personen aus Gebäuden […] (K. Müller VFDB2/99)


MYTHS OF EVACUATION

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1. People leave the building immediately after hearing a fire alarm.

� Even regular evacuation exercises cause delays.

2. People use all [...] exits equally

� Known ways will - under all circumstances! - be used

� unknown ways will be mostly avoided

3. People don't walk through smoke

� They do! If there's a "good" reason for it.Source: Myths of Evacuation – 2016 (Künzer, – Jena)


THE FIVE PHASES OF AN EMERGENCY WARNING

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1. Hearing - Non-hearing always leads to a delayed reaction.

Is the audibility (or intelligibility given?)?

If necessary, provide for redundancies, e.g. optical signal transmitters

2. Understanding - A siren has no clear meaning

The following actions must be trained regularly

or, use announcements with recommendations for action



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3. Identify as "real" ("Peter and the Wolf")

If no clear instructions are use: Guidance, debriefing and exercises are very important

4. Refer to yourself and acknowledge as important

Concrete, clear information and instructions help a lot



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5. Decide and react

People show, after passing through phases 1-4, three behaviors:

1. Wait for further instruction what to do (wait and see)

2. Active search for further information's to be able to decide

3. Leave the premises

� Information/Instructions and/or exercises (if possible at all) are the key to a

successful evacuation of an infrastructure.

Source:

Myths of evacuation, Künzer Feuertrutzmagazin 04.2015

Fitzpatrick, C. & Mileti, D. S. (1994). Public risk communication. In R. R. Dynes & K. Tierney (Hrsg.), Disasters, collective behaviour, and social organisation (S. 71–84). Newark: University of Delaware press.

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CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FIRE PROTECTION CONCEPT

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Clearance times t: = tDetection + tAlarm + tReaction + tEscape

If the evacuation time (especially the reaction time) is wrong or assumed to be too short, other measures may no longer be effective.

- Smoke control of escape routes

- Rescue route capacities

But also:

- Higher work load and endangerment of approaching forces of the fire brigade

� General Fighter Fighter Strategy in tunnels is different:

1. Cool down (the ceiling)

2. Extinguishing the Figher

3. Save people Source:

Fire Fighter Department Berlin

International Fire Academy, Switzerland, Baltzthal

COMPARISSON SIREN VS VOICE

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Honeywell Confidential - ©2019 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 23

Those present are not practiced. Alarms are given by means of alarm signals (sirens):

• Those present set themselves in motion after up to30 minutes.

• Those present wait even in smoky areas

• Few available outputs are used

• Not all those present will be smokers.

• avoid escape routes

The total evacuation time is extended by approx. 30 minutes and longer.

Those present are practiced or receive clear instructions for action:

• Those present set themselves in motion immediately

• All outputs are used (no overload of escape routes)

• Those present will avoid smoke.

The total evacuation time consists essentially of the time needed to leave the building.Source: BS 7974-6:2019

EVACUATION - SUCCESS OR FAILURE

STATUS IN GERMANY (AND EUROPE)

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RABT 2006

- Still valid; RABT 2015 is pending due to EU

- Major difference in Tunnels </> 400 Meters

- < 400 Meter CCTV and Speakers

- But, if CCTV also > 400 Meter speakers required

E.g. For example, all seven tunnel in Cologne have speakers due the high traffic for almost all tunnels

(530Meters the longest, rest between ~100 –350 Meters)

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RABT 2006

If the tunnel is equipped with CCTV, then a speaker system is needed:

- 90dB ambient noise

- STI need to be measured with 100dB or more (50 - 6000Hz)

- RT60 400-500Hz = 3,2 sek. linar decreasing to 1,6sek @ 1kHz

- STI has to be “intelligible” while slow speed and open window

Comments:

1. This should be STI after ICE 60268

2. A open Window is against a central safety rule for tunnels

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RABT 2006/2015 VS. 2004/54/EG EUROPEAN PARLAMENT

Germany

CCTV, FDS < 400 meter

If CCTV: Speaker system

If mechanical ventilation:

also FDS > 400 meter

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EU

CCTV only if control center or < 3000 meter

FDS or “incident reporting system” < 500 m

Signs, emergency stops, etc.

Radio notification system < 500 meter

Speakers in all EVAC shelters

Speakers are mandandory in most tunnels in Germany


BAST – BUNDESANSTALT FÜR STRASSENWESEN

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Federal Highway Research Institute

- Tunnel safety conference

- Safety evaluation of Tunnels (Method for Risk Analysis in tunnels)

- Analyze of human behavior if automating sprinkler are activated

- SECURITY MANUAL FOR EUROPEAN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 2017 (English)

(European work group with ILF, ELEA iC Consulting, SARS)

https://www.bast.de/BASt_2017/EN/Publications/Media/B-sicherheitshandbuch-eng-l.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1


ADAC – A GERMAN AUTOMOBIL CLUB

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Since 1999 (after the Mount Blanc Fire) they testing frequently European Tunnels:

All Tunnels are rated good or very good.

Also we see progress in enhance the

safety in old tunnels.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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