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Three Cups of Tea:One Man’s Mission to Promote Peace —

One School at a Time

By Greg Mortenson, David Oliver RelinPenguin Group, USA, 2007

ISBN: 0143038257PAGES: 349

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l;Gw' dxfTDoEmpires of the Indus:The Story of a River

By Alice Albinia

Hachette Livre, London, 2008

ISBN: 978-0-7195-6003-3

PAGES: 366

Friends Not Masters:A Political Autobiography

By Mohammad Ayub Khan

Oxford University Press,Pakistan 1967

PAGES: 275

2;dLIfs M cho bLlIft

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cnlalgofsf cg';f/ OG8; If]qaf6 CUj]bLx¿ k"j{tkm{ nfu]kl5

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ljefhg g/;+xf/sf] jf:tljs ;ª\Vof s;}n] klg ls6fg ug{ ;s]sf

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k|ltljDa xf], l;Gw k|fGt jf blIf0fL–dWoef/tsf] xf]Og . o; u|Gydf od'gf

/ uËf gbLsf] st}st} dfq} pNn]v kfOG5 t/ qmfO:6sf] pboeGbf ! xhf/

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qmfO:6eGbf ! xhf/ @ ;o jif{klxn] ;[hgf ;'?eO{ CUj]bsf] w]/} jif{df tof/ eof] .

k':tsdf cnlalgof To; If]qdf O:nfd / lxGb" wd{aLr ljleGg

sfnv08df ePsf ;xhLjgsf syf xfNbl5g\ . kfls:tfgsf] l;Gw k|fGt

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hflt ;a} Ps} x'g\ . ;'kmL kL7df ;a} y/L :jLsfo{ 5g\, sf]xL klg TofHo

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:yfgLo hldgbf/lj?4 ljb|f]x u/] . l;Gw k|fGtel/ km}lng] 8/ ePkl5 d'un

;fd|fHon] ljb|f]x bafof] . ;g\ !&!* hgj/L & df zfx Ogfot dfl/P . To;

k|s/0fdf @% xhf/ kmsL/x¿ dfl/Psf] df}lvs Oltxf; l;Gwdf ;'lgG5 .

l;Gw If]qdf Ogfot ;'kmL ;Gtsf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ .

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zfx Ogfotsf b'O{ y/L l;nl;nf 5g\ . klxnf] eGb5, pgL ef/tsf] 8]Ssg

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d'un afbzfx zfxhxfgsf 5f]/f /fhs'df/ bf/flzsf]x ;/dbsf] ts{n]

cfslif{t ePsf lyP . o'j/fh bf/flzsf]x lxGb" / O:nfd wd{sf] ˆo'hg

u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] b[li6 /fVby] . cfˆgf] rf;f] d]6fpg cfk"mn] a'‰g] efiffdf

pklgifb\nfO{ pNyf klg u/fPsf lyP . ;g\ !^%( df cfˆgf] bfh' sflkm/

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xTof u/] . s]xL ;dokl5 wd{lj/f]wLsf] cf/f]kdf ;/db klg dfl/P .

cf}/Ëh]jsf] zf;gsfndf ef/tsf y'k|} d7–dlGb/ eTsfOPsf lyP / of]

ljutsf] k|efj ef/tsf] /fhgLltdf cfh;Dd hLjGt /x]sf] 5 . l;Gw

k|fGtsf] l;Gw' gbLjl/kl/ ;g\ ()% df 3'Dg] dG;'/–cn xNnfh gfds

;Gth:t} :ju{jf;L ;/dbnfO{ ef/tsf] dG;'/ eGg yflnof] . zfx Ogfot

;/dbsf r]nf x'g\ eGg] syf l;Gwdf k|rlnt 5 . wfld{s cGwjfbsf]

lj/f]wL ;'kmL ;Gtsf ¿kdf Ogfot dflgG5g\ .

lhGbfkL/Oltxf; sf]b}{ cnlalgof n]Vbl5g\— l;Gw'If]qsf] pb/f]nfn / ;'Ss'/ gfd

u/]sf :yfgdf cfh klg lxGb" / d';ndfgx¿ l;Gw' gbLsf] k"hfcfhf

ub{5g\ . k"hf ul/g] Pp6f :yfgsf] gfd xf],

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lhGbfkL/df lxGb" / d';ndfgn] ldn]/ k"hf

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b'j} y/LaLr ljjfb x'g yfNof] . ;g\ !*&$ sf] cf}klgj]zL uh]6df b'j}

;d'bfon] ug]{ k"hfsf] pNn]v 5, t/ !(!( cfOk'Ubf lxGb"x¿ lxFl8;s]sf

x'G5g\, uh]6 r'k 5, s]xL pNn]v ub}{g . ;'Ss'/sf lxGb"x¿n] cfˆgf] ljut

la;]{ eGb} ltgnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{] p2]Zo /fvL ;g\ !*@# df jfgv08L gfd

u/]sf g]kfnL :jfdL ;'Ss'/ cfOk'u] / :yfgLojf;LnfO{ l;Gw' gbL slt kljq

5 eGg]af/] a'emfpg yfn] . gbLsf] aLrdf l:yt ;fw'a]nf gfds 6fk'df

cfˆgf] cfwf/:yn agfO{ sfo{ ug{ yfn] jfgv08L . ;g\ !**) sf] bzsdf

ToxfF dhf/ gePsf] x'Fbf cflbsfnb]lv dlGb/ lyof] eGg] ts{ /fVb} lxGb"x¿n]

d';ndfglj?4 gfln; xfn]sf lyP . pklgj]zL cbfntn] d';ndfgnfO{

k|fyldstf lbof] / lxGb"x¿n] k"hfcfhfsf nflu gofF dlGb/ agfP .

;g\ @))* cu:6df t6aGw km'6]/ sf];Ldf af9L cfPkl5 l/;fPsL gbLnfO{

zfGt kfg{ g]kfnl:yt s'zfxsf :yfgLo dlxnfx¿n] gbLsf] k"hf u/]sf

lyP . gbLnfO{ k"hf ug]{ k|rng klZrdL ;Eotfdf e]l6Gg .

lhGbfkL/sf] ljjfb lxGb" ;'wf/jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] la/f]w ug]{ k|ltljDa

klg lyof]— cnlalgof eGbl5g\ . ef/tdf rNb} u/]sf] ;'wf/jfbL cfGbf]ngn]

lxGb" wd{ gfz u¥of] eGb} jfgv08Ln] k'/ftgL k|yf g} sfod /xg'kb{5

eGg] k|rf/ u/]sf lyP . tyflk ;g\ !**) df pklgj]zL cbfntn] u/]sf]

lg0f{on] eg] lxGb" / d';ndfgaLr kmf6f] xfNof] . emG8} * ;o jif{;Dd

ldn]/ k"hfcfhf ug]{ u/]sf ;d'bfo cf–cfˆgf] af6f] nfUg yfn] . cbfntsf]

of] lg0f{o :yfgLojf;LnfO{ ljeflht u/L zf;g ug]{ /0fgLlt klg lyof] .

o:t} 36gfsf sf/0f klg kfls:tfg leGg} /fi6« x'g'kb{5 eg] hu a:of] .

xhf/f}F jif{ cgj/t /x]sf] ;+:s[ltdfly Ifl0fs cnufajfbL efjgf xfjL

eof] . l;Gw'sf] of] cg'ej g]kfnsf nflu klg pkof]uL 5, vf; u/L

d'n'ssf] gofF /fhgLlts 9fFrf tof/ ug{ nfluPsf] jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf .

;fy} o:t} uNtL g]kfndf gbf]xf]l/of];\ eGg] sfdgf ug{ ;lsG5 / xhf/f}F

jif{b]lv ldn]/ a;]sf ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s / ax';f+:s[lts ;d'bfo cfk;L

sf6df/df plqP eGg] cfVofg n]lvg] af6f] g5flgof];\ .

;g\ !)@! df 3hgLsf ;'Ntfg dxd'bn] k]zfj/af6 kfls:tfgsf]

:jft / ahf}/df cfqmd0f u/] . :jft / ahf}/ l;Gw' gbLsf k|zfvfsf pkTosf

x'g\ . To; sfnv08df ToxfFsf pkTosfx¿df af}4 wd{ cf]em]ndf kg{ yfn]sf]

@ ;o jif{ eO;s]sf] lyof] . 3hgL af}4dfuL{x¿sf] af;:yfg lyof] / ;g\ (($

df dxd'bsf lktf— ;]a'lS6lhg— dWockmuflg:tfgdf afldofgsf ueg{/

lyP . dWoef/tdf a|fXd0f k'gp{Tyfg ;'? ePsf sf/0f Totfaf6 ;xof]u

cfpg aGb ePsf] x'Fbf af}4 u'Dafx¿ ;|f]tljxLg aGg k'u] . ;ftf}F ztfAbLdf

cfPsf] eoÍ/ af9Lsf sf/0f klg y'k|} u'Dafx¿ gfl;Psf lyP .

tyflk To; If]qdf a'4sf d"lt{x¿ ;+/lIft lyP, gfl;Psf

lyPgg\ . sfnfGt/df ljZj e"–/fhgLltsf] ptf/r9fjsf sf/0f ;g\ !(&) sf]

bzsdf ;f]leot ;]gfn] ckmuflg:tfgdf c•f hdfPkl5 l:yltdf gf6sLo

kl/jt{g eof] . cd]l/sL ;xof]udf :yfgLo d'hfxl2gx¿n] ¿;L ;]gfnfO{

x6fP, t/ ckmuflg:tfg eg] tflnjfgL cltjfbLsf] zf;gdf /Xof] / ltgn]

;g\ @))! df afldofg a'4nfO{ ad k|of]u u/L Wj:t kf/] . emG8} ^ jif{kl5

kfls:tfgsf] :jft pkTosfdf /x]sf] ;ftf}F ztfAbLsf] d}q]o a'4sf] d"lt{ klg

cltjfbLx¿sf] cfqmd0fdf k¥of] M af?båf/f cfqmd0f ub}{, a'4sf] s'd /

cg'xf/df Kjfn kf/], cfttfoLx¿n] . k}uDa/ df]xDdbsf] sfnb]lv d"lt{ ;'/lIft

/x]sf] lyof] . cf}klgj]zL sfnv08df blIf0f

Pl;ofn] cfw'lgstfsf] ofqf ;'? u/]kl5

l;Gw'sf] CUj]bL ;Eotf cf]/fnf] nfUg yfNof]

/ of] qmd aL;f}F ztfAbLdf emg\ 3gLe"t

x'Fb}5 . o;sf] kl5Nnf] 36gf xf] kfls:tfgsf] :jft pkTosfdf xfn x'Fb} u/]sf]

o'4 . tflnjfgL ;dy{s / kfls:tfgL ;]gfsf] d'7e]8df To; If]qaf6 nfvf}Fsf]

;ª\Vofdf afl;Gbfx¿ lj:yflkt x'Fb}5g\ . kfls:tfgleq x'Fb} u/]sf] of] lj:yfkg

;g\ !($& sf] ljefhg ePkl5sf] 7"nf] xf] .

l;Gw' gbLsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df a'4 wd{, O:nfd / lxGb" wd{sf ljut dfq

xf]Og, lzv wd{sf k|jt{s u'? gfgs klg pbfP . u'? gfgs ;g\ !(^( df

xfn kfls:tfgsf] gfGsfgf ;flxasf] tnaG8L ufpFdf hGd]sf lyP . #)

jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\ !$(( sf] Ps laxfg gbLdf :gfg ubf{ pgL cGtWof{g

eP / rf/ lbgkl5 km]l/ pTkGg eP . sxfF uP, pgn] atfPgg\ t/ ljZjf;

ug]{x¿ eGb5g\—ægfgs :ju{df eujfg\l;t ;+jfb ug{ uPsf lyP .Æ

To;kl5 pgL lxGb" / d';ndfg km/s xf]Ogg\ eGb} k/nf}lss ;dGjosf

nflu ;dlk{t eP . kfFr gbL aUg] e"efu k~hfjdf pbo ePsf] cf:yf

lzvkysf] s]Gb|df kfgL /xg' cgf}7f] xf]Og . lzv cf:yfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' :j0f{

dlGb/ k~hfjsf] cd[t;/ ;x/df ;kmf kfgLsf] tnfpdf cjl:yt 5 .

cfw'lgs kfgL k|ljlwsf] cfudgcnlalgofn] k|:t't u/]sf] ljj/0f kmf:6 kmjf{8 u/L ;g\ !(^@ df k'Ubf

l;Gw' gbLsf] ljefhg ug{ ef/t / kfls:tfgn] ;lGw u/]sf] ;Gbe{

kfOG5 . ;f] ;lGwdf ;g\ !(^@, ;]K6]Da/ !( tfl/vsf lbg ef/tsf

k|wfgdGqL hjfx/nfn g]x¿, ljZj a}Ísf pklgb]{zs / kfls:tfgsf

/fi6«klt df]xDdb co'a vfgn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . cfˆgf] cfTdj[QfGt

k]|mG*\; g^ df:^;{ P kf]lnl^sn c^f]afof]u|fkmLdf ;lGwaf/] vfgn] lj:t[t

ljj/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . ;lGw ePsf] sfnv08df pklgj]zL OlGhlgo/

åf/f lgld{t l;Gw' l;FrfO k|0ffnLn] # s/f]8 Ps8 hldg l;FrfO ub}{ To;

l;Gw'If]qsf] pb/f]nfn / ;'Ss'/ gfd u/]sf:yfgdf cfh klg lxGb" / d';ndfgx? l;Gw'

gbLdf k"hfcfhf ub{5g\ .

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o:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfof] .

e"efudf a:g] $ s/f]8 hg;ª\Vof wfGbYof] . l;FrfOk|0ffnL lgdf{0fkZrft\

l;Gw / k~hfa k|fGtsf aLr kfgL afF8kmfF8sf] ljifodf ljjfb ;'? eO;s]sf]

lyof] . ef/t–kfls:tfg ljefhgkl5 l;FrfOk|0ffnL klg ljeflht eof] .

co'a n]Vb5g\— æo;/L kfls:tfg tNnf] e]u aGof] / ef/t pkNnf] .

b'O{j6f l;FrfOk|0ffnLsf x]8jS;{ ef/tdf k/] . kfgLsf] afF8kmfF8 ef/t / kfls:tfg

aLrsf] cGt/f{li6«o d'2f aGof] . ef/tLox¿ xfd|f] k|0ffnLdf kfgL /f]Sg nfu] .

kfgL /f]s]sf] eP o'4} x'g] lyof] ef/t / kfls:tfgaLr .Æ co'asf cg';f/—

æef/tn] kfgL cGoq nfg] ;+/rgf agfO;s]sf] lyof] / kfls:tfgeGbf tLg

u'0ff 7"nf] ef/tLo ;]gfl;t n8\g' ;xh sfo{ x'g] lyPg . ef/tl;t ;+jfb

geP o'4 cjZoDefjL lyof], h'g xfd|f] lxtdf lyPg . pTs[i6 geO{ bf];|f]

:t/sf] eP klg ;xdltdf k'Ug' h?/L lyof], cGoyf xfdL ;a} yf]s xfg]{ lyof}F .Æ

;g\ !(%% / !(%^ lt/ kfls:tfgL ;~rf/dfWoddf OG8; kfgLaf/] y'k|} n]vx¿

5flkPsf lyP, To; a]nf co'a kfls:tfgL ;]gfsf sdfG8/ Og lrkm lyP .

ljZj a}Íl;tsf] 5nkmn ;g\ !(%* lt/ ;'? ePsf] co'a pNn]v ub{5g\ .

k5fl8 s]–s:tf rnv]n eP eGg] ljj/0f cnlalgofsf] k':tsdf e]l6G5 .

ljZj a}Ísf tTsfnLg cWoIf o'lhg ANofsl;t n]gb]g ;'?

ug'{cl3 cfˆgf k|fljlwsx¿l;t cfk"mn] u/]sf] 5nkmn co'asf]

cfTdj[QfGtdf pNn]v 5 . ef/tn] kfgL cGoq nu]df kfls:tfg

hf]lvddf kg]{ a'emfO cl3 ;fb}{ co'a

n ]Vb5g \— æxfd | f k | f lj lwsx¿n ]

;d:ofsf] uDeL/tf a'em]sf] dnfO{

nfu]g . ltgLx¿ gLlt o:tf] x'gkb{5

klg eGb} lyP / cfk"mnfO{ n]gb]g ubf{

kmls{g g;Sg] :yfgdf /fVb} lyP .Æ

nfxf]/sf] ;/sf/L ejgdf cfk"mn] tLdWo] #)–$) hgf OlGhlgo/x¿nfO{

;Daf]wg u/]sf] co'a pNn]v ub{5g\ . co'a n]Vb5g\— æhjfkmb]xL

tkfO+{x¿ xf]Og, To; sf/0f d tkfO{+nfO{ :ki6 eGb5', gLlt–lgdf{0fsf]

lhDdf d]/f] xf] . k|fljlws ljifodf zÍf nfu]df d tkfO{+x¿;Fu ;f]wk'5

ug]{5', t/ tkfO{+dWo] Ps hgfn] klg gLltdf x:tIf]k ug'{eof] eg] d

JolQmut ta/n] Jojxf/ ug]{5' . of] ;d:ofsf] plrt 9Ën] ;dfwfg

ul/Pg eg] xfd|f] d'n'ssf] cGTo x'g]5 . d cfˆgf] x/]s zAbdf cl8u

5' . To; sf/0f o; ljifodf tkfO{+x¿ uNtL gug'{xf]nf .Æ k':tsdf

co'asf cg';f/— æpgLx¿ ;a}n] d]/f] cfzo a'e]m .Æ cfVofgn] wDsL

lbPsf] efvf k|:t't ub{5 . tTkZrft\ s;}n] lj/f]w u/]gg\, ;lGwsf]

sfd cl3 a9Øf] . tTsfnLg /fi6«klt co'a vfgsf] s;}n] lj/f]w ug]{

;DEffjgf lyPg .

gbL ljefhg ;lGwn] /lj, Jof; / ;tnh gbLsf] kfgL ef/tsf]

efu nufof] eg] OG8;, em]nd / r]gfj kfls:tfgsf] . ljZj a}Ísf] C0f

;xof]udf * ;o &) s/f]8 8n/sf] nfutdf pkNnf] OG8; / em]nd

gbLdf b'O{j6f pRr afFw lgdf{0f ul/g] eP, ;fy} kfFrj6f Aof/]h /

cf7j6f emG8} $ ;o dfOn nDafO ePsf] lnÍ gx/ klg . * ;o d]ufjf6

lah'nL / @% nfv Ps8df hnhdfj x6fpg 6Ø'ja]nx¿ klg h8fg

ul/g] eof] . sfo{qmd cl3 nfg ljZj a}Ín] OG8; ljsf; sf]ifsf]

:yfkgfkZrft\ kfls:tfgdf nufgL u¥of] . co'a n]Vb5g\— ;lGwsf cg';f/

OG8;sf] ;du| kfgLsf] *) k|ltzt kfls:tfgsf] efu / @) k|ltzt

ef/tsf] efu nfUof] . kfls:tfgaf6 aËnfb]z g5'l§O;s]sf] To; sfnv08sf]

;g\ !(&) ;Dd tL of]hgfx¿ ;DkGg x'g] co'asf] egfO ;g\ !(^& df

5flkPsf] ;f] k':ts pNn]v ub{5 . co'asf] n]vdf kfls:tfgsf xslxt

pNn]v eP klg Pp6f tfgfzfxn] ug]{ Jojxf/ :ki6 x'G5 . co'a

vfgn] n]v]em}F ;lGwsf] ;Gbe{ Tolt ;f]emf] / ;fdfGo eg] lyPg . ljleGg

ck]Iff, rf;f] / rnv]n xfjL ePsf lyP eGg] k|;Ë cnlalgofsf] k':ts

:ki6 ub{5 .

k|;Ësf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ pklgj]z sfndf ;'? ePsf] lyof] . O:6

OlG8of sDkgLsf tkm{af6 d'un sf]6{df klxnf] /fhb"tsf ¿kdf ;/ yd;

/f] cfPsf lyP / ;g\ !^!% df pgn] l;Gw' gbL k|of]u ug]{ Jofkfl/s

;Defjgfaf/] n]vf]6 tof/ u/] . cGttf]uTjf l;FrfO ljsf; O:6 OlG8of

sDkgLsf nflu lgs} nfebfoL aGg k'Uof] . ;g\ !*$( df O:6 OlG8of

sDkgLn] k~hfa lht]/ sAhf hdfPkl5 a]nfotLx¿n] l;FrfOk|0ffnL lgdf{0f

ug{ ;'? u/] . s]xL bzskl5 ;g\ !*&* sf] clgsfnn] yk l;FrfOk|0ffnL

lgdf{0f ug]{ af6f] vf]Nof] . aL;f}F ztfAbL ;'? ePkl5 ;g\ !()! ;Dddf

k~hfasf ;a} gbLx¿df gx/ lgdf{0f eO;s]sf lyP .

l;Gw k|fGtsf] klxnf] Aof/]h ;g\ !(#@ df tof/ eof], ;'Ss'/df .

l;Gw' gbLdf gofF afFw / Aof/]hx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ lg0f{o ;g\ !($* df

kfls:tfgdf hah{:tL nflbof], :jtGqtfsf] cf7 dlxgfkl5, ljefhg

ljjfb ;'N6Øfpg] cfla{6«];g 6«fOAo'gn aGb ePsf] ef]lnkN6 . of] ;Gbe{

co'a vfgn] cfˆgf] cfTdj[QfGtdf pNn]v u/]sf] dfly pNn]v eO;Sof] .

To; laxfg cfˆgf] e"efuaf6 kfls:tfg

uPsf] gx/sf] kfgL ef/tn] /f]lslbof] .

/f]Kg] df};dcufl8 ePsf] o; 36gfsf]

c;/ Jofks x'GYof] . cfˆgf] pRr zlQm

/ afu]{lgª kfj/sf cfwf/df ef/tn] kfgL

/f]Sg] Jojxf/ b]vfof] .

ljjfbaf/] ljZj a}Ín] rf;f] lng yfNof] . ;g\ !(%! df cd]l/sL

cf0fljs sld;gsf k"j{cWoIf 8]le8 lnn]Gyfnn] kfls:tfg / ef/tsf]

e|d0f u/]sf lyP . cd]l/sf kms]{kl5 pgn] cfˆgf] e|d0faf/] Pp6f n]v n]Vb}

ef/t / kfls:tfgaLrsf] ljjfb tL :jtGq d'n'sn] ef]Ug] 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf]

eGg] ts{ u/] . ljjfbnfO{ pgn] sfl:d/;Fu hf]8] / l;Gw' gbLaf6 ;d'b|df

au]/ hfg] ;a} kfgL pkNnf] e]udf ;Íng u/L ljt/0f Pj+ k|of]u ug'{kb{5

eGg] ts{ klg . ts{sf] ef}lts k|f¿k lyof] l;Gw' gbLel/ afFwx¿ lgdf{0f .

;g\ !(%! cu:6 @) df Tof] n]v ;+nUg u/]/ ljZj a}Ísf cWoIf o'lhg

ANofsn] ef/t / kfls:tfgsf k|wfgdGqLx¿nfO{ lr7L n]Vb} lnn]Gyfnn]

k|:tfj u/]adf]lhd l;Gw'If]qdf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ cfˆgf] clkm;n] ;xof]u

ug]{ k|:tfj u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(%! gf]e]Da/ ! sf] a]nfotL ljb]z ljefusf]

ljZj;gLo l6Kk0fL pb\w[t ub}{ n]lvsf cnlalgof lnn]Gyfnn]] u/]sf] k|:tfjsf]

leqL cfzo JofVof ub{l5g\ . l6Kk0fLsf cg';f/— lnn]Gyfn xfn;fn} nfhf8{

gfd u/]sf] ljQLo ;]jf / h]yf Joj:yfkg ug]{ sDkgLdf ;xefuL ePsf

lyP .Æ pgsf] rf;f] lyof]— æk|z:t /sdsf] cfDbfgL . a]nfotLx¿n] ;a}

lr7Lkq k9]sf t lyP, t/ d'gfkmfvf]/L k|;Ësf afah'b l;Gw' a]l;g ljefhg

ug]{ cyf{t\ ef/t / kfls:tfgaLr, cnlalgofsf] zAbdf, …t6Lo kmnfd]

kvf{nÚ p7fpg] lg0f{o :jLs[t eof] .Æ

gbL ljefhg / kfgLsf] tTsfnLg afF8kmfF8 eP klg cGoqem}F

kfls:tfgdf klg ;du| gbLk|0ffnL ¥xf;f]Gd'v 5g\ . oBlk l;Gw' gbL

k|0ffnLsf] of] ;lGw ;kmndWo] Psdf ulgG5 . tNnf] l;Gw k|fGtdf ¥xf;f]Gd'v

gbLsf] tl:a/ k|:t't ub{l5g\, cnlalgof . gbLdf kfgL 5}g, afn'j}afn'jf

5, sf]qL Aof/]hsf] tnkl§ gbL 9n ag]sf] / 9nsf sf/0f dl/;s]sf

gbLsf df5f / hLjk|0ffnL . d'un sf]6{df sDkgLsf klxnf /fhb"t ag]/

8

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cÍ #k';–r}t, @)^%(Januray-April 2009)

cnfg u|Lg:Kofg ;g\ !(*& b]lv @))% ;Dd cd]l/sL

s]Gb|Lo l/he{ af]8{sf cWoIf /x] . cd]l/sL a}lͪ Pj+ jfl0fHo

If]qdf cfPsf] T;'gfdLaf/] ;g\ @))* sf] cS6f]a/df cd]l/sL

sfª\u|];sf] cf]e/;fO6 ;ldltn] pgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf

nflu af]nfof] . of] ;dLIfs 6]lnlehg x]l//x]sf lyof] .

;'g'jfOcl3 u|Lg:Kofg sdhf]/ / hL0f{ b]lvP . pgL g]kfnL /fhgLltsf s'g}

a]nfsf ;zQm x:tL t/ cfˆgf] /fhgLlts hLjgsf] kl5Nnf sfnv08sf

sdhf]/ lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf af]ln/x]sf x'g\ eGg] cg'e"lt eof] .

;ldltsf ;efklt Soflnkmf]lg{of /fHosf x]g/L afS;Dofgn]

u|Lg:KofgnfO{ cfly{s ;Í6af/] cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fVg] cg'/f]w ub}{ k|Zg ug{

3;dLIfs M clelbt cfrfo{

The Age of Turbulence:Adventures in a New World

By: Alan Greenspan

The Penguin Press, USA, 2007

ISBN 9781594201318

Pages: 544

cfPsf ;/ yd; /f]n] b]v]sf] gbL lxhf]cfh ;'Svf 5 / :yfgLo ls;fgx¿

cfGbf]lnt 5g\, kfgLsf nflu . l;Gw k|fGtdf rNb} u/]sf] cfGbf]ngdf

ufOg] la/f]w sljtf cnlalgof k|:t't ub{l5g\—

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eGg] lg0f{o ug{ afWo kf¥of] < u|Lg:Kofgn] hjfkm lbP— æxf], d}n] lg0f{o

q"l6k"0f{ kfPsf] 5' . lg0f{o slt dxŒjk"0f{ xf] jf :yfoL x'G5 dnfO{ yfxf

5}g, t/ d lgs} b'MvL ePsf] 5' .Æ u|Lg:Kofgsf] egfO 5Ss kfg]{ vfnsf]

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b Ph ckm ̂ a'{n]G; M P*e]Gr/;\ Og P Go" jN*{ gfds k':ts lsg]F .

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lyPg eGg] ts{ ug{ ;lsG5 . dGbLcl3 e/df]G6sf sflNeg s'lnh cd]l/sL

/fi6«klt lyP . s]xL klg gug]{ /fi6«kltdf bl/Psf s'lnhn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf

lyP— b lahg]; ckm cd]l/sf Oh lahg]; cyf{t\ cd]l/sfsf] sfd Jofkf/

ug'{ xf] . lna/]6]l/og -:jtGqtfjfb_ b[li6sf]0fsf] k|tLs lyof] of] egfO .

tbg'¿k pgn] cy{Joj:yfsf] ;~rfng ug]{ pQ/bfloTjaf6 cfˆgf]

k|zf;gnfO{ k/} /fv]sf lyP .

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xfxfsf/ / ljrNnLsf] rqm ;'? ePkl5 ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf cfjZos

kb}{g eGg] lna/]6]l/og b[li6sf]0f rsgfr"/ eof] . tTkZrft\ la|l6;

cy{zf:qL hf]g ldgf8{ lsG;sf] af}l4s / /fi6«klt ˆo|fÍlng l8gfnf]

?he]N6sf] /fhgLlts g]t[TjcGtu{tsf] gofF cfly{sjfbdf cd]l/sf

nfUof] . ;/sf/n] pBf]u / Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf

lgb]{zg ug]{ Pj+ s/ nufP/ cfly{s dGbL /

ahf/ d"No lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf cfof]hgfx¿

lgdf{0fdf nufgL ug]{ k|yf ;'? eof] . x'e/

a f F wh:t f ; + /rg f cd ] l /s fd f o; }

bz{gcGtu{t lgdf{0f ePsf lyP .

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lslG;og l;4fGt To; d'n'sdf ;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] kl5Nnf] jif{;Dd

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lyP— æxfdL ;a} lslG;og ePsf 5f}F .Æ lgS;g ;Qfaf6 x6]kl5,

;/sf/åf/f lgodg ul/Psf] pBf]u, d"No lgoGq0f Pj+ ;fdflhs ;]jfsf]

vr{ / xs–clwsf/sf ljifo cd]l/sL ;dfhdf dfGo x'g 5f8Øf] . ;g\

!(#) sf] cfly{s dGbLaf6 pTkGg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ;/sf/ ca

cfkm}F g} ;d:of ePsf] b]lvg yfNof] . 8]df]So|f6 /fi6«klt lhdL sf6{/

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ldNsfpg tof/ eO;s]sf lyP .

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ahf/gLlt k|rngdf NofP, s/sf] b/ 36fP, lgodgsf d'Vo–d'Vo tf}/tl/sf

x6fpFb} xfn rln/x]sf] 3f6f ah]6 o'usf] yfngL u/] . /]ugf]ldS; elgg]

of] l;4fGtn] cd]l/sL cfTdljZjf; k'g:yf{lkt ug{ of]ubfg t u¥of], t/

;g\ !(*& df cd]l/sL cy{Joj:yf dGbLdf 3r]l6of] . sf6{/ k|zf;g

sfndf O/fgdf aGbL agfOPsf b"tfjf;sf sd{rf/L / ckmuflg:tfgdf

;f]leot x:tIf]kkl5 cd]l/sL cfTdljZjf; w/ftndf k'u]sf] lyof] .

dGbLn] cK7Øf/f] kl/l:ylt ;[hgf u/]kl5 /]ug k|zf;gn] s] :jLsf¥of]

eg] Jofkf/rqm -d'b|f:kmLlt tyf a]/f]huf/L_ Joj:yfkg ug'{ cfjZos

x'G5 . o;} sfnv08df cnfg u|Lg:Kofg km]8/n l/he{ af]8{sf] t]¥xf}F

cWoIf ag] .

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;DemG5g\ . /fi6«klt h]/fN8 kmf]8{sf] ;Nnfxsf/ sfplG;n ckm Osf]gf]lds

P8efOh/sf] cWoIfsf ¿kdf pgL ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t lyP . t/ of]

e"ldsf pgnfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] lyPg, oBlk pgsf nflu /fhgLlt lj/fgf]

klg lyPg . l/rf8{ lgS;gsf] lgjf{rg cleofgdf ;Nnfxsf/ eP/

pgn] lqmofzLn e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP / ;g\ !(*) df x]g/L

lsl;Ë/;Fu} ldn]/ h]/fN8 kmf]8{nfO{ /]ug;Fu lgjf{rgdf hfg] ;'emfj

klg lbPsf lyP . km]8/n af]8{h:tf] :jtGq ;/sf/L lgsfo xfFSg] pgsf]

g]t[Tj Ifdtf / bIftf k/LIf0f x'g]jfnf lyof] .

;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] cGTo;Dd cd]l/sf cfly{s dGbLaf6 pDSof] .

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jif{ cufl8 /]ugn] lht]sf] h:tf] NofG8 :nfO8 lyPg . gofF k|zf;gdf

klg u|Lg:Kofg km]8/n af]8{d} /x] / :jtGq ahf/ cy{Joj:yf g} ;dfhnfO{

cl3 nfg] dfWod xf] eGg] cfˆgf] ljZjf;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ yfn] .

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lsgeg] pgn] lhDdf lnPsf] sfnv08df d'b|f:kmLlt b'O{ cÍdf al9/x]sf]

lyof] / pgsf k"j{hx¿n] o; jf:tljstfnfO{ cd]l/sL cy{Joj:yfsf]

;a}eGbf 7"nf] zq'sf ¿kdf lnPsf lyP .

u|Lg:Kofgn] lnPsf] af6f]n] pgsf]

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cj:yfdf pgsf] kl/b[Zo tfls{s ;Tojfb

-nlhsn kf]lhl6lehd_ n] lgb]{lzt lyof] .

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¥ofG8sf] ;Ëtkl5 pgL j:t'jfb cyf{t\ xfn

elgg] :jtGqtfjfbL ag] . ljut ztfAbLsf] Ps rf}yfO sfnv08 ;+Zn]if0f

ub}{ pgL n]Vb5g\— …k'FhLjfb ahf/sf] zlQmsf] k'gcf{udg xf] .Ú

cg'ejsf] kf7cg'ejåf/f vfl/Psf] kf7 ;d]6\b} ;d[4 aGg ;dfhnfO{ lgDg tLg cfwf/

cfjZos ePsf] pgL ;'emfj lbG5g\—

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#_ a[xt\ cy{k|0ffnLsf] :yfloTj .

emG8} !* jif{eGbf a9L s]Gb|Lo a}Í lgods ePsf] x}l;otn] pgL

n]Vb5g\— ;/sf/L gLlt–lgod / sfg'gn] JolQmut Odfgbfl/tfsf] :yfg

lng ;Sb}g . cfˆgf] ljZjf;nfO{ yk k'7 lbFb} pgL ts{ ub{5g\— ;dfhdf

jfb–ljjfb / hfnem]n ;dfwfg ug]{ Goflos Joj:yf :yflkt ePkl5

JolQmut Odfgbfl/tf km:6fpFb5 . pgL eGb5g\— cfjZoseGbf a9L

ahf/ ;~rfngdf ;+nUg x'g' ;/sf/sf] sfd xf]Og .

u|Lg:Kofg cy{zf:qL ldN6g lk|m8Dofgsf cg'ofoL x'g\ .

lk|m8Dofgn] JolQmut :jtGqtfsf k|jt{s klZrdL bfz{lgs hf]g nssf]

l;4fGt aL;f}F ztfAbLdf k'g:yf{kg ug]{ cu'jfO u/]sf lyP . k':tsn]

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k'li6 ug{ lu|g:Kofg tYox¿ k|:t't ub{5g\, tYo geP ub}{gg\ . Jojxf/n]

leGg} b]lvPdf jf cGo JofVof k|:t't ug{ g;lsg] ePdf dfq pgn]

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cfwf/df pgL lh1f;' JolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't x'G5g\ ;fy} gofF tYo

pknAw ePkl5 cfˆgf] a'emfO kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] v'nf / af}l4s rl/q

ePsf JolQmsf ¿kdf klg .

:ki6 s] x'G5 eg] cy{Joj:yfsf] t/Ëaf/] u|Lg:Kofg unt

lyP, t/ pgdf unt eP5' eGg ;Sg] Odfgbfl/tf lyof ] .

afS;Dofg;dIf u|Lg:Kofg cfˆgf] !* jif]{ sfo{sfn Psbd 7Ls lyof]

eGg] ts{ ug{ ;Sby] M o; sfnv08df cd]l/sL cy{Joj:yf P]ltxfl;s

10

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¿kn] pFef] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;}4flGts ts{ ub}{ pgL ;~rf/dfWoddf

cfO/xg ;Sby] . To; lbg s'g} si6} gu/L pgn] cfk"mnfO{ leGg} ¿kdf

k|:t't ug{ ;Sby], t/ o;f] u/]gg\, a? uNtL :jLsfg]{ af6f] /f]h] .

af}l4s cl:tTjsf] :ki6 ljj/0fh:t} /fhgLlts ;DaGwsf] k|:t'lt

k':tssf] cfsif{s kIf xf] . cfˆgf] /fhgLlts ljrf/;Fu ;xdt JolQmnfO{

lgo'lQm gu/]/ /fi6«klt lan lSnG6gn] ljdt kf6L{sf u|Lg:KofgnfO{ lsg

cWoIf 5fg] eg]/ w]/} cfZro{rlst ePsf lyP . w]/}n] o; lg0f{onfO{

dWodfu{af6 zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ /fhgLlts rfn / ;Demf}tf eGg]

nf~5gf;d]t nufP . ut cS6f]Da/sf] jStJokl5 ljZjn] b]v]sf]

u|Lg:Kofgsf] Odfgbfl/tf /fi6«klt lSnG6gn] lgs} cl3 g} b]lv;s]sf

/x]5g\ eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . ;fdfGotof /fhgLlts j[Qdf gb]lvg] Odfgbfl/tf

u|Lg:Kofgsf] hLjgdf b]lvG5 .

:jtGq e"ldsfcd]l/sL km]8/n l/he{ af]8{ ;/sf/sf] cGo zfvf–k|zfvfeGbf :jtGq

lgsfo xf] . o;sf] lg0f{on] /fHosf] cy{k|0ffnLdf /fd|} k|efj /fVg] x'Fbf

;Qf;Lg /fi6«kltx¿n] o;sf] ;~rfngdf cfˆgf] hf]8–36fp k|of]u

ug'{ cgf}7f] xf]Og . lgjf{rgsf] k"j{;GWofdf /fi6«klt hh{ Pr a';n]

Aofhb/ 36fpm eg]sf] lu|g:Kofg :d/0f ub{5g\ . pgL km]8sf] cWoIf

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u/]gg\ eGg]df e/ kg]{ lyof], t/ u|Lg:Kofgn] Aofhb/ g36fpg] lg0f{o

u/] . /fi6«klt a';n] ;g\ !((@ sf] cfˆgf] xf/sf sf/0f Aofhb/ g36fpg]

lg0f{o xf] eg]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 b'MvL ePsf u|Lg:Kofg ;DemG5g\ . ;g\

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u/] .

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cfˆgf ;xof]uLx¿nfO{ pgL kmf]xf]/L ufnL;d]t ub{y] . u|Lg:Kofgn] w]/}

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æd}n] e]6]sf]dWo] kmf]8{ ;a}eGbf …;'/lIftÚ /fi6«klt lyP h;sf] s'g} dgf]j}1flgs

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tL k]m8 lrkm agfOP . lSnG6g /fi6«klt ePsf] sfnv08sf] /s–Pg–

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ljifodf pgsf] b[li6sf]0f Tof] k':tfeGbf km/s lyPg . lSnG6gsf

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vf; u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwn] NofPsf] df}sf ;b'kof]u u/L cd]l/sL

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jf l/klAnsgn] w]/} s/ s6f}tL ug'{kb{5 eGg] k|:tfjsf] kIf lnOgF . cfˆgf]

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4

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;dLIfs M clegj a:Goft

The Black Swan:The Impact of the Highly Improbable

By Nassim Nicholas Taleb

The Random House, New York, 2007

ISBN: 978-1-4000-6351-2PAGES: 366

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13

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sfn]{6g sn]hdf cWoog u/]sf a:Goft jfl;ª\6g 8L;Ll:ytb a|f6n u'|kdf sfo{/t 5g\ .

abhinabb@gmail.com

5;dLIfs M cfh{g bLlIft

Uncertainty OnA Himalayan Scale:An Institutional Theory of

Environmental Perception and a

Strategic Framework for the

Sustainable Development

of the Himalayas

By M. Thompson, M.Warburton and T Hatley

Ethnographica,19 London, 1986

ISBN: 1 869846 00 1

PAGES: 162

Clumsy Solutions for aComplex World:

Governance, Politics and PluralPerceptions

Edited By Verweij, M. andThompson, M.

Palgrave Macmillan, New York,2006

ISBN: 978-0-230-00230-2

PAGES: 255

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cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ of] b; jif{kl5 dfq v'Nof] / nfut k'Uof] !

s/f]8 $) nfv 8n/ -k]h !#*_ . ;8s, afFw / k'nh:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]

lgdf{0f x]t' C0f lnFbf s]–s:tf e]l/PaN;df lx;fa ul/Psf] xf] Wofg

k'¥ofpg' h?/L x'G5 / nufgLnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ sfnf xfF;x¿ 5g\ ls

5}gg\\ x]g'{ klg plQs} cfjZos . olb 5g\ eg] nfut cg'dfgeGbf dfly

hfg ;Sb5 . cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePsf]eGbf w]/} hfgsf/L 5 eGg] unt

ljZjf;df clglZrttfnfO{ cjd"Nog u/] sfnf] xfF; 5÷5}g yfxf kfpg

uf¥xf] x'G5 . of] t ljz]if1sf] ;d:of xf] . 1fg ;Lldt x'G5 eGg]

jf:tljstf :jLsf/ ug{ tL vf]Hb}gg\ eg] cGosf] t s'/} ePg . of] ;d:of

g]kfndf t emg} hsl8Psf] 5 . ;a} hgf x/]s ljifodf cfk"m kf/Ët 5'

eG7fG5g\ . …d hflGbgFÚ, …of] d]/f] ljifo xf]OgÚ eg]/ cfˆgf] ljifout

;Lldttf :jLsfg{ sf]xL klg rfxFb}gg\ .

tfn]a zfGt n]agfgdf x's]{ . Tof] b]z o'4df x'lQof], h;n] pgnfO{

c;DefJo 36gfx¿ s;/L 36\5g\ / lg/Gt/ x'G5g\ eGg] a'‰g l;sfof] .

o'4 ;'? x'Fbf To; b]zsf ;a} of] cNksfnLg l:ylt xf] eGg]df ljZj:t

ePsf tfn]a ;DemG5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] jfnl:6«6df Jofkf/Lsf ¿kdf Joj;fo

ubf{ clglZrttfnfO{ a'‰g] pgsf] b[li6sf]0f 3gLe"t eof] . ;Dk"0f{ vt/f

cfFsng ug{ ;Sb5f}F jf u/]sf 5f}F eGb} a9L ljZj:t gx'g Pj+ c;DefJo

36gfk|lt ;hu /xg n]vs ;'emfj lbG5g\ . pgL eGb5g\— sfnf geP

klg sDtLdf v}/f xfF;x¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg] Jojxf/ 7Ls x'G5 .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, /fhtGqsf] alx{udg / dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/

b; jif{cl3 g]kfndf sfnf xfF;;/x lyP . oL 36gfqmdn] Oltxf;sf]

leGg} kl/j]z k|:t't ub}{ xfdLnfO{ sfnf xfF;x¿;Fu kl/lrt u/fPsf 5g\

h;n] Oltxf; sf]g]{ dfu{ k'g;{+/rgf klg u/]sf] 5 . lxhf] h:tf] lyof] cfh

To:t} 5, ef]ln cfhh:t} x'g]5 eGg] zf]r 7Ls xf]Og . o;f] ubf{ glrtfPsf]

36gfn] xfdLnfO{ 5Ss kfb{5 . tfn]a eGb5g\— æOltxf; 3;|Fb}g, pk|mG5 .Æ

lxdfno ¥xf;sf] l;4fGtljZjJofkL r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf vfg]kfgLsf] cefj,

k|b"if0f, jgljgfz / e"–Ifoh:tf ;d:ofx¿

;g\ !(&) sf] bzs ;'? x'g'cl3b]lv g} b]vf

kg{ yfln;s]sf lyP . ;g\ !(&@ df ;DkGg

:6sxf]d jftfj/0f ;Dd]ng o:tf r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfox¿ kQf nufpg]

p2]Zon] cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . To; bzsdf g]kfnsf] lxdfno If]qn] klg

ljZjJofkL rf;f] kfof] . kj{tf/f]xL Pj+ lxKkLx¿n] ?rfpg] b]z eg]/ lrlgg]

g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]q jgljgfzsf sf/0f d?e"ld aGb} jftfj/0fLo ¥xf;sf] s]Gb|ljGb'df

kl/0ft x'Fb} 5 eGg] ljZn]if0f;lxt !(&^ df k|sflzt eof] Ol/s Psxf]Ndsf]

k':ts n'lhª u|fpG* M Ogef/f]d]G^n : «̂]; PG* b jN*{ km'* k|:k]S \̂; . cfˆgf]

cWoogdf pgn] eg]sf lyP— æPl;of, clk|msf / Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf bfp/fsf

nflu jgljgfzn] jftfj/0fLo :yfloTj / hldgsf] pTkfbsTj ¥xf; x'g] qmd

a9\bf] 5 .Æ a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf nflu vfgf ksfpg bfp/fsf] k|of]u a9\g] x'Fbf jg–

hËnsf] ljgfzb/ a9\g]] pgsf] lgSof]{n lyof] . bfp/f kfpg sd ePkl5 kl/jf/x¿

v]tdf dnsf] ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] u'OF7f / c¿ jg:klt afNg yfNb5g\ vfgf

ksfpg . kmn:j¿k, hldgsf] pTkfbsTj 36\b} kl/j]z aaf{bLsf] l:yltdf k'Ub5,

hl6n ljZjdf ljr/0f ug]{ ljlw

kj{tf/f]xL Pj+ lxKkLx?n] ?rfpg] b]z eg]/lrlgg] g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]q jgljgfzsfsf/0f d?e"ld aGb} jftfj/0fLo ¥xf;sf]s]Gb|ljGb'df kl/0ft x'Fb} 5 eGg] egfO

;fj{hlgs eof] .

14

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g]kfnsf] lxdfnL / kxf8L e]ucfw'lgs ljsf;ofqfsf] qmddfcf]em]ndf /x]sf] ;To xf] tfklgg]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df t/fO{If]q /t/fO{jf;Lx? kxf8 s]lGb|tg]kfn /fHoJoj:yfdf

k|ltlglwTj x'g gkfPsf] klgTolQ g} ;To .

bfp/f vktsf] cg'dfg-k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{_ M cWoogsf]qmddf ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿n] PsJolQmn] Ps jif{df vkt ug]{bfp/fsf] leGg–leGg kl/0ffdk|:t't u/]sf] kfOof] . x/]sljZn]if0fsf cfcfkm\gf ljlw /dfGotf lyP . Pp6f cWoogn];f] b/ )=! 3gld6/ k|ltjif{pNn]v u¥of] eg] csf]{n] ̂ =^&3gld6/ k|ltjif{ cyf{t\ ̂ & u'0ffa9L . ljZj vfB tyf s[lif;·7gn] ;f] b/sf] s]xL sdkl/lw cf}“NofPsf] lyof] .

k|ltkflbt lxdfno ¥xf;sf]l;4fGtcg'¿k hg;ª\Vofj[l4n] ;f]em} jgljgfz /e"Ifo a9fp“b} tNnf] e]udfaf9Lk|sf]k a9fp“b5 eGg];fdfGoLs/0f ul/Psf]k|:t'lt . Pl/s Psxf]Ndsf]ljZn]if0fn] o:t} ts{ k|:t'tu/]sf] lyof] . tTkZrft\sfljZn]if0fx¿n] l;4fGta]7Ls ePsf] k'li6ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

ljZn]if0fn] yKof] . Tolt dfq} xf]Og, lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf jghËnsf]

ljgfzn] ljxf/ / aËnfb]zh:tf tNnf If]qdf af9Lk|sf]ksf 36gf a9\b} hfg] ts{

klg ul/of] . o;/L k|ltkflbt eof] lxdfno ¥xf;sf] l;4fGt .

oxL ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ;dfwfgsf gLltx¿ k|:t't x'g yfn], t/

Psxf]Ndsf] of] ;f]emf] ljZn]if0f cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf 7Ls dflgPg . hnlj1fg,

e"ue{zf:q, dfgjzf:q, jglj1fg, df6f]lj1fgaLrsf] cGt;{DaGw s;/L

o:tf] PstkmL{ / :ki6 x'G5 eGg] k|Zg p7Øf] . jf:tljs l:ylt a'‰g o:tf

ljwfsf ljZn]ifsx¿ nfu] . Pp6f cWoog s]Gofsf] /fhwfgL g}/f]aLdf

/x]sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmdsf] tŒjfjwfgdf ;'? eof] .

cWoogdf ;+nUg lyP dfOsn yDk;g, dfOsn jf/a6{g / yd; Xof6nL .

cWoogsf] k|ltj]bg k':tssf ¿kdf ;g\ !(*^ cyf{t\ Ol/s Psxf]Ndsf]

k':ts k|sflzt ePsf] !) jif{kl5 k|sflzt eof] . cG;G^]{G^L cg P

lxdfno :s]n M Pg OlG:^Ro';gn Yof]/L ckm

OGef/f]d]G^n k/;]K;g PG* P : «̂f ]̂lhs k|m]djs{ km/

;:^]g]an *]enkd]G^ ckm b lxdfnoh gfds pQm

k':tsn] lxdfnoIf]qsf] ljljwtf / cGtlg{lxt

clglZrttfsf ljleGg kIfx¿ s]nfpFb5 . n]vsx¿

eGb5g\— ljsl;t d'n's / t];|f] ljZjsf d'n'saLr

/x]sf] vf8nnfO{ ljb]zL ;xof]u Joj:yfn] emg\ 7"nf]

kf¥of] . n]vsx¿ s] ts{ ub{5g\ eg] k|rlnt ljsf;]

9fFrfn] nuftf/ hKg] u/]sf] ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; /

Ifdtf clej[l4h:tf dGq jf:tljs ;+jfbsf ljifo

ag]gg\ . ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff / tf}/tl/sfx¿ Psf]xf]/f] ¿kdf nflbP .

cfˆgf] k':tsdf n]vsx¿ Psxf]Ndsf] l;4fGt unt lyof] eGg]

ljZn]if0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] k'li6 ub{5g\ . k':tsn] k|ltJolQm bfp/f

vkt / jgljgfz eO/x]sf] k|:t't b/sf] tYofÍn] cs}{ ljZn]if0f b]vfpFb5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] tl/sf / dfGotf k|of]u

u/]/ ;fj{hlgs u/]sf tL tYofÍx¿aLrsf] leGgtf crDd nfUg] e]l6of]Ù

h:t}— k|ltJolQm bfp/fsf] vktdf ̂ & u'0ff km/s kfOof] eg] jgljgfzsf

b/df ! ;o %) u'0ff km/s . yDk;g / ;fyLx¿ eGb5g\— Pp6f tYofÍsf

cfwf/df cg'dfg ug]{ xf] eg] aL; jif{kl5 lxdfno If]q k"/} d?e"ldem}F x'g]

lyof] eg] csf]{ tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] hËn}hËnn] k"0f{ 9flsPsf] .

ca k|Zg p7\5 s'g tYofÍnfO{ 7Ls dfGg] / gLlt–lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ug]{ <

tYo s]nfO{ dfGg] <n]vsx¿ eGb5g\— o:tf] l:yltdf lj1fg;Ddt …tYo s] xf]Ú eGg] k|Zg u/]/

dfq} k'Ub}g, ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / JofVof ;fdflhs kl/j]zn] to ug]{ x'Fbf

…s]nfO{ tYo dfGg]Ú eGg] k|Zg TolQs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . yDk;g / ;fyLx¿sf

cg';f/— ;d:of Pp6f dfq} xf]Og, ljleGg 5g\, s'g}–s'g} JofVof t Ps–

csf{sf] ljdtdf / 7ØfSs} pN6f] klg . x/]sn] cf–cfˆgf ;Gbe{ / kl/j]znfO{

:yfloTj lbG5g\ / 7Ls eGb5g\ . …tYo of] xf]Ú eGg] JofVofsf] cf}lrTo 7Ls

xf]Og eGg] ts{ k|ltJolQm bfp/f vktb/af/] ul/Psf

cGo cWoogn] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] jgljgfzn]

tNnf] If]q ljxf/, aËfn / aËnfb]zdf af9Lk|sf]ksf

36gf a9]sf 5g\ eGg] ljZn]if0f 7Ls xf]Og eGg]

af9Lk|sf]kaf/] Hofs cfOE; / a|'gf] d];/]nL*, clgn

cu|jfn / ;fyLx¿**, jGbØf]kfWofo / 1jfnL***Pj+ yd; xkm/ / a|'gf] d];/]nL**** sf cWoogx¿n]

k'li6 ul/;s] . xfnsf cWoog–cg';Gwfgx¿ ljljw

sf/0faf6 af9Lk|sf]k x'g] / g]kfndf x'g] jgljgfzn]

aËnfb]zdf af9L cfpg]5 eGg] ts{ t bGTosyfh:t}

xf] eGg] lgSof]{n k|:t't ub{5g\ .

yDk;g / ;fyLx¿sf] cWoog ;+:yfut ax'ntfsf] l;4fGt jf

sNr/n Yof]/L gfds ;fdflhs l;4fGtcl3 a9fpg klg ;xof]uL eof] .

k|jt{sx¿sf cg';f/ sNr/n Yof]/Lsf] aF'gLofb k|mfG;]nL ;dfhzf:qL Pldn

8's{xfOdsf] l;4fGtdf 6]Sb} :juL{o d]/L 8un;n] bl/nf] kfl/g\ . OlGhlgo/,

/fhgLltzf:qL / ;dfhzf:qLx¿ of] ljlw k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ jt{dfg

ljZjn] ef]Ub} u/]sf r'gf}tL s]nfpg / ljZn]if0f ug{ .

* Ives, J. D. and Messerli, B., 1989: The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling development and conservation, The United Nations Universityand Routledge, London and New York.

** Agarwal, A. and Narain, S., 1991: Floods, Flood plains and Environmental Myths, State of India’s Environment A Citizens Report,Centre For Science and Environment, New Delhi, India.

*** Bandyopadhyay, J. and Gyawali, D., 1994: The Himalaya-Ganga: Contending with Interlinkages in a Complex system, Water Nepal Vol.4, No. 1, Nepal Water Conservation Foundation, Kathmandu.

**** Hofer, T. and Messerli, B., 2006: Floods in Bangladesh: History, Dynamics and Rethinking the Role of the Himalayas, United NationsUniversity Press, Tokyo, Japan.

15

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* Thompson, M., 1995: Policy-making in the Face of Uncertainty: the Himalayas as Unknowns in Water and the Quest for SustainableDevelopment in the Ganges Valley, Edited by Chapman, G. P. and Thompson, M, Mansell Publishing Limited, London.

hnjfo' kl/jt{g lsg eof] jf lsgeO/x]5 eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ tLg y/L

;fdflhs kl/j]z leGgfleGg}lsl;dn] lbG5g\ .

a]nfotdf 5flkPsf] k':tssf] of] ;+:s/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnsf

cfdkf7sx¿;dIf pknAw x'g ;s]g . ;g\ @))& df sf7df8f}Fl:yt

lxdfn a'S;n] k|sflzt u¥of], k':tssf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f . k':tssf] gofF

;+:s/0fdf dfOsn yDk;g / bLks 1jfnLåf/f lnlvt gofF v08 ylkPsf]

5 . cfˆgf] n]vdf yDk;g / 1jfnLn] ;g\ !(*^ kl5sf kfgL lj1fg;Ddt

y'k|} kIfnfO{ sNr/n Yof]/L k|of]u u/L s]nfPsf 5g\ .

lxdfn / kxf8L e]udf dfq s]lGb|t ePsf] x'Fbf klxnf] ;+:s/0fn]

g]kfnsf] t/fO{sf] jgljgfz Pj+ cGo r'gf}tLaf/] vf;} pNn]v u/]sf]

lyPg . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL / kxf8L e]u cfw'lgs ljsf;ofqfsf] qmddf

cf]em]ndf /x]sf] ;To xf] tfklg g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df blIf0fL e]u vf;

u/L t/fO{If]q / t/fO{jf;Lx¿sf] kxf8s]lGb|t g]kfn /fHoJoj:yfdf

k|ltlglwTj x'g gkfPsf] klg TolQ g} ;To . yDk;g / ;fyLx¿n]

cfˆgf] klxnf] ;+:s/0fdf o; kIfnfO{ x]/]sf lyPgg\ . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts

kl/b[Zodf t/fO{ cfGbf ]ng lgs} cufl8

al9;s]sf] ;Gbe{n] ca g]kfnsf] ljZn]if0f

ubf{ ;du|tfsf] dfu ub{5 . kxf8 / t/fO{nfO{

hnrqmn] hf]8\b5 / t/fO{sf] ;Gbe{ klg

TolQs} hl6n 5 / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]

;Gbe{df of] cGt;{DaGw k]lrnf] aGb} klg .

;g\ !(*^ sf] ;+:s/0fdf jghËnsf] l:ylt s:tf] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg

k|:t't 5}g, n]vsx¿sf tkm{af6 . lxhf]cfh g]kfnsf] kxf8df jgsf] cj:yf

;'lw|Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . ax'n ;+:yfut l;4fGt k|of]u ub}{ yDk;gn] cfˆgf]

kl5Nnf] ljZn]if0fdf kxf8df jghËn lsg ;'lw|of] eGg] JofVof k|:t't u/]sf

5g\ .* pgL eGb5g\— ;f] x'g'df tLg y/L ;fdflhs Jojxf/ :ki6 b]lvG5 M

klxnf] jgIf]q 5'§ØfP/ lgod–sfg'g k|of]u ug]{ lgoGq0fd'vL ljlw . bf];|f],

JolQmn] cfˆgf] 3/hUufsf] sfGnf÷l8ndf 8fn]3fF; nufP/ k}bfj/sf] k|of]u

ug]{ JolQmjfbL -jf :jtGqtfjfbL_ af6f] / t];|f] jgkFm8fgL /f]Sg] cfGbf]ngsf/L

jf ufGwLlu/L Jojxf/ . dlxnfx¿n] ¿vnfO{ cFufn]/ …lrksf]Údf b]vfPsf]

Jojxf/ yDk;g pNn]v ub{5g\ . oBlk of] kl5Nnf] Jojxf/ u9jfnsf] kxf8L

If]]qdf cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf cl3 a9Øf], g]kfndf cfPg . g]kfndf jgpkef]Qmf

dxf;ª\3sf] tŒjfjwfgdf :yfgLo ;fdflhs cfGbf]ng lqmofzLn 5 .

ax'n ;+:yf l;4fGtax'n ;+:yf l;4fGtsf] cjwf/0ff / cg'ej ;+nUg kl5Nnf] k':ts SnDhL

OlG:^Ro';g km/ P sDNk]S; jN*{ M ued]{G;, kf]lnl^S; PG* KNo'/n

k/;]K;G; klg dfOsn yDk;gs} ;xeflutfdf ;Dkflbt ePsf] xf] . ;g\

@))* df k|sflzt o; k':tssf csf{ ;Dkfbs x'g\— dfsf]{ e]a]{ . k':ts

Sof]6f] k|f]6f]sn, g]b/NofG8\;df ;fdflhs lje]b /f]Sg] sfg'g, g]kfnL hnljB't\

ljsf;, rLgsf] cfly{s ;'wf/ k|lqmofsf] /l;ofnfO{ kf7, l;6a]N6 afFWg]

sfg'gsf] ;Lldttf, cd]l/sfdf aGb's lgoGq0f, xË]/Lsf] af9LJoj:yfkg,

OG6/g]6sf] l8hfOg / Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf kfgLJoj:yfkgh:tf ljljw ljifoaf/]

ax'n]vsx¿n] u/]sf cGtlj{ifout ljZn]if0fsf] ;Fufnf] xf] . ;Fufnf]sf

n]vx¿ :ki6 ub{5g\— jt{dfg ljZjsf /fhgLlts, cfly{s jf hnjfo'

kl/jt{gsf r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{] Pp6} dfq af6f] 5}g . o:tf] l:yltdf

…tYo s] xf]Ú eGg] k|ZgnfO{ …tYo s]nfO{ dfGg]Ú k|Zgn] k|lt:yflkt ug'{kb{5

eGg] yDk;g, jf/a6{g / Xof6nLn] ;g\ !(*^ df u/]sf] k|:tfj ;xL

b]lvG5, lsgeg] d"No / dfGotfsf] ljljwtf x'g] x'Fbf s]sf nflu tYo

vf]lhPsf x'g\ eGg] k|Zg dxŒjk"0f{ aGg k'Ub5 . ;fy} ;fdflhs kl/j]z /

Jojxf/ klg TolQs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5, lsgeg] oL b'j}n] r'gf}tLsf] bfo/f

lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{n] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg /

;dfwfgsf] ljljwtfnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g lsg eof] jf lsg eO/x]5 eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/

tLg y/L ;fdflhs kl/j]z leGgfleGg} lsl;dn] lbG5g\ . Ps y/L

eGb5g\— hg;ª\Vof a9Øf], kmn:j¿k ;|f]tx¿sf] vkt klg a9Øf] /

hnjfo' kl/jt{g x'g uof] . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ o;sf] ;dfwfg lgoGq0f

u/]/ x'G5 M lgod, sfg'gåf/f . csf{ y/Lsf cg';f/— ;d:of hg;ª\Vof

xf]Og . o; wf/0ffsf cg';f/ d"No 7Ls gx'Fbf ;d:of b]lvPsf] xf] .

;a} lsl;dsf lgoGq0fnfO{ x6fP/ d"NonfO{ :jtGq rnv]n ug{

5fl8lbPdf ;ayf]s 7Ls x'G5, lrGtf lng} kb}{g .

jf:tjdf ahf/n] hg;ª\VofnfO{ df}sfsf] ¿kdf

lnG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ! ca{ hg;ª\Vof eg]sf]

! ca{ pkef]Qmf;/x x'g\ . ef/tsf k"j{/fi6«klt

cAb'n snfdn] cfˆgf k':tsx¿df o:t} b[li6sf]0f

cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ . t];|f] ljrf/wf/fsf cg';f/

hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;Lldt tKsfåf/f clgolGqt / clt ;|f]t vkt u/]sf

sf/0f ePsf] xf] . lgbfgsf nflu ufGwLn] eg]h:t} ;|f]tsf] dLtJooL

k |of ]u ug' {kb {5 . sNr/n Yof]/Lsf cg';f/ Ps y/L kl/b[Zo

/fVg]x¿sf] s'g} /0fgLlt x'Fb}g, tL g lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 eGb5g\, g

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