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TRANSCRIPT
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. . , . .
1973
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65.3
021.61 (076)
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. .
. : .
: - (. 6.17,) (. 6.17,6). - -
. -
, .
, -
.
-
,
(. 6.18, ), (. 6.18,6) (. . 6.15).
. . 107.
103
-
.
, -
.
-
.
. 6.17.
. 6.18.
. 6.19.
. -
.
-
(. 6.19, ) (, 6.19, ) .
104
.
, ,
.
-
. -,
.
, -
.
-
.
.
.
.
. 12
.
1. ?3. ?3. -
?4.
?
[7], . 2; . 303307.[18], . 148, 9.11.
16
(. 6.20).
,
.
. -
(. . 6.11) - . ,
. -
.
105
-
. 6.20
(6.2) (. . 6.20). , -
t
, -
.
. 6 20.
.
-
. -
,
, . .
(6.3)
-
, . . ddl = d1 dd2 = d2. - (. ).
t (. . 6.20). - , -
, .
106
:
.
tu .
ta (. . 6.8).
OJBp (. . 6.20) - d02 = 2r02 = dd2 cos ,
(6.4) S SB
.
S , ,
,
.
. ,
ndd = tz, z . ,
4 = -*.
t , , ,
.
-
, :
(6.5)
(6.6)
(6.7)
, .
107
-
.
.
-
956360 (. 6.1). 6.1
956360 ()
1212
,
1,01,12567
1,251,37589
1,51,751011
2,2,251214
2,52,751618
33,52022
44,52528
55,5
~
. 1. ,
.
2. .
(, ) . ,
:
= : ( )' = 25,4 .
:
1. 1 ' . 1 _L 1 _ 9- 9 1 ~4~ ' 2 4 * ' 4 ' ; 2-J; 3 . .
. -
".
(. . 6.20)
| ] (6.8) . . 103.
() ft'=/w, . -
S (. . 6.10) NN. S'
S" - . S'S" /. /
108
,
NN S'S" /.
.
,
, . . -
.
,
.
, / (. . 6.10), -
t0 (. . 6.8). I > t0 - .
& :
e=i-
.
, -
. , =1,62, 0,62 / , 0,38/ . , 62% , 38% .
=1,15. ^1,4.
2. .
-
(. 6.21),
S' S" -
.
.
-
. . 6.21. -
-
v'[ v"s
S (. . 6.7). -
109
-
v'i u'j , .
uC K=f'iv"2. . 6.22 -
. -
= 0.
N
. 6.22. -
. -
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
1. . ?
2. .3.
?
4. , = 2,47?
5. , , ?
(11], . 104110.18], . 149, 9.13.
17
.
. 6.23. z
. , z>-, - (. 6.23, ). z * , - (. 6.23, ).
-
-
,
(. 6.23, ). - (.6.24) - , -
.
z, - -
. 6.24. - -
^ _ _ _ - , V_...V -WW
(. 6.25, ) *, *
.
111
-
-
S , (.6.25, ). (. - . 6.25, )
1
. 6.25. :- ; - ; /- ;
2
. -
, = | , . . 6.25,
= .
SpH OpS = pS sin = Op sin2 = 0,5d3 sin
2 = O.Smz^sin2 .
,
x = m(l 0,5zsin2a), (6.10)
1=1 0,5zsin2cc. (6.11) (6.11) z
min ,
, .. = 0:
= - (6.12) = 20 17.
z < zmin.
*
\
. , -
40
;
=15.
112
,
. 1 = 2030. , ,
.
-
(. 6.26). :
) - z
-
. -
, , , -
, , -
. ,
.
,
.
-
, |
^=0.
= &! + is > |, > 0 52 > 0,
, (. . 6.26) , .
,
(. . 6.11,6); . -
, -
= 20. .
-
, .
, -
.
-
, . . 2 .
.
14. -
, m = 5 MM, 1 ==12,z2 = 96. .
. 1. 1 = 17 (6.12) 2
_ 8 = = . (6.11), 17 1712
= 0,294,b~~ 17 ~~ 17
2.
= i/Ti = 0,294-5 = 1,47 ,3. :
ddl = tnz1 = 5 12 = 60 ; dd2 = mz2 = 5 96 = 480 .
4. ( ): D
el = ddl + 2m + 2x = 60 + 2-5 + 2-1,47 = 72,94 ; D
e2 = dd2 + 2m 2x = 480 + 2-52-1,47 = 487,06 .114
,
, , -
,
, .
.
*,
12 - . 6, 7, 8 9- (. 6.2). 6- , 7- ,8- , 9- .
6.2
],j.
6- 7- 8- 9-
, /
1530
9
1015
6
610
4
36
2,5
...
-
, -
( ). ,, , ,
.
... . -
... .
. 6.3. ,
.
(. , . 218).
* 164356 175856 .
115
-
6.3 . . .
. . . .
-
*
6- 7- 8- 9-
. . .
0,990,980,980 97
0,970,96
0,960,94
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. , . . . ?
3309.9.
[18], . 151, 9.18.
[7], . 2, . 308309.[11], . 113119.
18
, -
, .
-
, -
.
.
.
- .
-
116
, -
. ,
, ,
(. 6.27, ). []
, ,
.
. 6.27.
. -
. -
-
(. . 5.4). ,
,
(. . 5.5, ). -
, (. . 6.27, ), .
( - ), .
,
, ,
, .
,
.
.
. (. . 6.27, ), , ,
.
-
.
, -
, .
117
-
*.
.
,
(. . 6.27, ). , -
,
.
-
, ,
.
,
.
.
.
, -
, .
: ^350. -
- .
35, 40, 45,50, 50, 40, 45, 40 . -
. ^. 350 . -
(25 -- 50) . > 350 **. -
.
-
, , , .
-
-
.
15, 20, 15, 20 . 38 . > 350 . -
.
^ 350. - . 6.4.
* . 11. .** > 350
. w 1HRC.
118
6.4
-
43
as
3
g
.2
.
QJ
0
CJ , tJ -S
X
2
.
X
u
/* (6.14)
[ HRCm-ln (. . 6.5);&
,
. Nu ( ) -
[]
;
6 /^=
"
(6.15)
(6.16)
/', .
^ 350 kfK min = 1, > 350 &p K m i n = 0,585.
[
] .
> 50 1 R / 1 ' 1 \ / R 17 ^
[a]Kl []2 - . []
1,25 [o]K2. [*]
.
: ^ 5350
l^JK 2,5 [a]K (6.18) > 5350
I^JK = 2[]
(6.19) []
.
( )
ltfl- ' */[] (6.20)
121
-
( )
1L C T -iJ H k
-1
[]k
(6.21)
_! (. 6.5);k
a
.
ka =
= 1,8; =1,2; />, = !,2;
[] () . [] = 1,5; [] =2,2; - [/] = 1,8;
&
_ 3/5 10
~ N,, (6.22)
Nn (6.16).
&plimin = 1, & = 1,65, []
.
: ^.
' ' (6.23)1^ 1 = 0,8 > 350
LJH 0,36
*.
0,6
(6.24)
(6.25)
15. - . -
50, 45. , =99,3 /, 2 = 24,8 /. 7 = 20
3 (
5 ). ( ), , . 75 .
. 1. . 6.5 50 150 0
= 363 /2,0_1 = 274 /
2, 190229.
122
45 300
= 284 /2, _, = 245 /2, 167 -217.2. (6.16) : ^
1 = 572, 4^7 = 572, 4-99,3-21 103= 119,5- 107;
2 = 572,42 = 572,4-24,8. 203 = 29,8- 107.
(6.15) (6.22) 1, ^2
,
= 1
= 1.3.
:) (6.13)
[]
= 2,75! = 2,75-167.1 =459 /*;
) (6.18) = 2,5 []
= 2,5 -459 =1147 /2;) -
[ (6.20)].
1 0 .4-J- 1.6) -!,, _ 1.5 274 _L ! = - j^j -
1>8 1 > 5- 1
10/ / >
=1,8; [] = 1,5 (. . 122).
, , (1.4^1.6)-
, _ 1.5. 245112 = ~ - / ,
) [(6.23)]: []
1=^0,8 = 0,8-363 []
2 = 0,8 = 0, 8-284 = 227 2
10. . -
45, 40. 1 = 39,7 /, 2 == 9,9 /. . = 203 . 100 .
. ]1=140 /
2; ]2= 104 /
2; []
=
= 235 /2.
1. .
2. ,
?123
-
?. - ?
4. ?5.
? ?
[11], . 141147; 152153.[18], . 152, 9.28.
.
19
(. . 6.1, ) - . - -
-
,
v . - (. . 6.2), , , , .
[. (6.1)]
ddl(6.26)
-
. -
:1.
(. 6.29).2. ,
AL , .
. 6.29. (1 -)
, ,
.
,
. F
.
3.
-
.
-
FH (. . 6.29)_
_
1_ 1 W ~ W ~
cos a
W =-z .
/ S - :
[I v , ,126
cos abiny '
= g- cos a .
ddl
2/, ~~ *
*
,
7 -
:
(6.33)
= 2 .
2 , . . bs = tymm, -
:
V, (6.34)
! ; (. );
Y . - 10-30% = 1,252;|
= -
.
iJ5m
=10 20, -
^ ddl. 1|
,
(. . 82).
5 -=- 10 ,
- ; (. );
[]
,
127
-
. -
, , -
|, , h' , . . = / (. . 6.6).
6.6
= 20, f0l
z
18
0,354
45
0,451
20
0,372
50
0,457
22
0,383
65
0,472
24
0,395
80
0,478
26
0,404
100
0,451
28
0,411
150
0,490
30
0,416
300
0,496
35
0,431
40
0,442
0,523
-
, ; - (
< 2).
, (. . 6.4).
! (6.35) (6.33) (6.34) [ //350
789
789
*z /!
.
'' ^
\ j
0,4
1,051,151,25
1,21,31,4
0,8
1,11,21,3
1,31,41,55
1 ,0
1,151,251,35
1,351,51,6
1 ,2
1,251,3
1,45
1,351,51,6
1,0
1,31,41,5
1,41,551,65
325 129
-
< HB35Q
(6.37)
/
. 6.8. , , ,
, = 1
[]
(. . 122).
(6.38)
1,
, -
, . .;
(6.33) 1 .
16. 1
,
2 = 220/,.2; ., = 80; = 4.
. 1, . 6.6 1 = = j = 20 1 = 0,372; 2 = 80 /2 = 0,478.
2.
0,372"
//. -
, = 3; 2t = 24; 2 = 60. - []
1 = 15/0 /*. - : /=1,3, 7=1,5.
. []1 = 197-108-.
1. ,
Del ?
2. , ?138
3. -?
4. , ?
5. /
-
12. . dgl d&2 0,01 .
13. - (. 6.2).
14. .' [ (6.36)].15. 0
[0]
. (6.33) ,'. 5%, 10%.
16.
-
[0]
[ (6.38)]. , ,
-
.
17. - (. 6.30). -, , /
= 6,1
=99,4 /. -
=2,5,... ]
= 0,96. ,
. -
-
1,5 -. -
= 203 .
= IQ/. . 1. -
. ^
^99,4 = Q Q 4
w [0 '
11
, 1 *X
. 6.30. 17 23:
/-; 2 - , J- ; 4
(-)
; = ^
= ^
= 3,97. ^>
99,4! = -^- = -^-= 39,7 /.
I 1 *- ,
2. . z1 = 20,
z2 = z1t = 20 '3,97 = 79,4. = 80.
132
3.
-, 80 , 39,7?
1 = -4-
4.
/i = = 6, 1 -0,96 = 5,86 .
5. . , - ,
, . (6.4) (6.5) < 350 :
45; ;0
= 294/2; _1 = 253/2 (,
); 5167 217; 40 , -
;
= 294/2; _1 = 224/*2; 147.
,
(25-^50) .6.
(6.16):
1 = 572,4^7 = 572,4-39,7-203 = 47,7. 107;
/2 = 572,42 = 572,4.9,9-20
3= 11,9- 107.
/
.
(6.22) JVU, ,N,U - &
,
= 1 7. -
[ (6.20)]:
(1,4 - 1,6)(_, , 1,5-253= - , , ' * = -
1,8 1,5. . . ,
140 /\
*
=1,8 [] = 1,5 (. . 122);
(1,4 - 1,6)_!- -
1,5 224
. = 1,8; [] = 1,8. [ (6.23)]
[0]
= 0,80
= 0,8-294 ==235/2.
133
-
45. . -,
? .
.
1 . Y?
2. ?
3. &t 5 -- .
[18], . 154, 9.31.
2 1
.
-
,
.
-
,
-
; -
(. 6.31). - , -
-
. -
-
:
. 631. - (1
)136
=0,418
"7 -
; 2;
MlK, cos a bA cos a '
(. 128), -
;
= ,
t 2 ,PiD->
= | ,! 2
(. . 6.31). 01
A\ = Y sm a = . sin a.
Dp03d, . .
= - sm a = . , . sin a.
q
,
Ai sin aPnp =
cos a Ai sin a
= 2,05 /2 a = 20, - :
340V (6.39)
2 , . . = )), -
:
3 / /340,A:
\.(6.40)
137
-
Mt -;[] /-;
=
~ .
|
=
= 0,20,63* b.i^ddl. tyA - , -
(. . 82). 340
, ,
.
-
.
(6.39) (6.40) , -
.
-
,
m(z1 + z2)_ ,2 ~-
, ,
,
[. (6.33)].
-
[]
(. . 121)
= I " [] (6.41)
, ,
, . .;- (6.39).
(. 18) :1. N^.2.
-
[ (6.33)]. (v= 1). []
,
, zlt z2, . -
, , -
.
16.
-
14. - [ (6.39)]
340
340 1/49.4
100% =0,44% < 10%, .459
4~9457
15. . 6.6 (- *): 21 = 32, ^ = 0,422, 22=128, 2 = 0,483.
(7=1)'- [ (6.33)]
1=-
11=
,
'< .-182 *.
. . .
16. : ) - [ (6.41)]
=457 []
) [ (6.38)]
1
nnir ^(
I
.
.
13. ,
> []
=
*
. Zj = 32 t/
x = 0,422 :
. 6.6 = 30 / = 0,416, = 35 jr = 0,431. 1 = 32 ==
0,416 + - .2 = 0,422. -
142
= 670 !*. : = 100 ,
= 40 , i = 6,3. 1 = 75,2/. - =1,35.
. [Nj] = 1,4 .
1. ?
2. , (6.39), - .
3. , -
?4.
?
[111, . 138156.[18], . 164, 9.47.
.
2 2
,
, -
,' * (. . 6.1,6). , -
, , -
.
(. 6.32), - .
,
. , . -
(. . 6.2).
(. 6.33) (ss) () -. t
s,
* , -
".
143
-
tn.
:
,=; = , (6.42) m
s
.
. 6.32.
. 6.33
,
6.33. -
(6.43)
(6.44)
.
956360(. 6.1) .
(6.45)
, -
. .
-
, , -
=
.
144
h' h" :
h' = mn
h" = 1 ,25
2 C O S P 1 2cosp
(6.46)
(6.47)
(6.48)
, , -
.
-
, = 0 , , tn = mn = m
s,
,
(. 6.34) - , -
, -
.
-
,
, -
-
,
.
-
(. .6.34) ,
. 6.34.
-
dg
-
, ,
. .
145
-
(6.49) z .
(6.49) ,
, , .
,
|3 (. 6.35). , -:
. 6.35.
146
(6.50)
(6.51)
( ), Q , -
\ = 8-15. .
-
,
, . -
,
.
, -
-
.
, .
.
[. (6.34)] /*;
:
= _1
(6.52)
.
\pra = 15 40,
b2^l,5ddl. ;/
. . 6.6
.
(.52) #[]> .
=1,3 1,4 , - .
.
[. (6.33) (6.35)] - :
1 ]2
(6.53)
(6.54)
147
-
-
.
-
. -
(. . 131) : 8 = 8-^-15, -
1 2 . 6.6 -
1 2; 11
[ (6.52)], 956360(. 6.1).
( - (6.53), (6.54) (6.38).
19. 17 -
= 136', 1]>
= 25,
=1,3; =1,4. ,
, ? . 1. 17
, -
( 6.49) -
* =
80 -866
^ 2 c o s
s p cos3136' '"'
. 6.6 /32 =-0,479.2. (6.52)
25.20-0,479.104-1,3 ~^'
956360 (. 6.1)
3,3. [ (6.48)]
"--2cosp -2513'^1^1'
, 46 , 23%.
14. ( - ) , ^=100; /=1,5; z
x^-22; t = 5.
. 1 = 36,3; ,2= 169,7.
1. ( ) . 6.1,6?
2. ?148
3. ? ?
4. ?
5. , - ?
[11], . 104110.[18], . 157, 9.37.
23
.
[. (6.40)] -
(6.55)
:1|)
= 0,20,63 , fe2^l,5dai. tyA
-
6 : (.. 128),
(. 149)
( );'
, v i -- - \ - ~ ~/'
8 = (0,01 -=-0,02) , 956360 (. 6.1);
9 (} (. . 147), z
c [ (6.48)], z1 2,
*.
(6.56),
(6.53) (6.54) = 1.
1
2 . 6.6,
1
2 [ (6.49)]. 20.
-
-
(.6.36). , , N
m =
= 14 -
=152 /. = 12-10 3 (3 2- ). -
=14 /. , . 1,7 . .
. 1.
. _ > _ 1 5 2 _ ) -^--
'8'
/ = 5.
% 152
. ,
2 = -ji = - = -=- = 30,4 /.I I
. 6.36. - 20 22:
/ ; 2 ; J-; 4- -
2.
'"
= 92,\.103-.
3. . . 6.5 40. 120
= 686 /*,
-
= 140 .8.
= (0,01 -f- 0,02) = (0,01 ~ 0,02)-140= 1,4 -f- 2,8 . 956360 (. . 6.1) /=1,5 .9. ) = 1
(. . 147).) [ (6.48)]
Zc = ?^=2d40_co110!=183)8i
zc=184.
) :
, 184
1 = 31;
22 = z1 = 184 31 = 153.) [ (6.48)]
' ' r\ Q Q K 7 1 ' ft Q'10'9x1 9. ~~ V . a O J / l , |J -i^ .
10. -'
2 1 5 3 .
11. : :
. 1,5-31 ._ ,_'^ =
^ p = coS942' =47
.
17 **,
, _ , 1,5-153 _ _2 ~ cos ~ cos 942' ~ ^ .
:
0*1 = dai + 2mB = 47,17 + 2- 1,5 = 50,17 ,
= do, + 2 = 232,83 + 2-1,5 = 235,83 ,
; :
152
&j = &2 + 5 = 70 + 5 = 75 . 2 ^ 1,5dd l .
12. _ a>tddi 152-47,17 ,
2 1000 2 1000 '
. 6.2 8- .
13. /'. . 6.7
(6.37), . 6.8 --= = 1,48 -
- _,_/
+ 1 1,37+1 _ _ , 1
^ 2 2 '
(6.36) /'=/
= 1.25-1,18 =1,47."14. [ (6.56)]
340 -./~1' (1+t')3 340 -./" 92,3 1,47 (1+4.93)3 _
~1 ' ~^0 70 4,93 1,3 ~= 610 /* < []
= 628 /-,. . .
2,8%.15. [
(6.49)]:31
cos- p cos:j 942., 153
7^=32,3,
32 cos
3P cos3942' (. . 6.6):
1=
=0,423; /
, = 0,490.
[ (6.53) (6.54)]
= 1,35 (. . 147):
2 92,1-103-1,4770 1,52-31-0,423-1,35^ = 97,2 /
2 < []
2 = 266 /2;
,
*.
*
1,5.
153
-
16. :)
[ (6.41)]
= *K-^ij?s*=61oKTj = 795 /*2. 6 = 1-)-2. ,
. -
,
. -
-
.
,
(. . 6.39), - , -
.
(. 6.40),
.
156
OCS (. . 6.40)
, d^i mz, 1 = triz~i,31
COS ! COS
1
COS COS ,(6.57)
22 .
. 6.40. -
-
(. 85)
), dal 2j
= 90
(6.58)
i = 23; -
i; i = 6,3 ( 12289 66).
, -
,
-
157
-
, , .
-
(. 6.41). - , -
.
, ,
. 6.41.
.
956360 (. . 6.1). -
.
h' h" :
h' h" = 1 ,2
2 cos cp
(6.59)
(6.60) (. aCS . 6.39)
r d.ll mz\e 2 sin op! 2 sir, 1
(6.61)
(6.62)
158
' (. . 6.41)
tgA ' h'-~r
e
(6.63)
(6.64)
.
Zj (.4), - :
b si n cptZi
(6.65)
, " -
, -
-
(. 6.42).
, : -
(6.65)
T1 = P1tgct cos cpi
(6.67) -
6
Ql = P 1 tgasincp 1. 6.42. -
(6.68) :
159
-
21. = 4 ;
= 50. t = 4. - .
. 1. [(6.58)]
= i = 4; = 7558'.2. [ (6.62)]
. _ .2 _ 4-50 _ 1
* - 2 sin 2 - 2 sin 7558' ~
/'
'
3. (. . 6.41)
4.
-
:
CL =-34
0.85 (6.71)
. (6.71)
=
. 3/7 340
\ ^[0]J ^(1_o,5^t)*i.o.33 (6.72)
t y r = - , .Le ipL = 0,250,3.
1228966, i, dd.2 (. 6.9).
6.9
( 1223966)
4
_,
6380
100125160200250230
12 2,24 2.5 2,8 3,15
> , .
1013162025324045
12161925324042
12151925303842
151924303842
151924303842
. 1. 1223966 : d^, 50 1600 ; i 1 6,3.2. !
[ (6.58)];) z8l z32
[ (6.57)];) 91, /2 (.
. 6.6); 11 : )
[ (6.69)];) b = ty
mm J Pa%m-
163
-
4. 1 -:
#i = -= 14-0,94= 13,15 ;. = = 75 ===427 - =1 ! 30,8 -.
5. . . 6.4 6.5, 40. 200
= 490 / 2; _1 = 362 /2; 5200 230;
55. 500
= 304 /2;_1 = 262 /
2, 185 229.
6. [ (6.16)]:
/1 = 572,41 = 572,4-30,8.12-10
3 = 21,3-107;
#2 = 572,4 3 = 572,4 14, 2 10
3 = 9,7 107.
(6.22) &
= 1.7. [ (6.20) (6.23)]:
, (1,4- 1,6)0-! 1,5-362-
=
=1,8, [/] = 1,5 (. 122);1 = 0,8
= 0,8 490 = 392 /2;
, _ (1,4 * 1.6)0., _ 1,5-262 _Lo J H 2 k
a[n\ 1 8 -1 5 ~ / ,
2 = 0,8 = 0,8 304 = 243 /*.8, ) [ (6. 58)]:
r = = 0,43850; 1 = 2438';
= 1 = 90 2438' = 6522'.
) [ (6.57)]
, - 2t .._ 22cos cos 24~387 = 24,2;
92 052 cos 65 22'
) . 6.6:
1 = 0,395; /32 = 0,482.164
9. :
1[0]1 = 0,395-200 = 79 /2,
4 2.2 = 0,482.145 = 70 /'.
.
10. . = 1,5(. . 128),1|
=-12(. . 161); 7=1,6 (. . 127).11. ) [ (6.69)]
\f 2M,K^ _\f 2-427-10 3-1,5-1,6 __ -
^~" V |5
,1(/.21]2-0,85 ~~ 12-22-0,482-145-0,85 ~~ ? / ") 6 = i|3Mmcp= 12-5,07 60 .) [ (6.65)]
, b sin m, r /VT i 60 sin 2438'22 - = 6,2 .
"' 956360 (. . 6.1) = 7 ,12. :
) ddl = mz1 = 7 -22= 154 ,d = m22 = 7-48 = 336 .
) D
el = ddl + 2m cos q>t = 154 + 2-7 cos 2438' = 166,8 MM,A-2 = ddt + 2m cos 2 = 336 + 2 7 cos 6522' = 34 1 ,8 MM.
De -
.
) [ (6.62)], _ mZl 7-22 ..
13. ) [ (6.65)]ft sin tp, _ 60sin2438' _
0_
= -~ 22 = 5,87 .
) dcpi = m'^Zi = 5,87 22 = 129,1 .
) ^! 30,8-129,1
' =
2-1000= 2-1000 = ' MJceK,
165
-
. 6.2 9- .14 [ (6.36)].
. 6.7 (. ) /
=1,54. < 5350
t u+l ,,41 + 12 2 L^UJ,
/
= 1,41 (. . 6.8) _J2 129,1 ->*::)- ' = /(/Cm = 1,54 -1,205 = 1,85.
15. [ (6.70)]
^ 21' 2-427 )3 1,35 1,6
2~
)2,/2-0,85 ~60-5,87'-22 0,182 0,85 ="
= 136 /"' < []
, = 145 /*.
6,2%, .16. \
[ (6.38)]*,,n =
-
17 (. . 132). 6 = 90 (. . 6.30).
. 1. 17, i = 2,5. - ^ = ^
= 6,1 , 1 = = 99,4 /?/,
, 99,4 or. /)2 = 1 = -^-- = 39,7 /.I ,
2.
i Q) yy 4 - - ' - '- - - --
3. . - , -
, 15 (. . 122), . . 50; - 45.
4. = 21 -10 :
1 = 572,4, = 572,4-99,4 21 103 = 119,5 107;
N... = 572,4
-
12. ) [ (6.65)]38 sin2148' _
20" &Vt fI '
)
-
. 6.44.
,
.
. . ,
(. 6.45). , ,
, -
.
-
-
-
(. 6.46), -
-
. -
-
= 10 ~ 30. -
-
. -
-
-
, -
-
.
-
.
-
-
, -
,
.
-
-
-
.
,
(. [33]).
. 6.45.
. 6.46.
172
.
(-), (. 6.47)
. 6.47.
. 6.48.
2,5 ms 1,6/ -
.
.
. 6.49. De sg: 500 :
= (3-=-4); dC T=l,6dB: (CT = (1.2-H,5) dtt; = (0,2-0,3) ; >-;= 10-20
De^. 150 -
(. 6.48)*. * . 279361 286561 [7].
173
-
De ^ 500 ,
(. 6.49), (. 6.50, ) (. 6.50, ). D
e ^ 500 -
. (. 6.51, ) (. 6.51,6) ,
. 6.50. :;
. 6.51. :-;
1. =1?
2. , -
?3. ?4. ?
[7], . 2, . 326360; 366367, 381389.[12], 2535.J18], . 288, 17.55.
7
27
-
,
,
.
:1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. -
.
: 1. - .
2. . . .' . :, (, , . .);' ( , -
, ).
:1. .
.
(. . 39), - (. . 40), (. 7.1, ).
. 7.1. -
175
-
(. 7.2) -
(. . 37).2. .
. -
.
- -
(. . 7.1, ; / ).3. .
. (. . 38).
(. . 7.1, ). , , -
, -
(. 7.3). . . . 0,95.. . .
. . .
. . -
, , ,
(.. 51).
L&
. . ^lon tg (+ ') , (7.1)
rion ,
. -
. , , -
i
. 7.2.
. 7.3.
)
= 0,900,95; ]
= 0,5 0,7; ]
, .
,
(. . 47),176
.
( ) (. . 7.4,. 184), , (. . 7.2) . -
,
, .
. ,
, . .
&
(7.2)
_ ( ) ;Sj . t , -
, .
24. . . . - , 60x3 (d = 60 MM, St == S = 3 ). , . . /? = 400 ,
. 1 . . 3.2 d2 = 58,5 .2. [ (7.2)]
2- 400
3. [ (3.1)]
4. [ (3.3)]' = arctg cos /2
0,09
. 5.-1 / = 0,09 = 30 (. . 39).5. - . . [ (7.1)]
igb tg 056'
.
. -
[] 177
-
. -
.
.
, . . -
.
,
.
. 5, 45, 50, 40, 40 .
.
. 10-1, . 6-6-3 ., - -1, -3 .
-
, -
.
( ), , :
Q _ Q ^.-, Q ;
F ; (, . 3.6; 3.10; 3.11);z ;
* = -?-, (7.3) S .
() = |? 2^,a = 5, :
(7.4)
1|)
= ; 1
=1,22,5; 1
= 2,53,5;
; = 0,5 (. . 3.10);
= 0,75 (. . 3.11); = 0,541 (. . 3.6).
178
Sj - v :
(7.5)
v/; ( /. -
/0. /(|' = (8- 10)d (. . 7.2).
D (. . 7.1, .) :
(7.6)
Qpac4 . (3.11).,( D1 -
:
(7.7)
(7.8)4^-3'
:
= , (7.9)
8 ;N
,
.
-
:
(7.)
;[] () -
; ] =4-5;
179
"
^
~~5~^* K J
-
0= 4/V ,, ;
,
.
:1- . ,
,^
, ,
(.); ,
,
(. 7.1).
(7.11)
.
2- . , ,0 ^ \ ^ ,, , -
(. 7.1). -
(7.12) ,
(. 7.1). 7.1
, 0, ,
. 54550
928582
>>
576050
/-
343578404
1,393,751,23
274353373
3- . , - , < ,0.
=
, . . -
.
,
' ^ (7.13)
180
/ _ . , - , / ;
/ , , -
,
;= 1 ;= 2 , ;, 7 , ;0,5 . ,
:1. [or]
(3.10) [
] = 3.2. :
[]
= 42 -i-- 55 /2; : []
= 34---44 /2, []
= 20-=-24 /2.3. :
[] = 5 - 6 /2, [] =8-=- 10 /2, [] = 10-=- 12 /.
, . .
, [] 30 -40%.
19, 40x6, = 3,5 /, v =10 /.
. z = 3.
1. ?
2. , , ?
3. ... ?181
-
4. (7.5)?5.
?
[11], . 210215.[18], . 93, 5.65.
28
(. 25) :
1. Q.2. / ( , . .).3. .
:
1. , .
2. : [] ; []
, [0]
, -
[] (. .181).3. -
(. . 178).4. -
(, , ) - tyH (. . 178).
5. &
[ (7.4)], (. 3.1; 3.2 .).
6. , , . -
v (7.5) Slt z.
, [ (3.1)] - ' [ (3.3)]. - , < '(. . 51).
7. . - ,
^ 10 (. . 67). z>10, -
.
8. :182
. : ) [- (3.5)]
[ (3.6)];)
;)
[ (7.9)]. 8>[0]' d^ .
. : ) - , (.. 181);
) J i - ;
) X [ (7.13)],
,0, [ (7.11), (7.12)] ;
) ^[ (7.10)] [ ]. /
< [nj , dj *.
25. - - Q = 49 (. 7.4). /0 = 120 .
. 1. . 45, ( . 7.1
= 353 [*), . 10-1.
2. : [ (3.10)] [
] = 3
M = = = 117,7 /**;
(. . 181)[] = 4 0 /* ; []
= 45 /* ;
(. . 181)[] = 10 /*.
3. , - = 0,5 (. . 178).
4. (. . 7.1, ) i|>H=l,5 (. . 178).
1
, -
, ,
.
.
183
-
5. [ (7.4)]--.-!/ Q 1/ 49-103
^ S^TSFI = .1, 5.,5= 4 5
'6
-
948460 (. 3.2) d = 50 MM, S = 8 MM, d2 =d = 41 .
. 7 4.
6. (z=l ; S1 = S). [ (3.1)]
[ (3.3)]' = arctgr & -cos /2
-**&. f = 0,09 (. . 5.1); f =15 (. . 3.10).
,
-
. N = Q,
=
//=
4/ 49
= 40 / [] ,
113.8 103
:, .. , ) . 7.4
,
. , = 0,7 (. . 181).) (. . 181)
J- ^ (0,375 + 0,625|) = Z^L* (0,375 + 0,625g) =-= 15,7-104 *.
(. . 181), 2 2
41104 1
= 10'9
'
. 7.1 45 ,
= 85; ,0 = 60; = 353 ]*. . 7.4
= /0 + /2 =120 + 70/2 =155 .
/_0,7 155_~ ~
, ,
-
4. , . . .
-
,
.
: 1. . . . - .
2. .
3. .
4. ..
, 50 . -
. . . -
.
, -
, . .
, -
,
, -
-
,
, .
( ) -.
-
(. 8.2, ) - (. 8.2,6) .
. 8.2.
188
. . ., -
, -
.
.
.
ff)
. 8.3.
-
.
(. 8.3) (), () - () . - v1 ^ 4 /. vt > 4 / - .
-
. 8.4. -
-
, -
.
.
189
-
, (. . 8.4), ,
, -
, ,
, . -
.
, -
.
-
2 = 40.
(. 8.5) ,
. 8 5. .-
, -
, , -
, *, -
.
,
, (. 8.6), , -
, ,
, ,
.
-
,
.
.
190
, -
-
. -
-
. 8 6 -
,
-
.
-
. :1. - (. .
8.4). , .2. - .
. , _ ,
,
-
,
-
. -
,
-
,
.
(. 8,7),
8.7. :
/; 2
19!
-
, '-
.
, -
.
367556,
-
, .
ms, .
214466 (. . 8.1).
(. 8.8):
. 8.8.
1. 2 = 40.2.
3. (. . 8.9)
(8.1)
(8.2)
(8.3) 2j .192
4. (. 8.8)
5. , . . ,
(8-4) q = 7,516 .
, q m
s.
, .
. 8.9.
q ms 214466
(. 8.1). 8.1
, q 214466 ()
,
q
3
10; 12;14
3,5
10; 12;14
4
9; 10;12; 14;
16
5
9; 10;12; 16
6
9; 10;12; 14
7
9; 10;12
8
8; 9;10; 12
10
8; 9;10; 12
6. (. 8.9)
nddi nqms q(8.5)
7 325 193
-
q . 8.2.
8.2
( 214466)
1
124
9
16
334'35"707'30"
1402'10"
14
405'08"807'48"
1556'43"
12
445'49"927'44"
1825'06"
10
542'38"1118'36"2148'05"
9
620'25"1244"2357'45"
8
707'30"1402'10"2633'54"
7,5
735'41455'53"2804'21"
* 2144-66 = 3 .
. (. . 8.8)
8.
(8.6)
(8.7)9. :
= 12
Zj =4
(8.8)
(8.9)
z2 .
. 8.10.
194
L 25 -4- 50 .
(. 8.10). :
1.
2.
3.
4.
(8.10)
(8.11)
(8.12)
(8.13)
5. b
(. . 8.3). 8.3
DH
0,75Del
6. 2 D
el Q,5ms :
._
fe (8-14)
26. , - : ~ 160 , - D
el = 80 < z2 32, zt = 2.
7* 195
-
1. (8.13) 2 = (8.6) D
el = i ,
:
2 +
1 4 =~ 2AD
el ~
32 4-1602 16080
2. [ (8.13)]
_
'
2 160 =
8 14'
2
21.
, -
Del = 35 , ms =
.
1. , - ?
2 '
3. -, . 8 4.
4. , - -
?5. ?6. m
s q
?
[7], . 2, . 390402.[12], 72 86[18], . 179, 10.6.
30
.
(. 8.11) - .
196
,
.
(8.15)
-
1000 ! , (8.16)
ddl ddz - ' ;
! 2 -
/.
-
811
(. . 8 11):
COS 2000 cos (8.17)
(8.17),
> i^. - ,
(. . 118).
. 8.11 , vt vt tg ,
2 1000 2 1000
2 t . (8.5) z1 =z2 .
0 (8.18)
197
-
-
z1 = l-4. -
z2. -
z2^=28. z2==5060. t=1080.
27. , -
0)4= 151 / i_J5l_1[- q*~5;-9,45-1&'>
2. [ (8.18)]_ _ _ 1 7 6j 1 5 , 9 ~ 1 > 0 >
2t = 2.3.
2 = 32.4.
' 2 32 ./
5.
; = ^ = ^ = 9,44 /.
-
:
. % = 9'4,9'44 100% 0, 1 % < 2,5% ,1(
22, , - 99 /. 52 3,82 /.
. 2i = 2.
198
...
- ,
, -
, .
...
(8.19)
;)
. . ., ; ] = 0,99 0,995; ]
= 0,97 0,99;)
..., ,
; rjp = 0,97 0,98;
|3. ..., (. . 6.3). , )
=
= 0,970,98;)
. ..., ,
.
(3.8), :
'
, , -
,
(. 8.4). - '
,
.
8.4 '
' /
0,10,51,0
'
434' 509'309' 343'235' 309'
"- /
1,522,5
'
217' 252'200' 235'143' 217'
*
,/
347
'
36' 200'119' 143'102' 29'
. 1. - .
2. - 3050%.
199
-
, tgXa = , , q -
...
.
,
, ... -
. 8.5. 8.5
... ) z
Zi
1
0,700,75
2
0,750,82
3
0,820,87
4
0,870,92
... -
(8.19). , , -
..., , -
.
28. ... , Zj = 2 ddl = 40 1 = 101 /. m
s = 4 .
.-1. > HRC45 . .
. 1. - [ (8.4)]
2. . 8.2
= ITI3. [ (8.17)]
=
"
101-40 _ -_~ ^ '
Ub '
-
'
2000 cos
2000 cos 11 18'36'
4. , .. = 2 (. . 199). :]
==0,99; TIP = 0,98; Ti3.3 = 0,98. . 8.4
= 2,06 / ' = 2. -,
_ igXg _ tgll18'36" _,MB. n tg (1 118'36"+ 2)
5. ...
= Vb.s4... = -"2 ' '98 ' '98 ' '845 = '795-200
23. ... , mf = 8 MM; z t = l ; 1 = 73 /.
..
< /?45, . -: Ti
n = 0,99; Tip = 0,98; )3.3 = 0,97.
, ] 0,74.,
, -
, , -
.
-
(. 8.12, ) -
fa \
I
. 8.12. ,
.
Plt7\, QJ. . 8.12, - .
1
Q2:
(8.20)
M! .201
-
2 -
Qt:
(8.21)
2 .
Tt 2 (. 8.12, ):
(8.22)
, -
. 2 -
,
,
.
29. - , N1 = 4,5 ! =151 /. - t=16, ... ] = 0,915. ddl = 64 , // 9^fi ttdz ^cJVJ jnjit*
. 1. [- (4.5)]
9QR 9Q8.103 . Jj * | J,v/ Jn ^tJ,\JL\J JnJn
2. [(4-7)]
Mt = M1ir\ = 29,8-103-16-0,915 = 436-103 -.
3. - 9 9.9Q . 103
P1=Q*=^= 64 =931 "4.
= 2
* 2 436
'1032
dfa 2565.
.
24. . 8.12,6 - ,
202
; .
,
.
1. - Zj?
2. - 2!=!?
3. 1 ... ?4. , Q1
7\ ?5.
. 8.12, , , ?
[11], . 172176.[18], . 180, 10.10.
31
-
, -
, , . .
, , (. . 116).
.
( -) - , ,
. -
,
.
()
, -
. .
-
,
()
.
-
, ,
, .
-
.
203
-
,
, -
. -
.
40, 45, 50 40, 40 - /?4555. .
-
(15, 20 .) 58-63.
-
,
.
,
= 6^-25 /, -
. 10-1, ., - . ,
uCK = 2-f-6 /, . 9-4. - ,
^HRC 45 . -
= 8 /. ,
< 2 /, -
12-28, 15-32 . , -
.
8.6
.
. 10-1. 10-1. 9-4. 9-4. 9-4 12-28 15-32
-
-
/
170150140200200200
~~
285255225490490392118147
274314
10012010012080100
120100100
143229163229
204
,
.
-
. 8.6.
, ,
.
1. []
(. 10-1, . .) -
(8.23)
; = 0,750,90. -
>#45 ;
(. . 8.6);kfK -
;
(8.23)
N [ (6.16)].
#
>25-107, 25-10'.2. []
(. 9-4 .)
. 8.7. 8.7
[ /
0,25
137
0,5
245
117
1
225
88
2
205
68
3
177
4
157
6
118
8
88
205
-
3. []
- -
-
. 8.8. 8.8
[
-
32
, ,
.
(. . 203), , , -
, -
. , ,
( ) , -
.
. -
, (.. 136).
< = 0,418'
-
(8.27)
.
, ,
.
-
.
:/=1 ,/= 1,3- 1,5 . .
-
. (.. 8.10) , 40%, .
(6.53) ,
-
.
:
(8.28)
;V ;
(. . )v=i 1,1; (. . )7=1,5;
z/82 , . 6.6
.
,
(8-29) -
,
2. , -
210
- ,
(6.41) (6-38), 2 2.
31. 26
, []
=180 /2. .
= 8 [. . 1.
d = msz = 8 32 == 256 .di
2. (8.26) "=1 (. . 210)
J =64-2562-1802
= 600-103 -.476* ~ 476
3. ( 4.5)/ 1 -* [Ma]u)a_600-103-81^2] ^
10e me_.
4'
-
26. 26
, [(]
= 40 /2. = !,! . [
] = 13,4 .
1. , , ?
2. / ?
3.
.
4. 31 26 , [Af2] =4,8 .
[18J, . 184; 10.18.211
-
33
(. 32) :
1. N ,2. 1 2.3. .
:
1. i ( 8.18).2. z2^28
( 8.18).3. Zj
/' '2.4. -
.
5. []
, []
, []
,
[]
*. []
( 9-4 .) -
.
6. , - ... ) (. . 8.5) - 2.
7. - / (. . 210).
8. 9 = 812 (. . 193).
9. ** [ (8.27)].
10. ms { (8.13)]
214466. - m
s q [ (8.13)],
214466 (. . 8.1), ' (8.13).
' .
, ,
, , q 12 - 22.
* []
[]
,
.
** , -
214466, m
s, q, zt Z2.
212
1 1 . - [ (8.4) (8.11)].
12. v'CK [- (8.17)].
13. . . . -' [- (8.19)].
14. - '2 [ (4.5)].
15. , [] v'CK (. . 8.7). []
[ (8.24)]. - [ (8.26)] - []
[]'
.
10% 5%.16.
[ (8.29)] . 6.6 /2.
17. [ (8.28)] - []
.
[
-
22 = 54.3.
, 151 .- ,, -,.co2 = -rf = = 5,6 /.
-
~0,9/. .4. . -
-
,
. 9-4 (- ) 0
= 200 /?
= 392 /2 (. . 8.6). ,
, 40 > /?45 - .
5. . - yC K3,5 / . 8.7 [0^=167 /*.
. 8.8 - (. 1)
2 . 8.8 ^
= 25-107 ,
[
= 0,8(
= 0,8-200 = 160 /*.6. . . . . . 8.5
zt = 2 ) = 0,80.
5,6 -.
7. . , = 1,3 (. . 210).
8. - q = 9.214
9. ^ (8.27)]
315-103-1,3 =158,9 .
10. [ (8.13)}2 2-158,9
9+54 = 5,04 .
214466 (. . 8.1) /^ = 5 , q [ (8.13)]
2
2144 66 (. . 8.1) tns = 5
9=10. [ (8.13)]
11. [(8.4)-(8.9)]:
ddi *= 10-5 = 50 ;
1 =
-
dd2 = msz2 = 5 54 = 270 ;
-2 = * (, + 2) = 5 (54 + 2) = 280 . , b zt = 2 -
. 8.3:, < D
e2 + 1,5/, == 280 + 1,5 5 = 287,5 . , = 287 .
12. [ (8.17)]' e>iddi 151-50
VCK ~~ 2000 cos
~~ 2000 cos 1118'36" = ' /.
13. . . . TJ' [ (8.19)]. :
= 2, ]
= 0,99; t|p = 0,97; . = 0,97. . 8.4 1 2 = 3,85 / '= 142' ( 35%).
__ tgll18'36*"~ tg(H018'36"+l042') ~
,
,992- 0,97- 0,97 -0,866 = 0,797.14. '
[ (4.5)].
0)2 '
15. v'CK -
, . 8.7 []
[
-
34
.
(1 f])N1 , , -
,
.
, .
( ) , - .
,
. . QB Q0. , -
,
] . . . ;JV, em. ,
,
F * , , . -
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;tB ; -
tB = 20 ;tH ;
/
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= 8 -- 17 / . -
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QS = Q0, . ,-4)^=^, (*-/)/?,
218
(8.30)
[*] .
i > . :I J - - - - ,
1. F, - ( - 50% ).
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:)
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) - -
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(8.30) *.
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:/- , 2-
/ /_. 8 15. :
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* . [33].219
-
-
-
*.
33. 32 , -
.
ts = 2QC. . 8.16. -
.
=120
. 8.16. 33
1. - ( ). . 8.16
F = 2hb + 2hc + be = 2 (460 420) + 2(460 120) + 420 120 == 55-104 * = 0,55 MZ.
2.
= 17 /*- :
/ _ t , U-ribVi _ono
(1-0,797).2,2-103
.
28. ,
?
= 20. , [^]
= 90, /
=
= 14 1?-. . . . ) = 0,84, -
7 = 0,48 2.
. [N]t 2,l .
* . [17].220
(. . 8.8), , . , -
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dn S^ '
. 8.17.
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2 - 3 . -
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- (. 89, , , , , ), -(. 8.19, , , ), (. 8.19, ) . .;
-
(. 8.19, ) (. 8.19, ). .
, -
,
.
1^6,3 (. . 8.19, ).
* . - [12] [17J.
222
sg,
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-
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9
35
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1, 2.
i . 9.1.
: (. 9.1, ), (. 9.1, ) (. 9.1, ). 226
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2. .3.
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5. - .
6. .
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1000 . v = 530 /, ~ 100 /. (.. 4.2).
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8* 227
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228
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(. 9.3, ). v ^20 /;
, (. 9.3, ). v ^15 /.
.
9.1 10154* ()
b
20; 25; 30;40; 45; 50;
60; (65); 70;75
80; 85; 90;100
(115; 120);125; 150;
(175); 200;(225); 250
35
36
46
20; 25; 30;40; 45
150; 200;250
z
2
46
20; 25, 30;40
50; 60; (65);70, 75
80; 85; 90,100
125; 150;200; 250
3
35
36
46
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2. , , .
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( 5773/176) ,
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.
230
: ,
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.
30 /, -.
v = 20 -25 /. 5 /.
128468 - (, , , , ,, ) (. 9.2).
9.2 ( 128468)
0
, (. 9.5)
.
10131722323850
*
8,5111419273242
h
68
10,513,51923,530
F0, MMS
4781
138230476692
1170
L
400250056040008006300
1800106003150150004 18000630018000
: 1. bf .2. F0 128468 .
0 h
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- . -
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a) S)
. 9.5.
0 = 40 . L .
1. ?2.
?3.
?4.
?
[7], . 273279.
36
1. (. 9.6) - . -
:
(9.1)232
2 (D, + DJ > > 0,55 (D2 + DJ (9.2)
D! D2 ; .
. 9.6. -
2. L .
(9.3)
AL == 100 -f- 400 .
3.
2L I. (9.4)
4. ai=1802.
OtS02
^-, -
sin^^Y Pa^ 180 D2D,
V = " ~ ^ -
233
-
,
= 18057 2 A
l
[aj [1]^120.
(9.5)
150,
: ,
; , . . -
.
, -
, .
.
-
5. S0, .
50(. 9.7, ). 1
. 9.7.
: Slt S2 (. 9.7, ). :
^i s D l -0; >->2 v
234
=
(9.6) ,
,
. -
, ,
, . .
51 = 5 + 5 S = S 5
(9.6) (9.7), :
_
2
(9.7)
(9.8>
-
Sv =
PFv* \, (9.9) ;
F . 5, ,
S3, . ,
S1-\-Sv, Sa-{-Sv S0-\-Sv.
34. - DJ = 250
-
4. :
- s,= s0 -+$=800-^+89
-
. Oab (. 9.8)
(9.10)
9 8
Q - .
Q - , -
-
.
-
: - .
St 52 (. 9 9). . -
, -
S2 Slt . ,
, -
. -
P = S1 S2 .
, ,
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.
.
ut v2 - , . vtv2 , -
(. acl, . 9 9). , -
, -
33
1U
,
236
-
-
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1, -
, .
acl
,
. . . ,
... .
-
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:
8 = - (9.11)
! 2 . = 0,010,02. -
i .
v, =
i % >2-
D^l-e)
!
;D! D2 . ^ > 2. v1 vt
(9.11), :
(9.12)
1^5, - i D2 = 500 . i .
. j = 3,17; = 0,012.238
1. , 1800 , 1000 ?
2. ?
3. .4.
?
[11], . 8493.[18], . 130, 8.1.
37
(. 9.10). :
1. 0.
S0, ,
(9.13)
F . :
= 1,76 /?, 00 = 1,18 1,47/
.
2 . ( - ) &. () F - k
n :
kn
2
( ), . .
, 02 =
: ~~ "^" 2F :
.S,.
."7"
_^
"2? =
239
-
IS
1Is
ex
>
kn
.
3.
. -
.
= ', = ^ s- .
9.11
= 0,56 ==0,5(D4-6), ,
-
D,
I =,L__!
(9.14)
. 9.11
;
.
(9.14) , DL. Dlt
1
. 1
-=- (. . 9.3, . 243). *
.
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.
4 .
= . (9-15)
(. . 9.10) -
( )
(9.16)
-
. ,
. . . (. 9.12); .
241
-
,
, -
S0 .
(f~S1 + St
~2S0~kn
20
. 9.12. . . .
, -
:
(9.17)
. . . ).
S1 + S2 = 2S0, . . . .
.
, -
. 0
, 1
, acl
(. . 9.9).
-
. -
, 0 ,, . -
.
, , -
. . .
. -
,
^,
S0 , (9.17)
/>_ = 2
. (9.18)
,
[ kn] ,
. (9.18) F,
[/0]==2000, [kg] ,
0 (. . 9.12). , -
, . . :
180, v= 10 /,
.
, [ka]
8, Dlt v - .
[k0] , - ,
. 9.3 9.4. 9.3
[ft,,] 0=1,76 !-;at = 180; v = 10 /
[*oL, /*
2,459,81 6/Dt
2,0614,7 6/Dt
. /D,
-
9.4 () etj = 180;
v = 10 /
to
30
J
Q.
1 ^
t
t5S*
7180
3=90
100112
3=125
140160
3=180
200224250
>:280
.
t
f I
0
/4
o]
*i>
~
-^X00
L *
^>?
.
1,421,541,62
1,481,581,67
1,481,641,71
1,481,661,801,87
w
^
"
,^
X
.
1,591,711,82
1,641,761,87
1,641,842,01
1,641,852,032,20
tos
.
S.
S _
R4
320360400
3=450
500560
3=630
800900
3=1000
XS>.
S-
1
[*]*
"
II
,
1,481,691,871,88
1,481,691,88
1,481,701,88
^
X^
X
*JJ
0.
1,641,892,122,20
1,641,892,20
1,641,912,20
. < 5 0 = 1,47 /*, = 5- 10 0=1,18 '
-
( ) [ k
n] . [k0] [kn]
, ,
:
(. 9.5); ;
Cv= 1,040,0004 3;
= 1,050,0005 2;244
(9.19)
(9.20)
. (9.21)
(. 9.6);
, -
(. 9.7). 9.5
.
180
1,001,00
170
0,970,98
160
0,940,95
150
0,910,92
140
0,89
130
0,86
120
0,83
9.6 ,
.
-
120%
1,0
.
-
150% -
0,9
-
-
- -
200% -
0,8
.
-
300% -,"!
0,7
.
0,1, 0,2.
9.7
.
060
1,00,9
6080
0,90,8
8090
0,80,7
.
= 1 9.
. . .
. . .
,
, -
, .
(. . 9. 12): ?i = 0,96; 11 = 0,95.
245
-
35. 2 = 4 0=1,18 /
2. -
, -
: 5
= 950 52 = 350 . . 1. . 9.2 -
F0= 138 2.
2. [ (9.13)]S0 = F00 = z/
:>0 = 4.138-l,18 = 650 ,3. [ (9.6)]
P = S1S2 = 950 350 = 600 .4. [ (9.17)]
600
.
^'^0'46
-
30. . -
, 8/Dj == 1/40 =1,76 /2.
. 1,3 .
1.
2?2. -
, ?3.
?4. 0 ,
?5. . . .
, ?
[18], . 130134; 8.2 8.5 8.7.
38
.
, -
, . -
(. . 9.10) .
246
. -
,
.
- ,
.
.
.
(. . 9.12) , -
, , ,
.
-
, . -
.
-
:
(9.22)
;\k
n] ,
[ (9.19)]. / = 86, -
.
F = zF0, F0 (. . 9.2); -. z^C8, .
, -
, , . .
.
[ (9.14)] - -=, ,
\ (. . 9.3). (. . 9.10) .
247
-
:
= s:*["] (9.23)
v /;L ;
[] . ,
: , , .
, -
, -
^
.
: [] ^^5 1/, [] ^ 10 1/.
, , -
,
2000-^5000 .
(. 36)
:1. /V t,2. tOj 2.3. . :1.
(. 35).2. -
=(520-610)}/^ (9.24)
N-i . 1738372 (. 9.9).3. v -
(. 35). - v D,.
4. - D2 [ (9.12)]. (. 9.9).
5. ( 9.12),248
6. ,
(. . 232).7. L [ (9.3)].
L .8.
[ (9.23)] , , - , . . .
9. [ (9.4)]. -
.
10.
[- (9.5)] - .
. (. 9.3) 8/D1 , (. 9.1).
( ) [&] (.. 9.3).
12.
, Cv, Cp, 9 -
[ (9.19)].13. .14.
b [(9.22)], - (. . 9.1 .). b - ( 6) - .
15. S0[ (9.13)].
36. .
^ = 4,5 ;
-
3. u>iDi _78 200
"2 1000 ~ 2-1000_
0 ,= 7,8 /.
(. . 229).4. = 0,01.
[ (9.12)]O1 = i> 1 ( le) = 3,16-200(10,01) = 626 .
. 9.9 (. 257) D2 = 630 .5,
630: = 3,18.
~D1(l e) ~ 200 (10,01)
6. , [ (9.1)]
= 2 (D2 + ) = 2 (630 + 200) = 1660 .1. [ (9.3)]
i /on ! i (630 200)2 ._0+ (630 + 200) + 4.1660 = 4658 .
AL = 242 .
L0 = L + AL == 4658 + 242 = 4900 .
8. [ (9.23)]v 7,8L ~ 4,658 = 1,67 \/< [] =5 1/,
.
9. , , .
10. [ (9.5)]oj = 180 57 ^ =^ = 180' 57 165 > [oj = 150.
11. 6. . 9.3 -
D1 = 200 6
-
[11], . 93101.[18], . 133135, 8.8 8.14.
39
1
(. 37)
(. 248) : !
(. 9.8), (. 9.2).
9.8
( 128468)
-
,
200
, /
,
,
,
,
,
. 9.8 - .
, ,
-
*; 2
. 9.4; 11 -
, 500l ) 160(10,01) = 3,16,
4,64%.6. -
[ (9.2)] = 0,55 (D2 + ) + h = 0,55 (500 + 160) + 10,5 = 374 .
7. [ (9.3)]
= 2-374 + ^(500+160) (500-4
-160)24 374 = 1860,
. 9.2 = 2000 -=2 .8. [ (9.23)]
,, 94 = -
= = 12 1/> [] = 10 1/, .
[] = 10 l/ 71 94>= = 2 ' 4 j M = 2 4 0 -
253
-
. 9.2 L = 2500 .9. [ (9.4)].
.,
=
2-2500 (500+ 160) + |^[2-2500 (500+160)]2 8 ( I :=712,
{ (9.2)].10. [ (9.5)]
0^=18057'
.500160712 = 152,8 >[1] = 120.
11. . 9.4 = 1,18 /2 [&] = 1,64 /.12. : . 9.5 ()
= 0,93; (9.21) 0=1,05 0,00052 = 1,05 0,0005 -24=0,76; . 9.6 (. )
= 0,7; . 9.7 (. ) 9=1. [ (9.19)]
[] = [*] ,
= 1 ,64 0,93 0,76 0,7 1 = 0,81 [\13.
.
v 24
14. [ (9.22)] 217
_ _ 268 _ . Q .2
-?;-138~1>*- 2 = 2.15. [ (9.13)]
50 = = zF0aa =2 138- 1 ,18 = 326 .
32. - . D!=100jtat 2 = 320. , -
1=151 /. = 250. ; .
. [N] = 3,8 .
S0 . S0, . . . , -
254
.
, S0 . :
1. , - (. 9.13, ) .
. 9.13.
2. , - , . -
(. . 9.2, ), (. 9.13, ) .
3. , -
, -
.