Wh t i P t l Wh t i P t l What is Petroleum What is Petroleum Reservoirs?Reservoirs?Reservoirs?Reservoirs?

Asep K. Permadi, Ph.D.Asep K. Permadi, Ph.D.p ,p ,

Bandung AugustBandung August 20062006Bandung, AugustBandung, August 20062006

The Quest for Oil The Quest for Oil The Quest for Oil The Quest for Oil

Modern civilization in fact involves:Modern civilization in fact involves:

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation

Energy requirementsEnergy requirements

Other energy generationOther energy generationOther energy generationOther energy generation

Run and build things on hydrocarbonRun and build things on hydrocarbon

Oil drives the economy of the worldOil drives the economy of the world

The Challenge in Petroleum The Challenge in Petroleum The Challenge in Petroleum The Challenge in Petroleum IndustryIndustry

Finding reservoirs containing oil:Finding reservoirs containing oil:

Hide far away below the Earth surfaceHide far away below the Earth surfaceHide far away below the Earth surfaceHide far away below the Earth surface

Cannot be seen and touchedCannot be seen and touched

Reservoir geometry is very complexReservoir geometry is very complexReservoir geometry is very complexReservoir geometry is very complex

Variety of rocks, properties, and Variety of rocks, properties, and historyhistoryhistoryhistory

Elements of Oil Business Elements of Oil Business Elements of Oil Business Elements of Oil Business

Characters Producing Oil Business Targets

High RiskHigh Cost

SafeClean

Max RecoveryMin Risk

High Tech Efficient Min Cost

What is Petroleum Reservoirs?What is Petroleum Reservoirs?What is Petroleum Reservoirs?What is Petroleum Reservoirs?

An oil reservoir is basically:An oil reservoir is basically:

A body of rock A body of rock A body of rock A body of rock

Millions of years ago, it originally Millions of years ago, it originally settled as sand dunes, beaches, settled as sand dunes, beaches, , ,, ,deserts, coral reefs, riversdeserts, coral reefs, rivers

As time goes by it gets buried and As time goes by it gets buried and d d it t i dit t i dcompressed compressed –– it gets pressurizedit gets pressurized

Thousands of ft to miles underneath Thousands of ft to miles underneath the ocean or land surfacethe ocean or land surfacethe ocean or land surfacethe ocean or land surface

Finding Petroleum Finding Petroleum ggReservoirsReservoirs

Means finding ways toMeans finding ways to

Visualize underground formationVisualize underground formation

Evaluate the potentialEvaluate the potentialEvaluate the potentialEvaluate the potential

Steer drill bit to the pay zoneSteer drill bit to the pay zone

What is Oil?What is Oil?What is Oil?What is Oil?

Oil is originated as living organisms in the Oil is originated as living organisms in the seas such as plankton and algae about seas such as plankton and algae about hundreds of million of years ago hundreds of million of years ago hundreds of million of years ago hundreds of million of years ago

As they die the remains fall to the bottom of As they die the remains fall to the bottom of the seathe seathe seathe sea

They become the source of oil as they are They become the source of oil as they are buried with the accumulating settlement and buried with the accumulating settlement and ggreached high temperature reached high temperature

It start to “cook” and change to oil that then It start to “cook” and change to oil that then h f d dh f d dmigrates to where it is found today.migrates to where it is found today.

The Birth of ReservoirsThe Birth of ReservoirsThe Birth of ReservoirsThe Birth of Reservoirs

Began with the movement of continents Began with the movement of continents over millions of years over millions of years

P h d ll f l d ll b P h d ll f l d ll b Push and pull of land: valley became a Push and pull of land: valley became a shallow sea, and then swamp, later shallow sea, and then swamp, later desert, and then back to a sea againdesert, and then back to a sea again

When water flooded the area, it produces When water flooded the area, it produces organic matters that would later became organic matters that would later became oil.oil.oil.oil.

Organisms living in the sea today may Organisms living in the sea today may eventually become oil over the next eventually become oil over the next

illi f illi f millions of yearsmillions of years

A Reservoir is a TrapA Reservoir is a TrapA Reservoir is a TrapA Reservoir is a Trap

Th diff t ki d f Th diff t ki d f There are many different kinds of There are many different kinds of reservoirs depending on the types of reservoirs depending on the types of trap.trap.pp

•• StrusturalStrustural

•• StratigraphicStratigraphic

•• Salt dome, etcSalt dome, etc

Detecting OilDetecting OilDetecting OilDetecting Oil

Finding clues at the Earth surfacesFinding clues at the Earth surfaces

Remote sensing by studying magnetic, Remote sensing by studying magnetic, g y y g g ,g y y g g ,gravity, density, seismic properties)gravity, density, seismic properties)

Sensing through wells while drillingSensing through wells while drillingSensing through wells while drillingSensing through wells while drilling

Different depths and scales from inches to Different depths and scales from inches to milesmiles

Evaluation of Oil ExistenceEvaluation of Oil ExistenceEvaluation of Oil ExistenceEvaluation of Oil Existence

How much oil is there?How much oil is there?

Where exactly is it?Where exactly is it?yy

How easily will it flow?How easily will it flow?

Evaluation of Oil ExistenceEvaluation of Oil ExistenceEvaluation of Oil ExistenceEvaluation of Oil Existence

Information obtained by sensors during Information obtained by sensors during

angle depth and thickness of oil bearing angle depth and thickness of oil bearing

Information obtained by sensors during Information obtained by sensors during drilling will determinedrilling will determine

angle, depth, and thickness of oil bearing angle, depth, and thickness of oil bearing layer and accordingly the exact location of layer and accordingly the exact location of oil.oil.

the fluid distribution within the reservoir the fluid distribution within the reservoir and accordingly the oil volume contained.and accordingly the oil volume contained.

how easily it will flow when rock and oil how easily it will flow when rock and oil properties are knownproperties are known

Facts and FiguresFacts and FiguresFacts and FiguresFacts and Figures

• Jumlah lapangan minyak (in terms of reservoir) di dunia = 30,000 dengan cadangan 140,000 Mton. (million ton)

• Lebih dari 50% cadangan minyak dunia (71,000 Lebih dari 50% cadangan minyak dunia (71,000 Mton) terkandung hanya di 33 lapangan (0.1% jumlah lapangan); 26% berikutnya terkandung di 0,8% jumlah lapangan; 0.91% lapangan minyak , j p g ; p g ymengandung 76% total cadangan minyak dunia.

• Lapangan minyak terbesar di dunia: Ghawar dengan cadangan 11 400 Mton kedua Burgan dengan cadangan 11,400 Mton, kedua Burgan dengan 9,800 Mton.

• Cadangan minyak Indonesia = 5 milyar barrel. Kon e si ke Mton? (1 ton min ak 7 3 bbl SG Konversi ke Mton? (1 ton minyak ~ 7.3 bbl, SG = 33 API)

Facts and FiguresFacts and Figures

Ghawar11,400 Mton

Burgan9,850 Mton

36,000 Mton239 Res.

Bolivar Safaniya

26%

71,000 Mton33 Res.

26%

Cadangan Minyak Dunia:

33,000 Mton29,700 Res.

Dunia:140,000 Mton30,000 Reservoirs51% 23%

Facts and FiguresFacts and Figures

Laju Penemuan Cadangan Minyak 1930-1983